byHippocratesTranslatedbyFrancisAdamsWHOEVERhavingundertakentospeakorwriteonMedicine，havefirstlaiddownforthemselvessomehypothesistotheirargument，suchashot，orcold，ormoist，ordry，orwhateverelsetheychoose（thusreducingtheirsubjectwithinanarrowcompass，andsupposingonlyoneortwooriginalcausesofdiseasesorofdeathamongmankind），areallclearlymistakeninmuchthattheysay；andthisisthemorereprehensibleasrelatingtoanartwhichallmenavailthemselvesofonthemostimportantoccasions，andthegoodoperatorsandpractitionersinwhichtheyholdinespecialhonor。
Fortherearepractitioners，somebadandsomefarotherwise，which，iftherehadbeennosuchthingasMedicine，andifnothinghadbeeninvestigatedorfoundoutinit，wouldnothavebeenthecase，butallwouldhavebeenequallyunskilledandignorantofit，andeverythingconcerningthesickwouldhavebeendirectedbychance。Butnowitisnotso；for，asinalltheotherarts，thosewhopractisethemdiffermuchfromoneanotherindexterityandknowledge，soisitinlikemannerwithMedicine。WhereforeIhavenotthoughtthatitstoodinneedofanemptyhypothesis，likethosesubjectswhichareoccultanddubious，inattemptingtohandlewhichitisnecessarytousesomehypothesis；as，forexample，withregardtothingsaboveusandthingsbelowtheearth；ifanyoneshouldtreatoftheseandundertaketodeclarehowtheyareconstituted，thereaderorhearercouldnotfindout，whetherwhatisdeliveredbetrueorfalse；forthereisnothingwhichcanbereferredtoinordertodiscoverthetruth。
2。ButalltheserequisitesbelongofoldtoMedicine，andanoriginandwayhavebeenfoundout，bywhichmanyandelegantdiscoverieshavebeenmade，duringalengthoftime，andotherswillyetbefoundout，ifapersonpossessedoftheproperability，andknowingthosediscoverieswhichhavebeenmade，shouldproceedfromthemtoprosecutehisinvestigations。Butwhoever，rejectinganddespisingallthese，attemptstopursueanothercourseandformofinquiry，andsayshehasdiscoveredanything，isdeceivedhimselfanddeceivesothers，forthethingisimpossible。Andforwhatreasonitisimpossible，I
willnowendeavortoexplain，bystatingandshowingwhattheartreallyis。Fromthisitwillbemanifestthatdiscoveriescannotpossiblybemadeinanyotherway。Andmostespecially，itappearstome，thatwhoevertreatsofthisartshouldtreatofthingswhicharefamiliartothecommonpeople。Forofnothingelsewillsuchaonehavetoinquireortreat，butofthediseasesunderwhichthecommonpeoplehavelabored，whichdiseasesandthecausesoftheiroriginanddeparture，theirincreaseanddecline，illiteratepersonscannoteasilyfindoutthemselves，butstillitiseasyforthemtounderstandthesethingswhendiscoveredandexpoundedbyothers。Foritisnothingmorethanthateveryoneisputinmindofwhathadoccurredtohimself。Butwhoeverdoesnotreachthecapacityoftheilliteratevulgarandfailstomakethemlistentohim，misseshismark。Wherefore，then，thereisnonecessityforanyhypothesis。
3。FortheartofMedicinewouldnothavebeeninventedatfirst，norwouldithavebeenmadeasubjectofinvestigation（fortherewouldhavebeennoneedofit），ifwhenmenareindisposed，thesamefoodandotherarticlesofregimenwhichtheyeatanddrinkwheningoodhealthwereproperforthem，andifnootherswerepreferabletothese。Butnownecessityitselfmademedicinetobesoughtoutanddiscoveredbymen，sincethesamethingswhenadministeredtothesick，whichagreedwiththemwheningoodhealth，neitherdidnordoagreewiththem。Buttogostillfurtherback，Iholdthatthedietandfoodwhichpeopleinhealthnowusewouldnothavebeendiscovered，providedithadsuitedwithmantoeatanddrinkinlikemannerastheox，thehorse，andallotheranimals，exceptman，dooftheproductionsoftheearth，suchasfruits，weeds，andgrass；forfromsuchthingstheseanimalsgrow，livefreeofdisease，andrequirenootherkindoffood。And，atfirst，Iamofopinionthatmanusedthesamesortoffood，andthatthepresentarticlesofdiethadbeendiscoveredandinventedonlyafteralonglapseoftime，forwhentheysufferedmuchandseverelyfromstrongandbrutishdiet，swallowingthingswhichwereraw，unmixed，andpossessinggreatstrength，theybecameexposedtostrongpainsanddiseases，andtoearlydeaths。Itislikely，indeed，thatfromhabittheywouldsufferlessfromthesethingsthenthanwewouldnow，butstilltheywouldsufferseverelyeventhen；anditislikelythatthegreaternumber，andthosewhohadweakerconstitutions，wouldallperish；
