Iamaware，that，accordingtoitsowndefinition，scienceoughttobeuseless，i。e。，scienceforthesakeofscience；butsurelythisisanobviousevasion。Theprovinceofscienceistoservethepeople。Wehaveinventedtelegraphs，telephones，phonographs；butwhatadvanceshaveweeffectedinthelife，inthelabor，ofthepeople？Wehavereckoneduptwomillionsofbeetles!Andwehavenottamedasingleanimalsincebiblicaltimes，whenallouranimalswerealreadydomesticated；butthereindeer，thestag，thepartridge，theheath—cock，allremainwild。
Ourbotanistshavediscoveredthecell，andinthecellprotoplasm，andinthatprotoplasmstillsomethingmore，andinthatatomyetanotherthing。Itisevidentthattheseoccupationswillnotendforalongtimetocome，becauseitisobviousthattherecanbenoendtothem，andthereforethescientisthasnotimetodevotetothosethingswhicharenecessarytothepeople。Andtherefore，again，fromthetimeofEgyptianandHebrewantiquity，whenwheatandlentilshadalreadybeencultivated，downtoourowntimes，notasingleplanthasbeenaddedtothefoodofthepeople，withtheexceptionofthepotato，andthatwasnotobtainedbyscience。
Torpedoeshavebeeninvented，andapparatusfortaxation，andsoforth。Butthespinning—whined，thewoman’sweaving—loom，theplough，thehatchet，thechain，therake，thebucket，thewell—
sweep，areexactlythesameastheywereinthedaysofRurik；andiftherehasbeenanychange，thenthatchangehasnotbeeneffectedbyscientificpeople。
Anditisthesamewiththearts。Wehaveelevatedalotofpeopletotherankofgreatwriters；wehavepickedthesewriterstopieces，andhavewrittenmountainsofcriticism，andcriticismonthecritics，andcriticismonthecriticsofthecritics。Andwehavecollectedpicture—galleries，andhavestudieddifferentschoolsofartindetail；andwehavesomanysymphoniesandorchestrasandoperas，thatitisbecomingdifficultevenforustolistentothem。
Butwhathaveweaddedtothepopularbylini[theepicsongs]，legends，tales，songs？Whatmusic，whatpictures，havewegiventothepeople？
OntheNikolskayabooksaremanufacturedforthepeople，andharmonicasinTula；andinneitherhavewetakenanypart。Thefalsityofthewholedirectionofourartsandsciencesismorestrikingandmoreapparentinpreciselythoseverybranches，which，itwouldseem，should，fromtheirverynature，beofusetothepeople，andwhich，inconsequenceoftheirfalseattitude，seemratherinjuriousthanuseful。Thetechnologist，thephysician，theteacher，theartist，theauthor，should，invirtueoftheirverycallings，itwouldseem，servethepeople。And，whatthen？Underthepresentregime，theycandonothingbutharmtothepeople。
Thetechnologistorthemechanichastoworkwithcapital。Withoutcapitalheisgoodfornothing。Allhisacquirementsaresuchthatfortheirdisplayherequirescapital，andtheexploitationofthelaboring—manonthelargestscale；and——nottomentionthatheistrainedtolive，atthelowest，onfromfifteenhundredtotwothousandayear，andthat，therefore，hecannotgotothecountry，wherenoonecangivehimsuchwages，——heis，byvirtueofhisveryoccupation，unfittedforservingthepeople。Heknowshowtocalculatethehighestmathematicalarchofabridge，howtocalculatetheforceandtransferofthemotivepower，andsoon；butheisconfoundedbythesimplestquestionsofapeasant：howtoimproveaploughoracart，orhowtomakeirrigatingcanals。Allthisintheconditionsoflifeinwhichthelaboringmanfindshimself。Ofthis，heneitherknowsnorunderstandsanything，——
less，indeed，thantheverystupidestpeasant。Givehimworkshops，allsortsofworkmenathisdesire，anorderforamachinefromabroad，andhewillgetalong。Buthowtodevisemeansoflighteningtoil，undertheconditionsoflaborofmillionsofmen，——
thisiswhathedoesnotandcannotknow；andbecauseofhisknowledge，hishabits，andhisdemandsonlife，heisunfittedforthisbusiness。
Inastillworsepredicamentisthephysician。Hisfanciedscienceisallsoarranged，thatheonlyknowshowtohealthosepersonswhodonothing。Herequiresanincalculablequantityofexpensivepreparations，instruments，drugs，andhygienicapparatus。
Hehasstudiedwithcelebritiesinthecapitals，whoonlyretainpatientswhocanbecuredinthehospital，orwho，inthecourseoftheircure，canpurchasetheappliancesrequisiteforhealing，andevengoatoncefromtheNorthtotheSouth，tosomebathsorother。
Scienceisofsuchanature，thateveryruralphysic—manlamentsbecausetherearenomeansofcuringworking—men，becauseheissopoorthathehasnotthemeanstoplacethesickmanintheproperhygienicconditions；andatthesametimethisphysiciancomplainsthattherearenohospitals，andthathecannotgetthroughwithhiswork，thatheneedsassistants，moredoctorsandpractitioners。
Whatistheinference？This：thatthepeople’sprincipallack，fromwhichdiseasesarise，andspreadabroad，andrefusetobehealed，isthelackofmeansofsubsistence。AndhereScience，underthebannerofthedivisionoflabor，summonsherwarriorstotheaidofthepeople。Scienceisentirelyarrangedforthewealthyclasses，andithasadoptedforitstaskthehealingofthepeoplewhocanobtaineverythingforthemselves；anditattemptstohealthosewhopossessnosuperfluity，bythesamemeans。
Buttherearenomeans，andthereforeitisnecessarytotakethemfromthepeoplewhoareailing，andpest—stricken，andwhocannotrecoverforlackofmeans。Andnowthedefendersofmedicineforthepeoplesaythatthismatterhasbeen，asyet，butlittledeveloped。Evidentlyithasbeenbutlittledeveloped，becauseif（whichGodforbid!）ithadbeendeveloped，andthatthroughoppressingthepeople，——insteadoftwodoctors，midwives，andpractitionersinadistrict，twentywouldhavesettleddown，sincetheydesirethis，andhalfthepeoplewouldhavediedthroughthedifficultyofsupportingthismedicalstaff，andsoontherewouldbenoonetoheal。
