Somuchforthefallacyoflogicalform。Nowletusconsiderthepresentconditionofthelawasasubjectforstudy，andtheidealtowardwhichittends。WestillarefarfromthepointofviewwhichI
desiretoseereached。Noonehasreacheditorcanreachitasyet。
Weareonlyatthebeginningofaphilosophicalreaction，andofareconsiderationoftheworthofdoctrineswhichforthemostpartstillaretakenforgrantedwithoutanydeliberate，conscious，andsystematicquestioningoftheirgrounds。Thedevelopmentofourlawhasgoneonfornearlyathousandyears，likethedevelopmentofaplant，eachgenerationtakingtheinevitablenextstep，mind，likematter，simplyobeyingalawofspontaneousgrowth。Itisperfectlynaturalandrightthatitshouldhavebeenso。Imitationisanecessityofhumannature，ashasbeenillustratedbyaremarkableFrenchwriter，M。Tard，inanadmirablebook，LesLoisdel’Imitation。Mostofthethingswedo，wedofornobetterreasonthanthatourfathershavedonethemorthatourneighborsdothem，andthesameistrueofalargerpartthanwesuspectofwhatwethink。Thereasonisagoodone，becauseourshortlifegivesusnotimeforabetter，butitisnotthebest。Itdoesnotfollow，becauseweallarecompelledtotakeonfaithatsecondhandmostoftherulesonwhichwebaseouractionandourthought，thateachofusmaynottrytosetsomecornerofhisworldintheorderofreason，orthatallofuscollectivelyshouldnotaspiretocarryreasonasfarasitwillgothroughoutthewholedomain。Inregardtothelaw，itistrue，nodoubt，thatanevolutionistwillhesitatetoaffirmuniversalvalidityforhissocialideals，orfortheprincipleswhichhethinksshouldbeembodiedinlegislation。Heiscontentifhecanprovethembestforhereandnow。Hemaybereadytoadmitthatheknowsnothingaboutanabsolutebestinthecosmos，andeventhatheknowsnexttonothingaboutapermanentbestformen。Stillitistruethatabodyoflawismorerationalandmorecivilizedwheneveryruleitcontainsisreferredarticulatelyanddefinitelytoanendwhichitsubserves，andwhenthegroundsfordesiringthatendarestatedorarereadytobestatedinwords。
Atpresent，inverymanycases，ifwewanttoknowwhyaruleoflawhastakenitsparticularshape，andmoreorlessifwewanttoknowwhyitexistsatall，wegototradition。WefollowitintotheYearBooks，andperhapsbeyondthemtothecustomsoftheSalianFranks，andsomewhereinthepast，intheGermanforests，intheneedsofNormankings，intheassumptionsofadominantclass，intheabsenceofgeneralizedideas，wefindoutthepracticalmotiveforwhatnowbestisjustifiedbythemerefactofitsacceptanceandthatmenareaccustomedtoit。Therationalstudyoflawisstilltoalargeextentthestudyofhistory。Historymustbeapartofthestudy，becausewithoutitwecannotknowtheprecisescopeofruleswhichitisourbusinesstoknow。
Itisapartoftherationalstudy，becauseitisthefirststeptowardanenlightenedscepticism，thatis，towardsadeliberatereconsiderationoftheworthofthoserules。Whenyougetthedragonoutofhiscaveontotheplainandinthedaylight，youcancounthisteethandclaws，andseejustwhatishisstrength。Buttogethimoutisonlythefirststep。Thenextiseithertokillhim，ortotamehimandmakehimausefulanimal。Fortherationalstudyofthelawtheblacklettermanmaybethemanofthepresent，butthemanofthefutureisthemanofstatisticsandthemasterofeconomics。ItisrevoltingtohavenobetterreasonforaruleoflawthanthatsoitwaslaiddowninthetimeofHenryIV。Itisstillmorerevoltingifthegroundsuponwhichitwaslaiddownhavevanishedlongsince，andtherulesimplypersistsfromblindimitationofthepast。Iamthinkingofthetechnicalruleastotrespassabinitio，asitiscalled，whichIattemptedtoexplaininarecentMassachusettscase。
