AndIsay，thatsuchfactionsasthesecannevercreateanyobstructiontoaprincewhopursuestheunionofhissubjects，nordisturbthepeaceofhisgovernment。Themenwhocomposethemmustbedesperate，andimpotent；
themostdespicableofallcharacters，whentheygotogetherEveryhonestandsensiblemanwilldistinguishhimselfoutoftheirnumber：andtheywillremain，astheydeservetobe，hewersofwood，anddrawersofwater，totherestoftheirfellowsubjects。
Theywillremainsuch，iftheyareabandonedtothemselves，andtothathabitualinfatuationwhichtheyhavenotsenseandspiritenoughtobreak。
Butifaprince，outofgoodnessorpolicy，shouldthinkitworthhiswhiletotakethemfromunderthisinfluence，andtobreakthesehabits；eventhisdivision，themostabsurdofallothers，willnotbefoundincurable。Amanwhohasnotseentheinsideofparties，norhadopportunitiestoexaminenearlytheirsecretmotives，canhardlyconceivehowlittleashareprincipleofanysort，thoughprincipleofsomesortorotherbealwayspretended，hasinthedeterminationoftheirconduct。Reasonhassmalleffectonnumbers。
Aturnofimagination，oftenasviolentandassuddenasagustofwind，determinestheirconduct：andpassionistaken，byothers，andbythemselvestoo，whenitgrowsintohabitespecially，forprinciple。WhatgavestrengthandspirittoaJacobitepartyafterthelateKing’saccession？Thetrueansweris，asuddenturnoftheimaginationsofawholepartytoresentmentandrage，thatwereturnedalittlebeforetoquietsubmission，andpatientexpectation。Principlehadaslittleshareinmakingtheturn，asreasonhadinconductingit。Menwhohadsense，andtempertoo，beforethatmoment，thoughtofnothing，afterit，butsettingupaTorykingagainstaWhigking：
andwhensomeofthemwereasked，iftheyweresureapopishkingwouldmakeagoodToryking，orwhethertheyweredeterminedtosacrificetheirreligionandlibertytohimtheanswerwas，no；thattheywouldtakearmsagainsthimifhemadeattemptsoneither；thatthismightbethecase，perhaps，insixmonthsafterhisrestoration，butthat，inthemeantime，theywouldendeavourhisrestoration。Thisisnoexaggeratedfact：andIleaveallmentojudge，towhatsuchsentimentsandconductmustbeascribed，toprincipleorpassion，toreasonormadness？Whatgivesobstinacywithoutstrength，andsullennesswithoutspirit，totheJacobiteToriesatthistime？Anotherturnofimagination，orratherthesameshowingitselfinanotherform；afactioushabit，andafactiousnotion，convertedintoanotionofpolicyandhonour。Theyaretaughttobelieve，thatbyclingingtogethertheyareaconsiderableweight，whichmaybethrownintoturnthescaleinanygreatevent；andthatinthemeantime，tobeasteadysufferingpartyisanhonourtheymayflatterthemselveswithveryjustly。Thus，theycontinuesteadytoengagementswhichmostofthemwishintheirheartstheyhadnevertaken；
andsufferforprinciples，insupportofwhichnotoneofthemwouldventurefurther，thantalkingthetreasonthatclaretinspires。
Itresults，therefore，fromallthathasbeensaid，andfromthereflectionswhichthesehintsmaysuggest，thatinwhateverlightweviewthedividedstateofapeople，thereisnoneinwhichthesedivisionswillappearincurable，noranunionofthemembersofagreatcommunitywithoneanother，andwiththeirhead，unattainable。Itmayhappeninthiscaseasitdoesinmanyothers，thatthingsuncommonmaypassforimprobableorimpossible：and，asnothingcanbemoreuncommonthanaPatriotKing，therewillbenoroomtowonderifthenaturalandcertaineffectsofhisconductshouldappearimprobableorimpossibletomany。Butthereisstillsomethingmoreinthiscase。Thoughtheunionwespeakofbesomuchfortheinterestofeverykingandeverypeople，thattheirgloryandtheirprosperitymustincrease，ordiminish，inproportionastheyapproachnearertoit，orarefurtherremovedfromit；yetisthereanotherinterest，bywhichprincesandpeoplebothareoftenimposeduponsofar，astomistakeitfortheirown。TheinterestImean，isthatofprivateambition。Itwouldbeeasytoshowinmanyinstances，andparticularlyinthis，ofunitinginsteadofdividing，andofgoverningbyanationalconcurrenceinsteadofgoverningbythemanagementofpartiesandfactionsinthestate，howwidelydifferent，nayhowrepugnant，theinterestsofprivateambitionandthoseofrealpatriotismare。Men，therefore，whoarewarmedbythefirst，andhavenosenseofthelast，willdeclarefordivisionastheydoforcorruption，inoppositiontounionandtointegrityofgovernment。Theywillnotindeeddeclaredirectly，thatthetwoformerareintheabstractpreferable；buttheywillaffirm，withgreatairsofsufficiency，thatbothareincurable；andconcludefromhence，thatinpracticeitisnecessarytocomplywithboth。Thissubterfugeonceopen，thereisnofalseandimmoralmeasureinpoliticalmanagementwhichmaynotbeavowedandrecommended。Buttheverymen，whohopetoescapebyopeningit，shutitupagain，andsecuretheirowncondemnation，whentheylabourtoconfirmdivisions，andtopropagatecorruption，andtherebytocreatetheverynecessitythattheypleadintheirexcuse。Necessityofthiskindthereisinrealitynone；foritseemsfullasabsurdtosay，thatpopulardivisionsmustbecultivated，becausepopularunioncannotbeprocured，asitwouldbetosaythatpoisonmustbepouredintoawound，becauseitcannotbehealed。Thepracticeofmorality，inprivatelife，willneverarriveatidealperfection：