Scientificco—operationwiththepeople，ofwhichthedefendersofsciencetalk，mustbesomethingquitedifferent。Andthisco—
operationwhichshouldexisthasnotyetbegun。Itwillbeginwhenthemanofscience，technologistorphysician，willnotconsideritlegaltotakefrompeople——Iwillnotsayahundredthousand，butevenamodesttenthousand，orfivehundredrublesforassistingthem；butwhenhewillliveamongthetoilingpeople，underthesameconditions，andexactlyastheydo，thenhewillbeabletoapplyhisknowledgetothequestionsofmechanics，technics，hygiene，andthehealingofthelaboringpeople。Butnowscience，supportingitselfattheexpenseoftheworking—people，hasentirelyforgottentheconditionsoflifeamongthesepeople，ignores（asitputsit）
theseconditions，andtakesverygraveoffencebecauseitsfanciedknowledgefindsnoadherentsamongthepeople。
Thedomainofmedicine，likethedomainoftechnicalscience，stillliesuntouched。Allquestionsastohowthetimeoflaborisbestdivided，whatisthebestmethodofnourishment，withwhat，inwhatshape，andwhenitisbesttoclotheone’sself，toshoeone’sself，tocounteractdampnessandcold，howbesttowashone’sself，tofeedthechildren，toswaddlethem，andsoon，injustthoseconditionsinwhichtheworking—peoplefindthemselves，——allthesequestionshavenotyetbeenpropounded。
Thesameisthecasewiththeactivityoftheteachersofscience，——
pedagogicalteachers。Exactlyinthesamemannersciencehassoarrangedthismatter，thatonlywealthypeopleareabletostudyscience，andteachers，liketechnologistsandphysicians，clingtomoney。
Andthiscannotbeotherwise，becauseaschoolbuiltonamodelplan（asageneralrule，themorescientificallybuilttheschool，themorecostlyitis），withpivotchains，andglobes，andmaps，andlibrary，andpettytext—booksforteachersandscholarsandpedagogues，isasortofthingforwhichitwouldbenecessarytodoublethetaxesineveryvillage。Thissciencedemands。Thepeopleneedmoneyfortheirwork；andthemorethereisneeded，thepoorertheyare。
Defendersofsciencesay：\"Pedagogyisevennowprovingofadvantagetothepeople，butgiveitachancetodevelop，andthenitwilldostillbetter。\"Yes，ifitdoesdevelop，andinsteadoftwentyschoolsinadistrictthereareahundred，andallscientific，andifthepeoplesupporttheseschools，theywillgrowpoorerthanever，andtheywillmorethaneverneedworkfortheirchildren’ssake。\"Whatistobedone？\"theysaytothis。Thegovernmentwillbuildtheschools，andwillmakeeducationobligatory，asitisinEurope；butagain，surely，themoneyistakenfromthepeoplejustthesame，anditwillbehardertowork，andtheywillhavelessleisureforwork，andtherewillbenoeducationevenbycompulsion。Againthesolesalvationisthis：
thattheteachershouldliveundertheconditionsoftheworking—
men，andshouldteachforthatcompensationwhichtheygivehimfreelyandvoluntarily。
Suchisthefalsecourseofscience，whichdeprivesitofthepoweroffulfillingitsobligation，whichis，toservethepeople。
Butinnothingisthisfalsecourseofsciencesoobviouslyapparent，asinthevocationofart，which，fromitsverysignificance，oughttobeaccessibletothepeople。Sciencemayfallbackonitsstupidexcuse，thatscienceactsforscience，andthatwhenitturnsoutlearnedmenitislaboringforthepeople；
butart，ifitisart，shouldbeaccessibletoallthepeople，andinparticulartothoseinwhosenameitisexecuted。Andourdefinitionofart，inastrikingmanner，convictsthosewhobusythemselveswithart，oftheirlackofdesire，lackofknowledge，andlackofpower，tobeusefultothepeople。
Thepainter，fortheproductionofhisgreatworks，musthaveastudioofatleastsuchdimensionsthatawholeassociationofcarpenters（fortyinnumber）orshoemakers，nowsickeningorstiflinginlairs，wouldbeabletoworkinit。Butthisisnotall；hemusthaveamodel，costumes，travels。Millionsareexpendedontheencouragementofart，andtheproductsofthisartarebothincomprehensibleanduselesstothepeople。Musicians，inordertoexpresstheirgrandideas，mustassembletwohundredmeninwhiteneckties，orincostumes，andspendhundredsofthousandsofrublesfortheequipmentofanopera。Andtheproductsofthisartcannotevokefromthepeople——evenifthelattercouldatanytimeenjoyit——anythingexceptamazementandennui。
Writers——authors——itappears，donotrequiresurroundings，studios，models，orchestras，andactors；butitthenappearsthattheauthorneeds（nottomentioncomfortinhisquarters）allthedaintiesoflifeforthepreparationofhisgreatworks，travels，palaces，cabinets，libraries，thepleasuresofart，visitstotheatres，concerts，thebaths，andsoon。Ifhedoesnotearnafortuneforhimself，heisgrantedapension，inorderthathemaycomposethebetter。Andagain，thesecompositions，soprizedbyus，remainuselesslumberforthepeople，andutterlyunserviceabletothem。
Andifstillmoreofthesedealersinspiritualnourishmentaredevelopedfurther，asmenofsciencedesire，andastudioiserectedineveryvillage；ifanorchestraissetup，andauthorsaresupportedinthoseconditionswhichartisticpeopleregardasindispensableforthemselves，——Iimaginethattheworking—classeswillsoonertakeanoathnevertolookatanypictures，nevertolistentoasymphony，nevertoreadpoetryornovels，thantofeedallthesepersons。
Andwhy，apparently，shouldartnotbeofservicetothepeople？Ineverycottagethereareimagesandpictures；everypeasantmanandwomansings；manyownharmonicas；andallrecitestoriesandverses，andmanyread。Itisasifthosetwothingswhicharemadeforeachother——thelockandthekey——hadpartedcompany；theyhavesprungsofarapart，thatnoteventhepossibilityofunitingthempresentsitself。Telltheartistthatheshouldpaintwithoutastudio，model，orcostumes，andthatheshouldpaintfive—kopekpictures，andhewillsaythatthatistantamounttoabandoninghisart，asheunderstandsit。Tellthemusicianthatheshouldplayontheharmonica，andteachthewomentosingsongs；saytothepoet，totheauthor，thatheoughttocastasidehispoemsandromances，andcomposesong—books，tales，andstories，comprehensibletotheuneducatedpeople，——theywillsaythatyouaremad。