Letmetakeanillustration，whichcanbestatedinafewwords，toshowhowthesocialendwhichisaimedatbyaruleoflawisobscuredandonlypartiallyattainedinconsequenceofthefactthattheruleowesitsformtoagradualhistoricaldevelopment，insteadofbeingreshapedasawhole，withconsciousarticulatereferencetotheendinview。Wethinkitdesirabletopreventoneman’spropertybeingmisappropriatedbyanother，andsowemakelarcenyacrime。Theevilisthesamewhetherthemisappropriationismadebyamanintowhosehandstheownerhasputtheproperty，orbyonewhowrongfullytakesitaway。Butprimitivelawinitsweaknessdidnotgetmuchbeyondanefforttopreventviolence，andverynaturallymadeawrongfultaking，atrespass，partofitsdefinitionofthecrime。Inmodemtimesthejudgesenlargedthedefinitionalittlebyholdingthat，ifthewrong—doergetspossessionbyatrickordevice，thecrimeiscommitted。Thisreallywasgivinguptherequirementoftrespass，anditwouldhavebeenmorelogical，aswellastruertothepresentobjectofthelaw，toabandontherequirementaltogether。That，however，wouldhaveseemedtoobold，andwaslefttostatute。Statuteswerepassedmakingembezzlementacrime。Buttheforceoftraditioncausedthecrimeofembezzlementtoberegardedassofardistinctfromlarcenythattothisday，insomejurisdictionsatleast，aslipcorneriskeptopenforthievestocontend，ifindictedforlarceny，thattheyshouldhavebeenindictedforembezzlement，andifindictedforembezzlement，thattheyshouldhavebeenindictedforlarceny，andtoescapeonthatground。
Farmorefundamentalquestionsstillawaitabetteranswerthanthatwedoasourfathershavedone。Whathavewebetterthanablindguesstoshowthatthecriminallawinitspresentformdoesmoregoodthanharm？
Idonotstoptorefertotheeffectwhichithashadindegradingprisonersandinplungingthemfurtherintocrime，ortothequestionwhetherfineandimprisonmentdonotfallmoreheavilyonacriminal’swifeandchildrenthanonhimself。Ihaveinmindmorefar—reachingquestions。Doespunishmentdeter？Dowedealwithcriminalsonproperprinciples？AmodernschoolofContinentalcriminalistsplumesitselfontheformula，firstsuggested，itissaid，byGall，thatwemustconsiderthecriminalratherthanthecrime。Theformuladoesnotcarryusveryfar，buttheinquirieswhichhavebeenstartedlooktowardananswerofmyquestionsbasedonscienceforthefirsttime。Ifthetypicalcriminalisadegenerate，boundtoswindleortomurderbyasdeepseatedanorganicnecessityasthatwhichmakestherattlesnakebite，itisidletotalkofdeterringhimbytheclassicalmethodofimprisonment。Hemustbegotridof；hecannotbeimproved，orfrightenedoutofhisstructuralreaction。If，ontheotherhand，crime，likenormalhumanconduct，ismainlyamatterofimitation，punishmentfairlymaybeexpectedtohelptokeepitoutoffashion。
Thestudyofcriminalshasbeenthoughtbysomewellknownmenofsciencetosustaintheformerhypothesis。Thestatisticsoftherelativeincreaseofcrimeincrowdedplaceslikelargecities，whereexamplehasthegreatestchancetowork，andinlesspopulatedparts，wherethecontagionspreadsmoreslowly，havebeenusedwithgreatforceinfavorofthelatterview。Butthereisweightyauthorityforthebeliefthat，howeverthismaybe，\"notthenatureofthecrime，butthedangerousnessofthecriminal，constitutestheonlyreasonablelegalcriteriontoguidetheinevitablesocialreactionagainstthecriminal。\"
