But，theBritishlaborer\'spolicyof\"ca\'canny，\"whichistheveryhonorableoneofgivingleastformost，andwhichislikewisethepolicyoftheEnglishcapitalist，isneverthelessfrowneduponbytheEnglishcapitalist，whosebusinessexistenceisthreatenedbythegreatAmericanscab。Fromtheriseofthefactorysystem，theEnglishcapitalistgladlyembracedtheopportunity，whereverhefoundit，ofgivingleastformost。Hediditallovertheworldwheneverheenjoyedamarketmonopoly，andhediditathomewiththelaborersemployedinhismills，destroyingthemlikefliestillprevented，withinlimits，bythepassageoftheFactoryActs。SomeoftheproudestfortunesofEnglandtodaymaytracetheirorigintothegivingofleastformosttothemiserableslavesofthefactorytowns。ButatthepresenttimetheEnglishcapitalistisoutragedbecausehislaborersareemployingagainsthimpreciselythesamepolicyheemployedagainstthem，andwhichhewouldemployagaindidthechancepresentitself。
Yet\"ca\'canny\"isadisastrousthingtotheBritishlaborer。Ithasdrivenship-buildingfromEnglandtoScotland，bottle-makingfromScotlandtoBelgium，flint-glass-makingfromEnglandtoGermany，andtodayissteadilydrivingindustryafterindustrytoothercountries。AcorrespondentfromNorthamptonwrotenotlongago:\"Factoriesareworkinghalfandthirdtime……Thereisnostrike，thereisnoreallabortrouble，butthemastersandmenarealikesufferingfromsheerlackofemployment。MarketswhichwereoncetheirsarenowAmerican。\"ItwouldseemthattheunfortunateBritishlaboreris\'twixtthedevilandthedeepsea。Ifhegivesmostforleast，hefacesafrightfulslaverysuchasmarkedthebeginningofthefactorysystem。Ifhegivesleastformost，hedrivesindustryawaytoothercountriesandhasnoworkatall。
ButtheunionlaborersoftheUnitedStateshavenothingofwhichtoboast，while，accordingtotheirtrade-unionethics，theyhaveagreatdealofwhichtobeashamed。Theypassionatelypreachshorthoursandbigwages，theshorterthehoursandthebiggerthewagesthebetter。Theirhatredforascabisasterribleasthehatredofapatriotforatraitor，ofaChristianforaJudas。Andinthefaceofallthis，theyareascolossalscabsastheUnitedStatesisacolossalscab。Foralloftheirboastedunionsandhighlaborideals，theyareaboutthemostthoroughgoingscabsontheplanet。
Receiving$4。50perday，becauseofhisproficiencyandimmenseworkingpower，theAmericanlaborerhasbeenknowntoscabuponscabs(socalled)whotookhisplaceandreceivedonly$0。90perdayforalongerday。Inthisparticularinstance，fiveChinesecoolies，workinglongerhours，gavelessvalueforthepricereceivedfromtheiremployerthandidoneAmericanlaborer。
ItisuponhisbrotherlaborersoverseasthattheAmericanlaborermostoutrageouslyscabs。AsMr。Cassonhasshown，anEnglishnail-
makergets$3perweek，whileanAmericannail-makergets$30。ButtheEnglishworkerturnsout200poundsofnailsperweek，whiletheAmericanturnsout5500pounds。Ifhewereas\"fair\"ashisEnglishbrother，otherthingsbeingequal，hewouldbereceiving，attheEnglishworker\'srateofpay，$82。50。Asitis，heisscabbinguponhisEnglishbrothertothetuneof$79。50perweek。Dr。Schultze-
GaevernitzhasshownthataGermanweaverproduces466yardsofcottonaweekatacostof。303peryard，whileanAmericanweaverproduces1200yardsatacostof。02peryard。
But，itmaybeobjected，agreatpartofthisisduetothemoreimprovedAmericanmachinery。Verytrue，butnonethelessagreatpartisstillduetothesuperiorenergy，skill，andwillingnessoftheAmericanlaborer。TheEnglishlaborerisfaithfultothepolicyof\"ca\'canny。\"Herefusespoint-blanktogettheworkoutofamachinethattheNewWorldscabgetsoutofamachine。Mr。Maxim，observingawastefulhand-laborprocessinhisEnglishfactory，inventedamachinewhichheprovedcapableofdisplacingseveralmen。Butworkmanafterworkmanwasputatthemachine，andwithoutexceptiontheyturnedoutneithermorenorlessthanaworkmanturnedoutbyhand。Theyobeyedthemandateoftheunionandwenteasy，whileMr。Maximgaveupindespair。NorwilltheBritishworkmanrunmachinesatashighspeedastheAmerican，norwillherunsomany。AnAmericanworkmanwill\"giveequalattentionsimultaneouslytothree，four，orsixmachinesortools，whiletheBritishworkmaniscompelledbyhistradeuniontolimithisattentiontoone，sothatemploymentmaybegiventohalfadozenmen。\"
Butforscabbing，noblameattachesitselfanywhere。Withrareexceptions，allthepeopleintheworldarescabs。Thestrong，capableworkmangetsajobandholdsitbecauseofhisstrengthandcapacity。Andheholdsitbecauseoutofhisstrengthandcapacityhegivesabettervalueforhiswagethandoestheweakerandlesscapableworkman。Thereforeheisscabbinguponhisweakerandlesscapablebrotherworkman。Heisgivingmorevalueforthepricepaidbytheemployer。
Thesuperiorworkmanscabsupontheinferiorworkmanbecauseheissoconstitutedandcannothelpit。Theone，byfortuneofbirthandupbringing，isstrongandcapable；theother，byfortuneofbirthandupbringing，isnotsostrongnorcapable。Itisforthesamereasonthatonecountryscabsuponanother。Thatcountrywhichhasthegoodfortunetopossessgreatnaturalresources，afinersunandsoil，unhamperinginstitutions，andadeftandintelligentlaborclassandcapitalistclassisboundtoscabuponacountrylessfortunatelysituated。ItisthegoodfortuneoftheUnitedStatesthatismakingherthecolossalscab，justasitisthegoodfortuneofonemantobebornwithastraightbackwhilehisbrotherisbornwithahump。
Itisnotgoodtogivemostforleast，notgoodtobeascab。Thewordhasgaineduniversalopprobrium。Ontheotherhand，tobeanon-scab，togiveleastformost，isuniversallybrandedasstingy，selfish，andunchristian-like。Soalltheworld，liketheBritishworkman，is\'twixtthedevilandthedeepsea。Itistreasontoone\'sfellowstoscab，itisunchristian-likenottoscab。