Theserviceofthepeoplebyscienceandartwillonlybeperformedwhenpeople，dwellinginthemidstofthecommonfolk，and，likethecommonfolk，puttingforwardnodemands，claimingnorights，shalloffertothecommonfolktheirscientificandartisticservices；theacceptanceorrejectionofwhichshalldependwhollyonthewillofthecommonfolk。
Itissaidthattheactivityofscienceandarthasaidedintheforwardmarchofmankind，——meaningbythisactivity，thatwhichisnowcalledbythatname；whichisthesameassayingthatanunskilledbangingofoarsonavesselthatisfloatingwiththetide，whichmerelyhinderstheprogressofthevessel，isassistingthemovementoftheship。Itonlyretardsit。Theso—calleddivisionoflabor，whichhasbecomeinourdaytheconditionofactivityofmenofscienceandart，was，andhasremained，thechiefcauseofthetardyforwardmovementofmankind。
Theproofsofthislieinthatconfessionofallmenofscience，thatthegainsofscienceandartareinaccessibletothelaboringmasses，inconsequenceofthefaultydistributionofriches。Theirregularityofthisdistributiondoesnotdecreaseinproportiontotheprogressofscienceandart，butonlyincreases。Menofartandscienceassumeanairofdeeppityforthisunfortunatecircumstancewhichdoesnotdependuponthem。Butthisunfortunatecircumstanceisproducedbythemselves；forthisirregulardistributionofwealthflowssolelyfromthetheoryofthedivisionoflabor。
Sciencemaintainsthedivisionoflaborasaunalterablelaw；itseesthatthedistributionofwealth，foundedonthedivisionoflabor，iswrongandruinous；anditaffirmsthatitsactivity，whichrecognizesthedivisionoflabor，willleadpeopletobliss。Theresultis，thatsomepeoplemakeuseofthelaborofothers；butthat，iftheyshallmakeuseofthelaborofothersforaverylongperiodoftime，andinstilllargermeasure，thenthiswrongfuldistributionofwealth，i。e。，theuseofthelaborofothers，willcometoanend。
Menstandbesideaconstantlyswellingspringofwater，andareoccupiedwiththeproblemofdivertingittooneside，awayfromthethirstypeople，andtheyassertthattheyareproducingthiswater，andthatsoonenoughwillbecollectedforall。Butthiswaterwhichhasflowed，andwhichstillflowsunceasingly，andnourishesallmankind，notonlyisnottheresultoftheactivityofthemenwho，standingatitssource，turnitaside，butthiswaterflowsandgushesout，inspiteoftheeffortsofthesementoobstructitsflow。
Therehavealwaysexistedatruescience，andatrueart；buttruescienceandartarenotsuchbecausetheycalledthemselvesbythatname。Italwaysseemstothosewhoclaimatanygivenperiodtobetherepresentativesofscienceandart，thattheyhaveperformed，andareperforming，and——mostofall——thattheywillpresentlyperform，themostamazingmarvels，andthatbesidethemthereneverhasbeenandthereisnotanyscienceoranyart。Thusitseemedtothesophists，thescholastics，thealchemists，thecabalists，thetalmudists；andthusitseemstoourownscientificscience，andtoourartforthesakeofart。
CHAPTERV。
\"Butart，——science!Yourepudiateartandscience；thatis，yourepudiatethatbywhichmankindlives!\"Peopleareconstantlymakingthis——itisnotareply——tome，andtheyemploythismodeofreceptioninordertorejectmydeductionswithoutexaminingintothem。\"Herepudiatesscienceandart，hewantstosendpeoplebackagainintoasavagestate；sowhatistheuseoflisteningtohimandoftalkingtohim？\"Butthisisunjust。Inotonlydonotrepudiateartandscience，but，inthenameofthatwhichistrueartandtruescience，IsaythatwhichIdosay；merelyinorderthatmankindmayemergefromthatsavagestateintowhichitwillspeedilyfall，thankstotheerroneousteachingofourtime，——onlyforthispurposedoIsaythatwhichIsay。
Artandscienceareasindispensableasfoodanddrinkandclothing，——moreindispensableeven；buttheybecomeso，notbecausewedecidethatwhatwedesignateasartandscienceareindispensable，butsimplybecausetheyreallyareindispensabletopeople。
Surely，ifhayispreparedforthebodilynourishmentofmen，thefactthatweareconvincedthathayistheproperfoodformanwillnotmakehaythefoodofman。SurelyIcannotsay，\"Whydonotyoueathay，whenitistheindispensablefood？\"Foodisindispensable，butitmayhappenthatthatwhichIofferisnotfoodatall。Thissamethinghasoccurredwithourartandscience。Itseemstous，thatifweaddtoaGreekwordtheword\"logy，\"andcallthatascience，itwillbeascience；and，ifwecallanyabominablething—
—likethedancingofnudefemales——byaGreekword，choreography，thatthatisart，andthatitwillbeart。Butnomatterhowmuchwemaysaythis，thebusinesswithwhichweoccupyourselveswhenwecountbeetles，andinvestigatethechemicalconstituentsofthestarsintheMilkyWay，whenwepaintnymphsandcomposenovelsandsymphonies，——ourbusinesswillnotbecomeeitherartorscienceuntilsuchtimeasitisacceptedbythosepeopleforwhomitiswrought。
Ifitweredecidedthatonlycertainpeopleshouldproducefood，andifalltherestwereforbiddentodothis，oriftheywererenderedincapableofproducingfood，Isupposethatthequalityoffoodwouldbelowered。IfthepeoplewhoenjoyedthemonopolyofproducingfoodwereRussianpeasants，therewouldbenootherfoodthanblackbreadandcabbage—soup，andsoon，andkvas，——nothingexceptwhattheylike，andwhatisagreeabletothem。Thesamethingwouldhappeninthecaseofthatloftiesthumanpursuit，ofartsandsciences，ifonecasteweretoarrogatetoitselfamonopolyofthem：butwiththissoledifference，that，inthematterofbodilyfood，therecanbenogreatdeparturefromnature，andbreadandcabbage—soup，althoughnotverysavoryviands，arefitforconsumption；butinspiritualfood，theremayexisttheverygreatestdeparturesfromnature，andsomepeoplemayfeedthemselvesforalongtimeonpoisonousspiritualnourishment，whichisdirectlyunsuitablefor，orinjuriousto，them；theymayslowlykillthemselveswithspiritualopiumorliquors，andtheymayofferthissamefoodtothemasses。