Theimpedimentstorationalgeneralization，whichIillustratedfromthelawoflarceny，areshownintheotherbranchesofthelaw，aswellasinthatofcrime。Takethelawoftortorcivilliabilityfordamagesapartfromcontractandthelike。Isthereanygeneraltheoryofsuchliability，orarethecasesinwhichitexistssimplytobeenumerated，andtobeexplainedeachonitsspecialground，asiseasytobelievefromthefactthattherightofactionforcertainwellknownclassesofwrongsliketrespassorslanderhasitsspecialhistoryforeachclass？
Ithinkthatthelawregardstheinflictionoftemporaldamagebyaresponsiblepersonasactionable，ifunderthecircumstancesknowntohimthedangerofhisactismanifestaccordingtocommonexperience，oraccordingtohisownexperienceifitismorethancommon，exceptincaseswhereuponspecialgroundsofpolicythelawrefusestoprotecttheplaintifforgrantsaprivilegetothedefendant。Ithinkthatcommonlymalice，intent，andnegligencemeanonlythatthedangerwasmanifesttoagreaterorlessdegree，underthecircumstancesknowntotheactor，althoughinsomecasesofprivilegemalicemaymeananactualmalevolentmotive，andsuchamotivemaytakeawayapermissionknowinglytoinflictharm，whichotherwisewouldbegrantedonthisorthatgroundofdominantpublicgood。ButwhenIstatedmyviewtoaveryeminentEnglishjudgetheotherday，hesaid，\"Youarediscussingwhatthelawoughttobe；asthelawis，youmustshowaright。Amanisnotliablefornegligenceunlessheissubjecttoaduty。\"Ifourdifferencewasmorethanadifferenceinwords，orwithregardtotheproportionbetweentheexceptionsandtherule，then，inhisopinion，liabilityforanactcannotbereferredtothemanifesttendencyoftheacttocausetemporaldamageingeneralasasufficientexplanation，butmustbereferredtothespecialnatureofthedamage，ormustbederivedfromsomespecialcircumstancesoutsideofthetendencyoftheact，forwhichnogeneralizedexplanationexists。Ithinkthatsuchaviewiswrong，butitisfamiliar，andIdaresaygenerallyisacceptedinEngland。
Everywherethebasisofprincipleistradition，tosuchanextentthatweevenareindangerofmakingtheroleofhistorymoreimportantthanitis。TheotherdayProfessorAmeswrotealearnedarticletoshow，amongotherthings，thatthecommonlawdidnotrecognizethedefenceoffraudinactionsuponspecialties，andthemoralmightseemtobethatthepersonalcharacterofthatdefenceisduetoitsequitableorigin。
Butif，asIsaid，allcontractsareformal，thedifferenceisnotmerelyhistorical，buttheoretic，betweendefectsofformwhichpreventacontractfrombeingmade，andmistakenmotiveswhichmanifestlycouldnotbeconsideredinanysystemthatweshouldcallrationalexceptagainstonewhowasprivytothosemotives。Itisnotconfinedtospecialties，butisofuniversalapplication。IoughttoaddthatIdonotsupposethatMr。AmeswoulddisagreewithwhatIsuggest。
However，ifweconsiderthelawofcontract，wefinditfullofhistory。
Thedistinctionsbetweendebt，covenant，andassumpsitaremerelyhistorical。Theclassificationofcertainobligationstopaymoney，imposedbythelawirrespectiveofanybargainasquasicontracts，ismerelyhistorical。Thedoctrineofconsiderationismerelyhistorical。
Theeffectgiventoasealistobeexplainedbyhistoryalone。
Considerationisamereform。Isitausefulform？Ifso，whyshoulditnotberequiredinallcontracts？Asealisamereform，andisvanishinginthescrollandinenactmentsthataconsiderationmustbegiven，sealornoseal。Whyshouldanymerelyhistoricaldistinctionbeallowedtoaffecttherightsandobligationsofbusinessmen？