mustwegiveupourselves，therefore，toallmannerofimmorality？Andmustthosewhoarechargedwithourinstructionendeavourtomakeusthemostprofligateofmen，becausetheycannotmakeussaints？
Experienceofthedepravityofhumannaturemademendesiroustouniteinsocietyandundergovernment，thattheymightdefendthemselvesthebetteragainstinjuries；butthesamedepravitysooninspiredtosomethedesignofemployingsocietiestoinvadeandspoilsocieties；andtodisturbthepeaceofthegreatcommonwealthofmankind，withmoreforceandeffectinsuchcollectivebodies，thantheycoulddoindividually。Justsoithappensinthedomesticeconomyofparticularstates：andtheirpeaceisdisturbedbythesamepassions。Someoftheirmemberscontentthemselveswiththecommonbenefitsofsociety，andemployalltheirindustrytopromotethepublicgood：butsomeproposetothemselvesaseparateinterest，and，thattheymaypursueitthemoreeffectually，theyassociatewithothers。Thusfactionsareinthem，whatnationsareintheworld；theyinvadeandroboneanother：
and，whileeachpursuesaseparateinterest，thecommoninterestissacrificedbythemall：thatofmankindinonecase，thatofsomeparticularcommunityintheother。Thishasbeen，andmustalwaysbe，insomemeasure，thecourseofhumanaffairs，especiallyinfreecountries，wherethepassionsofmenarelessrestrainedbyauthority：andIamnotwildenoughtosupposethataPatriotKingcanchangehumannature。ButIamreasonableenoughtosuppose，that，withoutalteringhumannature，hemaygiveachecktothiscourseofhumanaffairs，inhisownkingdomatleast；thathemaydefeatthedesigns，andbreakthespiritoffaction，insteadofpartakinginone，andassumingtheother；andthat，ifhecannotrendertheunionofhissubjectsuniversal，hemayrenderitsogeneralastoansweralltheendsofgoodgovernment，privatesecurity，publictranquillity，wealth，power，andfame。
Iftheseendswereeveranswered，theywereso，surely，inthiscountry，inthedaysofourElizabeth。Shefoundherkingdomfulloffactions，andfactionsofanotherconsequenceanddangerthantheseofourdays，whomshewouldhavedispersedwithapuffofherbreath。Shecouldnotre—unitethem，itistrue：thepapistcontinuedapapist，thepuritanapuritan；onefurious，theothersullen。Butsheunitedthegreatbodyofthepeopleinherandtheircommoninterest，sheinflamedthemwithonenationalspirit，and，thusarmed，shemaintainedtranquillityathome，andcarriedsuccourtoherfriendsandterrortoherenemiesabroad。Therewerecabalsathercourt，andintriguesamongherministers。Itissaidtoo，thatshedidnotdislikethatthereshouldbesuch。Butthesewerekeptwithinhercourt。Theycouldnotcreepabroad，tosowdivisionamongherpeople，andhergreatestfavouritetheEarlofEssexpaidthepriceofattemptingitwithhishead。Letourgreatdoctorsinpolitics，whopreachsolearnedlyonthetritetextdivideetimpera，comparetheconductofElizabethinthisrespectwiththatofhersuccessor，whoendeavouredtogovernhiskingdombythenotionsofafactionthatheraised，andtomanagehisparliamentbyundertakers：andtheymustbeveryobstinateindeed，iftheyrefusetoacknowledge，thatawiseandgoodprincecanuniteadividedpeople，thoughaweakandwickedprincecannot；
andthattheconsequencesofnationalunionaregloryandhappinesstotheprinceandtothepeople，whilstthoseofdisunionbringshameandmiseryonboth，andentailthemtooonposterity。
Ihavedweltlongonthelasthead，notonlybecauseitisofgreatimportanceinitself，andatalltimes，butbecauseitisrenderedmoresothaneveratthistime，bytheunexampledavowalofcontraryprinciples。Hithertoithasbeenthoughtthehighestpitchofproligacytoown，insteadofconcealing，crimes，andtotakeprideinthem，insteadofbeingashamedofthem。Butinouragemenhavesoaredtoapitchstillhigher。Thefirstiscommon，itisthepracticeofnumbers，andbytheirnumberstheykeeponeanotherincountenance。Butthechoicespiritsofthesedays，themenofmodeinpolitics，arefarfromstoppingwherecriminalsofallkindshavestopped，whentheyhavegoneeventothispoint；forgenerallythemosthardenedoftheinhabitantsofNewgatedonotgosofar。ThemenIspeakofcontend，thatitisnotenoughtobeviciousbypracticeandhabit，butthatitisnecessarytobesobyprinciple。Theymakethemselvesmissionariesoffactionaswellasofcorruption：theyrecommendboth，theyderideallsuchasimagineitpossible，orfittoretaintruth，integrity，andadisinterestedregardtothepublicinpubliclife，andpronounceeverymanafoolwhoisnotreadytoactlikeaknave。Ihopethatenoughhasbeensaid，thoughmuchmoremighthavebeensaid，toexposethewickednessofthesemen，andtheabsurdityoftheirschemes；andtoshowthataPatriotKingmaywalkmoreeasilyandsuccessfullyinotherpathsofgovernment，pertutumplanumqueiterreligionis，justitiae，honestatis，virtutumquemoralium。Letmeproceed，therefore，tomentiontwootherheadsoftheconductthatsuchakingwillhold，anditshallbemyendeavournottofallintothesameprolixity。