Itisthisverythingthatisgoingonamongus。Andithascomeaboutbecausethepositionofmenofscienceandartisaprivilegedone，becauseartandscience（inourday），inourworld，arenotatallarationaloccupationofallmankindwithoutexception，exertingtheirbestpowersfortheserviceofartandscience，butanoccupationofarestrictedcircleofpeopleholdingamonopolyoftheseindustries，andentitlingthemselvesmenofartandscience，andwhohave，therefore，pervertedtheveryideaofartandscience，andhavelostallthemeaningoftheirvocation，andwhoareonlyconcernedinamusingandrescuingfromcrushingennuitheirtinycircleofidlemouths。
Eversincemenhaveexisted，theyhavealwayshadscienceandartinthesimplestandbroadestsenseoftheterm。Science，inthesenseofthewholeofknowledgeacquiredbymankind，existsandalwayshasexisted，andlifewithoutitisnotconceivable；andthereisnopossibilityofeitherattackingordefendingscience，takeninthissense。
Butthepointlieshere，——thatthescopeoftheknowledgeofallmankindasawholeissomultifarious，rangingfromtheknowledgeofhowtoextractirontotheknowledgeofthemovementsoftheplanets，thatmanloseshimselfinthismultitudeofexistingknowledge，——knowledgecapableofENDLESSpossibilities，ifhehavenoguidingthread，bytheaidofwhichhecanclassifythisknowledge，andarrangethebranchesaccordingtothedegreesoftheirsignificanceandimportance。
Beforeamanundertakestolearnanythingwhatever，hemustmakeuphismindthatthatbranchofknowledgeisofweighttohim，andofmoreweightandimportancethanthecountlessotherobjectsofstudywithwhichheissurrounded。Beforeundertakingthestudyofanything，amandecidesforwhatpurposeheisstudyingthissubject，andnottheothers。Buttostudyeverything，asthemenofscientificscienceinourdaypreach，withoutanyideaofwhatistocomeoutofsuchstudy，isdownrightimpossible，becausethenumberofsubjectsofstudyisENDLESS；andhence，nomatterhowmanybrancheswemayacquire，theiracquisitioncanpossessnosignificanceorreason。And，therefore，inancienttimes，downtoevenaveryrecentdate，untiltheappearanceofscientificscience，man’shighestwisdomconsistedinfindingthatguidingthread，accordingtowhichtheknowledgeofmenshouldbeclassifiedasbeingofprimaryorofsecondaryimportance。Andthisknowledge，whichformstheguidetoallotherbranchesofknowledge，menhavealwayscalledscienceinthestrictestacceptationoftheword。Andsuchsciencetherehasalwaysbeen，evendowntoourownday，inallhumancommunitieswhichhaveemergedfromtheirprimalstateofsavagery。
Eversincemankindhasexisted，teachershavealwaysarisenamongpeoples，whohaveenunciatedscienceinthisrestrictedsense，——thescienceofwhatitismostusefulformantoknow。Thissciencehasalwayshadforitsobjecttheknowledgeofwhatisthetruegroundofthewell—beingofeachindividualman，andofallmen，andwhy。
SuchwasthescienceofConfucius，ofBuddha，ofSocrates，ofMahomet，andofothers；suchisthisscienceastheyunderstoodit，andasallmen——withtheexceptionofourlittlecircleofso—calledculturedpeople——understandit。Thissciencehasnotonlyalwaysoccupiedthehighestplace，buthasbeentheonlyandsolescience，fromwhichthestandingoftheresthasbeendetermined。Andthiswasthecase，notintheleastbecause，astheso—calledscientificpeopleofourdaythink，cunningpriestlyteachersofthisscienceattributedtoitsuchsignificance，butbecauseinreality，aseveryoneknows，bothbypersonalexperienceandbyreflection，therecanbenoscienceexceptthescienceofthatinwhichthedestinyandwelfareofmanconsist。FortheobjectsofscienceareINCALCULABLE
innumber，——Iunderminetheword\"incalculable\"intheexactsenseinwhichIunderstandit，——andwithouttheknowledgeofthatinwhichthedestinyandwelfareofallmenconsist，thereisnopossibilityofmakingachoiceamidthisinterminablemultitudeofsubjects；andtherefore，withoutthisknowledge，allotherartsandbranchesoflearningwillbecome，astheyhavebecomeamongus，anidleandhurtfuldiversion。
Mankindhasexistedandexisted，andneverhasitexistedwithoutthescienceofthatinwhichthedestinyandthewelfareofmenconsist。Itistruethatthescienceofthewelfareofmenappearsdifferentonsuperficialobservation，amongtheBuddhists，theBrahmins，theHebrews，theConfucians，theTauists；butnevertheless，whereverwehearofmenwhohaveemergedfromastateofsavagery，wefindthisscience。Andallofasuddenitappearsthatthemenofourdayhavedecidedthatthissamescience，whichhashithertoservedastheguidingthreadofallhumanknowledge，istheverythingwhichhinderseverything。Menerectbuildings；andonearchitecthasmadeoneestimateofcost，asecondhasmadeanother，andathirdyetanother。Theestimatesdiffersomewhat；
buttheyarecorrect，sothatanyonecansee，that，ifthewholeiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththecalculations，thebuildingwillbeerected。Alongcomepeople，andassertthatthechiefpointliesinhavingnoestimates，andthatitshouldbebuiltthus——bytheeye。Andthis\"thus，\"mencallthemostaccurateofscientificscience。Menrepudiateeveryscience，theverysubstanceofscience，——thedefinitionofthedestinyandthewelfareofmen，——andthisrepudiationtheydesignateasscience。