Sincetogiveleastformost，andtogivemostforleast，areuniversallybad，whatremains？Equityremains，whichistogivelikeforlike，thesameforthesame，neithermorenorless。Butthisequity，society，asatpresentconstituted，cannotgive。Itisnotinthenatureofpresent-daysocietyformentogivelikeforlike，thesameforthesame。Andsolongasmencontinuetoliveinthiscompetitivesociety，strugglingtoothandnailwithoneanotherforfoodandshelter，(whichistostruggletoothandnailwithoneanotherforlife)，thatlongwillthescabcontinuetoexist。Hiswill\"tolive\"willforcehimtoexist。Hemaybefloutedandjeeredbyhisbrothers，hemaybebeatenwithbricksandclubsbythemenwhobysuperiorstrengthandcapacityscabuponhimashescabsuponthembylongerhoursandsmallerwages，butthroughitallhewillpersist，givingabitmoreofmostforleastthantheyaregiving。
THEQUESTIONOFTHEMAXIMUM
Foranysocialmovementordevelopmenttheremustbeamaximumlimitbeyondwhichitcannotproceed。Thatcivilizationwhichdoesnotadvancemustdecline，andso，whenthemaximumofdevelopmenthasbeenreachedinanygivendirection，societymusteitherretrogradeorchangethedirectionofitsadvance。Therearemanyfamiliesofmenthathavefailed，inthecriticalperiodoftheireconomicevolution，toeffectachangeindirection，andwereforcedtofallback。Vanquishedatthemomentoftheirmaximum，theyhavedroppedoutofthewhirloftheworld。Therewasnoroomforthem。
Strongercompetitorshavetakentheirplaces，andtheyhaveeitherrottedintooblivionorremaintobecrushedundertheironheelofthedominantracesinasremorselessastruggleastheworldhasyetwitnessed。Butinthisstrugglefairwomenandchivalrousmenwillplaynopart。Typesandidealshavechanged。HelensandLauncelotsareanachronisms。Blowswillbegivenandtaken，andmenfightanddie，butnotforfaithsandaltars。Shrineswillbedesecrated，buttheywillbetheshrines，notoftemples，butmarket-places。
Prophetswillarise，buttheywillbetheprophetsofpricesandproducts。Battleswillbewaged，notforhonorandglory，norforthronesandsceptres，butfordollarsandcentsandformartsandexchanges。Brainandnotbrawnwillendure，andthecaptainsofwarwillbecommandedbythecaptainsofindustry。Inshort，itwillbeacontestforthemasteryoftheworld\'scommerceandforindustrialsupremacy。
Itismoresignificant，thisstruggleintowhichwehaveplunged，forthefactthatitisthefirststruggletoinvolvetheglobe。Nogeneralmovementofmanhasbeensowide-spreading，sofar-reaching。
Quitelocalwasthesupremacyofanyancientpeople；likewisetherisetoempireofMacedoniaandRome，thewavesofArabianvalorandfanaticism，andthemediaevalcrusadestotheHolySepulchre。Butsincethosetimestheplanethasundergoneauniqueshrinkage。
TheworldofHomer，limitedbythecoast-linesoftheMediterraneanandBlackseas，wasafarvasterworldthanoursoftoday，whichweweigh，measure，andcomputeasaccuratelyandaseasilyasifitwereachild\'splay-ball。Steamhasmadeitspartsaccessibleanddrawnthemclosertogether。Thetelegraphannihilatesspaceandtime。Eachmorning，everypartknowswhateveryotherpartisthinking，contemplating，ordoing。AdiscoveryinaGermanlaboratoryisbeingdemonstratedinSanFranciscowithintwenty-fourhours。AbookwritteninSouthAfricaispublishedbysimultaneouscopyrightineveryEnglish-speakingcountry，andonthedayfollowingisinthehandsofthetranslators。ThedeathofanobscuremissionaryinChina，orofawhiskey-smugglerintheSouthSeas，isserved，theworldover，withthemorningtoast。ThewheatoutputofArgentineorthegoldofKlondikeareknownwherevermenmeetandtrade。Shrinkage，orcentralization，hasbecomesuchthatthehumblestclerkinanymetropolismayplacehishandonthepulseoftheworld。Theplanethasindeedgrownverysmall；andbecauseofthis，novitalmovementcanremainintheclimeorcountrywhereittakesitsrise。
Andsotodaytheeconomicandindustrialimpulseisworld-wide。Itisamatterofimporttoeverypeople。Nonemaybecarelessofit。
Todosoistoperish。Itisbecomeabattle，thefruitsofwhicharetothestrong，andtononebutthestrongestofthestrong。Asthemovementapproachesitsmaximum，centralizationacceleratesandcompetitiongrowskeenerandcloser。Thecompetitornationscannotallsucceed。Solongasthemovementcontinuesitspresentdirection，notonlywilltherenotberoomforall，buttheroomthatiswillbecomelessandless；andwhenthemomentofthemaximumisathand，therewillbenoroomatall。Capitalisticproductionwillhaveoverreacheditself，andachangeofdirectionwillthenbeinevitable。
Diversqueriesarise:Whatisthemaximumofcommercialdevelopmenttheworldcansustain？Howfarcanitbeexploited？Howmuchcapitalisnecessary？Cansufficientcapitalbeaccumulated？A
briefresumeoftheindustrialhistoryofthelastonehundredyearsorsowillberelevantatthisstageofthediscussion。
Capitalisticproduction，initsmodernsignificance，wasbornoftheindustrialrevolutioninEnglandinthelatterhalfoftheeighteenthcentury。Thegreatinventionsofthatperiodwerebothitsfatheranditsmother，while，asMr。BrooksAdamshasshown，thelootedtreasureofIndiawasthepotentmidwife。Hadtherenotbeenanunwontedincreaseofcapital，theimpetuswouldnothavebeengiventoinvention，whileevensteammighthavelanguishedforgenerationsinsteadofatoncebecoming，asitdid，themostprominentfactorinthenewmethodofproduction。Theimprovedapplicationoftheseinventionsinthefirstdecadesofthenineteenthcenturymarkthetransitionfromthedomestictothefactorysystemofmanufactureandinauguratedtheeraofcapitalism。
ThemagnitudeofthisrevolutionismanifestedbythefactthatEnglandalonehadinventedthemeansandequippedherselfwiththemachinerywherebyshecouldoverstocktheworld\'smarkets。Thehomemarketcouldnotconsumeatitheofthehomeproduct。Tomanufacturethishomeproductshehadsacrificedheragriculture。
