Besides，manywhohavenoearforliteratureorformusicareaccessibletoarchitecture，topictures，tostatues，todresses，andtotheartsofthestage。Everydeviceofartshouldbebroughttobearontheyoung；sothattheymaydiscoversomeformofitthatdelightsthemnaturally；fortherewillcometoallofthemthatperiodbetweendawningadolescenceandfullmaturitywhenthepleasuresandemotionsofartwillhavetosatisfycravingswhich，ifstarvedorinsulted，maybecomemorbidandseekdisgracefulsatisfactions，and，ifprematurelygratifiedotherwisethanpoetically，maydestroythestaminaoftherace。Anditmustbeborneinmindthatthemostdangerousartforthisnecessarypurposeistheartthatpresentsitselfasreligiousecstasy。Youngpeopleareripeforlovelongbeforetheyareripeforreligion。OnlyaveryfoolishpersonwouldsubstitutetheImitationofChristforTreasureIslandasapresentforaboyorgirl，orforByron\'sDonJuanasapresentforaswainorlass。Pickwickisthesafestsaintforusinournonage。
Flaubert\'sTemptationofStAnthonyisanexcellentbookforamanoffifty，perhapsthebestwithinreachasahealthystudyofvisionaryecstasy；butforthepurposesofaboyoffifteenIvanhoeandtheTemplarmakeamuchbettersaintanddevil。Andtheboyoffifteenwillfindthisoutforhimselfifheisallowedtowanderinawell-stockedliterarygarden，andhearbandsandseepicturesandspendhispenniesoncinematographshows。Hischoicemayoftenberatherdisgustingtohiselderswhentheywanthimtochoosethebestbeforeheisreadyforit。ThegreatestProtestantManifestoeverwritten，asfarasIknow，isHoustonChamberlain\'sFoundationsoftheNineteenthCentury:everybodycapableofitshouldreadit。ProbablytheHistoryofMariaMonkisattheoppositeextremeofmerit(thisisaguess:Ihaveneverreadit)；butitiscertainthataboyletlooseinalibrarywouldgoforMariaMonkandhavenousewhateverforMrChamberlain。IshouldprobablyhavereadMariaMonkmyselfifIhadnothadtheArabianNightsandtheirliketooccupymebetter。
Inart，children，likeadults，willfindtheirleveliftheyareleftfreetofindit，andnotrestrictedtowhatadultsthinkgoodforthem。Justatpresentouryoungpeoplearegoingmadoverragtimes，apparentlybecausesyncopatedrhythmsarenewtothem。IftheyhadlearntwhatcanbedonewithsyncopationfromBeethoven\'sthirdLeonoraoverture，theywouldenjoytheragtimesallthemore；buttheywouldputthemintheirproperplaceasamusingvulgarities。
ArtistIdolatryButtherearemoredangerousinfluencesthanragtimeswaitingforpeoplebroughtupinignoranceoffineart。Nothingismorepitiablyridiculousthanthewildworshipofartistsbythosewhohaveneverbeenseasonedinyouthtotheenchantmentsofart。Tenorsandprimadonnas，pianistsandviolinists，actorsandactressesenjoypowersofseductionwhichinthemiddleageswouldhaveexposedthemtotheriskofbeingburntforsorcery。Butastheyexercisethispowerbysinging，playing，andacting，nogreatharmisdoneexceptperhapstothemselves。Fargraverarethepowersenjoyedbybrilliantpersonswhoarealsoconnoisseursinart。Theinfluencetheycanexerciseonyoungpeoplewhohavebeenbroughtupinthedarknessandwretchednessofahomewithoutart，andinwhomanaturalbenttowardsarthasalways