SinceIwrotethisdiscourseIhavecomeonaverygoodexampleofthewayinwhichtraditionnotonlyoverridesrationalpolicy，butoverridesitafterfirsthavingbeenmisunderstoodandhavingbeengivenanewandbroaderscopethanithadwhenithadameaning。ItisthesettledlawofEnglandthatamaterialalterationofawrittencontractbyapartyavoidsitasagainsthim。Thedoctrineiscontrarytothegeneraltendencyofthelaw。Wedonottellajurythatifamaneverhasliedinoneparticularheistobepresumedtolieinall。Evenifamanhastriedtodefraud，itseemsnosufficientreasonforpreventinghimfromprovingthetruth。Objectionsoflikenatureingeneralgototheweight，nottotheadmissibility，ofevidence。Moreover，thisruleisirrespectiveoffraud，andisnotconfinedtoevidence。Itisnotmerelythatyoucannotusethewriting，butthatthecontractisatanend。Whatdoesthismean？Theexistenceofawrittencontractdependsonthefactthattheoffererandoffereehaveinterchangedtheirwrittenexpressions，notonthecontinuedexistenceofthoseexpressions。Butinthecaseofabond，theprimitivenotionwasdifferent。Thecontractwasinseparablefromtheparchment。Ifastrangerdestroyedit，ortoreofftheseal，oralteredit，theobligeecountnotrecover，howeverfreefromfault，becausethedefendant’scontract，thatis，theactualtangiblebondwhichhehadsealed，couldnotbeproducedintheforminwhichitboundhim。AboutahundredyearsagoLordKenyonundertooktousehisreasononthetradition，ashesometimesdidtothedetrimentofthelaw，and，notunderstandingit，saidhecouldseenoreasonwhywhatwastrueofabondshouldnotbetrueofothercontracts。Hisdecisionhappenedtoberight，asitconcernedapromissorynote，whereagainthecommonlawregardedthecontractasinseparablefromthepaperonwhichitwaswritten，butthereasoningwasgeneral，andsoonwasextendedtootherwrittencontracts，andvariousabsurdandunrealgroundsofpolicywereinventedtoaccountfortheenlargedrule。
Itrustthatnoonewillunderstandmetobespeakingwithdisrespectofthelaw，becauseIcriticiseitsofreely。Iveneratethelaw，andespeciallyoursystemoflaw，asoneofthevastestproductsofthehumanmind。NooneknowsbetterthanIdothecountlessnumberofgreatintellectsthathavespentthemselvesinmakingsomeadditionorimprovement，thegreatestofwhichistriflingwhencomparedwiththemightywhole。Ithasthefinaltitletorespectthatitexists，thatitisnotaHegeliandream，butapartofthelivesofmen。Butonemaycriticiseevenwhatonereveres。Lawisthebusinesstowhichmylifeisdevoted，andIshouldshowlessthandevotionifIdidnotdowhatinmeliestoimproveit，and，whenIperceivewhatseemstometheidealofitsfuture，ifIhesitatedtopointitoutandtopresstowarditwithallmyheart。
PerhapsIhavesaidenoughtoshowthepartwhichthestudyofhistorynecessarilyplaysintheintelligentstudyofthelawasitistoday。
IntheteachingofthisschoolandatCambridgeitisinnodangerofbeingundervalued。Mr。BigelowhereandMr。AmesandMr。Thayertherehavemadeimportantcontributionswhichwillnotbeforgotten，andinEnglandtherecenthistoryofearlyEnglishlawbySirFrederickPollockandMr。Maitlandhaslentthesubjectanalmostdeceptivecharm。Wemustbewareofthepitfallofantiquarianism，andmustrememberthatforourpurposesouronlyinterestinthepastisforthelightitthrowsuponthepresent。Ilookforwardtoatimewhenthepartplayedbyhistoryintheexplanationofdogmashallbeverysmall，andinsteadofingeniousresearchweshallspendourenergyonastudyoftheendssoughttobeattainedandthereasonsfordesiringthem。