Akingwhoesteemsithisdutytosupport，ortorestore，ifthatbeneedful，thefreeconstitutionofalimitedmonarchy；whoformsandmaintainsawiseandgoodadministration；whosubduesfaction，andpromotestheunionofhispeople：andwhomakestheirgreatestgoodtheconstantobjectofhisgovernment，maybesaid，nodoubt，tobeinthetrueinterestofhiskingdom。Alltheparticularcases，thatcanarise，areincludedinthesegeneralcharacteristicsofawiseandgoodreign。Andyetitseemspropertomention，underadistincthead，someparticularinstancesthathavenotbeentouched，whereinthiswisdomandgoodnesswillexertthemselves。
Now，thoughthetrueinterestofseveralstatesmaybethesameinmanyrespects，yetistherealwayssomedifferencetobeperceived，byadiscerningeye，bothintheseinterests，andinthemannerofpursuingthem；adifferencethatarisesfromthesituationofcountries，fromthecharacterofpeople，fromthenatureofgovernment，andevenfromthatofclimateandsoil；fromcircumstancesthatare，likethese，permanent，andfromothersthatmaybedeemedmoreaccidental。Toillustrateallthisbyexamples，wouldbeeasy，butlong。Ishallcontentmyselfthereforetomention，insomeinstancesonly，thedifferencethatarisesfromthecausesreferredto，betweenthetrueinterestofourcountry，andthatofsomeorallourneighboursonthecontinent：andleavetoextendandapplyinownthoughtsthecomparisonI
shallhintat，ratherthanenlargeupon。
ThesituationofGreatBritain，thecharacterofherpeople，andthenatureofhergovernment，fitherfortradeandcommerce。Herclimateandhersoilmakethemnecessarytoherwellbeing。Bytradeandcommercewegrowarichandpowerfulnation，andbytheirdecaywearegrowingpoorandimpotent。
Astradeandcommerceenrich，sotheyfortify，ourcountry。Theseaisourbarrier，shipsareourfortresses，andthemariners，thattradeandcommercealonecanfurnish，arethegarrisonstodefendthem。Franceliesundergreatdisadvantagesintradeandcommerce，bythenatureofhergovernment。Heradvantages，insituation，areasgreatatleastasours。Thosethatarise，fromthetemperandcharacterofherpeople，arealittledifferentperhaps，andyetuponthewholeequivalent。Thoseofherclimateandhersoilaresuperiortoours，andindeedtothoseofanyEuropeannation。TheUnitedProvinceshavethesameadvantagesthatwehaveinthenatureoftheirgovernment，moreperhapsinthetemperandcharacteroftheirpeople，lesstobesureintheirsituation，climate，andsoil。But，withoutdescendingintoalongerdetailoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesattendingeachofthesenationsintradeandcommerce，itissufficientformypresentpurposetoobserve，thatGreatBritainstandsinacertainmiddlebetweentheothertwo，withregardtowealthandpowerarisingfromthesesprings。Aless，andalessconstant，applicationtotheimprovementofthesemayservetheendsofFrance；
agreaterisnecessaryinthiscountry。andagreaterstillinHolland。TheFrenchmayimprovetheirnaturalwealthandpowerbytheimprovementoftradeandcommerce。Wecanhavenowealth，norpowerbyconsequence，asEuropeisnowconstituted，withouttheimprovementofthem，norinanydegreebutproportionablytothisimprovement。TheDutchcannotsubsistwithoutthem。
Theybringwealthtoothernations，andarenecessarytothewellbeingofthem；buttheysupplytheDutchwithfoodandraiment，andarenecessaryeventotheirbeing。
Theresultofwhathasbeensaidisingeneral，thatthewealthandpowerofallnationsdependingsomuchontheirtradeandcommerce，andeverynationbeing，likethethreeIhavementioned，insuchdifferentcircumstancesofadvantageordisadvantageinthepursuitofthiscommoninterest；agoodgovernment，andthereforethegovernmentofaPatriotKing，willbedirectedconstantlytomakethemostofeveryadvantagethatnaturehasgiven，orartcanprocure，towardstheimprovementoftradeandcommerce。Andthisisoneoftheprincipalcriterionsbywhichwearetojudge，whethergovernorsareinthetrueinterestofthepeopleornot。
Itresults，inparticular，thatGreatBritainmightimproveherwealthandpowerinaproportionsuperiortothatofanynationwhocanbedeemedherrival，iftheadvantagesshehaswereaswiselycultivated，astheywillbeinthereignofaPatriotKing。Tobeconvincedmorethoroughlyofthistruth，averyshortprocessofreasoningwillsuffice。Letanymanwhohasknowledgeenoughforit，firstcomparethenaturalstateofGreatBritain，andoftheUnitedProvinces，andthentheirartificialstatetogether。thatis，lethimconsiderminutelytheadvantageswehavebythesituation，extent，andnatureofourisland，overtheinhabitantsofafewsaltmarshesgainedonthesea，andhardlydefendedfromit：andafterthat，lethimconsiderhownearlytheseprovinceshaveraisedthemselvestoanequalityofwealthandpowerwiththekingdomofGreatBritain。Fromwhencearisesthisdifferenceofimprovement？Itarisesplainlyfromhence：theDutchhavebeen，fromthefoundationoftheircommonwealth，anationofpatriotsandmerchants。Thespiritofthatpeoplehasnotbeendivertedfromthesetwoobjects，thedefenceoftheirliberty，andtheimprovementoftheirtradeandcommerce：whichhavebeencarriedonbythemwithuninterruptedandunslackenedapplication，industry，order，andeconomy。InGreatBritainthecasehasnotbeenthesame，ineitherrespect；buthereweconfineourselvestospeakofthelastalone。