beenbaffledandsnubbed，isincredibletothosewhohavenotwitnessedandunderstoodit。He(orshe)whorevealstheworldofarttothemopensheaventothem。Theybecomesatellites，disciples，worshippersoftheapostle。Nowtheapostlemaybeavoluptuarywithoutmuchconscience。Naturemayhavegivenhimenoughvirtuetosufficeinareasonableenvironment。Butthisallowancemaynotbeenoughtodefendhimagainstthetemptationanddemoralizationoffindinghimselfalittlegodonthestrengthofwhatoughttobeaquiteordinaryculture。Hemayfindadorersinalldirectionsinouruncultivatedsocietyamongpeopleofstrongercharacterthanhimself，notoneofwhom，iftheyhadbeenartisticallyeducated，wouldhavehadanythingtolearnfromhimorregardedhimasinanywayextraordinaryapartfromhisactualachievementsasanartist。
Tartuffeisnotalwaysapriest。Indeedheisnotalwaysarascal:
heisoftenaweakmanabsurdlycreditedwithomniscienceandperfection，andtakingunfairadvantagesonlybecausetheyareofferedtohimandheistooweaktorefuse。Giveeveryonehisculture，andnoonewillofferhimmorethanhisdue。
Inthusdeliveringourchildrenfromtheidolatryoftheartist，weshallnotdestroyforthemtheenchantmentofart:onthecontrary，weshallteachthemtodemandarteverywhereasaconditionattainablebycultivatingthebody，mind，andheart。Art，saidMorris，istheexpressionofpleasureinwork。Andcertainly，whenworkismadedetestablebyslavery，thereisnoart。Itisonlywhenlearningismadeaslaverybytyrannicalteachersthatartbecomesloathsometothepupil。
\"TheMachine\"
WhenwesettoworkataConstitutiontosecurefreedomforchildren，wehadbetterbearinmindthatthechildrenmaynotbeatallobligedtousforourpains。Rousseausaidthatmenarebornfree；andthissaying，initsproperbearings，wasandisagreatandtruesaying；
yetletitnotleadusintotheerrorofsupposingthatallmenlongforfreedomandembraceitwhenitisofferedtothem。Onthecontrary，ithastobeforcedonthem；andeventhentheywillgiveittheslipifitisnotreligiouslyinculcatedandstronglysafeguarded。
Besides，menareborndocile，andmustinthenatureofthingsremainsowithregardtoeverythingtheydonotunderstand。Nowpoliticalscienceandtheartofgovemmentareamongthethingstheydonotunderstand，andindeedarenotatpresentallowedtounderstand。Theycanbeenslavedbyasystem，asweareatpresent，becauseithappenstobethere，andnobodyunderstandsit。AnintelligentlyworkedCapitalistsystem，asComtesaw，wouldgiveusallthatmostofusareintelligentenoughtowant。Whatmakesitproducesuchunspeakablyvileresultsisthatitisanautomaticsystemwhichisaslittleunderstoodbythosewhoprofitbyitinmoneyasbythosewhoarestarvedanddegradedbyit:ourmillionairesandstatesmenaremanifestlynomore\"captainsofindustry\"orscientificpoliticiansthanourbookmakersaremathematicians。ForsometimepastasignificantwordhasbeencomingintouseasasubstituteforDestiny，Fate，andProvidence。Itis\"TheMachine\":themachinethathasnogodinit。WhydogovernmentsdonothinginspiteofreportsofRoyalCommissionsthatestablishthemostfrightfulurgency?Whydoourphilanthropicmillionairesdonothing，thoughtheyarereadytothrowbucketfulsofgoldintothestreets?TheMachinewillnotletthem。
AlwaystheMachine。Inshort，theydontknowhow。
TheytrytoreformSocietyasanoldladymighttrytorestoreabrokendownlocomotivebyproddingitwithaknittingneedle。Andthisisnotatallbecausetheyarebornfools，butbecausetheyhavebeeneducated，notintomanhoodandfreedom，butintoblindnessandslaverybytheirparentsandschoolmasters，themselvesthevictimsofasimilarmisdirection，andconsequentlyofTheMachine。Theydonotwantliberty。Theyhavenotbeeneducatedtowantit。Theychooseslaveryandinequality；andalltheotherevilsareautomaticallyaddedtothem。
