WHOEVERwishestoinvestigatemedicineproperly，shouldproceedthus:inthefirstplacetoconsidertheseasonsoftheyear，andwhateffectseachofthemproducesfortheyarenotatallalike，butdiffermuchfromthemselvesinregardtotheirchanges。Thenthewinds，thehotandthecold，especiallysuchasarecommontoallcountries，andthensuchasarepeculiartoeachlocality。Wemustalsoconsiderthequalitiesofthewaters，forastheydifferfromoneanotherintasteandweight，soalsodotheydiffermuchintheirqualities。Inthesamemanner，whenonecomesintoacitytowhichheisastranger，heoughttoconsideritssituation，howitliesastothewindsandtherisingofthesun；foritsinfluenceisnotthesamewhetheritliestothenorthorthesouth，totherisingortothesettingsun。Thesethingsoneoughttoconsidermostattentively，andconcerningthewaterswhichtheinhabitantsuse，whethertheybemarshyandsoft，orhard，andrunningfromelevatedandrockysituations，andthenifsaltishandunfitforcooking；andtheground，whetheritbenakedanddeficientinwater，orwoodedandwellwatered，andwhetheritliesinahollow，confinedsituation，oriselevatedandcold；andthemodeinwhichtheinhabitantslive，andwhataretheirpursuits，whethertheyarefondofdrinkingandeatingtoexcess，andgiventoindolence，orarefondofexerciseandlabor，andnotgiventoexcessineatinganddrinking。
2。Fromthesethingshemustproceedtoinvestigateeverythingelse。
Forifoneknowsallthesethingswell，oratleastthegreaterpartofthem，hecannotmissknowing，whenhecomesintoastrangecity，eitherthediseasespeculiartotheplace，ortheparticularnatureofcommondiseases，sothathewillnotbeindoubtastothetreatmentofthediseases，orcommitmistakes，asislikelytobethecaseprovidedonehadnotpreviouslyconsideredthesematters。Andinparticular，astheseasonandtheyearadvances，hecantellwhatepidemicdiseaseswillattackthecity，eitherinsummerorinwinter，andwhateachindividualwillbeindangerofexperiencingfromthechangeofregimen。Forknowingthechangesoftheseasons，therisingsandsettingsofthestars，howeachofthemtakesplace，hewillbeabletoknowbeforehandwhatsortofayearisgoingtoensue。
Havingmadetheseinvestigations，andknowingbeforehandtheseasons，suchaonemustbeacquaintedwitheachparticular，andmustsucceedinthepreservationofhealth，andbebynomeansunsuccessfulinthepracticeofhisart。Andifitshallbethoughtthatthesethingsbelongrathertometeorology，itwillbeadmitted，onsecondthoughts，thatastronomycontributesnotalittle，butaverygreatdeal，indeed，tomedicine。Forwiththeseasonsthedigestiveorgansofmenundergoachange。
3。Buthowoftheaforementionedthingsshouldbeinvestigatedandexplained，Iwillnowdeclareinaclearmanner。Acitythatisexposedtohotwinds（thesearebetweenthewintryrising，andthewintrysettingofthesun），andtowhichthesearepeculiar，butwhichisshelteredfromthenorthwinds；insuchacitythewaterswillbeplenteousandsaltish，andastheyrunfromanelevatedsource，theyarenecessarilyhotinsummer，andcoldinwinter；theheadsoftheinhabitantsareofahumidandpituitousconstitution，andtheirbelliessubjecttofrequentdisorders，owingtothephlegmrunningdownfromthehead；theformsoftheirbodies，forthemostpart，areratherflabby；theydonoteatnordrinkmuch；drinkingwineinparticular，andmoreespeciallyifcarriedtointoxication，isoppressivetothem；andthefollowingdiseasesarepeculiartothedistrict:inthefirstplace，thewomenaresicklyandsubjecttoexcessivemenstruation；thenmanyareunfruitfulfromdisease，andnotfromnature，andtheyhavefrequentmiscarriages；infantsaresubjecttoattacksofconvulsionsandasthma，whichtheyconsidertobeconnectedwithinfancy，andholdtobeasacreddisease（epilepsy）。
Themenaresubjecttoattacksofdysentery，diarrhea，hepialus，chronicfeversinwinter，ofepinyctis，frequently，andofhemorrhoidsabouttheanus。Pleurisies，peripneumonies，ardentfevers，andwhateverdiseasesarereckonedacute，donotoftenoccur，forsuchdiseasesarenotapttoprevailwherethebowelsareloose。