Shemustbuyherfoodfromabroad，andtodososhemustsellhergoodsabroad。
Butthestruggleforcommercialsupremacyhadnotyetreallybegun。
Englandwaswithoutarival。Hernaviescontrolledthesea。Herarmiesandherinsularpositiongaveherpeaceathome。Theworldwasherstoexploit。FornearlyfiftyyearsshedominatedtheEuropean，American，andIndiantrade，whilethegreatwarsthenconvulsingsocietyweredestroyingpossiblecompetitivecapitalandstrainingconsumptiontoitsutmost。Thepioneeroftheindustrialnations，shethusreceivedsuchastartinthenewraceforwealththatitisonlytodaytheothernationshavesucceededinovertakingher。In1820thevolumeofhertrade(importsandexports)was68，000，000pounds。In1899ithadincreasedto815，000，000pounds，——
anincreaseof1200percentinthevolumeoftrade。
FornearlyonehundredyearsEnglandhasbeenproducingsurplusvalue。Shehasbeenproducingfarmorethansheconsumes，andthisexcesshasswelledthevolumeofhercapital。Thiscapitalhasbeeninvestedinherenterprisesathomeandabroad，andinhershipping。
In1898theStockExchangeestimatedBritishcapitalinvestedabroadat1，900，000，000pounds。Buthandinhandwithherforeigninvestmentshavegrownheradversebalancesoftrade。Forthetenyearsendingwith1868，heraverageyearlyadversebalancewas52，000，000pounds；endingwith1878，81，000，000pounds；endingwith1888，101，000，000pounds；andendingwith1898，133，000，000pounds。
Inthesingleyearof1897itreachedtheportentoussumof157，000，000pounds。
ButEngland\'sadversebalancesoftradeinthemselvesarenothingatwhichtobefrightened。Hithertotheyhavebeenpaidfromouttheearningsofhershippingandtheinterestonherforeigninvestments。Butwhatdoescauseanxiety，however，isthat，relativetothetradedevelopmentofothercountries，herexporttradeisfallingoff，withoutacorrespondingdiminutionofherimports，andthathersecuritiesandforeignholdingsdonotseemabletostandtheaddedstrain。Thesesheisbeingforcedtosellinordertopulleven。AstheLondonTimesgloomilyremarks，\"Weareenteringthetwentiethcenturyonthedowngrade，afteraprolongedperiodofbusinessactivity，highwages，highprofits，andoverflowingrevenue。\"Inotherwords，themightygraspEnglandheldovertheresourcesandcapitaloftheworldisbeingrelaxed。Thecontrolofitscommerceandbankingisslippingthroughherfingers。
Thesaleofherforeignholdingsadvertisesthefactthatothernationsarecapableofbuyingthem，and，further，thattheseothernationsarebusilyproducingsurplusvalue。
Themovementhasbecomegeneral。Today，passingfromcountrytocountry，anever-increasingtideofcapitaliswellingup。
Productionisdoublingandquadruplinguponitself。ItusedtobethattheimpoverishedorundevelopednationsturnedtoEnglandwhenitcametoborrowing，butnowGermanyiscompetingkeenlywithherinthismatter。FranceisnotaversetolendinggreatsumstoRussia，andAustria-Hungaryhascapitalandtospareforforeignholdings。
NorhastheUnitedStatesfailedtopassfromthesideofthedebtortothatofthecreditornations。She，too，hasbecomewiseinthewayofproducingsurplusvalue。Shehasbeensuccessfulinhereffortstosecureeconomicemancipation。Possessingbut5percentoftheworld\'spopulationandproducing32percentoftheworld\'sfoodsupply，shehasbeenlookeduponastheworld\'sfarmer；butnow，amidstgeneralconsternation，shecomesforwardastheworld\'smanufacturer。In1888hermanufacturedexportsamountedto$130，300，087；in1896，to$253，681，541；in1897，to$279，652，721；in1898，to$307，924，994；in1899，to$338，667，794；andin1900，to$432，000，000。Regardinghergrowingfavorablebalancesoftrade，itmaybenotedthatnotonlyareherimportsnotincreasing，buttheyareactuallyfallingoff，whileherexportsinthelastdecadehaveincreased72。4percent。IntenyearsherimportsfromEuropehavebeenreducedfrom$474，000，000to$439，000，000；whileinthesametimeherexportshaveincreasedfrom$682，000，000to$1，111，000，000。
Herbalanceoftradeinherfavorin1895was$75，000，000；in1896，over$100，000，000；in1897，nearly$300，000，000；in1898，$615，000，000；in1899，$530，000，000；andin1900，$648，000，000。
Inthematterofiron，theUnitedStates，whichin1840hadnotdreamedofenteringthefieldofinternationalcompetition，in1897，asmuchtoherownsurpriseasanyoneelse\'s，undersoldtheEnglishintheirownLondonmarket。In1899therewasbutoneAmericanlocomotiveinGreatBritain；but，ofthefivehundredlocomotivessoldabroadbytheUnitedStatesin1902，Englandboughtmorethananyothercountry。Russiaisoperatingathousandofthemonherownroadstoday。InoneinstancetheAmericanmanufacturerscontractedtodeliveralocomotiveinfourandone-halfmonthsfor$9250，theEnglishmanufacturersrequiringtwenty-fourmonthsfordeliveryat$14，000。TheClydeshipbuildersrecentlyplacedordersfor150，000tonsofplatesatasavingof$250，000，andtheAmericansteelgoingintothemakingofthenewLondonsubwayistakenasamatterofcourse。Americantoolsstandabovecompetitiontheworldover。Ready-madebootsandshoesarebeginningtofloodEurope，——
thesamewithmachinery，bicycles，agriculturalimplements，andallkindsofmanufacturedgoods。AcorrespondentfromHamburg，speakingoftheinvasionofAmericantrade，says:\"Incidentally，itmayberemarkedthatthetypewritingmachinewithwhichthisarticleiswritten，aswellasthethousands——nay，hundredsofthousands——ofothersthatareinusethroughouttheworld，weremadeinAmerica；
thatitstandsonanAmericantable，inanofficefurnishedwithAmericandesks，bookcases，andchairs，whichcannotbemadeinEuropeofequalquality，sopracticalandconvenient，forasimilarprice。\"