Tradeandcommerce，suchastheywereinthosedays，hadbeensometimes，andinsomeinstances，beforethereignofQueenElizabeth，encouragedandimproved：butthegreatencouragementsweregiven，thegreatextensionsandimprovementsweremade，bythatgloriousprincess。Toherweowethatspiritofdomesticandforeigntradewhichisnotquiteextinguished。Itwasshewhogavethatrapidmotiontoourwholemercantilesystemwhichisnotentirelyceased。Theybothflaggedunderhersuccessor。werenotrevivedunderhisson；werechecked，diverted，clogged，andinterrupted，duringourcivilwars；
andbegantoexertnewvigouraftertheRestoration，inalongcourseofpeace；butmetwithnewdifficulties，too，fromtheconfirmedrivalryoftheDutch，andthegrowingrivalryoftheFrench。TooneofthesethepusillanimouscharacterofJamestheFirstgavemanyscandalousoccasions：andtheotherwasfavouredbytheconductofCharlestheSecond，whoneverwasinthetrueinterestofthepeoplehegoverned。FromtheRevolutiontothedeathofQueenAnne，howevertradeandcommercemightbeaidedandencouragedinotherrespects，theywerenecessarilysubjectedtodepredationsabroad，andoverloadedbytaxesathome，duringthecourseoftwogreatwars。Fromtheaccessionofthelatekingtothishour，inthemidstofafullpeace，thedebtsofthenationcontinuemuchthesame，thetaxeshavebeenincreased，andforeighteenyearsofthistimewehavetamelysufferedcontinualdepredationsfromthemostcontemptiblemaritimepowerinEurope，thatofSpain。
APatriotKingwillneitherneglectnorsacrificehiscountry’sinterest。
Nootherinterest，neitheraforeignnoradomestic，neitherapublicnoraprivate，willinfluencehisconductingovernment。Hewillnotmultiplytaxeswantonlynorkeepupthoseunnecessarilywhichnecessityhaslaid，thathemaykeepuplegionsoftax—gatherers。Hewillnotcontinuenationaldebts，byallsortsofpoliticalandotherprofusion；nor，morewickedlystill，byasettledpurposeofoppressingandimpoverishingthepeople；thathemaywithgreatereasecorruptsome，andgovernthewhole，accordingtothedictatesofhispassionsandarbitrarywill。Togiveeaseandencouragementtomanufactoryathome，toassistandprotecttradeabroad，toimproveandkeepinheartthenationalcolonies，likesomanyfarmsofthemothercountry，willbeprincipalandconstantpartsoftheattentionofsuchaprince。Thewealthofthenationhewillmostjustlyesteemtobehiswealth，thepowerhispower，thesecurityandthehonour，hissecurityandhonour；and，bytheverymeansbywhichhepromotesthetwofirst，hewillwiselypreservethetwolast；forbythesemeans，andbythesealone，canthegreatadvantageofthesituationofthiskingdombetakenandimproved。
GreatBritainisanisland：and，whilstnationsonthecontinentareatimmensechargeinmaintainingtheirbarriers，andperpetuallyontheirguard，andfrequentlyembroiled，toextendorstrengthenthem，GreatBritainmay，ifhergovernorsplease，accumulatewealthinmaintaininghers；makeherselfsecurefrominvasions，andbereadytoinvadeotherswhenherownimmediateinterest，orthegeneralinterestofEuroperequireit。OfallwhichQueenElizabeth’sreignisamemorableexample，andundeniableproof。IsaidthegeneralinterestofEurope；becauseitseemstomethatthis，alone，shouldcallourcouncilsofffromanalmostentireapplicationtotheirdomesticandproperbusiness。Othernationsmustwatchovereverymotionoftheirneighbours；penetrate，iftheycan，everydesign；foreseeeveryminuteevent；
andtakepartbysomeengagementorotherinalmosteveryconjuncturethatarises。Butaswecannotbeeasilynorsuddenlyattacked，andasweoughtnottoaimatanyacquisitionofterritoryonthecontinent，itmaybeourinteresttowatchthesecretworkingsoftheseveralcouncilsabroad；toadvise，andwarn；toabet，andoppose；butitnevercanbeourtrueinteresteasilyandofficiouslytoenterintoaction，muchlessintoengagementsthatimplyactionandexpense。Othernations，likethevelitesorlight—armedtroops，standforemostinthefield，andskirmishperpetually。Whenagreatwarbegins，weoughttolookonthepowersofthecontinent，towhomweincline，likethetwofirstlines，theprincipesandhastatiofaRomanarmy：andonourselves，likethetriarii，thatarenottochargewiththeselegionsoneveryoccasion，buttobereadyfortheconflictwheneverthefortuneoftheday，beitsoonerorlater，callsustoit，andthesumofthings，orthegeneralinterest，makesitnecessary。
