Itwouldbetrespassingonthereader’sindulgencewereItoimposeonhimanaccountofanycivilregulations，orordinances，whichmaypossiblyexistamongthispeople。Ideclaretohim，thatIknownotofany，andthatexceptingalittletributaryrespectwhichtheyoungerpartappeartopaythosemoreadvancedinyears，Inevercouldobserveanydegreesofsubordinationamongthem。TotheirreligiousritesandopinionsIamequallyastranger。Hadanopportunityofferedofseeingtheceremoniesobservedatdisposingofthedead，perhaps，someinsightmighthavebeengained;
butallthatweatpresentknowwithcertaintyis，thattheyburnthecorpse，andafterwardsheapuptheeartharoundit，somewhatinthemannerofthesmalltumuli，foundinmanycountiesofEngland。
Ihavealreadyhinted，thatthecountryismorepopulousthanitwasgenerallybelievedtobeinEuropeatthetimeofoursailing。Butthisremarkisnotmeanttobeextendedtotheinteriorpartsofthecontinent，whichthereiseveryreasontoconcludefromourresearches，aswellasfromthemanneroflivingpractisedbythenatives，tobeuninhabited。ItappearsasifsomeoftheIndianfamiliesconfinetheirsocietyandconnectionswithintheirownpale:butthatthiscannotalwaysbethecaseweknow;
foronthenorth—westarmofBotanyBaystandsavillage，whichcontainsmorethanadozenhouses，andperhapsfivetimesthatnumberofpeople;
beingthemostconsiderableestablishmentthatweareacquaintedwithinthecountry。Asastrikingproof，besides，ofthenumerousnessofthenatives，Ibegleavetostate，thatGovernorPhillip，whenonanexcursionbetweentheheadofthisharbourandthatofBotanyBay，oncefellinwithapartywhichconsistedofmorethanthreehundredpersons，twohundredandtwelveofwhomweremen:thishappenedonlyonthedayfollowingthemurderofthetwoconvictrushcutters，beforenoticed，andhisExcellencywasattheverytimeinsearchofthemurderers，onwhom，couldtheyhavebeenfound，heintendedtoinflictamemorableandexemplarypunishment。Themeetingwasunexpectedtobothparties，andconsideringthecriticalsituationofaffairs，perhapsnotverypleasingtoourside，whichconsistedbutoftwelvepersons，untilthepeaceabledispositionoftheIndianswasmanifest。AfterthestrictestsearchtheGovernorwasobligedtoreturnwithouthavinggainedanyinformation。ThelaudableperseveranceofhisExcellencytothroweverylightonthisunhappyandmysteriousbusinessdidnot，howeverstophere，forheinstitutedthemostrigorousinquirytofindout，ifpossible，whethertheconvictshadatanytimeilltreatedorkilledanyofthenatives;andfarther，issuedaproclamation，offeringthemosttemptingofallrewards，astateoffreedom，tohimwhoshouldpointoutthemurderer，incasesuchanoneexisted。
Ihavethusimpartiallystatedthesituationofmatters，astheystand，whileIwrite，betweenthenativesandus;thatgreaterprogressinattachingthemtoushasnotbeenmade，Ihaveonlytoregret;butthatallranksofmenhavetriedtoeffectit，byeveryreasonableeffortfromwhichsuccessmighthavebeenexpected，Icantestify;norcanIomitsaying，thatinthehigherstationsthishasbeeneminentlyconspicuous。ThepublicordersofGovernorPhilliphaveinvariablytendedtopromotesuchabehaviouronourside，aswasmostlikelytoproducethismuchwished—forevent。
Towhatcausethenarewetoattributethedistancewhichtheaccomplishmentofitappearsat？Ianswer，tothefickle，jealous，waveringdispositionofthepeoplewehavetodealwith，who，likeallothersavages，areeithertooindolent，tooindifferent，ortoofearfultoformanattachmentoneasyterms，withthosewhodifferinhabitsandmannerssowidelyfromthemselves。BeforeIclosethesubject，Icannot，however，omittorelatethefollowingludicrousadventure，whichpossiblymaybeofgreateruseineffectingwhatwehavesomuchatheart，thanallourendeavours。
SomeyounggentlemenbelongingtotheSiriusonedaymetanative，anoldman，inthewoods;hehadabeardofconsiderablelength，whichhisnewacquaintancegavehimtounderstand，bysignals，theywouldridhimof，ifhepleased;