In1893and1894，becauseofthedistrustofforeigncapital，theUnitedStateswasforcedtobuybackAmericansecuritiesheldabroad；butin1897and1898sheboughtbackAmericansecuritiesheldabroad，notbecauseshehadto，butbecauseshechoseto。Andnotonlyhassheboughtbackherownsecurities，butinthelasteightyearsshehasbecomeabuyerofthesecuritiesofothercountries。InthemoneymarketsofLondon，Paris，andBerlinsheisalenderofmoney。Carryingthelargeststockofgoldintheworld，theworld，inmomentsofdanger，whencrisesofinternationalfinanceloomlarge，lookstohervastlendingabilityforsafety。
Thus，inafewswiftyears，hastheUnitedStatesdrawnuptothevanwherethegreatindustrialnationsarefightingforcommercialandfinancialempire。Thefiguresoftherace，inwhichshepassedEngland，areinteresting:
YearUnitedStatesExportsUnitedKingdomExports1875$497，263，737$1，087，497，000
1885673，593，5061，037，124，000
1895807，742，4151，100，452，000
1896986，830，0801，168，671，000
18971，079，834，2961，139，882，000
18981，233，564，8281，135，642，000
18991，253，466，0001，287，971，000
19001，453，013，6591，418，348，000
AsMr。HenryDemarestLloydhasnoted，\"WhenthenewsreachedGermanyofthenewsteeltrustinAmerica，thestocksoftheironandsteelmillslistedontheBerlinBoursefell。\"WhileEuropehasbeentalkinganddreamingofthegreatnesswhichwas，theUnitedStateshasbeenthinkingandplanninganddoingforthegreatnesstobe。Hercaptainsofindustryandkingsoffinancehavetoiledandsweatedatorganizingandconsolidatingproductionandtransportation。Butthishasbeenmerelythedevelopmentalstage，thetuning-upoftheorchestra。Withthetwentiethcenturyrisesthecurtainontheplay，——aplaywhichshallhavemuchinitofcomedyandavastdealoftragedy，andwhichhasbeenwellnamedTheCapitalisticConquestofEuropebyAmerica。Nationsdonotdieeasily，andoneofthefirstmovesofEuropewillbetheerectionoftariffwalls。America，however，willfittinglyreply，foralreadyhermanufacturersareestablishingworksinFranceandGermany。AndwhentheGermantradejournalsrefusedtoacceptAmericanadvertisements，theyfoundtheircountryflaminglybill-boardedinbuccaneerAmericanfashion。
M。Leroy-Beaulieu，theFrencheconomist，ispassionatelypreachingacommercialcombinationofthewholeContinentagainsttheUnitedStates，——acommercialalliancewhich，heboldlydeclares，shouldbecomeapoliticalalliance。Andinthisheisnotalone，findingreadysympathyandardentsupportinAustria，Italy，andGermany。
LordRoseberysaid，inarecentspeechbeforetheWolverhamptonChamberofCommerce:\"TheAmericans，withtheirvastandalmostincalculableresources，theiracutenessandenterprise，andtheirhugepopulation，whichwillprobablybe100，000，000intwentyyears，togetherwiththeplantheyhaveadoptedforputtingaccumulatedwealthintogreatcooperativesyndicatesortrustsforthepurposeofcarryingonthisgreatcommercialwarfare，arethemostformidable……rivalstobefeared。\"
TheLondonTimessays:\"ItisuselesstodisguisethefactthatGreatBritainisbeingoutdistanced。Thecompetitiondoesnotcomefromtheglutcausedbymiscalculationastothehomedemand。Ourownsteel-makersknowbetterandarealarmed。Thethreatenedcompetitioninmarketshithertoourowncomesfromefficiencyinproductionsuchasneverbeforehasbeenseen。\"EventheBritishnavalsupremacyisindanger，continuesthesamepaper，\"for，ifweloseourengineeringsupremacy，ournavalsupremacywillfollow，unlessheldonsufferancebyoursuccessfulrivals。\"
AndtheEdinburghEveningNewssays，witheditorialgloom:\"Theironandsteeltradeshavegonefromus。WhenthefictitiousprosperitycausedbytheexpenditureofourownGovernmentandthatofEuropeannationsonarmamentsceases，halfofthemenemployedintheseindustrieswillbeturnedintothestreets。Theoutlookisappalling。Whatsufferingwillhavetobeenduredbeforetheworkersrealizethatthereisnothingleftforthembutemigration!\"
Thattheremustbealimittotheaccumulationofcapitalisobvious。Thedownwardcourseoftherateofinterest，notwithstandingthatmanynewemploymentshavebeenmadepossibleforcapital，indicateshowlargeistheincreaseofsurplusvalue。
ThisdeclineoftheinterestrateisinaccordwithBohm-Bawerk\'slawof\"diminishingreturns。\"Thatis，whencapital，likeanythingelse，hasbecomeover-plentiful，lesslucrativeusecanonlybefoundfortheexcess。Thisexcess，notbeingabletoearnsomuchaswhencapitalwaslessplentiful，competesforsafeinvestmentsandforcesdowntheinterestrateonallcapital。Mr。CharlesA。
Conanthaswelldescribedthekeennessofthescrambleforsafeinvestments，evenattheprevailinglowratesofinterest。AtthecloseofthewarwithTurkey，theGreekloan，guaranteedbyGreatBritain，France，andRussia，wasfloatedwithstrikingease。
Regardlessofthesmallreturn，theamountofferedatParis，(41，000，000francs)，wassubscribedfortwenty-threetimesover。
GreatBritain，France，Germany，Holland，andtheScandinavianStates，ofrecentyears，haveallengagedinconvertingtheirsecuritiesfrom5percentsto4percents，from4。5percentsto3。5percents，andthe3。5percentsinto3percents。
GreatBritain，France，Germany，andAustria-Hungary，accordingtothecalculationtakenin1895bytheInternationalStatisticalInstitute，holdforty-sixbillionsofcapitalinvestedinnegotiablesecuritiesalone。YetParissubscribedforherportionoftheGreekloantwenty-threetimesover!Inshort，moneyischeap。AndrewCarnegieandhisbrotherbourgeoiskingsgiveawaymillionsannually，butstillthetidewellsup。Thesevastaccumulationshavemadepossible\"wild-catting，\"fraudulentcombinations，fakeenterprises，Hooleyism；butsuchstealings，greatthoughtheybe，havelittleornoeffectinreducingthevolume。Thetimeispastwhenstartlinginventions，orrevolutionsinthemethodofproduction，canbreakupthegrowingcongestion；yetthissavedcapitaldemandsanoutlet，somewhere，somehow。