whereasthestrongerwouldholdoutforalongertime，asevennowadayssome，inconsequenceofusingstrongarticlesoffood，getoffwithlittletrouble，butotherswithmuchpainandsuffering。Fromthisnecessityitappearstomethattheywouldsearchoutthefoodbefittingtheirnature，andthusdiscoverthatwhichwenowuse：andthatfromwheat，bymaceratingit，strippingitofitshull，grindingitalldown，sifting，toasting，andbakingit，theyformedbread；andfrombarleytheyformedcake（maza），performingmanyoperationsinregardtoit；theyboiled，theyroasted，theymixed，theydilutedthosethingswhicharestrongandofintensequalitieswithweakerthings，fashioningthemtothenatureandpowersofman，andconsideringthatthestrongerthingsNaturewouldnotbeabletomanageifadministered，andthatfromsuchthingspains，diseases，anddeathwouldarise，butsuchasNaturecouldmanage，thatfromthemfood，growth，andhealth，wouldarise。TosuchadiscoveryandinvestigationwhatmoresuitablenamecouldonegivethanthatofMedicine？sinceitwasdiscoveredforthehealthofman，forhisnourishmentandsafety，asasubstituteforthatkindofdietbywhichpains，diseases，anddeathswereoccasioned。
4。Andifthisisnotheldtobeanart，Idonotobject。Foritisnotsuitabletocallanyoneanartistofthatwhichnooneisignorantof，butwhichallknowfromusageandnecessity。Butstillthediscoveryisagreatone，andrequiringmuchartandinvestigation。Whereforethosewhodevotethemselvestogymnasticsandtraining，arealwaysmakingsomenewdiscovery，bypursuingthesamelineofinquiry，where，byeatinganddrinkingcertainthings，theyareimprovedandgrowstrongerthantheywere。
5。LetusinquirethenregardingwhatisadmittedtobeMedicine；
namely，thatwhichwasinventedforthesakeofthesick，whichpossessesanameandpractitioners，whetheritalsoseekstoaccomplishthesameobjects，andwhenceitderiveditsorigin。Tome，then，itappears，asIsaidatthecommencement，thatnobodywouldhavesoughtformedicineatall，providedthesamekindsofdiethadsuitedwithmeninsicknessasingoodhealth。Wherefore，evenyet，suchracesofmenasmakenouseofmedicine，namely，barbarians，andevencertainoftheGreeks，liveinthesamewaywhensickaswheninhealth；thatistosay，theytakewhatsuitstheirappetite，andneitherabstainfrom，norrestrictthemselvesinanythingforwhichtheyhaveadesire。Butthosewhohavecultivatedandinventedmedicine，havingthesameobjectinviewasthoseofwhomIformerlyspoke，inthefirstplace，Isuppose，diminishedthequantityofthearticlesoffoodwhichtheyused，andthisalonewouldbesufficientforcertainofthesick，andbemanifestlybeneficialtothem，althoughnottoall，fortherewouldbesomesoaffectedasnottobeabletomanageevensmallquantitiesoftheirusualfood，andassuchpersonswouldseemtorequiresomethingweaker，theyinventedsoups，bymixingafewstrongthingswithmuchwater，andthusabstractingthatwhichwasstronginthembydilutionandboiling。Butsuchascouldnotmanageevensoups，laidthemaside，andhadrecoursetodrinks，andsoregulatedthemastomixtureandquantity，thattheywereadministeredneitherstrongernorweakerthanwhatwasrequired。
6。Butthisoughttobewellknown，thatsoupsdonotagreewithcertainpersonsintheirdiseases，but，onthecontrary，whenadministeredboththefeversandthepainsareexacerbated，anditbecomesobviousthatwhatwasgivenhasprovedfoodandincreasetothedisease，butawastingandweaknesstothebody。Butwhateverpersonssoaffectedpartookofsolidfood，orcake，orbread，eveninsmallquantity，wouldbetentimesandmoredecidedlyinjuredthanthosewhohadtakensoups，fornootherreasonthanfromthestrengthofthefoodinreferencetotheaffection；andtowhomsoeveritispropertotakesoupsandnoteatsolidfood，suchaonewillbemuchmoreinjuredifheeatmuchthanifheeatlittle，butevenlittlefoodwillbeinjurioustohim。Butallthecausesofthesufferancereferthemselvestothisrule，thatthestrongestthingsmostespeciallyanddecidedlyhurtman，whetherinhealthorindisease。
7。Whatotherobject，then，hadheinviewwhoiscalledaphysician，andisadmittedtobeapractitioneroftheart，whofoundouttheregimenanddietbefittingthesick，thanhewhooriginallyfoundoutandpreparedforallmankindthatkindoffoodwhichweallnowuse，inplaceoftheformersavageandbrutishmodeofliving？Tomeitappearsthatthemodeisthesame，andthediscoveryofasimilarnature。Theonesoughttoabstractthosethingswhichtheconstitutionofmancannotdigest，becauseoftheirwildnessandintemperature，andtheotherthosethingswhicharebeyondthepowersoftheaffectioninwhichanyonemayhappentobelaidup。
Now，howdoestheonedifferfromtheother，exceptthatthelatteradmitsofgreatervariety，andrequiresmoreapplication，whereastheformerwasthecommencementoftheprocess？