stroakingtheirchins，andshewinghimthesmoothnessofthematthesametime;
atlengththeoldIndianconsented，andoneoftheyoungsterstakingapenknifefromhispocket，andmakinguseofthebestsubstituteforlatherhecouldfind，performedtheoperationwithgreatsuccess，and，asitproved，muchtothelikingoftheoldman，whoinafewdaysafterreposedaconfidenceinus，ofwhichwehadhithertoknownnoexample，bypaddlingalong—sidetheSiriusinhiscanoe，andpointingtohisbeard。Variousartswereineffectuallytriedtoinducehimtoentertheship;butashecontinuedtodeclinetheinvitation，abarberwassentdownintotheboatalong—sidethecanoe，fromwhence，leaningoverthegunnel，hecompliedwiththewishoftheoldbeau，tohisinfinitesatisfaction。Inadditiontotheconsequenceswhichoursanguinehopesledustoexpectfromthisdawningofcordiality，itaffordsproof，thatthebeardisconsideredbythispeoplemoreasanincumbrancethanamarkofdignity。
CHAPTERXII。
TheDepartureoftheFrenchfromBotanyBay;andtheReturnofthe’Supply’
fromNorfolkIsland;
withaDiscoverymadebyLieutenantBallonhisPassagetoit。
AboutthemiddleofthemonthourgoodfriendstheFrenchdepartedfromBotanyBay，inprosecutionoftheirvoyage。Duringtheirstayinthatport，theofficersofthetwonationshadfrequentopportunitiesoftestifyingtheirmutualregardbyvisits，andeveryinterchangeoffriendshipandesteem。
TheseshipssailedfromFrance，byorderoftheKing，onthe1stofAugust，1785，underthecommandofMonsieurDePerrouse，anofficerwhoseeminentqualifications，wehadreasontothink，entitlehimtofillthehigheststations。InEngland，particularly，heoughtlongtoberememberedwithadmirationandgratitude，forthehumanitywhichmarkedhisconduct，whenorderedtodestroyoursettlementatHudson’sBay，inthelastwar。
HissecondincommandwastheChevalierClonard，anofficeralsoofdistinguishedmerit。
Inthecourseofthevoyagetheseshipshadbeensounfortunateastoloseaboat，withmanymenandofficersinher，offthewestofCalifornia;
andafterwardsmetwithanaccidentstillmoretoberegretted，atanislandinthePacificOcean，discoveredbyMonsieurBougainville，inthelatitudeof14deg19minsouth，longitude173deg3min20seceastofParis。
Heretheyhadthemisfortunetohavenolessthanthirteenoftheircrews，amongwhomwastheofficeratthattimesecondincommand，cutoffbythenatives，andmanymoredesperatelywounded。Towhatcausethiscrueleventwastobeattributed，theyknewnot，astheywereabouttoquittheislandafterhavinglivedwiththeIndiansinthegreatestharmonyforseveralweeks;andexchanged，duringthetime，theirEuropeancommoditiesfortheproduceoftheplace，whichtheydescribeasfilledwitharaceofpeopleremarkableforbeautyandcomeliness;andaboundinginrefreshmentsofallkinds。
ItwasnolessgratifyingtoanEnglishear，thanhonourabletoMonsieurDePerrouse，towitnessthefeelingmannerinwhichhealwaysmentionedthenameandtalentsofCaptainCook。Thatillustriouscircumnavigatorhad，hesaid，leftnothingtothosewhomightfollowinhistracktodescribe，orfillup。AsIfound，inthecourseofconversation，thattheFrenchshipshadtouchedattheSandwichIslands，IaskedM。DePerrousewhatreceptionhehadmetwiththere。Hisanswerdeservestobeknown:\"DuringthewholeofourvoyageintheSouthSeas，thepeopleoftheSandwichIslandsweretheonlyIndianswhonevergaveuscauseofcomplaint。Theyfurnishedusliberallywithprovisions，andadministeredcheerfullytoallourwants。\"Itmaynotbeimpropertoremark，thatOwhyeewasnotoneoftheislandsvisitedbythisgentleman。
IntheshortstaymadebytheseshipsatBotanyBay，anAbbe，oneofthenaturalistsonboard，died，andwasburiedonthenorthshore。TheFrenchhadhardlydeparted，whenthenativespulleddownasmallboard，whichhadbeenplacedoverthespotwherethecorpsewasinterred，anddefacedeverythingaround。Onbeinginformedofit，theGovernorsentapartyoverwithorderstoaffixaplateofcopperonatreeneartheplace，withthefollowinginscriptiononit，whichisacopyofwhatwaswrittenontheboard:
HicjacetL。RECEVEUR，E。F。F。minnibusGalliae，Sacerdos，Physicus，incircumnavigationemundi，DuceDeLaPerrouse。
Obiitdie17Februarii，anno1788。
Thismarkofrespectfulattentionwasmoreparticularlydue，fromM。DePerrousehaving，whenatKamschatka，paidasimilartributeofgratitudetothememoryofCaptainClarke，whosetombwasfoundinnearlyasruinousastateasthatoftheAbbe。
Likeourselves，theFrenchfounditnecessary，morethanonce，tochastiseaspiritofrapineandintrusionwhichprevailedamongtheIndiansaroundtheBay。Themenaceofpointingamusquettothemwasfrequentlyused;
andinoneortwoinstancesitwasfiredoff，thoughwithoutbeingattendedwithfatalconsequences。IndeedtheFrenchcommandant，bothfromaregardtotheordersofhisCourtaswellastoourquietandsecurity，shewedamoderationandforbearanceonthisheadhighlybecoming。
Onthe20thofMarch，the’Supply’arrivedfromNorfolkIsland，afterhavingsafelylandedLieutenantKingandhislittlegarrison。Thepine—treesgrowingtherearedescribedtobeofagrowthandheightsuperior，perhaps，toanyintheworld。Butthedifficultyofbringingthemawaywillnotbeeasilysurmounted，fromthebadnessanddangerofthelandingplace。
AfterthemostexactsearchnotasingleplantoftheNewZealandflaxcouldbefound，thoughwehadbeentaughttobelieveitaboundedthere。
LieutenantBall，inreturningtoPortJackson，touchedatasmallislandinlatitude31deg36minsouth，longitude159deg4mineastofGreenwich，whichhehadbeenfortunateenoughtodiscoveronhispassagetoNorfolk，andtowhichhegavethenameofLordHowe’sIsland。Itisentirelywithoutinhabitants，oranytracesofanyhavingeverbeenthere。
ButithappilyaboundsinwhatwillbeinfinitelymoreimportanttothesettlersonNewSouthWales:greenturtleofthefinestkindfrequentitinthesummerseason。OfthisMr。Ballgaveussomeveryhandsomeandacceptablespecimensonhisreturn。Besidesturtle，theislandiswellstockedwithbirds，manyofthemsotameastobeknockeddownbytheseamenwithsticks。AtthedistanceoffourleaguesfromLordHoweIsland，andinlatitude31deg30minsouth，longitude159deg8mineast，standsaremarkablerock，ofconsiderableheight，towhichMr。BallgavethenameofBall’sPyramid，fromtheshapeitbears。
Whilethe’Supply’wasabsent，GovernorPhillipmadeanexcursiontoBrokenBay，afewleaguestothenorthwardofPortJackson，inordertoexploreit。
Asaharbouritalmostequalsthelatter，buttheadjacentcountrywasfoundsorockyandbare，astoprecludeallpossibilityofturningittoaccount。
SomerivuletsoffreshwaterfallintotheheadoftheBay，formingaverypicturesquescene。TheIndianswholiveonitsbanksarenumerous，andbehavedattentivelyinavarietyofinstanceswhileourpeopleremainedamongthem。
CHAPTERXIII。
TransactionsatPortJacksonintheMonthsofAprilandMay。
Aswinterwasfastapproaching，itbecamenecessarytosecureourselvesinquarters，whichmightshieldusfromthecoldweweretaughttoexpectinthishemisphere，thoughinsolowalatitude。Theerectionofbarracksforthesoldierswasprojected，andtheprivatemenofeachcompanyundertooktobuildforthemselvestwowoodenhouses，ofsixty—eightfeetinlength，andtwenty—threeinbreadth。Toforwardthedesign，severalsaw—pitswereimmediatelysettowork，andfourshipcarpentersattachedtothebattalion，forthepurposeofdirectingandcompletingthisnecessaryundertaking。Inprosecutingit，however，somanydifficultiesoccurred，thatwewerefaintocircumscribeouroriginalintention;and，insteadofeighthouses，contentourselveswithfour。Andeventhese，fromthebadnessofthetimber，thescarcityofartificers，andotherimpediments，are，atthedayonwhichIwrite，solittleadvanced，thatitwillbewell，ifatthecloseoftheyear1788，weshallbeestablishedinthem。
Inthemeanwhilethemarriedpeople，byproceedingonamorecontractedscale，weresoonundercomfortableshelter。Norweretheconvictsforgotten;