Eversincemenhaveexisted，greatmindshavebeenbornintotheirmidst，which，intheconflictwithreasonandconscience，haveputtothemselvesquestionsasto\"whatconstituteswelfare，——thedestinyandwelfare，notofmyselfalone，butofeveryman？\"Whatdoesthatpowerwhichhascreatedandwhichleadsme，demandofmeandofeveryman？Andwhatisitnecessaryformetodo，inordertocomplywiththerequirementsimposeduponmebythedemandsofindividualanduniversalwelfare？Theyhaveaskedthemselves：\"I
amawhole，andalsoapartofsomethinginfinite，eternal；what，then，aremyrelationstootherpartssimilartomyself，tomenandtothewhole——totheworld？\"
Andfromthevoicesofconscienceandofreason，andfromacomparisonofwhattheircontemporariesandmenwhohadlivedbeforethem，andwhohadpropoundedtothemselvesthesamequestions，hadsaid，thesegreatteachershavededucedtheirdoctrines，whichweresimple，clear，intelligibletoallmen，andalwayssuchasweresusceptibleoffulfilment。Suchmenhaveexistedofthefirst，second，third，andlowestranks。Theworldisfullofsuchmen。
Everylivingmanpropoundsthequestiontohimself，howtoreconcilethedemandsofwelfare，andofhispersonalexistence，withconscienceandreason；andfromthisuniversallabor，slowlybutuninterruptedly，newformsoflife，whicharemoreinaccordwiththerequirementsofreasonandofconscience，areworkedout。
Allatonce，anewcasteofpeoplemakesitsappearance，andtheysay，\"Allthisisnonsense；allthismustbeabandoned。\"Thisisthedeductivemethodofratiocination（whereinliesthedifferencebetweenthedeductiveandtheinductivemethod，noonecanunderstand）；thesearethedogmasofthetechnologicalandmetaphysicalperiod。Everythingthatthesemendiscoverbyinwardexperience，andwhichtheycommunicatetooneanother，concerningtheirknowledgeofthelawoftheirexistence（oftheirfunctionalactivity，accordingtotheirownjargon），everythingthatthegrandestmindsofmankindhaveaccomplishedinthisdirection，sincethebeginningoftheworld，——allthisisnonsense，andhasnoweightwhatever。Accordingtothisnewdoctrine，itappearsthatyouarecells：andthatyou，asacell，haveaverydefinitefunctionalactivity，whichyounotonlyfulfil，butwhichyouinfalliblyfeelwithinyou；andthatyouareathinking，talking，understandingcell，andthatyou，forthisreason，canaskanothersimilartalkingcellwhetheritisjustthesame，andinthiswayverifyyourownexperience；thatyoucantakeadvantageofthefactthatspeakingcells，whichhavelivedbeforeyou，havewrittenonthesamesubject，andthatyouhavemillionsofcellswhichconfirmyourobservationsbytheiragreementwiththecellswhichhavewrittendowntheirthoughts，——allthissignifiesnothing；allthisisanevilandanerroneousmethod。
Thetruescientificmethodisthis：Ifyouwishtoknowinwhatthedestinyandthewelfareofallmankindandofalltheworldconsists，youmust，firstofall，ceasetolistentothevoicesofyourconscienceandofyourreason，whichpresentthemselvesinyouandinotherslikeyou；youmustceasetobelieveallthatthegreatteachersofmankindhavesaidwithregardtoyourconscienceandreason，andyoumustconsiderallthisasnonsense，andbeginalloveragain。And，inordertounderstandeverythingfromthebeginning，youmustlookthroughmicroscopesatthemovementsofamoebae，andcellsinworms，or，withstillgreatercomposure，believeineverythingthatmenwithadiplomaofinfallibilityshallsaytoyouaboutthem。Andasyougazeatthemovementsofthesecells，orreadaboutwhatothershaveseen，youmustattributetothesecellsyourownhumansensationsandcalculationsastowhattheydesire，whithertheyaredirectingthemselves，howtheycompareanddiscuss，andtowhattheyhavebecomeaccustomed；andfromtheseobservations（inwhichthereisnotawordaboutanerrorofthoughtorofexpression）youmustdeduceaconclusionbyanalogyastowhatyouare，whatisyourdestiny，whereinliesthewelfareofyourselfandofothercellslikeyou。Inordertounderstandyourself，youmuststudynotonlythewormswhichyousee，butmicroscopiccreatureswhichyoucanbarelysee，andtransformationsfromonesetofcreaturesintoothers，whichnoonehaseverbeheld，andwhichyou，mostassuredly，willneverbehold。Andthesamewithart。
Wheretherehasbeentruescience，arthasalwaysbeenitsexponent。
Eversincemenhavebeeninexistence，theyhavebeeninthehabitofdeducing，fromallpursuits，theexpressionsofvariousbranchesoflearningconcerningthedestinyandthewelfareofman，andtheexpressionofthisknowledgehasbeenartinthestrictsenseoftheword。
Eversincemenhaveexisted，therehavebeenthosewhowerepeculiarlysensitiveandresponsivetothedoctrineregardingthedestinyandwelfareofman；whohavegivenexpressiontotheirownandthepopularconflict，tothedelusionswhichleadthemastrayfromtheirdestinies，theirsufferingsinthisconflict，theirhopesinthetriumphofgood，themdespairoverthetriumphofevil，andtheirrapturesintheconsciousnessoftheapproachingblissofman，onviolandtabret，inimagesandwords。Always，downtothemostrecenttimes，arthasservedscienceandlife，——onlythenwasitwhathasbeensohighlyesteemedofmen。Butart，initscapacityofanimportanthumanactivity，disappearedsimultaneouslywiththesubstitutionforthegenuinescienceofdestinyandwelfare，ofthescienceofanythingyouchoosetofancy。Arthasexistedamongallpeoples，andwillexistuntilthatwhichamongusisscornfullycalledreligionhascometobeconsideredtheonlyscience。
InourEuropeanworld，solongasthereexistedaChurch，asthedoctrineofdestinyandwelfare，andsolongastheChurchwasregardedastheonlytruescience，artservedtheChurch，andremainedtrueart：butassoonasartabandonedtheChurch，andbegantoservescience，whilescienceservedwhatevercametohand，artlostitssignificance。Andnotwithstandingtherightsclaimedonthescoreofancientmemories，andoftheclumsyassertionwhichonlyprovesitslossofitscalling，thatartservesart，ithasbecomeatrade，providingmenwithsomethingagreeable；andassuch，itinevitablycomesintothecategoryofchoreographic，culinary，hair—dressing，andcosmeticarts，whosepractitionersdesignatethemselvesasartists，withthesamerightasthepoets，printers，andmusiciansofourday。