8。Andifonewouldcomparethedietofsickpersonswiththatofpersonsinhealth，hewillfinditnotmoreinjuriousthanthatofhealthypersonsincomparisonwiththatofwildbeastsandofotheranimals。For，supposeamanlaboringunderoneofthosediseaseswhichareneitherseriousandunsupportable，noryetaltogethermild，butsuchasthat，uponmakinganymistakeindiet，itwillbecomeapparent，asifheshouldeatbreadandflesh，oranyotherofthosearticleswhichprovebeneficialtohealthypersons，andthat，too，notingreatquantity，butmuchlessthanhecouldhavetakenwheningoodhealth；andthatanothermaningoodhealth，havingaconstitutionneitherveryfeeble，noryetstrong，eatsofthosethingswhicharewholesomeandstrengtheningtoanoxorahorse，suchasvetches，barley，andthelike，andthat，too，notingreatquantity，butmuchlessthanhecouldtake；thehealthypersonwhodidsowouldbesubjectedtonolessdisturbanceanddangerthanthesickpersonwhotookbreadorcakeunseasonably。AllthesethingsareproofsthatMedicineistobeprosecutedanddiscoveredbythesamemethodastheother。
9。Andifitweresimply，asislaiddown，thatsuchthingsasarestrongerproveinjurious，butsuchasareweakerprovebeneficialandnourishing，bothtosickandhealthypersons，itwereaneasymatter，forthenthesafestrulewouldbetocircumscribethediettothelowestpoint。Butthenitisnolessmistake，noronethatinjuriesamanless，providedadeficientdiet，oroneconsistingofweakerthingsthanwhatmareproper，beadministered。For，intheconstitutionofman，abstinencemayenervate，weaken，andkill。Andtherearemanyotherills，differentfromthoseofrepletion，butnolessdreadful，arisingfromdeficiencyoffood；whereforethepracticeinthosecasesismorevaried，andrequiresgreateraccuracy。Foronemustaimatattainingacertainmeasure，andyetthismeasureadmitsneitherweightnorcalculationofanykind，bywhichitmaybeaccuratelydetermined，unlessitbethesensationofthebody；
whereforeitisatasktolearnthisaccurately，soasnottocommitsmallblunderseitherontheonesideortheother，andinfactI
wouldgivegreatpraisetothephysicianwhosemistakesaresmall，forperfectaccuracyisseldomtobeseen，sincemanyphysiciansseemtometobeinthesameplightasbadpilots，who，iftheycommitmistakeswhileconductingtheshipinacalmdonotexposethemselves，butwhenastormandviolenthurricaneovertakethem，theythen，fromtheirignoranceandmistakes，arediscoveredtobewhattheyare，byallmen，namely，inlosingtheirship。Andthusbadandcommonplacephysicians，whentheytreatmenwhohavenoseriousillness，inwhichcaseonemaycommitgreatmistakeswithoutproducinganyformidablemischief（andsuchcomplaintsoccurmuchmorefrequentlytomenthandangerousones）：underthesecircumstances，whentheycommitmistakes，theydonotexposethemselvestoordinarymen；butwhentheyfallinwithagreat，astrong，andadangerousdisease，thentheirmistakesandwantofskillaremadeapparenttoall。
Theirpunishmentisnotfaroff，butisswiftinovertakingboththeoneandtheother。
10。Andthatnolessmischiefhappenstoamanfromunseasonabledepletionthanfromrepletion，maybeclearlyseenuponrevertingtotheconsiderationofpersonsinhealth。For，tosome，withwhomitagreestotakeonlyonemealintheday，andtheyhavearrangeditsoaccordingly；whilstothers，forthesamereason，alsotakedinner，andthistheydobecausetheyfinditgoodforthem，andnotlikethosepersonswho，forpleasureorfromanycasualcircumstance，adopttheoneortheothercustomandtothebulkofmankinditisoflittleconsequencewhichoftheserulestheyobserve，thatistosay，whethertheymakeitapracticetotakeoneortwomeals。Buttherearecertainpersonswhocannotreadilychangetheirdietwithimpunity；andiftheymakeanyalterationinitforoneday，orevenforapartofaday，aregreatlyinjuredthereby。Suchpersons，providedtheytakedinnerwhenitisnottheirwont，immediatelybecomeheavyandinactive，bothinbodyandmind，andareweigheddownwithyawning，slumbering，andthirst；andiftheytakesupperinaddition，theyareseizedwithflatulence，tormina，anddiarrhea，andtomanythishasbeenthecommencementofaseriousdisease，whentheyhavemerelytakentwiceinadaythesamefoodwhichtheyhavebeeninthecustomoftakingonce。Andthus，also，ifonewhohasbeenaccustomedtodine，andthisruleagreeswithhim，shouldnotdineattheaccustomedhour，hewillstraightwayfeelgreatlossofstrength，trembling，andwantofspirits，theeyesofsuchapersonwillbecomemorepallid，hisurinethickandhot，hismouthbitter；hisbowelswillseem，asitwere，tohangloose；hewillsufferfromvertigo，lownessofspirit，andinactivity，—sucharetheeffects；andifheshouldattempttotakeatsupperthesamefoodwhichhewaswonttopartakeofatdinner，itwillappearinsipid，andhewillnotbeabletotakeitoff；andthesethings，passingdownwardswithtorminaandrumbling，burnuphisbowels；heexperiencesinsomnolencyortroubledanddisturbeddreams；andtomanyofthemthesesymptomsarethecommencementofsomedisease。