andasleisurewasfrequentlyaffordedthemforthepurpose，littleedificesquicklymultipliedonthegroundallottedthemtobuildupon。
ButasthesehabitationswereintendedbyGovernorPhilliptoansweronlytheexigencyofthemoment，theplanofthetownwasdrawn，andthegroundonwhichitishereaftertostandsurveyed，andmarkedout。Toproceedonanarrow，confinedscale，inacountryoftheextensivelimitswepossess，wouldbeunpardonable:extentofempiredemandsgrandeurofdesign。
Thatthishasbeenourviewwillbereadilybelieved，whenItellthereader，thattheprincipalstreetinourprojectedcitywillbe，whencompleted，agreeabletotheplanlaiddown，twohundredfeetinbreadth，andalltherestofacorrespondingproportion。Howfarthiswillbeaccompaniedwithadequatedispatch，isanotherquestion，astheincredulousamongusaresometimeshardyenoughtodeclare，thattentimesourstrengthwouldnotbeabletofinishitinasmanyyears。
Invariablyintentonexploringacountry，fromwhichcuriositypromisessomanygratifications，hisExcellencyaboutthistimeundertookanexpeditionintotheinteriorpartsofthecontinent。Hispartyconsistedofelevenpersons，who，afterbeingconveyedbywatertotheheadoftheharbour，proceededinawesterlydirection，toreachachainofmountains，whichinclearweatherarediscernible，thoughatanimmensedistance，fromsomeheightsnearourencampment。Withunweariedindustrytheycontinuedtopenetratethecountryforfourdays;butattheendofthattime，findingthebaseofthemountaintobeyetatthedistanceofmorethantwentymiles，andprovisionsgrowingscarce，itwasjudgedprudenttoreturn，withouthavingaccomplishedtheendforwhichtheexpeditionhadbeenundertaken。Torewardtheirtoils，ouradventurershad，however，thepleasureofdiscoveringandtraversinganextensivetractofground，whichtheyhadreasontobelieve，fromtheobservationstheywereenabledtomake，capableofproducingeverything，whichahappysoilandgenialclimatecanbringforth。Inadditiontothisflatteringappearance，thefaceofthecountryissuch，astopromisesuccesswheneveritshallbecultivated，thetreesbeingataconsiderabledistancefromeachother，andtheintermediatespacefilled，notwithunderwood，butathickrichgrass，growingintheutmostluxuriancy。Imustnot，however，conceal，thatinthislongmarch，ourgentlemenfoundnotasinglerivulet，butwereunderanecessityofsupplyingthemselveswithwaterfromstandingpools，whichtheymetwithinthevallies，supposedtobeformedbytherainsthatfallatparticularseasonsoftheyear。Norhadtheythegoodfortunetoseeanyquadrupedsworthnotice，exceptafewkangaroos。
Totheirgreatsurprize，theyobservedindisputabletracksofthenativeshavingbeenlatelythere，thoughintheirwholeroutenoneofthemweretobeseen;noranymeanstobetraced，bywhichtheycouldprocuresubsistencesofarfromtheseashore。
Onthe6thofMaythe’Supply’sailedforLordHoweIsland，totakeonboardturtleforthesettlement;butafterwaitingthereseveraldayswasobligedtoreturnwithouthavingseenone，owingweapprehendedtotheadvancedseasonoftheyear。Threeofthetransportsalso，whichwereengagedbytheEastIndiaCompanytoproceedtoChina，totakeonboardaladingoftea，sailedaboutthistimeforCanton。
Theunsuccessfulreturnofthe’Supply’castageneraldamponourspirits，forbythistimefreshprovisionswerebecomescarcerthaninablockadedtown。
Thelittlelivestock，whichwithsoheavyanexpense，andthroughsomanydifficulties，wehadbroughtonshore，prudenceforbadeustouse;andfish，whichonourarrival，andforashorttimeafterhadbeentolerableplenty，werebecomesoscarce，astoberarelyseenatthetablesofthefirstamongus。Haditnotbeenforastraykangaroo，whichfortunenowandthenthrewinourway，weshouldhavebeenutterstrangerstothetasteoffreshfood。