Whenagreatnationhasequippeditselftoproducefarmorethanitcan，underthepresentdivisionoftheproduct，consume，itseeksothermarketsforitssurplusproducts。Whenasecondnationfindsitselfsimilarlycircumstanced，competitionfortheseothermarketsnaturallyfollows。Withtheadventofathird，afourth，afifth，andofdiversothernations，thequestionofthedisposalofsurplusproductsgrowsserious。Andwitheachofthesenationspossessing，overandbeyonditsactivecapital，greatandgrowingmassesofidlecapital，andwhentheveryforeignmarketsforwhichtheyarecompetingarebeginningtoproducesimilarwaresforthemselves，thequestionpassestheseriousstageandbecomescritical。
Neverhasthestruggleforforeignmarketsbeensharperthanatthepresent。Theyaretheonegreatoutletforcongestedaccumulations。
Predatorycapitalwanderstheworldover，seekingwhereitmayestablishitself。Thisurgentneedforforeignmarketsisforcingupontheworld-stageaneraofgreatcolonialempire。Butthisdoesnotstand，asinthepast，forthesubjugationofpeoplesandcountriesforthesakeofgainingtheirproducts，butfortheprivilegeofsellingthemproducts。Thetheoryoncewas，thatthecolonyoweditsexistenceandprosperitytothemothercountry；buttodayitisthemothercountrythatowesitsexistenceandprosperitytothecolony。Andinthefuture，whenthatsupportingcolonybecomeswiseinthewayofproducingsurplusvalueandsendsitsgoodsbacktoselltothemothercountry，whatthen？Thentheworldwillhavebeenexploited，andcapitalisticproductionwillhaveattaineditsmaximumdevelopment。
Foreignmarketsandundevelopedcountrieslargelyretardthatmoment。Thefavoredportionsoftheearth\'ssurfacearealreadyoccupied，thoughtheresourcesofmanyareyetvirgin。Thattheyhavenotlongsincebeenwrestedfromthehandsofthebarbarousanddecadentpeopleswhopossessthemisdue，nottothemilitaryprowessofsuchpeoples，buttothejealousvigilanceoftheindustrialnations。Thepowersholdoneanotherback。TheTurklivesbecausethewayisnotyetcleartoanamicabledivisionofhimamongthepowers。AndtheUnitedStates，supremethoughsheis，opposesthepartitionofChina，andintervenesherhugebulkbetweenthehungrynationsandthemongrelSpanishrepublics。Capitalstandsinitsownway，wellingupandwellingupagainsttheinevitablemomentwhenitshallburstallbondsandsweepresistlesslyacrosssuchvaststretchesasChinaandSouthAmerica。
Andthentherewillbenomoreworldstoexploit，andcapitalismwilleitherfallback，crushedunderitsownweight，orachangeofdirectionwilltakeplacewhichwillmarkanewerainhistory。
TheFarEastaffordsanilluminatingspectacle。WhiletheWesternnationsarecrowdinghungrilyin，whilethePartitionofChinaiscommingledwiththeclamorfortheSpheresofInfluenceandtheOpenDoor，otherforcesarenonethelesspotentlyatwork。NotonlyaretheyoungWesternpeoplespressingtheolderonestothewall，buttheEastitselfisbeginningtoawake。Americantradeisadvancing，andBritishtradeislosingground，whileJapan，China，andIndiaaretakingahandinthegamethemselves。
In1893，100，000piecesofAmericandrillswereimportedintoChina；
in1897，349，000。In1893，252，000piecesofAmericansheetingswereimportedagainst71，000British；butin1897，566，000piecesofAmericansheetingswereimportedagainstonly10，000British。Thecottongoodsandyarntrade(whichforms40percentofthewholetradewithChina)showsaremarkableadvanceonthepartoftheUnitedStates。DuringthelasttenyearsAmericahasincreasedherimportationofplaingoodsby121percentinquantityand59。5percentinvalue，whilethatofEnglandandIndiacombinedhasdecreased13。75percentinquantityand8percentinvalue。LordCharlesBeresford，fromwhose\"Break-upofChina\"thesefiguresaretaken，statesthatEnglishyarnhasrecededandIndianyarnadvancedtothefront。In1897，140，000piculsofIndianyarnwereimported，18，000ofJapanese，4500ofShanghai-manufactured，and700ofEnglish。
Japan，whobutyesterdayemergedfromthemediaevalruleoftheShogunateandseizedinonefellswoopthescientificknowledgeandcultureoftheOccident，isalreadytodayshowingwhatwisdomshehasacquiredintheproductionofsurplusvalue，andispreparingherselfthatshemaytomorrowplaytheparttoAsiathatEnglanddidtoEuropeonehundredyearsago。Thatthedifferenceintheworld\'saffairswroughtbythoseonehundredyearswillpreventhersucceedingismanifest；butitisequallymanifestthattheycannotpreventherplayingaleadingpartintheindustrialdramawhichhascommencedontheEasternstage。HerimportsintotheportofNewchangin1891amountedtobut22，000taels；butin1897theyhadincreasedto280，000taels。Inmanufacturedgoods，frommatches，watches，andclockstotherollingstockofrailways，shehasalreadygivenstiffshockstohercompetitorsintheAsiaticmarkets；andthiswhilesheisvirtuallyyetintheequipmentstageofproduction。Erelongshe，too，willbefurnishinghersharetothegrowingmassoftheworld\'scapital。
AsregardsGreatBritain，thegianttraderwhohassolongovershadowedAsiaticcommerce，LordCharlesBeresfordsays:\"Butcompetitionistellingadversely；theenergyoftheBritishmerchantisbeingequalledbyothernationals……ThecompetitionoftheChineseandtheintroductionofsteamintothecountryarealsocombiningtoproducechangedconditionsinChina。\"Butfarmoreominousistheplaintivenotehesoundswhenhesays:\"Newindustriesmustbeopenedup，andIwouldespeciallydirecttheattentionoftheChambersofCommerce(British)to……thefactthatthemorethenativecompeteswiththeBritishmanufacturerincertainclassesoftrade，themoremachineryhewillneed，andtheordersforsuchmachinerywillcometothiscountryifourmachinerymanufacturersareenterprisingenough。\"
TheOrientisbeginningtoshowwhatanimportantfactoritwillbecome，underWesternsupervision，inthecreationofsurplusvalue。