AndyetwemusthaveTheMachine。Itisonlyinunskilledhandsunderignorantdirectionthatmachineryisdangerous。Wecannomoregovernmoderncommunitieswithoutpoliticalmachinerythanwecanfeedandclothethemwithoutindustrialmachinery。ShatterTheMachine，andyougetAnarchy。AndyetTheMachineworkssodetestablyatpresentthatwehavepeoplewhoadvocateAnarchyandcallthemselvesAnarchists。
TheProvocationtoAnarchismWhatisvalidinAnarchismisthatallGovernmentstrytosimplifytheirtaskbydestroyinglibertyandglorifyingauthorityingeneralandtheirowndeedsinparticular。Butthedifficultyincombininglawandorderwithfreeinstitutionsisnotanaturalone。Itisamatterofinculcation。Ifpeoplearebroughtuptobeslaves，itisuselessanddangeroustoletthemlooseattheageoftwenty-oneandsay\"Nowyouarefree。\"Noonewiththetamedsoulandbrokenspiritofaslavecanbefree。Itislikesayingtoalaborerbroughtuponafamilyincomeofthirteenshillingsaweek，\"Hereisonehundredthousandpounds:nowyouarewealthy。\"Nothingcanmakesuchamanreallywealthy。Freedomandwealtharedifficultandresponsibleconditionstowhichmenmustbeaccustomedandsociallytrainedfrombirth。
Anationthatisfreeattwenty-oneisnotfreeatall；justasamanfirstenrichedatfiftyremainspoorallhislife，evenifhedoesnotcurtailitbydrinkinghimselftodeathinthefirstwildecstasyofbeingabletoswallowasmuchashelikesforthefirsttime。Youcannotgovernmenbroughtupasslavesotherwisethanasslavesaregoverned。YoumaypileBillsofRightandHabeasCorpusActsonGreatCharters；promulgateAmericanConstitutions；burnthechateauxandguillotinetheseigneurs；chopofftheheadsofkingsandqueensandsetupDemocracyontheruinsoffeudalism:theendofitallforusisthatalreadyinthetwentiethcenturytherehasbeenasmuchbrutecoercionandsavageintolerance，asmuchfloggingandhanging，asmuchimpudentinjusticeonthebenchandlustfulrancorinthepulpit，asmuchnaive
resorttotorture，persecution，andsuppressionoffreespeechandfreedomofthepress，asmuchwar，asmuchofthevilestexcessofmutilation，rapine，anddeliriousindiscriminateslaughterofhelplessnon-combatants，oldandyoung，asmuchprostitutionofprofessionaltalent，literaryandpolitical，indefenceofmanifestwrong，asmuchcowardlysycophancygivingfinenamestoallthisvillainyorpretendingthatitis\"greatlyexaggerated，\"aswecanfindanyrecordoffromthedayswhentheadvocacyoflibertywasacapitaloffenceandDemocracywashardlythinkable。DemocracyexhibitsthevanityofLouisXIV，thesavageryofPeterofRussia，thenepotismandprovincialityofNapoleon，theficklenessofCatherineII:inshort，allthechildishnessesofallthedespotswithoutanyofthequalitiesthatenabledthegreatestofthemtofascinateanddominatetheircontemporaries。
AndtheflatterersofDemocracyareasimpudentlyserviletothesuccessful，andinsolenttocommonhonestfolk，astheflatterersofthemonarchs。DemocracyinAmericahasledtothewithdrawalofordinaryrefinedpersonsfrompolitics；andthesameresultiscominginEnglandasfastaswemakeDemocracyasdemocraticasitisinAmerica。Thisistruealsoofpopularreligion:itissohorriblyirreligiousthatnobodywiththesmallestpretencetoculture，ortheleastinklingofwhatthegreatprophetsvainlytriedtomaketheworldunderstand，willhaveanythingtodowithitexceptforpurelysecularreasons。