11。Butletusinquirewhatarethecausesofthesethingswhichhappenedtothem。Tohim，then，whowasaccustomedtotakeonlyonemealintheday，theyhappenedbecausehedidnotwaitthepropertime，untilhisbowelshadcompletelyderivedbenefitfromandhaddigestedthearticlestakenattheprecedingmeal，anduntilhisbellyhadbecomesoft，andgotintoastateofrest，buthegaveitanewsupplywhileinastateofheatandfermentation，forsuchbelliesdigestmuchmoreslowly，andrequiremorerestandease。Andastohimwhohadbeenaccustomedtodinner，since，assoonasthebodyrequiredfood，andwhentheformermealwasconsumed，andhewantedrefreshment，nonewsupplywasfurnishedtoit，hewastesandisconsumedfromwantoffood。ForallthesymptomswhichIdescribeasbefallingtothismanIrefertowantoffood。AndIalsosaythatallmenwho，wheninastateofhealth，remainfortwoorthreedayswithoutfood，experiencethesameunpleasantsymptomsasthosewhichI
describedinthecaseofhimwhohadomittedtotakedinner。
12。Wherefore，Isay，thatsuchconstitutionsassufferquicklyandstronglyfromerrorsindiet，areweakerthanothersthatdonot；andthataweakpersonisinastateverynearlyapproachingtooneindisease；butapersonindiseaseistheweaker，anditis，therefore，morelikelythatheshouldsufferifheencountersanythingthatisunseasonable。Itisdifficult，seeingthatthereisnosuchaccuracyintheArt，tohitalwaysuponwhatismostexpedient，andyetmanycasesoccurinmedicinewhichwouldrequirethisaccuracy，asweshallexplain。Butonthataccount，Isay，weoughtnottorejecttheancientArt，asifitwerenot，andhadnotbeenproperlyfounded，becauseitdidnotattainaccuracyinallthings，butrather，sinceitiscapableofreachingtothegreatestexactitudebyreasoning，toreceiveitandadmireitsdiscoveries，madefromastateofgreatignorance，andashavingbeenwellandproperlymade，andnotfromchance。
13。ButIwishthediscoursetoreverttothenewmethodofthosewhoprosecutetheirinquiriesintheArtbyhypothesis。Forifhot，orcold，ormoist，ordry，bethatwhichprovesinjurioustoman，andifthepersonwhowouldtreathimproperlymustapplycoldtothehot，hottothecold，moisttothedry，anddrytothemoist—letmebepresentedwithaman，notindeedoneofastrongconstitution，butoneoftheweaker，andlethimeatwheat，suchasitissuppliedfromthethrashing—floor，rawandunprepared，withrawmeat，andlethimdrinkwater。ByusingsuchadietIknowthathewillsuffermuchandseverely，forhewillexperiencepains，hisbodywillbecomeweak，andhisbowelsderanged，andhewillnotsubsistlong。Whatremedy，then，istobeprovidedforonesosituated？Hot？orcold？ormoist？
ordry？Foritisclearthatitmustbeoneorotherofthese。For，accordingtothisprinciple，ifitisoneofthewhichisinjuringthepatient，itistoberemovedbyitscontrary。Butthesurestandmostobviousremedyistochangethedietwhichthepersonused，andinsteadofwheattogivebread，andinsteadofrawflesh，boiled，andtodrinkwineinadditiontothese；forbymakingthesechangesitisimpossiblebutthathemustgetbetter，unlesscompletelydisorganizedbytimeanddiet。What，then，shallwesay？whetherthat，ashesufferedfromcold，thesehotthingsbeingappliedwereofusetohim，orthecontrary？Ishouldthinkthisquestionmustproveapuzzlertowhomsoeveritisput。Forwhetherdidhewhopreparedbreadoutofwheatremovethehot，thecold，themoist，orthedryprincipleinit？—forthebreadisconsignedbothtofireandtowater，andiswroughtwithmanythings，eachofwhichhasitspeculiarpropertyandnature，someofwhichitloses，andwithothersitisdilutedandmixed。
14。AndthisIknow，moreover，thattothehumanbodyitmakesagreatdifferencewhetherthebreadbefineorcoarse；ofwheatwithorwithoutthehull，whethermixedwithmuchorlittlewater，stronglywroughtorscarcelyatall，bakedorraw—andamultitudeofsimilardifferences；andso，inlikemanner，withthecake（maza）；thepowersofeach，too，aregreat，andtheonenowiseliketheother。