Thisisthatpostofadvantageandhonour，whichoursingularsituationamongthepowersofEuropedeterminesus，orshoulddetermineus，totake，inalldisputesthathappenonthecontinent。Ifweneglectit，anddissipateourstrengthonoccasionsthattouchusremotelyorindirectly，wearegovernedbymenwhodonotknowthetrueinterestofthisisland，orwhohavesomeotherinterestmoreatheart。Ifweadheretoit，soatleastastodeviatelittleandseldomfromit，asweshalldowheneverwearewiselyandhonestlygoverned，thenwillthisnationmakeherproperfigure：andagreatoneitwillbe。Byacontinualattentiontoimprovehernatural，thatishermaritimestrength，bycollectingallherforceswithinherself，andreservingthemtobelaidoutongreatoccasions，suchasregardherimmediateinterestsandherhonour，orsuchasaretrulyimportanttothegeneralsystemofpowerinEurope；shemaybethearbitratorofdifferences，theguardianofliberty，andthepreserverofthatbalance，whichhasbeensomuchtalkedof，andissolittleunderstood。
’Arewenevertobesoldiers？’youwillsay。Yes，constantly，insuchproportionasisnecessaryforthedefenceofgoodgovernment。Toestablishsuchamilitaryforceasnonebutbadgovernorscanwant，istoestablishtyrannicalpowerintheKingorintheministers；andmaybewantedbythelatter，whentheformerwouldbesecurewithouthisarmy，ifhebrokehisminister。Occasionallytoowemustbesoldiers，andforoffenceaswellasdefence；butinproportiontothenatureoftheconjuncture，consideredalwaysrelativelytothedifferencehereinsisteduponbetweenoursituation，ourinterest，andthenatureofourstrength，comparedwiththoseoftheotherpowersofEurope；andnotinproportiontothedesires，oreventothewants，ofthenationswithwhomweareconfederated。Likeotheramphibiousanimals，wemustcomeoccasionallyonshore，butthewaterismoreproperlyourelement，andinit，likethem，aswefindourgreatestsecurity，soweexertourgreatestforce。
WhatItouchuponhere，veryshortly，deservestobeconsidered，andreconsidered，byeverymanwhohas，ormayhave，anyshareinthegovernmentofGreatBritain。
Forwehavenotonlydepartedtoomuchfromourtruenationalinterestinthisrespect；butwehavedonesowiththegeneralapplauseevenofwell—meaningmen，whodidnotdiscernthatwewastedourselvesbyanimproperapplicationofourstrengthinconjunctureswhenwemighthaveservedthecommoncausefarmoreusefully，naywithentireeffect，byaproperapplicationofournaturalstrength。Therewassomethingmorethanthis。Armiesgrewsomuchintofashion，intimeofwar，amongmenwhomeantwelltotheircountry，thattheywhomeanilltoithavekept，andkeepthemstillupintheprofoundestpeace：andthenumberofoursoldiers，inthisislandalone，isalmostdoubletothatofourseamen。Thattheyarekeptupagainstforeignenemies，cannotbesaidwithanycolour。Iftheyarekeptforshow，theyareridiculous。
Iftheyarekeptforanyotherpurposewhatever，theyaretoodangeroustobesuffered。APatriotKing，secondedbyministersattachedtothetrueinterestoftheircountry，wouldsoonreformthisabuse，andsaveagreatpartofthisexpense；orapplyit，inamannerpreferableeventothesavingit，tothemaintenanceofabodyofmarinefoot，andtothechargeofaregisterofthirtyorfortythousandseamen。Butnothoughtslikethese，nogreatdesignsforthehonourandinterestofthekingdom，willbeentertained，tillmenwhohavethishonourandinterestatheartarisetopower。
IcomenowtothelastheadunderwhichIshallconsiderthecharacterandconductofaPatriotKing；andletitnotbethoughttobeoftheleastimportance，thoughitmayseem，atthefirstmention，toconcernappearancesratherthanrealities，andtobenothingmorethanacircumstancecontainedinorimpliedbythegreatpartsofthecharacterandconductofsuchaking。
Itisofhispersonalbehaviour，ofhismanneroflivingwithothermen，and，inaword，ofhisprivateaswellaspubliclifethatImeantospeak。
Itisofthatdecencyandgrace，thatbiensé；anceoftheFrench，thatdecorumoftheLatins，that{pirhoetapiomicronnu，oftheGreeks，whichcanneverbereflectedonanycharacterthatisnotlaidinvirtue：butforwantofwhich，acharacterthatissolaidwilllose，atalltimes，partofthelustrebelongingtoit，andmaybesometimesnotalittlemisunderstoodandundervalued。Beautyisnotseparablefromhealth，northislustre，saidtheStoics，fromvirtue；butasamanmaybehealthfulwithoutbeinghandsome，sohemaybevirtuouswithoutbeingamiable。
Therearecertainfinishingstrokes，alasthandaswecommonlysay，tobegiventoalltheworksofart。Whenthatisnotgiven，wemayseetheexcellencyofageneraldesign，andthebeautyofsomeparticularparts。
Ajudgeoftheartmayseefurther；hemayallowforwhatiswanting，anddiscernthefullmeritofacompleteworkinonethatisimperfect。Butvulgareyeswillnotbesostruck。Theworkwillappeartothemdefective，becauseunfinished：sothatwithoutknowingpreciselywhattheydislike，theymayadmire，buttheywillnotbepleased。Thusinmoralcharacters，thougheverypartbevirtuousandgreat，orthoughthefewandsmalldefectsinitbeconcealedundertheblazeofthoseshiningqualitiesthatcompensateforthem；yetisnotthisenougheveninprivatelife：itislesssoinpubliclife，andstilllesssointhatofaprince。
Thereisacertainspeciesliberalis，moreeasilyunderstoodthanexplained，andfeltthandefined，thatmustbeacquiredandrenderedhabitualtohim。