ImaginationBeforewecanclearlyunderstandhowbalefulisthisconditionofintimidationinwhichwelive，itisnecessarytoclearuptheconfusionmadebyouruseofthewordimaginationtodenotetwoverydifferentpowersofmind。Oneisthepowertoimaginethingsastheyarenot:thisIcalltheromanticimagination。Theotheristhepowertoimaginethingsastheyarewithoutactuallysensingthem；andthisIwillcalltherealisticimagination。Takeforexamplemarriageandwar。Onemanhasavisionofperpetualblisswithadomesticangelathome，andofflashingsabres，thunderingguns，victoriouscavalrycharges，androutedenemiesinthefield。Thatisromanticimagination；andthemischiefitdoesisincalculable。Itbeginsinsillyandselfishexpectationsoftheimpossible，andendsinspitefuldisappointment，sourgrievance，cynicism，andmisanthropicresistancetoanyattempttobetterahopelessworld。Thewisemanknowsthatimaginationisnotonlyameansofpleasinghimselfandbeguilingtedioushourswithromancesandfairytalesandfools\'paradises(aquitedefensibleanddelightfulamusementwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouaredoingandwherefancyendsandfactsbegin)，butalsoameansofforeseeingandbeingpreparedforrealitiesasyetunexperienced，andoftestingthepossibilityanddesirabilityofseriousUtopias。
Hedoesnotexpecthiswifetobeanangel；nordoesheoverlookthefactsthatwardependsontherousingofallthemurderousblackguardismstilllatentinmankind；thateveryvictorymeansadefeat；thatfatigue，hunger，terror，anddiseasearetherawmaterialwhichromancersworkupintomilitaryglory；andthatsoldiersforthemostpartgotowaraschildrengotoschool，becausetheyareafraidnotto。Theyareafraideventosaytheyareafraid，assuchcandorispunishablebydeathinthemilitarycode。
Averylittlerealisticimaginationgivesanambitiouspersonenormouspoweroverthemultitudinousvictimsoftheromanticimagination。Fortheromancernotonlypleaseshimselfwithfictitiousglories:healsoterrifieshimselfwithimaginarydangers。Hedoesnotevenpicturewhatthesedangersare:heconceivestheunknownasalwaysdangerous。Whenyousaytoarealist\"Youmustdothis\"or\"Youmustnotdothat，\"heinstantlyaskswhatwillhappentohimifhedoes(ordoesnot，asthecasemaybe)。Failinganunromanticconvincinganswer，hedoesjustashepleasesunlesshecanfindforhimselfarealreasonforrefraining。Inshort，thoughyoucanintimidatehim，youcannotbluffhim。Butyoucanalwaysblufftheromanticperson:
indeedhisgraspofrealconsiderationsissofeeblethatyoufinditnecessarytobluffhimevenwhenyouhavesolidconsiderationstoofferhiminstead。ThecampaignsofNapoleon，withtheiratmosphereofglory，illustratethis。IntheRussiancampaignNapoleon\'smarshalsachievedmiraclesofbluff，especiallyNey，who，withahandfulofmen，monstrouslyoutnumbered，repeatedlykepttheRussiantroopsparalyzedwithterrorbypurebounce。Napoleonhimself，muchmorearealistthanNey(thatwaswhyhedominatedhim)，wouldprobablyhavesurrendered；forsometimesthebravestofthebravewillachievesuccessesneverattemptedbythecleverestoftheclever。
WellingtonwasacompleterrealistthanNapoleon。ItwasimpossibletopersuadeWellingtonthathewasbeatenuntilheactuallywasbeaten。Hewasunbluffable；andifNapoleonhadunderstoodthenatureofWellington\'sstrengthinsteadofreturningWellington\'ssnobbishcontemptforhimbyanacademiccontemptforWellington，hewouldnothavelefttheattackatWaterlootoNeyandD\'Erlon，who，onthatfield，didnotknowwhentheywerebeaten，whereasWellingtonknewpreciselywhenhewasnotbeaten。Theunbluffablewouldhavetriumphedanyhow，probably，becauseNapoleonwasanacademicsoldier，doingtheacademicthing(theattackincolumnsandsoforth)withsuperlativeabilityandenergy；whilstWellingtonwasanoriginalsoldierwho，insteadofoutdoingtheterribleacademiccolumnswithstillmoreterribleandacademiccolumns，outwittedthemwiththethinredline，notofheroes，but，asthisuncompromisingrealistneverhesitatedtotestify，ofthescumoftheearth。