Asasteptowardthatidealitseemstomethateverylawyeroughttoseekanunderstandingofeconomics。Thepresentdivorcebetweentheschoolsofpoliticaleconomyandlawseemstomeanevidenceofhowmuchprogressinphilosophicalstudystillremainstobemade。Inthepresentstateofpoliticaleconomy，indeed，wecomeagainuponhistoryonalargerscale，buttherewearecalledontoconsiderandweightheendsoflegislation，themeansofattainingthem，andthecost。Welearnthatforeverythingwehavewegiveupsomethingelse，andwearetaughttosettheadvantagewegainagainsttheotheradvantagewelose，andtoknowwhatwearedoingwhenweelect。
Thereisanotherstudywhichsometimesisundervaluedbythepracticalminded，forwhichIwishtosayagoodword，althoughIthinkagooddealofprettypoorstuffgoesunderthatname。Imeanthestudyofwhatiscalledjurisprudence。Jurisprudence，asIlookatit，issimplylawinitsmostgeneralizedpart。Everyefforttoreduceacasetoaruleisaneffortofjurisprudence，althoughthenameasusedinEnglishisconfinedtothebroadestrulesandmostfundamentalconceptions。Onemarkofagreatlawyeristhatheseestheapplicationofthebroadestrules。ThereisastoryofaVermontjusticeofthepeacebeforewhomasuitwasbroughtbyonefarmeragainstanotherforbreakingachurn。
Thejusticetooktimetoconsider，andthensaidthathehaslookedthroughthestatutesandcouldfindnothingaboutchurns，andgavejudgmentforthedefendant。Thesamestateofmindisshowninallourcommondigestsandtextbooks。ApplicationsofrudimentaryrulesofcontractortortaretuckedawayundertheheadofRailroadsorTelegraphsorgotoswelltreatisesonhistoricalsubdivisions，suchasShippingorEquity，oraregatheredunderanarbitrarytitlewhichisthoughtlikelytoappealtothepracticalmind，suchasMercantileLaw。
Ifamangoesintolawitpaystobeamasterofit，andtobeamasterofitmeanstolookstraightthroughallthedramaticincidentsandtodiscernthetruebasisforprophecy。Therefore，itiswelltohaveanaccuratenotionofwhatyoumeanbylaw，byaright，byaduty，bymalice，intent，andnegligence，byownership，bypossession，andsoforth。Ihaveinmymindcasesinwhichthehighestcourtsseemtometohaveflounderedbecausetheyhadnoclearideasonsomeofthesethemes。Ihaveillustratedtheirimportancealready。Ifafurtherillustrationiswished，itmaybefoundbyreadingtheAppendixtoSirJamesStephen’sCriminalLawonthesubjectofpossession，andthenturningtoPollockandWright’senlightenedbook。SirJamesStephenisnottheonlywriterwhoseattemptstoanalyzelegalideashavebeenconfusedbystrivingforauselessquintessenceofallsystems，insteadofanaccurateanatomyofone。ThetroublewithAustinwasthathedidnotknowenoughEnglishlaw。ButstillitisapracticaladvantagetomasterAustin，andhispredecessors，HobbesandBentham，andhisworthysuccessors，HollandandPollock。SirFrederickPollock’srecentlittlebookistouchedwiththefelicitywhichmarksallhisworks，andiswhollyfreefromthepervertinginfluenceofRomanmodels。
Theadviceoftheelderstoyoungmenisveryapttobeasunrealasalistofthehundredbestbooks。AtleastinmydayIhadmyshareofsuchcounsels，andhighamongtheunrealitiesIplacetherecommendationtostudytheRomanlaw。IassumethatsuchadvicemeansmorethancollectingafewLatinmaximswithwhichtoornamentthediscourse——thepurposeforwhichLordCokerecommendedBracton。Ifthatisallthatiswanted，thetitleDeRegulisJurisAntiquicanbereadinanhour。I
