Particularclubsandsocietiesareeverywhereformed：Bothsexesmeetinaneasyandsociablemanner;andthetempersofmen，aswellastheirbehaviour，refineapace.Sothat，besidetheimprovementswhichtheyreceivefromknowledgeandtheliberalarts，itisimpossiblebuttheymustfeelanencreaseofhumanity，fromtheveryhabitofconversingtogether，andcontributingtoeachother\'spleasureandentertainment.Thusindustry，knowledge，andhumanity，arelinkedtogetherbyanindissolublechain，andarefound，fromexperienceaswellasreason，tobepeculiartothemorepolished，and，whatarecommonlydenominated，themoreluxuriousages.
Noraretheseadvantagesattendedwithdisadvantages，thatbearanyproportiontothem.Themoremenrefineuponpleasure，thelesswilltheyindulgeinexcessesofanykind;becausenothingismoredestructivetotruepleasurethansuchexcesses.
Onemaysafelyaffirm，thattheTARTARSareoftenerguiltyofbeastlygluttony，whentheyfeastontheirdeadhorses，thanEUROPEANcourtierswithalltheirrefinementsofcookery.Andiflibertinelove，oreveninfidelitytothemarriage—bed，bemorefrequentinpoliteages，whenitisoftenregardedonlyasapieceofgallantry;drunkenness，ontheotherhand，ismuchlesscommon：Avicemoreodious，andmoreperniciousbothtomindandbody.AndinthismatterIwouldappeal，notonlytoanOVIDoraPETRONIUS，buttoaSENECAoraCATO.Weknow，thatCAESAR，duringCATILINE\'Sconspiracy，beingnecessitatedtoputintoCATO\'Shandsabillet—doux，whichdiscoveredanintriguewithSERVILIA，CATO\'Sownsister，thatsternphilosopherthrewitbacktohimwithindignation;andinthebitternessofhiswrath，gavehimtheappellationofdrunkard，asatermmoreopprobriousthanthatwithwhichhecouldmorejustlyhavereproachedhim.
Butindustry，knowledge，andhumanity，arenotadvantageousinprivatelifealone：Theydiffusetheirbeneficialinfluenceonthepublic，andrenderthegovernmentasgreatandflourishingastheymakeindividualshappyandprosperous.Theencreaseandconsumptionofallthecommodities，whichservetotheornamentandpleasureoflife，areadvantageoustosociety;because，atthesametimethattheymultiplythoseinnocentgratificationstoindividuals，theyareakindofstorehouseoflabour，which，intheexigenciesofstate，maybeturnedtothepublicservice.Inanation，wherethereisnodemandforsuchsuperfluities，mensinkintoindolence，loseallenjoymentoflife，andareuselesstothepublic，whichcannotmaintainorsupportitsfleetsandarmies，fromtheindustryofsuchslothfulmembers.
TheboundsofalltheEUROPEANkingdomsare，atpresent，nearlythesametheyweretwohundredyearsago：Butwhatadifferenceisthereinthepowerandgrandeurofthosekingdoms？
Whichcanbeascribedtonothingbuttheencreaseofartandindustry.WhenCHARLESVIIIofFRANCEinvadedITALY，hecarriedwithhimabout20，000men：Yetthisarmamentsoexhaustedthenation，aswelearnfromGUICCIARDIN，thatforsomeyearsitwasnotabletomakesogreataneffort.ThelatekingofFRANCE，intimeofwar，keptinpayabove400，000men;thoughfromMAZARINE\'Sdeathtohisown，hewasengagedinacourseofwarsthatlastednearthirtyyears.
Thisindustryismuchpromotedbytheknowledgeinseparablefromagesofartandrefinement;as，ontheotherhand，thisknowledgeenablesthepublictomakethebestadvantageoftheindustryofitssubjects.Laws，order，police，discipline;thesecanneverbecarriedtoanydegreeofperfection，beforehumanreasonhasrefineditselfbyexercise，andbyanapplicationtothemorevulgararts，atleast，ofcommerceandmanufacture.Canweexpect，thatagovernmentwillbewellmodelledbyapeople，whoknownothowtomakeaspinning—wheel，ortoemployaloomtoadvantage？Nottomention，thatallignorantagesareinfestedwithsuperstition，whichthrowsthegovernmentoffitsbias，anddisturbsmeninthepursuitoftheirinterestandhappiness.
Knowledgeintheartsofgovernmentnaturallybegetsmildnessandmoderation，byinstructingmenintheadvantagesofhumanemaximsaboverigourandseverity，whichdrivesubjectsintorebellion，andmakethereturntosubmissionimpracticable，bycuttingoffallhopesofpardon.Whenthetempersofmenaresoftenedaswellastheirknowledgeimproved，thishumanityappearsstillmoreconspicuous，andisthechiefcharacteristicwhichdistinguishesacivilizedagefromtimesofbarbarityandignorance.Factionsarethenlessinveterate，revolutionslesstragical，authoritylesssevere，andseditionslessfrequent.
Evenforeignwarsabateoftheircruelty;andafterthefieldofbattle，wherehonourandintereststeelmenagainstcompassionaswellasfear，thecombatantsdivestthemselvesofthebrute，andresumetheman.
Norneedwefear，thatmen，bylosingtheirferocity，willlosetheirmartialspirit，orbecomelessundauntedandvigorousindefenceoftheircountryortheirliberty.Theartshavenosucheffectinenervatingeitherthemindorbody.Onthecontrary，industry，theirinseparableattendant，addsnewforcetoboth.Andifanger，whichissaidtobethewhetstoneofcourage，losessomewhatofitsasperity，bypolitenessandrefinement;asenseofhonour，whichisastronger，moreconstant，andmoregovernableprinciple，acquiresfreshvigourbythatelevationofgeniuswhicharisesfromknowledgeandagoodeducation.Addtothis，thatcouragecanneitherhaveanyduration，norbeofanyuse，whennotaccompaniedwithdisciplineandmartialskill，whichareseldomfoundamongabarbarouspeople.Theancientsremarked，thatDATAMESwastheonlybarbarianthateverknewtheartofwar.AndPYRRHUS，seeingtheROMANSmarshaltheirarmywithsomeartandskill，saidwithsurprize，Thesebarbarianshavenothingbarbarousintheirdiscipline！Itisobservable，that，astheoldROMANS，byapplyingthemselvessolelytowar，werealmosttheonlyuncivilizedpeoplethateverpossessedmilitarydiscipline;sothemodernITALIANSaretheonlycivilizedpeople，amongEUROPEANS，thateverwantedcourageandamartialspirit.ThosewhowouldascribethiseffeminacyoftheITALIANStotheirluxury，orpoliteness，orapplicationtothearts，needbutconsidertheFRENCHandENGLISH，whosebraveryisasuncontestable，astheirloveforthearts，andtheirassiduityincommerce.TheITALIANhistoriansgiveusamoresatisfactoryreasonforthisdegeneracyoftheircountrymen.TheyshewushowtheswordwasdroppedatoncebyalltheITALIANsovereigns;