第8章

Norcanthewholebeinsomeoftheparts;forifthewholewereinsomeoftheparts,thegreaterwouldbeintheless,whichisimpossible。

Yes,impossible。

Butifthewholeisneitherinone,norinmorethanone,norinalloftheparts,itmustbeinsomethingelse,orceasetobeanywhereatall?

Certainly。

Ifitwerenowhere,itwouldbenothing;butbeingawhole,andnotbeinginitself,itmustbeinanother。

Verytrue。

Theonethen,regardedasawhole,isinanother,butregardedasbeingallitsparts,isinitself;andthereforetheonemustbeitselfinitselfandalsoinanother。

Certainly。

Theonethen,beingofthisnature,isofnecessitybothatrestandinmotion?

How?

Theoneisatrestsinceitisinitself,forbeinginone,andnotpassingoutofthis,itisinthesame,whichisitself。

True。

Andthatwhichiseverinthesame,mustbeeveratrest?

Certainly。

Well,andmustnotthat,onthecontrary,whichiseverinother,neverbeinthesame;andifneverinthesame,neveratrest,andifnotatrest,inmotion?

True。

Thentheonebeingalwaysitselfinitselfandother,mustalwaysbebothatrestandinmotion?

Clearly。

Andmustbethesamewithitself,andotherthanitself;andalsothesamewiththeothers,andotherthantheothers;thisfollowsfromitspreviousaffections。

Howso?

Everythinginrelationtoeveryotherthing,iseitherthesameorother;orifneitherthesamenorother,thenintherelationofaparttoawhole,orofawholetoapart。

Clearly。

Andistheoneapartofitself?

Certainlynot。

Sinceitisnotapartinrelationtoitselfitcannotberelatedtoitselfaswholetopart?

Itcannot。

Butistheoneotherthanone?

No。

Andthereforenototherthanitself?

Certainlynot。

Ifthenitbeneitherother,norawhole,norapartinrelationtoitself,mustitnotbethesamewithitself?

Certainly。

Butthen,again,athingwhichisinanotherplacefrom\"itself,\"ifthis\"itself\"remainsinthesameplacewithitself,mustbeotherthan\"itself,\"foritwillbeinanotherplace?

True。

Thentheonehasbeenshowntobeatonceinitselfandinanother?

Yes。

Thus,then,asappears,theonewillbeotherthanitself?

True。

Well,then,ifanythingbeotherthananything,willitnotbeotherthanthatwhichisother?

Certainly。

Andwillnotallthingsthatarenotone,beotherthantheone,andtheoneotherthanthenot—one?

Ofcourse。

Thentheonewillbeotherthantheothers?

True。

But,consider:—Arenottheabsolutesame,andtheabsoluteother,oppositestooneanother?

Ofcourse。

Thenwillthesameeverbeintheother,ortheotherinthesame?

Theywillnot。

Ifthentheotherisneverinthesame,thereisnothinginwhichtheotherisduringanyspaceoftime;forduringthatspaceoftime,howeversmall,theotherwouldbeinthegame。Isnotthattrue?

Yes。

Andsincetheother—isneverinthesame,itcanneverbeinanythingthatis。

True。

Thentheotherwillneverbeeitherinthenotone,orintheone?

Certainlynot。

Thennotbyreasonofothernessistheoneotherthanthenot—one,orthenot—oneotherthantheone。

No。

Norbyreasonofthemselveswilltheybeotherthanoneanother,ifnotpartakingoftheother。

Howcantheybe?

Butiftheyarenotother,eitherbyreasonofthemselvesoroftheother,willtheynotaltogetherescapebeingotherthanoneanother?

Theywill。

Again,thenot—onecannotpartakeoftheone;otherwiseitwouldnothavebeennot—one,butwouldhavebeeninsomewayone。

True。

Norcanthenot—onebenumber;forhavingnumber,itwouldnothavebeennot—oneatall。

Itwouldnot。

Again,isthenot—onepartoftheone;orrather,woulditnotinthatcasepartakeoftheone?