Acertainproprietyofwordsandactions，thatresultsfromtheirconformitytonatureandcharacter，mustalwaysaccompanyhim，andcreateanairandmannerthatrununiformlythroughthewholetenorofhisconductandbehaviour：
whichairandmanneraresofarfromanykindordegreeoraffectation，thattheycannotbeattainedexceptbyhimwhoisvoidofallaffectation。Wemayillustratethistoourselves，andmakeitmoresensible，byreflectingontheconductofgooddramaticorepicwriters。Theydrawthecharacters，whichtheybringonthescene，fromnature，theysustainthemthroughthewholepiece，andmaketheiractorsneithersaynordoanythingthatisnotexactlypropertothecharactereachofthemrepresents。Oderintdummetuantcameproperlyoutofthemouthofatyrant；butEuripideswouldneverhaveputthatexecrablesentenceintothemouthofMinosorAeacus。
Amanofsenseandvirtuebothwillnotfallintoanygreatimproprietyofcharacter，orindecencyofconduct：buthemayslideorbesurprisedintosmallones，fromathousandreasons，andinathousandmanners，whichIshallnotstaytoenumerate。Againstthese，therefore，evenmen，whoareincapableoffallingintotheothers，mustbestillontheirguard，andnomensomuchasprinces。Whentheirmindsarefilledandtheirheartswarmedwithtruenotionsofgovernment，whentheyknowtheirduty，andlovetheirpeople，theywillnotfailinthegreatpartstheyaretoact，inthecouncil，inthefield，andinallthearduousaffairsthatbelongtotheirkinglyoffice：
atleasttheywillnotbegintofail，byfailinginthem。Butastheyaremensusceptibleofthesameimpressions，liabletothesameerrors，andexposedtothesamepassions，sotheyarelikewiseexposedtomoreandstrongertemptationsthanothers。Besides，theelevationinwhichtheyareplaced，asitgivesthemgreatadvantages，givesthemgreatdisadvantagestoo，thatoftencountervailtheformer。Thus，forinstance，alittlemeritinaprinceisseenandfeltbynumbers：itismultiplied，asitwere，andinproportiontothiseffecthisreputationisraisedbyit。Butthen，alittlefailingisseenandfeltbynumberstoo：itismultipliedinthesamemanner，andhisreputationsinksinthesameproportion。
Ispokeaboveofdefectsthatmaybeconcealedundertheblazeofgreatandshiningqualities。Thismaybethecase；ithasbeenthatofsomeprinces。
TheregoesatraditionthatHenrytheFourthofFranceaskedaSpanishambassador，whatmistressesthekingofSpainhad？Theambassadorreplied，likeaformalpedant，thathismasterwasaprincewhofearedGod，andhadnomistressbutthequeen。HenrytheFourthfeltthereflection，andaskedhiminreturn，withsomecontempt，’Whetherhismasterhadnotvirtuesenoughtocoveronevice？’Thefaultsordefects，thatmaybethuscoveredorcompensated，are，Ithink，thoseoftheman，ratherthanthoseoftheking；suchasarisefromconstitution，andthenaturalratherthanthemoralcharacter；suchasmaybedeemedaccidentalstartsofpassion，oraccidentalremissnessinsomeunguardedhours；surprises，ifImaysayso，ofthemanontheking。Whenthesehappenseldom，andpasssoon，theymaybehidlikespotsinthesun：
buttheyarespotsstill。Hewhohasthemeansofseeingthem，willseethem：
andhewhohasnot，mayfeeltheeffectsofthemwithoutknowingpreciselythecause。Whentheycontinue（forhereisthedanger，because，iftheycontinue，theywillincrease）theyarespotsnolonger：theyspreadageneralshade，andobscurethelightinwhichtheyweredrownedbefore。Thevirtuesofthekingarelostinthevicesoftheman。
Alexanderhadviolentpassions，andthoseforwineandwomenwerepredominant，afterhisambition。Theywerespotsinhischaracterbeforetheyprevailedbytheforceofhabit：assoonastheybegantodoso，thekingandtheheroappearedless，therakeandbullymore。PersepoliswasburntattheinstigationofThais，andClytuswaskilledinadrunkenbrawl。Herepentedindeedofthesetwohorribleactions，andwasagainthekingandherouponmanyoccasions；
buthehadnotbeenenoughonhisguard，whenthestrongestincitementstovanityandtosensualpleasuresofferedthemselvesateverymomenttohim：
and，whenhestoodinallhiseasyhourssurroundedbywomenandeunuchs，bythepanders，parasites，andbuffoonsofavoluptuouscourt，they，whocouldnotapproachtheking，approachedtheman，andbyseducingtheman，theybetrayedtheking。Hisfaultsbecamehabits。TheMacedonians，whodidnotorwouldnotseetheone，sawtheother；andhefellasacrificetotheirresentments，totheirfears，andtothosefactionsthatwillariseunderanodiousgovernment，aswellasunderonethatgrowsintocontempt。
Othercharactersmightbebroughttocontrastwiththis；thefirstScipioAfricanus，forexample，ortheeldestCato：andtherewillbenoobjectiontoacomparisonofsuchcitizensofRome，asthesewere，withkingsofthefirstmagnitude。NowthereputationofthefirstScipiowasnotsoclearanduncontrovertedinprivateasinpubliclife；norwasheallowedbyall，tobeamanofsuchseverevirtue，asheaffected，andasthatagerequired。