Whoeverpaysnoattentiontothesethings，or，payingattention，doesnotcomprehendthem，howcanheunderstandthediseaseswhichbefallaman？For，byeveryoneofthesethings，amanisaffectedandchangedthiswayorthat，andthewholeofhislifeissubjectedtothem，whetherinhealth，convalescence，ordisease。Nothingelse，then，canbemoreimportantormorenecessarytoknowthanthesethings。Sothatthefirstinventors，pursuingtheirinvestigationsproperly，andbyasuitabletrainofreasoning，accordingtothenatureofman，madetheirdiscoveries，andthoughttheArtworthyofbeingascribedtoagod，asistheestablishedbelief。Fortheydidnotsupposethatthedryorthemoist，thehotorthecold，oranyoftheseareeitherinjurioustoman，orthatmanstandsinneedofthem，butwhateverineachwasstrong，andmorethanamatchforaman’sconstitution，whateverhecouldnotmanage，thattheyheldtobehurtful，andsoughttoremove。Now，ofthesweet，thestrongestisthatwhichisintenselysweet；ofthebitter，thatwhichisintenselybitter；oftheacid，thatwhichisintenselyacid；andofallthingsthatwhichisextreme，forthesethingstheysawbothexistinginman，andprovinginjurioustohim。Forthereisinmanthebitterandthesalt，thesweetandtheacid，thesourandtheinsipid，andamultitudeofotherthingshavingallsortsofpowersbothasregardsquantityandstrength。These，whenallmixedandmingledupwithoneanother，arenotapparent，neitherdotheyhurtaman；butwhenanyofthemisseparate，andstandsbyitself，thenitbecomesperceptible，andhurtsaman。Andthus，ofarticlesoffood，thosewhichareunsuitableandhurtfultomanwhenadministered，everyoneiseitherbitter，orintenselyso，orsaltishoracid，orsomethingelseintenseandstrong，andthereforewearedisorderedbytheminlikemanneraswearebythesecretionsinthebody。Butallthosethingswhichamaneatsanddrinksaredevoidofanysuchintenseandwell—markedquality，suchasbread，cake，andmanyotherthingsofasimilarnaturewhichmanisaccustomedtouseforfood，withtheexceptionofcondimentsandconfectioneries，whicharemadetogratifythepalateandforluxury。Andfromthosethings，whenreceivedintothebodyabundantly，thereisnodisordernordissolutionofthepowersbelongingtothebody；butstrength，growth，andnourishmentresultfromthem，andthisfornootherreasonthanbecausetheyarewellmixed，havenothinginthemofanimmoderatecharacter，noranythingstrong，butthewholeformsonesimpleandnotstrongsubstance。
15。Icannotthinkinwhatmannertheywhoadvancethisdoctrine，andtransferArtfromthecauseIhavedescribedtohypothesis，willcuremenaccordingtotheprinciplewhichtheyhavelaiddown。For，asfarasIknow，neitherthehotnorthecold，northedry，northemoist，haseverbeenfoundunmixedwithanyotherquality；butI
supposetheyusethesamearticlesofmeatanddrinkasallweothermendo。Buttothissubstancetheygivetheattributeofbeinghot，tothatcold，tothatdry，andtothatmoist。Sinceitwouldbeabsurdtoadvisethepatienttotakesomethinghot，forhewouldstraightwayaskwhatitis？sothathemusteitherplaythefool，orhaverecoursetosomeoneofthewellknownsubstances；andifthishotthinghappentobesour，andthathotthinginsipid，andthishotthinghasthepowerofraisingadisturbanceinthebody（andtherearemanyotherkindsofheat，possessingmanyoppositepowers），hewillbeobligedtoadministersomeoneofthem，eitherthehotandthesour，orthehotandtheinsipid，orthatwhich，atthesametime，iscoldandsour（forthereissuchasubstance），orthecoldandtheinsipid。For，asIthink，theveryoppositeeffectswillresultfromeitherofthese，notonlyinman，butalsoinabladder，avesselofwood，andinmanyotherthingspossessedoffarlesssensibilitythanman；foritisnottheheatwhichispossessedofgreatefficacy，butthesourandtheinsipid，andotherqualitiesasdescribedbyme，bothinmanandoutofman，andthatwhethereatenordrunk，rubbedinexternally，andotherwiseapplied。
16。ButIthinkthatofallthequalitiesheatandcoldexercisetheleastoperationinthebody，forthesereasons：aslongtimeashotandcoldaremixedupwithoneanothertheydonotgivetrouble，forthecoldisattemperedandrenderedmoremoderatebythehot，andthehotbythecold；butwhentheoneiswhollyseparatefromtheother，thenitgivespain；andatthatseasonwhencoldisapplieditcreatessomepaintoaman，butquickly，forthatveryreason，heatspontaneouslyarisesinhimwithoutrequiringanyaidorpreparation。Andthesethingsoperatethusbothuponmeninhealthandindisease。Forexample，ifapersoninhealthwishestocoolhisbodyduringwinter，andbatheseitherincoldwaterorinanyotherway，themorehedoesthis，unlesshisbodybefairlycongealed，whenheresumeshisclothesandcomesintoaplaceofshelter，hisbodybecomesmoreheatedthanbefore。Andthus，too，ifapersonwishtobewarmedthoroughlyeitherbymeansofahotbathorstrongfire，andstraightwayhavingthesameclothingon，takesuphisabodeagainintheplacehewasinwhenhebecamecongealed，hewillappearmuchcolder，andmoredisposedtochillsthanbefore。Andifapersonfanhimselfonaccountofasuffocatingheat，andhavingprocuredrefrigerationforhimselfinthismanner，ceasedoingso，theheatandsuffocationwillbetentimesgreaterinhiscasethaninthatofapersonwhodoesnothingofthekind。And，togiveamorestrikingexample，personstravellinginthesnow，orotherwiseinrigorousweather，andcontractinggreatcoldintheirfeet，theirhands，ortheirhead，whatdotheynotsufferfrominflammationandtinglingwhentheyputonwarmclothingandgetintoahotplace？Insomeinstances，blistersariseasiffromburningwithfire，andtheydonotsufferfromanyofthoseunpleasantsymptomsuntiltheybecomeheated。Soreadilydoeseitherofthesepassintotheother；andI