Glancebackwardintothepast，andyouwillseethatinthecourseofthousandsofyears，outofmilliardsofpeople，onlyhalfascoreofConfucius’，Buddhas，Solomons，Socrates，Solons，andHomershavebeenproduced。Evidently，theyarerarelymetwithamongmen，inspiteofthefactthatthesemenhavenotbeenselectedfromasinglecaste，butfrommankindatlarge。Evidently，thesetrueteachersandartistsandlearnedmen，thepurveyorsofspiritualnourishment，arerare。Anditisnotwithoutreasonthatmankindhasvaluedandstillvaluesthemsohighly。
Butitnowappears，thatallthesegreatfactorsinthescienceandartofthepastarenolongerofusetous。Nowadays，scientificandartisticauthoritiescan，inaccordancewiththelawofdivisionoflabor，beturnedoutbyfactorymethods；and，inonedecade，moregreatmenhavebeenmanufacturedinartandscience，thanhaveeverbeenbornofsuchamongallnations，sincethefoundationoftheworld。Nowadaysthereisaguildoflearnedmenandartists，andtheyprepare，byperfectedmethods，allthatspiritualfoodwhichmanrequires。Andtheyhavepreparedsomuchofit，thatitisnolongernecessarytorefertotheelderauthorities，whohaveprecededthem，——notonlytotheancients，buttothosemuchnearertous。Allthatwastheactivityofthetheologicalandmetaphysicalperiod，——allthatmustbewipedout：butthetrue，therationalactivitybegan，say，fiftyyearsago，andinthecourseofthosefiftyyearswehavemadesomanygreatmen，thatthereareabouttengreatmentoeverybranchofscience。Andtherehavecometobesomanysciences，that，fortunately，itiseasytomakethem。
AllthatisrequiredistoaddtheGreekword\"logy\"tothename，andforcethemtoconformtoasetrubric，andthescienceisallcomplete。Theyhavecreatedsomanysciences，thatnotonlycannoonemanknowthemall，butnotasingleindividualcanrememberallthetitlesofalltheexistingsciences；thetitlesaloneformathicklexicon，andnewsciencesaremanufacturedeveryday。TheyhavebeenmanufacturedonthepatternofthatFinnishteacherwhotaughtthelandedproprietor’schildrenFinnishinsteadofFrench。
Everythinghasbeenexcellentlyinculcated；butthereisoneobjection，——thatnooneexceptourselvescanunderstandanythingofit，andallthisisreckonedasutterlyuselessnonsense。However，thereisanexplanationevenforthis。Peopledonotappreciatethefullvalueofscientificscience，becausetheyareundertheinfluenceofthetheologicalperiod，thatprofoundperiodwhenallthepeople，bothamongtheHebrews，andtheChinese，andtheIndians，andtheGreeks，understoodeverythingthattheirgreatteacherssaidtothem。
But，fromwhatevercausethishascomeabout，thefactremains，thatsciencesandartshavealwaysexistedamongmankind，and，whentheyreallydidexist，theywereusefulandintelligibletoallthepeople。Butwepractisesomethingwhichwecallscienceandart，butitappearsthatwhatwedoisunnecessaryandunintelligibletoman。Andhence，howeverbeautifulmaybethethingsthatweaccomplish，wehavenorighttocallthemartsandsciences。
CHAPTERVI。
\"Butyouonlyfurnishadifferentdefinitionofartsandsciences，whichisstricter，andisincompatiblewithscience，\"Ishallbetoldinanswertothis；\"nevertheless，scientificandartisticactivitydoesstillexist。TherearetheGalileos，Brunos，Homers，MichaelAngelos，Beethovens，andallthelesserlearnedmenandartists，whohaveconsecratedtheirentirelivestotheserviceofscienceandart，andwhowere，andwillremain，thebenefactorsofmankind。\"
Generallythisiswhatpeoplesay，strivingtoforgetthatnewprincipleofthedivisionoflabor，onthebasisofwhichscienceandartnowoccupytheirprivilegedposition，andonwhosebasiswearenowenabledtodecidewithoutgrounds，butbyagivenstandard：
Isthere，oristherenot，anyfoundationforthatactivitywhichcallsitselfscienceandart，tosomagnifyitself？
WhentheEgyptianortheGrecianpriestsproducedtheirmysteries，whichwereunintelligibletoanyone，andstatedconcerningthesemysteriesthatallscienceandallartwerecontainedinthem，I
couldnotverifytherealityoftheirscienceonthebasisofthebenefitprocuredbythemtothepeople，becausescience，accordingtotheirassertions，wassupernatural。Butnowweallpossessaverysimpleandcleardefinitionoftheactivityofartandscience，whichexcludeseverythingsupernatural：scienceandartpromisetocarryoutthementalactivityofmankind，forthewelfareofsociety，orofallthehumanrace。
Thedefinitionofscientificscienceandartisentirelycorrect；
but，unfortunately，theactivityofthepresentartsandsciencesdoesnotcomeunderthishead。Someofthemaredirectlyinjurious，othersareuseless，othersstillareworthless，——goodonlyforthewealthy。Theydonotfulfilthatwhich，bytheirowndefinition，theyhaveundertakentoaccomplish；andhencetheyhaveaslittlerighttoregardthemselvesasmenofartandscience，asacorruptpriesthood，whichdoesnotfulfiltheobligationswhichithasassumed，hastherighttoregarditselfasthebearerofdivinetruth。
Anditcanbeunderstoodwhythemakersofthepresentartsandscienceshavenotfulfilled，andcannotfulfil，theirvocation。
Theydonotfulfilit，becauseoutoftheirobligationstheyhaveerectedaright。
Scientificandartisticactivity，initsrealsense，isonlyfruitfulwhenitknowsnorights，butrecognizesonlyobligations。
Onlybecauseitisitspropertytobealwaysthus，doesmankindsohighlyprizethisactivity。Ifmenreallywerecalledtotheserviceofothersthroughartisticwork，theywouldseeinthatworkonlyobligation，andtheywouldfulfilitwithtoil，withprivations，andwithself—abnegation。