EvenbeforethebarrierswhichrestrainWesterncapitalareremoved，theEastwillbeinafairwaytowardbeingexploited。AnanalysisofLordBeresford\'smessagetotheChambersofCommercediscloses，first，thattheEastisbeginningtomanufactureforitself；and，second，thatthereisapromiseofkeencompetitionintheWestfortheprivilegeofsellingtherequiredmachinery。Theinexorablequeryarises:WHATISTHEWESTTODOWHENITHASFURNISHEDTHIS
MACHINERY？AndwhennotonlytheEast，butallthenowundevelopedcountries，confront，withsurplusproductsintheirhands，theoldindustrialnations，capitalisticproductionwillhaveattaineditsmaximumdevelopment。
Butbeforethattimemustinterveneaperiodwhichbidsonepauseforbreath。Anewromance，likeuntononeinallthepast，theeconomicromance，willbeborn。Forthedazzlingprizeofworld-
empirewillthenationsoftheearthgoupinharness。Powerswillriseandfall，andmightycoalitionsshapeanddissolveintheswiftwhirlofevents。Vassalnationsandsubjectterritorieswillbebandiedbackandforthlikesomanyarticlesoftrade。Andwiththeinevitabledisplacementofeconomiccentres，itisfairtopresumethatpopulationswillshifttoandfro，astheyoncedidfromtheSouthtotheNorthofEnglandontheriseofthefactorytowns，orfromtheOldWorldtotheNew。Colossalenterpriseswillbeprojectedandcarriedthrough，andcombinationsofcapitalandfederationsoflaborbeeffectedonacyclopeanscale。
Concentrationandorganizationwillbeperfectedinwayshithertoundreamed。Thenationwhichwouldkeepitsheadabovethetidemustaccuratelyadjustsupplytodemand，andeliminatewastetothelastleastparticle。Standardsoflivingwillmostlikelydescendformillionsofpeople。Withtheincreaseofcapital，thecompetitionforsafeinvestments，andtheconsequentfalloftheinterestrate，theprincipalwhichtodayearnsacomfortableincomewouldnotthensupportabareexistence。Savingtowardoldagewouldceaseamongtheworkingclasses。AndasthemerchantcitiesofItalycrashedwhentradeslippedfromtheirhandsonthediscoveryofthenewroutetotheIndiesbywayoftheCapeofGoodHope，sowilltherecometimesoftremblingforsuchnationsashavefailedtograsptheprizeofworld-empire。Inthatgivendirectiontheywillhaveattainedtheirmaximumdevelopment，beforethewholeworld，inthesamedirection，hasattainedits。Therewillnolongerberoomforthem。Butiftheycansurvivetheshockofbeingflungoutoftheworld\'sindustrialorbit，achangeindirectionmaythenbeeasilyeffected。Thatthedecadentandbarbarouspeopleswillbecrushedisafairpresumption；likewisethatthestrongerbreedswillsurvive，enteringuponthetransitionstagetowhichalltheworldmustultimatelycome。
Thischangeofdirectionmustbeeithertowardindustrialoligarchiesorsocialism。Eitherthefunctionsofprivatecorporationswillincreasetilltheyabsorbthecentralgovernment，orthefunctionsofgovernmentwillincreasetillitabsorbsthecorporations。Muchmaybesaidonthechanceoftheoligarchy。
Shouldanoldmanufacturingnationloseitsforeigntrade，itissafetopredictthatastrongeffortwouldbemadetobuildasocialisticgovernment，butitdoesnotfollowthatthiseffortwouldbesuccessful。WiththemoneyedclasscontrollingtheStateanditsrevenuesandallthemeansofsubsistence，andguardingitsowninterestswithjealouscare，itisnotatallimpossiblethatastrongcurbcouldbeputuponthemassestillthecrisiswerepast。
Ithasbeendonebefore。Thereisnoreasonwhyitshouldnotbedoneagain。Atthecloseofthelastcentury，suchamovementwascrushedbyitsownfollyandimmaturity。In1871thesoldiersoftheeconomicrulersstampedout，rootandbranch，awholegenerationofmilitantsocialists。
Oncethecrisiswerepast，therulingclass，stillholdingthecurbinordertomakeitselfmoresecure，wouldproceedtoreadjustthingsandtobalanceconsumptionwithproduction。Havingamonopolyofthesafeinvestments，thegreatmassesofunremunerativecapitalwouldbedirected，nottotheproductionofmoresurplusvalue，buttothemakingofpermanentimprovements，whichwouldgiveemploymenttothepeople，andmakethemcontentwiththeneworderofthings。Highways，parks，publicbuildings，monuments，couldbebuilded；norwoulditbeoutofplacetogivebetterfactoriesandhomestotheworkers。Suchinitselfwouldbesocialistic，savethatitwouldbedonebytheoligarchs，aclassapart。Withtheinterestratedowntozero，andnofieldfortheinvestmentofsporadiccapital，savingsamongthepeoplewouldutterlycease，andold-agepensionsbegrantedasamatterofcourse。Itisalsoalogicalnecessityofsuchasystemthat，whenthepopulationbegantopressagainstthemeansofsubsistence，(expansionbeingimpossible)，thebirthrateofthelowerclasseswouldbelessened。
Whetherbytheirowninitiative，orbytheinterferenceoftherulers，itwouldhavetobedone，anditwouldbedone。Inotherwords，theoligarchywouldmeanthecapitalizationoflaborandtheenslavementofthewholepopulation。Butitwouldbeafairer，justerformofslaverythananytheworldhasyetseen。Thepercapitawageandconsumptionwouldbeincreased，and，withastringentcontrolofthebirthrate，thereisnoreasonwhysuchacountryshouldnotbesoruledthroughmanygenerations。
Ontheotherhand，asthecapitalisticexploitationoftheplanetapproachesitsmaximum，andcountriesarecrowdedoutofthefieldofforeignexchanges，thereisalargelikelihoodthattheirchangeindirectionwillbetowardsocialism。Werethetheoryofcollectiveownershipandoperationthentoariseforthefirsttime，suchamovementwouldstandsmallchanceofsuccess。Butsuchisnotthecase。Thedoctrineofsocialismhasflourishedandgrownthroughoutthenineteenthcentury；itstenetshavebeenpreachedwherevertheinterestsoflaborandcapitalhaveclashed；andithasreceivedexemplificationtimeandagainbytheState\'sassumptionoffunctionswhichhadalwaysbelongedsolelytotheindividual。
Whencapitalisticproductionhasattaineditsmaximumdevelopment，itmustconfrontadividingoftheways；andthestrengthofcapitalontheonehand，andtheeducationandwisdomoftheworkersontheother，willdeterminewhichpathsocietyistotravel。Itispossible，consideringtheinertiaofthemasses，thatthewholeworldmightintimecometobedominatedbyagroupofindustrialoligarchies，orbyonegreatoligarchy，butitisnotprobable。