GovernmentbyBulliesThesepicturesquemartialincidentsarebeingreproducedeverydayinourordinarylife。WearebluffedbyhardysimpletonsandheadstrongboundersastheRussianswerebluffedbyNey；andourWellingtonsarethreadboundbyslave-democracyasGulliverwasthreadboundbytheLilliputians。Weareamassofpeoplelivinginasubmissiveroutinetowhichwehavebeendrilledfromourchildhood。Whenyouaskustotakethesimpleststepoutsidethatroutine，wesayshyly，\"Oh，I
reallycouldnt，\"or\"Oh，Ishouldntliketo，\"withoutbeingabletopointoutthesmallestharmthatcouldpossiblyensue:victims，notofarationalfearofrealdangers，butofpureabstractfear，thequintessenceofcowardice，theverynegationof\"thefearofGod。\"
Dottedaboutamongusareafewspiritsrelativelyfreefromthisinculcatedparalysis，sometimesbecausetheyarehalf-witted，sometimesbecausetheyareunscrupulouslyselfish，sometimesbecausetheyarerealistsastomoneyandunimaginativeastootherthings，sometimesevenbecausetheyareexceptionallyable，butalwaysbecausetheyarenotafraidofshadowsnoroppressedwithnightmares。Andweseethesefewrisingasifbymagicintopowerandaffluence，andforming，withthemillionaireswhohaveaccidentallygainedhugerichesby
theoccasionalwindfallsofourcommerce，thegoverningclass。Nownothingismoredisastrousthanagoverningclassthatdoesnotknowhowtogovern。Andhowcanthisrabbleofthecasualproductsofluck，cunning，andfolly，beexpectedtoknowhowtogovern?Themerelyluckyonesandthehereditaryonesdonotowetheirpositiontotheirqualificationsatall。Astotherest，therealismwhichseemstheiressentialqualificationoftenconsistsnotonlyinalackofromanticimagination，whichlackisamerit，butoftherealistic，constructive，Utopianimagination，whichlackisaghastlydefect。Freedomfromimaginativeillusionisthereforenoguaranteewhateverofnobilityofcharacter:thatiswhyinculcatedsubmissivenessmakesusslavestopeoplemuchworsethanourselves，andwhyitissoimportantthatsubmissivenessshouldnolongerbeinculcated。
Andyetaslongasyouhavethecompulsoryschoolasweknowit，weshallhavesubmissivenessinculcated。Whatismore，untiltheactivehoursofchildlifeareorganizedseparatelyfromtheactivehoursofadultlife，sothatadultscanenjoythesocietyofchildreninreasonwithoutbeingtormented，disturbed，harried，burdened，andhinderedintheirworkbythemastheywouldbenowiftherewerenocompulsoryschoolsandnochildrenhypnotizedintothebeliefthattheymusttamelygotothemandbeimprisonedandbeatenandover-taskedinthem，weshallhaveschoolsunderonepretextoranother；andweshallhavealltheevilconsequencesandallthesocialhopelessnessthatresultfromturninganationofpotentialfreemenandfreewomenintoanationoftwo-leggedspoiltspanielswitheverythingcrushedoutoftheirnatureexceptdreadofthewhip。Libertyisthebreathoflifetonations；andlibertyistheonethingthatparents，schoolmasters，andrulersspendtheirlivesinextirpatingforthesakeofanimmediatelyquietandfinallydisastrouslife。