Ophthalmiesoccurofahumidcharacter，butnotofaseriousnature，andofshortduration，unlesstheyattackepidemicallyfromthechangeoftheseasons。Andwhentheypasstheirfiftiethyear，defluxionssuperveningfromthebrain，renderthemparalyticwhenexposedsuddentlytostrokesofthesun，ortocold。Thesediseasesareendemictothem，and，moreover，ifanyepidemicdiseaseconnectedwiththechangeoftheseasons，prevail，theyarealsoliabletoit。
4。Butthefollowingistheconditionofcitieswhichhavetheoppositeexposure，namely，tocoldwinds，betweenthesummersettingsandthesummerrisingsofthesun，andtowhichthesewindsarepeculiar，andwhichareshelteredfromthesouthandthehotbreezes。Inthefirstplacethewatersare，forthemostpart，hardcold。Themenmustnecessarilybewellbracedandslender，andtheymusthavethedischargesdownwardsofthealimentarycanalhard，andofdifficultevacuation，whilethoseupwardsaremorefluid，andratherbiliousthanpituitous。Theirheadsaresoundandhard，andtheyareliabletoburstings（ofvessels？）forthemostpart。Thediseaseswhichprevailepidemicallywiththem，arepleurisies，andthosewhicharecalledacutediseases。Thismustbethecasewhenthebowelsarebound；andfromanycauses，manybecomeaffectedwithsuppurationsinthelungs，thecauseofwhichisthetensionofthebody，andhardnessofthebowels；fortheirdrynessandthecoldnessofthewaterdisposethemtoruptures（ofvessels？）。Suchconstitutionsmustbegiventoexcessofeating，butnotofdrinking；foritisnotpossibletobegourmandsanddrunkardsatthesametime。Ophthalmies，too，atlengthsupervene；thesebeingofahardandviolentnature，andsoonendinginruptureoftheeyes；
personsunderthirtyyearsofageareliabletoseverebleedingsatthenoseinsummer；attacksofepilepsyarerarebutsevere。Suchpeoplearelikelytoberatherlong-lived；theirulcersarenotattendedwithseriousdischarges，norofamalignantcharacter；indispositiontheyareratherferociousthangentle。ThediseasesIhavementionedarepeculiartothemen，andbesidestheyareliabletoanycommoncomplaintwhichmaybeprevailingfromthechangesoftheseasons。Butthewomen，inthefirstplace，areofahardconstitution，fromthewatersbeinghard，indigestible，andcold；
andtheirmenstrualdischargesarenotregular，butinsmallquantity，andpainful。Thentheyhavedifficultparturition，butarenotverysubjecttoabortions。Andwhentheydobringforthchildren，theyareunabletonursethem；forthehardnessandindigestablenatureofthewaterputsawaytheirmilk。Phthisisfrequentlysupervenesafterchildbirth，fortheeffortsofitfrequentlybringonrupturesandstrains。Childrenwhilestilllittlearesubjecttodropsiesinthetesticle，whichdisappearastheygrowolder；insuchatowntheyarelateinattainingmanhood。Itis，asIhavenowstated，withregardtohotandcoldwindsandcitiesthusexposed。
5。Citiesthatareexposedtowindsbetweenthesummerandthewinterrisingsofthesun，andthosetheoppositetothem，havethefollowingcharacters:-ThosewhichlietotherisingofthesunarealllikelytobemorehealthythansuchasareturnedtotheNorth，orthoseexposedtothehotwinds，evenifthereshouldnotbeafurlongbetweenthem。Inthefirstplace，boththeheatandcoldaremoremoderate。Thensuchwatersasflowtotherisingsun，mustnecessarilybeclear，fragrant，soft，anddelightfultodrink，insuchacity。Forthesuninrisingandshininguponthempurifiesthem，bydispellingthevaporswhichgenerallyprevailinthemorning。Thepersonsoftheinhabitantsare，forthemostpart，wellcoloredandblooming，unlesssomediseasecounteract。Theinhabitantshaveclearvoices，andintemperandintellectaresuperiortothosewhichareexposedtothenorth，andalltheproductionsofthecountryinlikemannerarebetter。Acitysosituatedresemblesthespringastomoderationbetweenheatandcold，andthediseasesarefewinnumber，andofafeeblekind，andbeararesemblancetothediseaseswhichprevailinregionsexposedtohotwinds。Thewomenthereareveryprolific，andhaveeasydeliveries。Thusitiswithregardtothem。