assumethat，ifitiswelltostudytheRomanLaw，itiswelltostudyitasaworkingsystem。Thatmeansmasteringasetoftechnicalitiesmoredifficultandlessunderstoodthanourown，andstudyinganothercourseofhistorybywhichevenmorethanourowntheRomanlawmustexplained。Ifanyonedoubtsme，lethimreadKeller’sDerRomischeCivilProcessunddieActionen，atreatiseonthepraetor’sedict，Muirhead’smostinterestingHistoricalIntroductiontothePrivateLawofRome，and，togivehimthebestchance，Sohn’sadmirableInstitutes。
No。Thewaytogainaliberalviewofyoursubjectisnottoreadsomethingelse，buttogettothebottomofthesubjectitself。Themeansofdoingthatare，inthefirstplace，tofollowtheexistingbodyofdogmaintoitshighestgeneralizationsbythehelpofjurisprudence；
next，todiscoverfromhistoryhowithascometobewhatitis；andfinally，sofarasyoucan，toconsidertheendswhichtheseveralrulesseektoaccomplish，thereasonswhythoseendsaredesired，whatisgivenuptogainthem，andwhethertheyareworththeprice。
Wehavetoolittletheoryinthelawratherthantoomuch，especiallyonthisfinalbranchofstudy。WhenIwasspeakingofhistory，Imentionedlarcenyasanexampletoshowhowthelawsufferedfromnothavingembodiedinaclearformarulewhichwillaccomplishitsmanifestpurpose。Inthatcasethetroublewasduetothesurvivalofformscomingfromatimewhenamorelimitedpurposewasentertained。Letmenowgiveanexampletoshowthepracticalimportance，forthedecisionofactualcases，ofunderstandingthereasonsofthelaw，bytakinganexamplefromruleswhich，sofarasIknow，neverhavebeenexplainedortheorizedaboutinanyadequateway。Irefertostatutesoflimitationandthelawofprescription。Theendofsuchrulesisobvious，butwhatisthejustificationfordeprivingamanofhisrights，apureevilasfarasitgoes，inconsequenceofthelapseoftime？Sometimesthelossofevidenceisreferredto，butthatisasecondarymatter。Sometimesthedesirabilityofpeace，butwhyispeacemoredesirableaftertwentyyearsthanbefore？Itisincreasinglylikelytocomewithouttheaidoflegislation。Sometimesitissaidthat，ifamanneglectstoenforcehisrights，hecannotcomplainif，afterawhile，thelawfollowshisexample。Nowifthisisallthatcanbesaidaboutit，youprobablywilldecideacaseIamgoingtoput，fortheplaintiff；ifyoutaketheviewwhichIshallsuggest，youpossiblywilldecideitforthedefendant。Amanissuedfortrespassuponland，andjustifiesunderarightofway。Heprovesthathehasusedthewayopenlyandadverselyfortwentyyears，butitturnsoutthattheplaintiffhadgrantedalicensetoapersonwhomhereasonablysupposedtobethedefendant’sagent，althoughnotsoinfact，andthereforehadassumedthattheuseofthewaywaspermissive，inwhichcasenorightwouldbegained。Hasthedefendantgainedarightornot？Ifhisgainingitstandsonthefaultandneglectofthelandownerintheordinarysense，asseemscommonlytobesupposed，therehasbeennosuchneglect，andtherightofwayhasnotbeenacquired。ButifIwerethedefendant’scounsel，I