couldmentionmanyotherexamples。Andwithregardtothesick，isitnotinthosewhoexperiencearigorthatthemostacutefeverisapttobreakout？Andyetnotsostronglyneither，butthatitceasesinashorttime，and，forthemostpart，withouthavingoccasionedmuchmischief；andwhileitremains，itishot，andpassingoverthewholebody，endsforthemostpartinthefeet，wherethechillsandcoldweremostintenseandlastedlongest；and，whensweatsupervenes，andthefeverpassesoff，thepatientismuchcolderthanifhehadnottakenthefeveratall。Whythenshouldthatwhichsoquicklypassesintotheoppositeextreme，andlosesitsownpowersspontaneously，bereckonedamightyandseriousaffair？Andwhatnecessityisthereforanygreatremedyforit？
17。Onemightheresay—butpersonsinardentfevers，pneumonia，andotherformidablediseases，donotquicklygetridoftheheat，norexperiencetheserapidalterationsofheatandcold。AndIreckonthisverycircumstancethestrongestproofthatitisnotfromheatsimplythatmengetintothefebrilestate，neitherisitthesolecauseofthemischief，butthatthisspeciesofheatisbitter，andthatacid，andtheothersaltish，andmanyothervarieties；andagainthereiscoldcombinedwithotherqualities。Thesearewhatprovesinjurious；heat，itistrue，ispresentalso，possessedofstrengthasbeingthatwhichconducts，isexacerbatedandincreasedalongwiththeother，buthasnopowergreaterthanwhatispeculiartoitself。
18。Withregardtothesesymptoms，inthefirstplacethosearemostobviousofwhichwehavealloftenhadexperience。Thus，then，insuchofusashaveacoryzaanddefluxionfromthenostrils，thisdischargeismuchmoreacridthanthatwhichformerlywasformedinandranfromthemdaily；anditoccasionsswellingofthenose，anditinflames，beingofahotandextremelyardentnature，asyoumayknow，ifyouapplyyourhandtotheplace；and，ifthediseaseremainslong，thepartbecomesulceratedalthoughdestituteoffleshandhard；andtheheatinthenoseceases，notwhenthedefluxiontakesplaceandtheinflammationispresent，butwhentherunningbecomesthickerandlessacrid，andmoremixedwiththeformersecretion，thenitisthattheheatceases。Butinallthosecasesinwhichthisdecidedlyproceedsfromcoldalone，withouttheconcourseofanyotherquality，thereisachangefromcoldtohot，andfromhottocold，andthesequicklysupervene，andrequirenocoction。Butalltheothersbeingconnected，asIhavesaid，withacrimonyandintemperanceofhumors，passoffinthiswaybybeingmixedandconcocted。
19。Butsuchdefluxionsasaredeterminedtotheeyesbeingpossessedofstrongandvariedacrimonies，ulceratetheeyelids，andinsomecasescorrodetheandpartsbelowtheeyesuponwhichtheyflow，andevenoccasionruptureanderosionofthetunicwhichsurroundstheeyeball。Butpain，heat，andextremeburningprevailuntilthedefluxionsareconcoctedandbecomethicker，andconcretionsformabouttheeyes，andthecoctiontakesplacefromthefluidsbeingmixedup，diluted，anddigestedtogether。Andindefluxionsuponthethroat，fromwhichareformedhoarseness，cynanche，crysipelas，andpneumonia，allthesehaveatfirstsaltish，watery，andacriddischarges，andwiththesethediseasesgainstrength。Butwhenthedischargesbecomethicker，moreconcocted，andarefreedfromallacrimony，then，indeed，thefeverspassaway，andtheothersymptomswhichannoyedthepatient；forwemustaccountthosethingsthecauseofeachcomplaint，which，beingpresentinacertainfashion，thecomplaintexists，butitceaseswhentheychangetoanothercombination。Butthosewhichoriginatefrompureheatorcold，anddonotparticipateinanyotherquality，willthenceasewhentheyundergoachangefromcoldtohot，andfromhottocold；andtheychangeinthemannerIhavedescribedbefore。Wherefore，alltheothercomplaintstowhichmanissubjectarisefrompowers（qualities？）。
Thus，whenthereisanoverflowofthebitterprinciple，whichwecallyellowbile，whatanxiety，burningheat，andlossofstrengthprevail！