Thussituated，thescurvybeganitsusualravages，andextendeditsbanefulinfluence，moreorless，throughalldescriptionsofpersons。Unfortunatelytheesculentvegetableproductionsofthecountryareneitherplentiful，nortendveryeffectuallytoremovethisdisease。And，thegroundwehadturnedupandplantedwithgardenseeds，eitherfromthenatureofthesoil，or，whichismoreprobable，thelatenessoftheseason，yieldedbutascantyandinsufficientsupplyofwhatwestoodsogreatlyinneedof。
DuringtheperiodIamdescribing，fewenormousoffenceswereperpetratedbytheconvicts。Apettytheftwasnowandthenheardof，andaspiritofrefractorysullennessbrokeoutattimesinsomeindividuals:oneexecutiononly，however，tookplace。Thesufferer，whowasaveryyoungman，wasconvictedofaburglary，andmethisfatewithahardinessandinsensibility，whichthegrossestignorance，andmostdeplorablewantoffeeling，alonecouldsupply。
CHAPTERXIV。
FromtheBeginningofJune，totheDepartureoftheShipsforEurope。
Hoursoffestivity，whichunderhappierskiespassawayunregarded，andaresoonconsignedtooblivion，acquireinthisforlornanddistantcircleasuperiordegreeofacceptableimportance。
OntheanniversaryoftheKing’sbirthdayalltheofficersnotonduty，bothofthegarrisonandhisMajesty’sships，dinedwiththeGovernor。
Onsojoyfulanoccasion，thefirsttooevercelebratedinournewsettlement，itwereneedlesstosay，thatloyalconvivialitydictatedeverysentiment，andinspiredeveryguest。Amongotherpublictoastsdrank，was，ProsperitytoSydneyCove，inCumberlandcounty，nownamedsobyauthority。
Atday—lightinthemorningtheshipsofwarhadfiredtwenty—onegunseach，whichwasrepeatedatnoon，andansweredbythreevolliesfromthebattalionofmarines。
Norweretheofficersalonepartakersofthegeneralrelaxation。
Thefourunhappywretcheslabouringundersentenceofbanishmentwerefreedfromtheirfetters，torejointheirformersociety;andthreedaysgivenasholidaystoeveryconvictinthecolony。Hospitalitytoo，whicheveracquiresadoublerelishbybeingextended，wasnotforgottenonthe4thofJune，wheneachprisoner，maleandfemale，receivedanallowanceofgrog;andeverynon—commissionedofficerandprivatesoldierhadthehonorofdrinkingprosperitytohisroyalmaster，inapintofporter，servedoutattheflagstaff，inadditiontothecustomaryallowanceofspirits。Bonfiresconcludedtheevening，andIamhappytosay，thatexceptingasingleinstancewhichshallbetakennoticeofhereafter，nobadconsequence，orunpleasantremembrance，flowedfromanindulgencesoamplybestowed。
Aboutthistime（June）anaccidenthappened，whichIrecordwithmuchregret。
Thewholeofourblackcattle，consistingoffivecowsandabull，eitherfromnotbeingproperlysecured，orfromthenegligenceofthoseappointedtotakecareofthem，strayedintothewoods，andinspiteofallthesearchwehavebeenabletomake，arenotyetfound。AsaconvictofthenameofCorbet，whowasaccusedofatheft，elopednearlyatthesametime，itwasatfirstbelieved，thathehadtakenthedesperatemeasureofdrivingoffthecattle，inordertosubsistonthemaslongaspossible;
orperhapstodeliverthemtothenatives。Inthisuncertainty，partiestosearchweresentoutindifferentdirections;andthefugitivedeclaredanoutlaw，incaseofnotreturningbyafixedday。Aftermuchanxietyandfatigue，thosewhohadundertakenthetaskreturnedwithoutfindingthecattle。Butonthe21stofthemonth，CorbetmadehisappearancenearafarmbelongingtotheGovernor，andentreatedaconvict，whohappenedtobeonthespot，togivehimsomefood，ashewasperishingforhunger。
Themanappliedto，underpretenceoffetchingwhatheaskedfor，wentawayandimmediatelygavethenecessaryinformation，inconsequenceofwhichapartyunderarmswassentoutandapprehendedhim。Whenthepoorwretchwasbroughtin，hewasgreatlyemaciatedandalmostfamished。Butonproperrestorativesbeingadministered，hewassofarrecoveredbythe24th，astobeabletostandhistrial，whenhepleadedGuiltytotherobberywithwhichhestoodcharged，andreceivedsentenceofdeath。Inthecourseofrepeatedexaminationsitplainlyappeared，hewasanutterstrangertotheplacewherethecattlemightbe，andwasinnoshapeconcernedinhavingdriventhemoff。