shouldsuggestthatthefoundationoftheacquisitionofrightsbylapseoftimeistobelookedforinthepositionofthepersonwhogainsthem，notinthatoftheloser。SirHenryMainehasmadeitfashionabletoconnectthearchaicnotionofpropertywithprescription。Buttheconnectionisfurtherbackthanthefirstrecordedhistory。Itisinthenatureofman’smind。Athingwhichyouhaveenjoyedandusedasyourownforalongtime，whetherpropertyoranopinion，takesrootinyourbeingandcannotbetornawaywithoutyourresentingtheactandtryingtodefendyourself，howeveryoucamebyit。Thelawcanasknobetterjustificationthanthedeepestinstinctsofman。Itisonlybywayofreplytothesuggestionthatyouaredisappointingtheformerowner，thatyourefertohisneglecthavingallowedthegradualdissociationbetweenhimselfandwhatheclaims，andthegradualassociationofitwithanother。Ifheknowsthatanotherisdoingactswhichontheirfaceshowthatheisonthewaytowardestablishingsuchanassociation，Ishouldarguethatinjusticetothatotherhewasboundathisperiltofindoutwhethertheotherwasactingunderhispermission，toseethathewaswarned，and，ifnecessary，stopped。
Ihavebeenspeakingaboutthestudyofthelaw，andIhavesaidnexttonothingaboutwhatcommonlyistalkedaboutinthatconnection——text—
booksandthecasesystem，andallthemachinerywithwhichastudentcomesmostimmediatelyincontact。NorshallIsayanythingaboutthem。
Theoryismysubject，notpracticaldetails。Themodesofteachinghavebeenimprovedsincemytime，nodoubt，butabilityandindustrywillmastertherawmaterialwithanymode。Theoryisthemostimportantpartofthedogmaofthelaw，asthearchitectisthemostimportantmanwhotakespartinthebuildingofahouse。Themostimportantimprovementsofthelasttwenty—fiveyearsareimprovementsintheory。
Itisnottobefearedasunpractical，for，tothecompetent，itsimplymeansgoingtothebottomofthesubject。Fortheincompetent，itsometimesistrue，ashasbeensaid，thataninterestingeneralideasmeansanabsenceofparticularknowledge。Irememberinarmydaysreadingofayouthwho，beingexaminedforthelowestgradeandbeingaskedaquestionaboutsquadrondrill，answeredthatheneverhadconsideredtheevolutionsoflessthantenthousandmen。Buttheweakandfoolishmustbelefttotheirfolly。Thedangeristhattheableandpracticalmindedshouldlookwithindifferenceordistrustuponideastheconnectionofwhichwiththeirbusinessisremote。Iheardastory，theotherday，ofamanwhohadavalettowhomhepaidhighwages，subjecttodeductionforfaults。Oneofhisdeductionswas，\"Forlackofimagination，fivedollars。\"Thelackisnotconfinedtovalets。
Theobjectofambition，power，generallypresentsitselfnowadaysintheformofmoneyalone。Moneyisthemostimmediateform，andisaproperobjectofdesire。\"Thefortune，\"saidRachel，\"isthemeasureofintelligence。\"Thatisagoodtexttowakenpeopleoutofafool’sparadise。But，asHegelsays，\"Itisintheendnottheappetite，buttheopinion，whichhastobesatisfied。\"Toanimaginationofanyscopethemostfar—reachingformofpowerisnotmoney，itisthecommandofideas。Ifyouwantgreatexamples，readMr。LeslieStephen’sHistoryofEnglishThoughtintheEighteenthCentury，andseehowahundredyearsafterhisdeaththeabstractspeculationsofDescarteshadbecomeapracticalforcecontrollingtheconductofmen。ReadtheworksofthegreatGermanjurists，andseehowmuchmoretheworldisgovernedtodaybyKantthanbyBonaparte。WecannotallbeDescartesorKant，butweallwanthappiness。Andhappiness，Iamsurefromhavingknownmanysuccessfulmen，cannotbewonsimplybybeingcounselforgreatcorporationsandhavinganincomeoffiftythousanddollars。Anintellectgreatenoughtowintheprizeneedsotherfoodbesidessuccess。Theremoterandmoregeneralaspectsofthelawarethosewhichgiveituniversalinterest。Itisthroughthemthatyounotonlybecomeagreatmasterinyourcalling，butconnectyoursubjectwiththeuniverseandcatchanechooftheinfinite，aglimpseofitsunfathomableprocess，ahintoftheuniversallaw。