ThethinkerortheartistwillneversitcalmlyonOlympianheights，aswehavebecomeaccustomedtorepresentthemtoourselves。Thethinkerortheartistshouldsufferincompanywiththepeople，inorderthathemayfindsalvationorconsolation。Besidesthis，hewillsufferbecauseheisalwaysandeternallyinturmoilandagitation：hemightdecideandsaythatthatwhichwouldconferwelfareonmen，wouldfreethemfromsuffering，wouldaffordthemconsolation；buthehasnotsaidso，andhasnotpresenteditasheshouldhavedone；hehasnotdecided，andhehasnotspoken；andto—
morrow，possibly，itwillbetoolate，——hewilldie。Andthereforesufferingandself—sacrificewillalwaysbethelotofthethinkerandtheartist。
Notofthisdescriptionwillbethethinkerandartistwhoisrearedinanestablishmentwhere，apparently，theymanufacturethelearnedmanortheartist（butinpointoffact，theymanufacturedestroyersofscienceandofart），whoreceivesadiplomaandacertificate，whowouldbegladnottothinkandnottoexpressthatwhichisimposedonhissoul，butwhocannotavoiddoingthattowhichtwoirresistibleforcesdrawhim，——aninwardprompting，andthedemandofmen。
Therewillbenosleek，plump，self—satisfiedthinkersandartists。
Spiritualactivity，anditsexpression，whichareactuallynecessarytoothers，arethemostburdensomeofallman’savocations；across，astheGospelsphraseit。Andthesoleindubitablesignofthepresenceofavocationisself—devotion，thesacrificeofselfforthemanifestationofthepowerthatisimposeduponmanforthebenefitofothers。
Itispossibletostudyouthowmanybeetlesthereareintheworld，toviewthespotsonthesun，towriteromancesandoperas，withoutsuffering；butitisimpossible，withoutself—sacrifice，toinstructpeopleintheirtruehappiness，whichconsistssolelyinrenunciationofselfandtheserviceofothers，andtogivestrongexpressiontothisdoctrine，withoutself—sacrifice。
Christdidnotdieonthecrossinvain；notinvaindoesthesacrificeofsufferingconquerallthings。
Butourartandscienceareprovidedwithcertificatesanddiplomas；
andtheonlyanxietyofallmenis，howtostillbetterguaranteethem，i。e。，howtorendertheserviceofthepeopleimpracticableforthem。
Trueartandtruesciencepossesstwounmistakablemarks：thefirst，aninwardmark，whichisthis，thattheservitorofartandsciencewillfulfilhisvocation，notforprofitbutwithself—
sacrifice；andthesecond，anexternalsign，——hisproductionswillbeintelligibletoallthepeoplewhosewelfarehehasinview。
Nomatterwhatpeoplehavefixeduponastheirvocationandtheirwelfare，sciencewillbethedoctrineofthisvocationandwelfare，andartwillbetheexpressionofthatdoctrine。Thatwhichiscalledscienceandart，amongus，istheproductofidlemindsandfeelings，whichhavefortheirobjecttoticklesimilaridlemindsandfeelings。Ourartsandsciencesareincomprehensible，andsaynothingtothepeople，fortheyhavenotthewelfareofthecommonpeopleinview。
Eversincethelifeofmenhasbeenknowntous，wefind，alwaysandeverywhere，thereigningdoctrinefalselydesignatingitselfasscience，notmanifestingitselftothecommonpeople，butobscuringforthemthemeaningoflife。ThusitwasamongtheGreeksthesophists，thenamongtheChristiansthemystics，gnostics，scholastics，amongtheHebrewstheTalmudistsandCabalists，andsooneverywhere，downtoourowntimes。
Howfortunateitisforusthatweliveinsopeculiaranage，whenthatmentalactivitywhichcallsitselfscience，notonlydoesnoterr，butfindsitself，asweareassured，inaremarkablyflourishingcondition!Doesnotthispeculiargoodfortunearisefromthefactthatmancannotandwillnotseehisownhideousness？
Whyistherenothingleftofthosesciences，andsophists，andCabalists，andTalmudists，butwords，whilewearesoexceptionallyhappy？Surelythesignsareidentical。Thereisthesameself—
satisfactionandblindconfidencethatwe，preciselywe，andonlywe，areontherightpath，andthattherealthingisonlybeginningwithus。Thereisthesameexpectationthatweshalldiscoversomethingremarkable；andthatchiefsignwhichleadsusastrayconvictsusofourerror：allourwisdomremainswithus，andthecommonpeopledonotunderstand，anddonotaccept，anddonotneedit。
Ourpositionisaverydifficultone，butwhynotlookatitsquarely？
Itistimetorecoveroursenses，andtoscrutinizeourselves。
SurelywearenothingelsethanthescribesandPharisees，whositinMoses’seat，andwhohavetakenthekeysofthekingdomofheaven，andwillneithergoinourselves，norpermitotherstogoin。Surelywe，thehighpriestsofscienceandart，areourselvesworthlessdeceivers，possessingmuchlessrighttoourpositionthanthemostcraftyanddepravedpriests。Surelywehavenojustificationforourprivilegedposition。Thepriestshadarighttotheirposition：theydeclaredthattheytaughtthepeoplelifeandsalvation。Butwehavetakentheirplace，andwedonotinstructthepeopleinlife，——weevenadmitthatsuchinstructionisunnecessary，——butweeducateourchildreninthesameTalmudic—GreekandLatingrammar，inorderthattheymaybeabletopursuethesamelifeofparasiteswhichweleadourselves。Wesay，\"Thereusedtobecastes，buttherearenoneamongus。\"Butwhatdoesitmean，thatsomepeopleandtheirchildrentoil，whileotherpeopleandtheirchildrendonottoil？
BringhitheranIndianignorantofourlanguage，andshowhimEuropeanlife，andourlife，forseveralgenerations，andhewillrecognizethesameleading，well—definedcastes——oflaborersandnon—laborers——asthereareinhisowncountry。Andasinhisland，soinours，therightofrefusingtolaborisconferredbyapeculiarconsecration，whichwecallscienceandart，or，ingeneralterms，culture。Itisthisculture，andallthedistortionsofsenseconnectedwithit，whichhavebroughtustothatmarvellousmadness，inconsequenceofwhichwedonotseethatwhichissoclearandindubitable。
CHAPTERVII。
Then，whatistobedone？Whatarewetodo？