butifrelievedfromit，eitherbybeingpurgedspontaneously，orbymeansofamedicineseasonablyadministered，thepatientisdecidedlyrelievedofthepainsandheat；butwhilethesethingsfloatonthestomach，unconcoctedandundigested，nocontrivancecouldmakethepainsandfevercease；andwhenthereareaciditiesofanacridandaeruginouscharacter，whatvarietiesoffrenzy，gnawingpainsinthebowelsandchest，andinquietude，prevail！andthesedonotceaseuntiltheaciditiesbepurgedaway，orarecalmeddownandmixedwithotherfluids。Thecoction，change，attenuation，andthickeningintotheformofhumors，takeplacethroughmanyandvariousforms；thereforethecrisesandcalculationsoftimeareofgreatimportanceinsuchmatters；buttoallsuchchangeshotandcoldarebutlittleexposed，fortheseareneitherliabletoputrefactionnorthickening。Whatthenshallwesayofthechange？thatitisacombination（crasis）ofthesehumorshavingdifferentpowerstowardoneanother。Butthehotdoesnotlooseitsheatwhenmixedwithanyotherthingexceptthecold；noragain，thecold，exceptwhenmixedwiththehot。Butallotherthingsconnectedwithmanbecomethemoremildandbetterinproportionastheyaremixedwiththemorethingsbesides。Butamanisinthebestpossiblestatewhentheyareconcoctedandatrest，exhibitingnoonepeculiarquality；butI
thinkIhavesaidenoughinexplanationofthem。
20。Certainsophistsandphysicianssaythatitisnotpossibleforanyonetoknowmedicinewhodoesnotknowwhatmanis[andhowhewasmadeandhowconstructed]，andthatwhoeverwouldcuremenproperly，mustlearnthisinthefirstplace。Butthissayingratherappertainstophilosophy，asEmpedoclesandcertainothershavedescribedwhatmaninhisoriginis，andhowhefirstwasmadeandconstructed。ButIthinkwhateversuchhasbeensaidorwrittenbysophistorphysicianconcerningnaturehaslessconnectionwiththeartofmedicinethanwiththeartofpainting。AndIthinkthatonecannotknowanythingcertainrespectingnaturefromanyotherquarterthanfrommedicine；andthatthisknowledgeistobeattainedwhenonecomprehendsthewholesubjectofmedicineproperly，butnotuntilthen；andIsaythatthishistoryshowswhatmanis，bywhatcauseshewasmade，andotherthingsaccurately。
Whereforeitappearstomenecessarytoeveryphysiciantobeskilledinnature，andstrivetoknow，ifhewouldwishtoperformhisduties，whatmanisinrelationtothearticlesoffoodanddrink，andtohisotheroccupations，andwhataretheeffectsofeachofthemtoeveryone。Anditisnotenoughtoknowsimplythatcheeseisabadarticleoffood，asdisagreeingwithwhoevereatsofittosatiety，butwhatsortofdisturbanceitcreates，andwherefore，andwithwhatprincipleinmanitdisagrees；fortherearemanyotherarticlesoffoodanddrinknaturallybadwhichaffectmaninadifferentmanner。Thus，toillustratemymeaningbyanexample，undilutedwinedrunkinlargequantityrendersamanfeeble；andeverybodyseeingthisknowsthatsuchisthepowerofwine，andthecausethereof；andweknow，moreover，onwhatpartsofaman’sbodyitprincipallyexertsitsaction；andIwishthesamecertaintytoappearinothercases。Forcheese（sinceweuseditasanexample）doesnotproveequallyinjurioustoallmen，fortherearesomewhocantakeittosatietywithoutbeinghurtbyitintheleast，but，onthecontrary，itiswonderfulwhatstrengthitimpartstothoseitagreeswith；buttherearesomewhodonotbearitwell，theirconstitutionsaredifferent，andtheydifferinthisrespect，thatwhatintheirbodyisincompatiblewithcheese，isrousedandputincommotionbysuchathing；andthoseinwhosebodiessuchahumorhappenstoprevailingreaterquantityandintensity，arelikelytosufferthemorefromit。Butifthethinghadbeenpernicioustoofman，itwouldhavehurtall。Whoeverknowsthesethingswillnotsufferfromit。
21。Duringconvalescencefromdiseases，andalsoinprotracteddiseases，manydisordersoccur，somespontaneously，andsomefromcertainthingsaccidentallyadministered。Iknowthatthecommonherdofphysicians，likethevulgar，iftherehappentohavebeenanyinnovationmadeaboutthatday，suchasthebathbeingused，awalktaken，oranyunusualfoodeaten，allwhichwerebetterdonethanotherwise，attributenotwithstandingthecauseofthesedisorders，tosomeofthesethings，beingignorantofthetruecausebutproscribingwhatmayhavebeenveryproper。Nowthisoughtnottobeso；butoneshouldknowtheeffectsofabathorawalkunseasonablyapplied；forthustherewillneverbeanymischieffromthesethings，norfromanyotherthing，norfromrepletion，norfromsuchandsuchanarticleoffood。Whoeverdoesnotknowwhateffectthesethingsproduceuponaman，cannotknowtheconsequenceswhichresultfromthem，norhowtoapplythem。