NaeviuswasthoughttomeanhiminsomeversesGelliushaspreserved：andValeriusAntiasmadenoscrupletoassert，that，farfromrestoringthefairSpaniardtoherfamily，hedebauchedandkepther。Notwithstandingthis，whatauthoritydidhenotmaintain？Inwhatesteemandvenerationdidhenotliveanddie？Withwhatpanegyricshasnotthewholetorrentofwritersrolleddownhisreputationeventothesedays？Thiscouldnothavehappened，iftheviceimputedtohimhadshownitselfinanyscandalousappearances，toeclipsethelustreofthegeneral，theconsul，orthecitizen。ThesamereJectionmightbeextendedtoCato，wholovedwineaswellasScipiolovedwomen。MendidnotjudgeinthedaysoftheelderCatoperhaps，asSenecawasreadytodointhoseoftheyounger，thatdrunkennesscouldbenocrimeifCatodrank：butCato’spassion，aswellasthatofScipio，wassubduedandkeptunderbyhispubliccharacter。Hisvirtuewarmedinsteadofcooling，bythisindulgencetohisgeniusornaturaltemper：andonemaygather，fromwhatTullyputsintohismouth，inthetreatiseconcerningoldage，thatevenhisloveofwinewasrenderedsubservient，insteadofdoinghurt，tothemeasureshepursuedinhispubliccharacter。
GivemeleavetoinsistalittleonthetwofirstCaesars，andonMarkAntony。Iquotenoneofthemasgoodmen，butImayquotethemallasgreatmen，andthereforeproperlyinthisplace；sinceaPatriotKingmustavoidthedefectsthatdiminishagreatcharacter，aswellasthosethatcorruptagoodone。OldCuriocalledJuliusCaesarthehusbandofeverywife，andthewifeofeveryhusband，referringtohisknownadulteries，andtothecompliancesthathewassuspectedofinhisyouthforNicomedes。Evenhisownsoldiers，inthelicenceofatriumph，sunglampoonsonhimforhisprofusionaswellaslewdness。TheyouthofAugustuswasdefamedasmuchasthatofJuliusCaesar，andbothasmuchasthatofAntony。WhenRomewasransackedbythepandersofAugustus，andmatronsandvirginswerestrippedandsearched，likeslavesinamarket，tochoosethefittesttosatisfyhislust，didAntonydomore？WhenJuliussetnoboundstohisdebauchesinEgypt，exceptthosethatsatietyimposed，postquamepulisbacchoquemodumlassatavoluptasimposuit，whenhetrifledawayhistimewithCleopatraintheverycrisisofthecivilwar，andtillhistroopsrefusedtofollowhimanyfurtherinhiseffeminateprogressuptheNile——didAntonydomore？No；allthreehadviceswhichwouldhavebeensolittleborneinanyformerageofRome，thatnomancouldhaveraisedhimself，undertheweightofthem，topopularityandtopower。
Butwemustnotwonderthatthepeople，whoborethetyrants，borethelibertines；
northatindulgencewasshowntothevicesofthegreat，inacitywhereuniversalcorruptionandprofligacyofmannerswereestablished：andyeteveninthiscity，andamongthesedegenerateRomans，certainitis，thatdifferentappearances，withthesamevices，helpedtomaintaintheCaesars，andruinedAntony。Imightproducemanyanecdotestoshowhowthetwoformersavedappearanceswhilsttheirviceswerethemostflagrant，andmadesomuchamendsfortheappearancestheyhadnotsaved，bythoseofacontrarykind，thatagreatpartatleastofallwhichwassaidtodefamethemmightpass，anddidpass，forthecalumnyofparty。
ButAntonythrewoffalldecorumfromthefirst，andcontinuedtodosotothelast。Notonlyvice，butindecencybecamehabitualtohim。Heceasedtobeageneral，aconsul，atriumvir，acitizenofRome。HebecameanEgyptianking，sunkintoluxuriouseffeminacy，andprovedhewasunfittogovernmen，bysufferinghimselftobegovernedbyawoman。Hisviceshurthim，buthishabitsruinedhim。Ifapoliticalmodestyatleasthadmadehimdisguisethefirst，theywouldhavehurthimless，andhemighthaveescapedthelast：
buthewassolittlesensibleofthis，thatinafragmentofoneofhisletterstoAugustus，whichSuetoniushaspreserved，heendeavourstojustifyhimselfbypleadingthisveryhabit。’Whatmatterisitwhomweliewith？’sayshe：
’thislettermayfindyouperhapswithTertulla，orTerentilla’，orothersthathenames。’IliewithCleopatra，andhaveInotdonesothesenineyears？’
Thesegreatexamples，whichIhaveproduced，nottoencouragevice，buttoshowmorestronglytheadvantagesofdecencyinprivatebehaviour，mayappearinsomesortfiguresbiggerthanthelife。Fewvirtuesandfewvicesgrowup，inthesepartsoftheworldandtheselatterages，tothesizeofthoseIhavementioned；andnonehavesuchsceneswhereintoexertthemselves。
ButthetruthsIamdesiroustoinculcatewillbeasjustlydeliveredinthismanner，andperhapsmorestronglyfelt。Failingsorvicesthatflowfromthesamesourceofhumannature，thatrunthesamecoursethroughtheconductofprinces，andhavethesameeffectsontheircharacters，andconsequentlyontheirgovernmentandtheirfortune，havealltheproportionnecessarytomyapplicationofthem。Itmatterslittlewhetheraprince，whoabandonsthatcommondecorumwhichresultsfromnatureandwhichreasonprescribes，abandonstheparticulardecorumsofthiscountryorthat，ofthisageorthat，whichresultfrommode，andwhichcustomexacts。Itmatterslittle，forinstance，whetheraprincegiveshimselfuptothemoregrossluxuryofthewest，ortothemorerefinedluxuryoftheeast；whetherhebecometheslaveofadomesticharlot，orofaforeignqueen；inshort，whetherheforgethimselfinthearmsofonewhoreoroftwenty；andwhetherheimitateAntony，orakingofAchin，whoisreportedtohavepassedhiswholetimeinaseraglio，eating，drinking，chewingbetel，playingwithwomen，andtalkingofcockfighting。