Thisquestion，whichincludeswithinitselfbothanadmissionthatourlifeisevilandwrong，andinconnectionwiththis，——asthoughitwereanexerciseforit，——thatitisimpossible，nevertheless，tochangeit，thisquestionIhaveheard，andIcontinuetohear，onallsides。Ihavedescribedmyownsufferings，myowngropings，andmyownsolutionofthisquestion。Iamthesamekindofamanaseverybodyelse；andifIaminanywisedistinguishedfromtheaveragemanofourcircle，itischieflyinthisrespect，thatI，morethantheaverageman，haveservedandwinkedatthefalsedoctrineofourworld；Ihavereceivedmoreapprobationfrommenprofessingtheprevailingdoctrine：andtherefore，morethanothers，haveIbecomedepraved，andwanderedfromthepath。AndthereforeIthinkthatthesolutionoftheproblem，whichIhavefoundinmyowncase，willbeapplicabletoallsincerepeoplewhoarepropoundingthesamequestiontothemselves。
Firstofall，inanswertothequestion，\"Whatistobedone？\"I
toldmyself：\"Imustlieneithertootherpeoplenortomyself。I
mustnotfearthetruth，whithersoeveritmayleadme。\"
Weallknowwhatitmeanstolietootherpeople，butwearenotafraidtolietoourselves；yettheveryworstdownrightlie，tootherpeople，isnottobecomparedinitsconsequenceswiththelietoourselves，uponwhichwebaseourwholelife。
Thisisthelieofwhichwemustnotbeguiltyifwearetobeinapositiontoanswerthequestion：\"Whatistobedone？\"And，infact，howamItoanswerthequestion，\"Whatistobedone？\"wheneverythingthatIdo，whenmywholelife，isfoundedonalie，andwhenIcarefullyparadethislieasthetruthbeforeothersandbeforemyself？Nottolie，inthissense，meansnottofearthetruth，nottodevisesubterfuges，andnottoacceptthesubterfugesdevisedbyothersforthepurposeofhidingfrommyselfthedeductionsofmyreasonandmyconscience；nottofeartopartcompanywithallthosewhosurroundme，andtoremainaloneincompanywithreasonandconscience；nottofearthatpositiontowhichthetruthshallleadme，beingfirmlyconvincedthatthatpositiontowhichtruthandconscienceshallconductme，howeversingularitmaybe，cannotbeworsethantheonewhichisfoundedonalie。Nottolie，inourpositionofprivilegedpersonsofmentallabor，means，nottobeafraidtoreckonone’sselfupwrongly。Itispossiblethatyouarealreadysodeeplyindebtedthatyoucannottakestockofyourself；buttowhateverextentthismaybethecase，howeverlongmaybetheaccount，howeverfaryouhavestrayedfromthepath，itisstillbetterthantocontinuetherein。Alietootherpeopleisnotaloneunprofitable；everymatterissettledmoredirectlyandmorespeedilybythetruththanbyalie。Alietoothersonlyentanglesmatters，anddelaysthesettlement；butalietoone’sself，setforthasthetruth，ruinsaman’swholelife。Ifaman，havingenteredonthewrongpath，assumesthatitisthetrueone，theneverystepthathetakesonthatpathremoveshimfartherfromhisgoal。Ifamanwhohaslongbeentravellingonthisfalsepathdivinesforhimself，orisinformedbysomeone，thathiscourseisamistakenone，butgrowsalarmedattheideathathehaswanderedveryfarastrayandtriestoconvincehimselfthathemay，possibly，stillstrikeintotherightroad，thenheneverwillgetintoit。Ifamanquailsbeforethetruth，and，onperceivingit，doesnotacceptit，butdoesacceptalieforthetruth，thenheneverwilllearnwhatheoughttodo。We，thenotonlywealthy，butprivilegedandso—calledcultivatedpersons，haveadvancedsofaronthewrongroad，thatagreatdealofdetermination，oraverygreatdealofsufferingonthewrongroad，isrequired，inordertobringustooursensesandtotheacknowledgmentofthelieinwhichweareliving。Ihaveperceivedthelieofourlives，thankstothesufferingswhichthefalsepathentaileduponme，and，havingrecognizedthefalsenessofthispathonwhichIstood，Ihavehadtheboldnesstogoatfirstinthoughtonly——whitherreasonandconscienceledme，withoutreflectingwheretheywouldbringmeout。
AndIhavebeenrewardedforthisboldness。
Allthecomplicated，broken，tangled，andincoherentphenomenaoflifesurroundingme，havesuddenlybecomeclear；andmypositioninthemidstofthesephenomena，whichwasformerlystrangeandburdensome，hasbecome，allatonce，natural，andeasytobear。
Inthisnewposition，myactivitywasdefinedwithperfectaccuracy；
notatallasithadpreviouslypresenteditselftome，butasanewandmuchmorepeaceful，loving，andjoyousactivity。Theverythingwhichhadformerlyterrifiedme，nowbegantoattractme。HenceI
think，thatthemanwhowillhonestlyputtohimselfthequestion，\"Whatistobedone？\"and，replyingtothisquery，willnotlietohimself，butwillgowhitherhisreasonleads，hasalreadysolvedtheproblem。
Thereisonlyonethingthatcanhinderhiminhissearchforanissue，——anerroneouslyloftyideaofhimselfandofhisposition。
Thiswasthecasewithme；andthenanother，arisingfromthefirstanswertothequestion：\"Whatistobedone？\"consistedformeinthis，thatitwasnecessaryformetorepent，inthefullsenseofthatword，——i。e。，toentirelyaltermyconceptionofmypositionandmyactivity；toconfessthehurtfulnessandemptinessofmyactivity，insteadofitsutilityandgravity；toconfessmyownignoranceinsteadofculture；toconfessmyimmoralityandharshnessintheplaceofmykindnessandmorality；insteadofmyelevation，toacknowledgemylowliness。Isay，thatinadditiontonotlyingtomyself，Ihadtorepent，because，althoughtheoneflowsfromtheother，afalseconceptionofmyloftyimportancehadsogrownupwithme，that，untilIsincerelyrepentedandcutmyselffreefromthatfalseestimatewhichIhadformedofmyself，IdidnotperceivethegreaterpartofthelieofwhichIhadbeenguiltytomyself。
OnlywhenIhadrepented，thatistosay，whenIhadceasedtolookuponmyselfasaregularman，andhadbeguntoregardmyselfasamanexactlylikeeveryoneelse，——onlythendidmypathbecomeclearbeforeme。BeforethattimeIhadnotbeenabletoanswerthequestion：\"Whatistobedone？\"becauseIhadstatedthequestionitselfwrongly。