Itwould。

Ifthen,ineverypointofview,theoneandthenot—onearedistinct,thenneitheristheonepartorwholeofthenot—one,noristhenot—onepartorwholeoftheone?

No。

Butwesaidthatthingswhichareneitherpartsnorwholesofoneanother,norotherthanoneanother,willbethesamewithoneanother:—sowesaid?

Yes。

Thenshallwesaythattheone,beinginthisrelationtothenot—one,isthesamewithit?

Letussayso。

Thenitisthesamewithitselfandtheothers,andalsootherthanitselfandtheothers。

Thatappearstobetheinference。Anditwillalsobelikeandunlikeitselfandtheothers?

Perhaps。

Sincetheonewasshowntobeotherthantheothers,theotherswillalsobeotherthantheone。

Yes。

Andtheoneisotherthantheothersinthesamedegreethattheothersareotherthanit,andneithermorenorless?

True。

Andifneithermorenorless,theninalikedegree?

Yes。

Invirtueoftheaffectionbywhichtheoneisotherthanothersandothersinlikemannerotherthanit,theonewillbeaffectedliketheothersandtheothersliketheone。

Howdoyoumean?

Imaytakeasanillustrationthecaseofnames:Yougiveanametoathing?

Yes。

Andyoumaysaythenameonceoroftener?

Yes。

Andwhenyousayitonce,youmentionthatofwhichitisthename?andwhenmorethanonce,isitsomethingelsewhichyoumention?

ormustitalwaysbethesamethingofwhichyouspeak,whetheryouutterthenameonceormorethanonce?

Ofcourseitisthesame。

Andisnot\"other\"anamegiventoathing?

Certainly。

Whenever,then,youusetheword\"other,\"whetheronceoroftener,younamethatofwhichitisthename,andtonootherdoyougivethename?

True。

Thenwhenwesaythattheothersareotherthantheone,andtheoneotherthantheothers,inrepeatingtheword\"other\"wespeakofthatnaturetowhichthenameisapplied,andofnoother?

Quitetrue。

Thentheonewhichisotherthanothers,andtheotherwhichisotherthantheone,inthattheword\"other\"isappliedtoboth,willbeinthesamecondition;andthatwhichisinthesameconditionislike?

Yes。

Theninvirtueoftheaffectionbywhichtheoneisotherthantheothers,everythingwillbelikeeverything,foreverythingisotherthaneverything。

True。

Again,thelikeisopposedtotheunlike?

Yes。

Andtheothertothesame?

Trueagain。

Andtheonewasalsoshowntobethesamewiththeothers?

Yes。

Andtobe,thesamewiththeothersistheoppositeofbeingotherthantheothers?

Certainly。

Andinthatitwasotheritwasshowntobelike?

Yes。

Butinthatitwasthesameitwillbeunlikebyvirtueoftheoppositeaffectiontothatwhichmadeitandthiswastheaffectionofotherness。

Yes。

Thesamethenwillmakeitunlike;otherwiseitwillnotbetheoppositeoftheother。

True。

Thentheonewillbebothlikeandunliketheothers;likeinsofarasitisother,andunlikeinsofarasitisthesame。

Yes,thatargumentmaybeused。

Andthereisanotherargument。

What?

Insofarasitisaffectedinthesamewayitisnotaffectedotherwise,andnotbeingaffectedotherwiseisnotunlike,andnotbeingunlike,islike;butinsofarasitisaffectedbyotheritisotherwise,andbeingotherwiseaffectedisunlike。

True。

Thenbecausetheoneisthesamewiththeothersandotherthantheothers,oneitherofthesetwogrounds,oronbothofthem,itwillbebothlikeandunliketheothers?

Certainly。

Andinthesamewayasbeingotherthanitself,andthesamewithitselfoneitherofthesetwogroundsandonbothofthem,itwillbelikeandunlikeitself。

Ofcourse。

Again,howfarcantheonetouchornottouchitselfandothers?—Consider。

Iamconsidering。