22。Anditappearstomethatoneoughtalsotoknowwhatdiseasesariseinmanfromthepowers，andwhatfromthestructures。WhatdoImeanbythis？Bypowers，Imeanintenseandstrongjuices；andbystructures，whateverconformationsthereareinman。Forsomearehollow，andfrombroadcontractedintonarrow；someexpanded，somehardandround，somebroadandsuspended，somestretched，somelong，somedense，somerareandsucculent，somespongyandofloosetexture。
Now，then，whichofthesefiguresisthebestcalculatedtosucktoitselfandattracthumidityfromanotherbody？Whetherwhatishollowandexpanded，orwhatissolidandround，orwhatishollow，andfrombroad，graduallyturningnarrow？Ithinksuchasfromhollowandbroadarecontractedintonarrow：thismaybeascertainedotherwisefromobviousfacts：thus，ifyougapewidewiththemouthyoucannotdrawinanyliquid；butbyprotruding，contracting，andcompressingthelips，andstillmorebyusingatube，youcanreadilydrawinwhateveryouwish。Andthus，too，theinstrumentswhichareusedforcuppingarebroadbelowandgraduallybecomenarrow，andaresoconstructedinordertosuckanddrawinfromthefleshyparts。Thenatureandconstructionofthepartswithinamanareofalikenature；thebladder，thehead，theuterusinwoman；
thesepartsclearlyattract，andarealwaysfilledwithajuicewhichisforeigntothem。Thosepartswhicharehollowandexpandedaremostlikelytoreceiveanyhumidityflowingintothem，butcannotattractitinlikemanner。Thosepartswhicharesolidandroundcouldnotattractahumidity，norreceiveitwhenitflowstothem，foritwouldglidepast，andfindnoplaceofrestonthem。
Butspongyandrareparts，suchasthespleen，thelungs，andthebreasts，drinkupespeciallythejuicesaroundthem，andbecomehardenedandenlargedbytheaccessionofjuices。Suchthingshappentotheseorgansespecially。Foritisnotwiththespleenaswiththestomach，inwhichthereisaliquid，whichitcontainsandevacuateseveryday；butwhenit（thespleen）drinksupandreceivesafluidintoitself，thehollowandlaxpartsofitarefilled，eventhesmallinterstices；and，insteadofbeingrareandsoft，itbecomeshardanddense，anditcanneitherdigestnordischargeitscontents：thesethingsitsuffers，owingtothenatureofitsstructure。Thosethingswhichengenderflatulenceortorminainthebody，naturallydosointhehollowandbroadpartsofthebody，suchasthestomachandchest，wheretheyproducerumblingnoises；forwhentheydonotfillthepartssoastobestationary，buthavechangesofplaceandmovements，theremustnecessarilybenoiseandapparentmovementsfromthem。Butsuchpartsasarefleshyandsoft，inthesethereoccurtorporandobstructions，suchashappeninapoplexy。Butwhenit（theflatus？）encountersabroadandresistingstructure，andrushesagainstsuchapart，andthishappenswhenitisbynaturenotstrongsoastobeabletowithstanditwithoutsufferinginjury；norsoftandrare，soastoreceiveoryieldtoit，buttender，juicy，fullofblood，anddense，liketheliver，owingtoitsdensityandbroadness，itresistsanddoesnotyield。Butflatus，whenitobtainsadmission，increasesandbecomesstronger，andrushestowardanyresistingobject；butowingtoitstenderness，andthequantityofbloodwhichit（theliver）contains，itcannotbewithoutuneasiness；andforthesereasonsthemostacuteandfrequentpainsoccurintheregionofit，alongwithsuppurationsandchronictumors（phymata）。Thesesymptomsalsooccurinthesiteofthediaphragm，butmuchlessfrequently；forthediaphragmisabroad，expanded，andresistingsubstance，ofanervous（tendinous？）andstrongnature，andthereforelesssusceptibleofpain；andyetpainsandchronicabscessesdooccuraboutit。
23。Therearebothwithinandwithoutthebodymanyotherkindsofstructure，whichdiffermuchfromoneanotherastosufferingsbothinhealthanddisease；suchaswhethertheheadbesmallorlarge；theneckslenderorthick，longorshort；thebellylongorround；thechestandribsbroadornarrow；andmanyothersbesides，allwhichyououghttobeacquaintedwith，andtheirdifferences；sothatknowingthecausesofeach，youmaymakethemoreaccurateobservations。
24。And，ashasbeenformerlystated，oneoughttobeacquaintedwiththepowersofjuices，andwhatactioneachofthemhasuponman，andtheiralliancestowardsoneanother。WhatIsayisthis：ifasweetjuicechangetoanotherkind，notfromanyadmixture，butbecauseithasundergoneamutationwithinitself；whatdoesitfirstbecome？—bitter？salt？austere？oracid？Ithinkacid。Andhence，anacidjuiceisthemostimproperofallthingsthatcanbeadministeredincasesinwhichasweetjuiceisthemostproper。Thus，ifoneshouldsucceedinhisinvestigationsofexternalthings，hewouldbethebetterablealwaystoselectthebest；forthatisbestwhichisfarthestremovedfromthatwhichisunwholesome。