Thatsporadicoligarchiesmayflourishfordefiniteperiodsoftimeishighlypossible；thattheymaycontinuetodosoisashighlyimprobable。Theprocessionoftheageshasmarkednotonlytheriseofman，buttheriseofthecommonman。Fromthechattelslave，ortheserfchainedtothesoil，tothehighestseatsinmodernsociety，hehasrisen，rungbyrung，amidthecrumblingofthedivinerightofkingsandthecrashoffallingsceptres。Thathehasdonethis，onlyintheendtopassintotheperpetualslaveryoftheindustrialoligarch，issomethingatwhichhiswholepastcriesinprotest。Thecommonmanisworthyofabetterfuture，orelseheisnotworthyofhispast。
NOTE——Theabovearticlewaswrittenaslongagoas1898。Theonlyalterationhasbeenthebringingupto1900ofafewofitsstatistics。Asacommercialventureofanauthor，ithasaninterestinghistory。Itwaspromptlyacceptedbyoneoftheleadingmagazinesandpaidfor。Theeditorconfessedthatitwas\"oneofthosearticlesonecouldnotpossiblyletgoofafteritwasonceinhispossession。\"Publicationwasvoluntarilypromisedtobeimmediate。Thentheeditorbecameafraidofitstooradicalnature，forfeitedthesumpaidforit，anddidnotpublishit。Nor，offeredfarandwide，couldanyothereditorofbourgeoisperiodicalsbefoundwhowasrashenoughtopublishit。Thus，forthefirsttime，aftersevenyears，itappearsinprint。
AREVIEW
TworemarkablebooksareGhent\'s\"OurBenevolentFeudalism\"{7}andBrooks\'s\"TheSocialUnrest。\"{8}Inthesetwobookstheoppositesidesofthelaborproblemareexpounded，eachwriterdevotinghimselfwithapprehensiontothesidehefearsandviewswithdisfavor。Itwouldappearthattheyhavesetthemselvesthetaskofcollating，asawarning，thephenomenaoftwocountersocialforces。
Mr。Ghent，whoissympatheticwiththesocialistmovement，followswithcynicfeareveryaggressiveactofthecapitalistclass。Mr。
Brooks，whoyearnsfortheperpetuationofthecapitalistsystemaslongaspossible，followswithgravedismayeachaggressiveactofthelaborandsocialistorganizations。Mr。Ghenttracestheemasculationoflaborbycapital，andMr。Brookstracestheemasculationofindependentcompetingcapitalbylabor。Inshort，eachmarshalsthefactsofasideinthetwosideswhichgotomakeastrugglesogreatthateventheFrenchRevolutionisinsignificantbesideit；forthislaterstruggle，forthefirsttimeinthehistoryofstruggles，isnotconfinedtoanyparticularportionoftheglobe，butinvolvesthewholeofit。
Startingontheassumptionthatsocietyisatpresentinastateofflux，Mr。Ghentseesitrapidlycrystallizingintoastatuswhichcanbestbedescribedassomethinginthenatureofabenevolentfeudalism。HelaughstoscornanyimmediaterealizationoftheMarxiandream，whileTolstoyanutopiasandKropotkiniancommunisticunionsofshopandfarmaretoowildtomeritconsideration。ThecomingstatuswhichMr。Ghentdepictsisaclassdominationbythecapitalists。Laborwilltakeitsdefiniteplaceasadependentclass，livinginaconditionofmachineservitudefairlyanalogoustothelandservitudeoftheMiddleAges。Thatistosay，laborwillbeboundtothemachine，thoughlessharshly，infashionsomewhatsimilartothatinwhichtheearlierserfwasboundtothesoil。Ashesays，\"Bondagetothelandwasthebasisofvilleinageintheoldregime；bondagetothejobwillbethebasisofvilleinageinthenew。\"
Atthetopofthenewsocietywilltowerthemagnate，thenewfeudalbaron；atthebottomwillbefoundthewastrelsandtheinefficients。Thenewsocietyhegradesasfollows:
\"I。Thebarons，gradedonthebasisofpossessions。
\"II。Thecourtagentsandretainers。(Thisclasswillincludetheeditorsof\'respectable\'and\'safe\'newspapers，thepastorsof\'conservative\'and\'wealthy\'churches，theprofessorsandteachersinendowedcollegesandschools，lawyersgenerally，andmostjudgesandpoliticians)。
\"III。Theworkersinpureandappliedscience，artists，andphysicians。
\"IV。Theentrepreneurs，themanagersofthegreatindustries，transformedintoasalariedclass。
\"V。Theforemenandsuperintendents。Thisclasshasheretoforebeenrecruitedlargelyfromtheskilledworkers，butwiththegrowthoftechnicaleducationinschoolsandcolleges，andthedevelopmentoffixedcaste，itislikelytobecomeentirelydifferentiated。
\"VI。Thevilleinsofthecitiesandtowns，moreorlessregularlyemployed，whodoskilledworkandarepartiallyprotectedbyorganization。
\"VII。Thevilleinsofthecitiesandtownswhodounskilledworkandareunprotectedbyorganization。Theywillcomprisethelaborers，domestics，andclerks。
\"VIII。Thevilleinsofthemanorialestates，ofthegreatfarms，themines，andtheforests。
\"IX。Thesmall-unitfarmers(land-owning)，thepettytradesmen，andmanufacturers。
\"X。Thesubtenantsofthemanorialestatesandgreatfarms(correspondingtotheclassof\'freetenants\'intheoldFeudalism)。
\"XI。Thecotters。
\"XII。Thetramps，theoccasionallyemployed，theunemployed——thewastrelsofthecityandcountry。\"
\"ThenewFeudalism，likemostautocracies，willfosternotonlythearts，butalsocertainkindsoflearning——particularlythekindswhichareunlikelytodisturbthemindsofthemultitude。AfutureMarsh，orCope，orLeComtewillbeliberallypatronizedandleftfreetodiscoverwhathewill；andso，too，anEdisonoraMarconi。
Onlytheymustnotmeddlewithanythingrelatingtosocialscience。\"
ItmustbeconfessedthatMr。Ghent\'sargumentsarecunninglycontrivedandarrayed。Theymustbereadtobeappreciated。Asanexampleofhisstyle，whichatthesametimegeneralizesaportionofhisargument，thefollowingmaywellbegiven:
\"ThenewFeudalismwillbebutanorderlyoutgrowthofpresenttendenciesandconditions。Allsocietiesevolvenaturallyoutoftheirpredecessors。Insociology，asinbiology，thereisnocellwithoutaparentcell。Thesocietyofeachgenerationdevelopsamultitudeofspontaneousandacquiredvariations，andoutofthese，byablendingprocessofnaturalandconsciousselection，thesucceedingsocietyisevolved。Theneworderwilldifferinnoimportantrespectsfromthepresent，exceptinthecompleterdevelopmentofitsmoresalientfeatures。Thevisitorfromanotherplanetwhohadknowntheoldandshouldseethenewwouldnotebutfewchanges。AlteretIdem——anotheryetthesame——hewouldsay。
Frommagnatetobaron，fromworkmantovillein，frompublicisttocourtagentandretainer，willbechangesofstateandfunctionsoslightastoeludeallbutthekeenesteyes。\"
Andinconclusion，toshowhowbenevolentandbeautifulthisnewfeudalismofourswillbe，Mr。Ghentsays:\"Peaceandstabilityitwillmaintainatallhazards；andthemass，rememberingthechaos，theturmoil，theinsecurityofthepast，willblessitsreign……
Efficiency——thefacultyofgettingthings——isatlastrewardedasitshouldbe，fortheefficienthaveinheritedtheearthanditsfulness。Thelowly，whosehappinessisgreaterandwhosewelfareismorethoroughlyconservedwhengovernedthanwhengoverning，asatwentieth-centuryphilosophersaidofthem，aresettledandhappyinthestatewhichreasonandexperienceteachistheirGod-appointedlot。Theyarecomfortabletoo；andifthepatriarchalidealofavineandfigtreeforeachisnotyetattained，atleasteachhashisrentedpatchinthecountryorhisrentedcellinacitybuilding。Breadandthecircusarefreelygiventothedeserving，andasfortheundeserving，theyaremerelyreapingtherewardsoftheircontumacyandpride。Orderreigns，eachhashisjustlyappointedshare，andthestaterests，insecurity，\'laptinuniversallaw。\'\"
Mr。Brooks，ontheotherhand，seesrisinganddissolvingandrisingagaininthesocialfluxtheominousformsofanewsocietywhichisthedirectantithesisofabenevolentfeudalism。Hetremblesattherashintrepidityofthecapitalistswhofightthelaborunions，forbysuchrashnesshegreatlyfearsthatlaborwillbedriventoexpressitsaimsandstrengthinpoliticalterms，whichtermswillinevitablybesocialisticterms。
Tokeepdowntherisingtideofsocialism，hepreachesgreatermeeknessandbenevolencetothecapitalists。Nolongermaytheyclaimtherighttoruntheirownbusiness，tobeatdownthelaborer\'sstandardoflivingforthesakeofincreasedprofits，todictatetermsofemploymenttoindividualworkers，towaxrighteouslyindignantwhenorganizedlabortakesahandintheirbusiness。Nolongermaythecapitalistsay\"my\"business，oreventhink\"my\"business；hemustsay\"our\"business，andthink\"our\"
businessaswell，acceptinglaborasapartnerwhosevoicemustbeheard。Andifthecapitalistsdonotbecomemoremeekandbenevolentintheirdealingswithlabor，laborwillbeantagonizedandwillproceedtowreakterriblepoliticalvengeance，andthepresentsocialfluxwillhardenintoastatusofsocialism。
Mr。BrooksdreamsofasocietyatwhichMr。Ghentsneersas\"aslightlymodifiedindividualism，whereineachunitsecuresthejustrewardofhiscapacityandservice。\"Toattainthishappystate，Mr。Brooksimposescircumspectionuponthecapitalistsintheirrelationswithlabor。\"Ifthesocialisticspiritistobeheldinabeyanceinthiscountry，businessesofthischaracter(anthracitecoalmining)mustbehandledwithextraordinarycaution。\"Whichistosay，thattowithstandtheadvanceofsocialism，agreatandgreatermeasureofMr。Ghent\'sBENEVOLENCEwillberequired。
Againandagain，Mr。Brooksreiteratesthedangerheseesinharshlytreatinglabor。\"ItisnotprobablethatemployerscandestroyunionismintheUnitedStates。Adroitanddesperateattemptswill，however，bemade，ifwemeanbyunionismtheundisciplinedandaggressivefactofvigorousanddeterminedorganizations。Ifcapitalshouldprovetoostronginthisstruggle，theresultiseasytopredict。Theemployershaveonlytoconvinceorganizedlaborthatitcannotholditsownagainstthecapitalistmanager，andthewholeenergythatnowgoestotheunionwillturntoanaggressivepoliticalsocialism。Itwillnotbetheharmlesssympathywithincreasedcityandstatefunctionswhichtradeunionsalreadyfeel；
itwillbecomeaturbulentpoliticalforcebentuponusingeveryweaponoftaxationagainsttherich。\"
\"Themostconcreteimpulsethatnowfavorssocialisminthiscountryistheinsanepurposetodeprivelabororganizationsofthefullandcompleterightsthatgowithfederatedunionism。\"
\"Thatwhichteachesaunionthatitcannotsucceedasaunionturnsittowardsocialism。InlongstrikesintownslikeMarlboroandBrookfieldstrongunionsaredefeated。Hundredsofmenleavethesetownsforshoe-centreslikeBrockton，wheretheyarenowvotingthesocialistticket。Thesocialistmayorofthiscitytellsme，\'Themenwhocometousnowfromtownswheretheyhavebeenthoroughlywhippedinastrikeareamongourmostactiveworkingsocialists。\'
Thebitternessengenderedbythissenseofdefeatisturnedtopolitics，asitwillthroughoutthewholecountry，iforganizationoflaborisdeprivedofitsrights。\"
\"Thisenmityofcapitaltothetradeunioniswatchedwithgleebyeveryintelligentsocialistinourmidst。Everyunionthatisbeatenordiscouragedinitsstruggleisripeningfruitforsocialism。\"
\"Therealperilwhichwenowfaceisthethreatofaclassconflict。
IfcapitalisminsistsuponthepolicyofoutragingthesavingaspirationoftheAmericanworkmantoraisehisstandardofcomfortandleisure，everyelementofclassconflictwillstrengthenamongus。\"
\"Wehaveonlytohumiliatewhatisbestinthetradeunion，andtheneveryworstfeatureofsocialismisfasteneduponus。\"
ThisstrongtendencyintheranksoftheworkerstowardsocialismiswhatMr。Brookscharacterizesthe\"socialunrest\"；andhehopestoseetheRepublican，theClevelandDemocrat，andtheconservativeandlargepropertyinterests\"bandtogetheragainstthiscommonfoe，\"