Tosumupthewholeanddrawtoaconclusion：thisdecency，thisgrace，thisproprietyofmannerstocharacter，issoessentialtoprincesinparticular，thatwheneveritisneglectedtheirvirtuesloseagreatdegreeoflustre，andtheirdefectsacquiremuchaggravation。Naymore；byneglectingthisdecencyandthisgrace，andforwantofasufficientregardtoappearances，eventheirvirtuesmaybetraythemintofailings，theirfailingsintovices，andtheirvicesintohabitsunworthyofprincesandunworthyofmen。
Theconstitutionsofgovernments，andthedifferenttempersandcharactersofpeople，maybethoughtjustlytodeservesomeconsideration，indeterminingthebehaviourofprincesinprivatelifeaswellasinpublic；andtoputadifference，forinstance，betweenthedecorumofakingofFrance，andthatofakingofGreatBritain。
LouistheFourteenthwaskinginanabsolutemonarchy，andreignedoverapeoplewhosegeniusmakesitasfitperhapstoimposeonthembyadmirationandawe，astogainandholdthembyaffection。Accordinglyhekeptgreatstate；washaughty，wasreserved；andallhesaidordidappearedtobeforethoughtandplanned。Hisregardtoappearanceswassuch，thatwhenhismistresswasthewifeofanotherman，andhehadchildrenbyhereveryyear，heendeavouredtocoverherconstantresidenceatcourtbyaplaceshefilledaboutthequeen：andhedinedandsuppedandcohabitedwiththelatterineveryapparentrespectasifhehadhadnomistressatall。Thusheraisedagreatreputation；
hewasreveredbyhissubjects，andadmiredbyhisneighbours：andthiswasdueprincipallytotheartwithwhichhemanagedappearances，soastosetoffhisvirtues，todisguisehisfailingsandhisvices，andbyhisexampleandauthoritytokeepaveildrawnoverthefutilityanddebauchofhiscourt。
Hissuccessor，nottothethrone，buttothesovereignpower，wasamererake，withsomewit，andnomorals；nay，withsolittleregardtothem，thathemadethemasubjectofridiculeindiscourse，andappearedinhiswholeconductmoreprofligate，ifthatcouldbe，thanhewasinprinciple。Thedifferencebetweenthesecharacterssoonappearedinabominableeffects；
suchas，crueltyapart，mightrecallthememoryofNero，or，intheothersex，thatofMessalina，andsuchasIleavethechroniclersofscandaltorelate。
OurElizabethwasqueeninalimitedmonarchy，andreignedoverapeopleatalltimesmoreeasilyledthandriven；andatthattimecapableofbeingattachedtotheirprinceandtheircountry，byamoregenerousprinciplethananyofthosewhichprevailinourdays，byaffection。Therewasastrongprerogativetheninbeing，andthecrownwasinpossessionofgreaterlegalpower。Popularitywas，however，then，asitisnow，andasitmustbealwaysinmixedgovernment，thesoletruefoundationofthatsufficientauthorityandinfluence，whichotherconstitutionsgivetheprincegratis，andindependentlyofthepeople，butwhichakingofthisnationmustacquire。Thewisequeensawit，andshesawtoo，howmuchpopularitydependsonthoseappearances，thatdependonthedecorum，thedecency，thegrace，andtheproprietyofbehaviourofwhichwearespeaking。Awarmconcernfortheinterestandhonourofthenation，atendernessforherpeople，andaconfidenceintheiraffections，wereappearancesthatranthroughherwholepublicconduct，andgavelifeandcolourtoit。Shedidgreatthings，andsheknewhowtosetthemoffaccordingtotheirfullvalue，byhermannerofdoingthem。Inherprivatebehavioursheshowedgreataffability，shedescendedeventofamiliarity’。
butherfamiliaritywassuchascouldnotbeimputedtoherweakness，andwas，therefore，mostjustlyascribedtohergoodness。Thoughawoman，shehidallthatwaswomanishabouther：andifafewequivocalmarksofcoquetryappearedonsomeoccasions，theypassedlikeflashesoflightning，vanishedassoonastheywerediscerned，andimprintednoblotonhercharacter。Shehadprivatefriendships，shehadfavourites：butsheneversufferedherfriendstoforgetshewastheirqueen；andwhenherfavouritesdid，shemadethemfeelthatshewasso。
Hersuccessorhadnovirtuestosetoff，buthehadfailingsandvicestoconceal。Hecouldnotconcealthelatter；and，voidoftheformer，hecouldnotcompensateforthem。Hisfailingsandhisvicesthereforestandinginfullview，hepassedforaweakprinceandanillman；andfellintoallthecontemptwhereinhismemoryremainstothisday。Themethodshetook，topreservehimselffromit，servedbuttoconfirmhiminit。Nomancankeepthedecorumofmannersinlife，whoisnotfreefromeverykindofaffectation，asithasbeensaidalready：buthewhoaffectswhathehasnopretensionsto，orwhatisimpropertohischaracterandrankintheworld，isguiltyofmostconsummatefolly；hebecomesdoublyungracious，doublyindecent，andquiteridiculous。JamestheFirst，nothavingonequalitytoconciliatetheesteemoraffectionofhispeopletohim，endeavouredtoimposeintheirunderstandings；andtocreatearespectforhimself，bypreachingthemostextravagantnotionsaboutkingsingeneral，asiftheyweremiddlebeingsbetweenGodandothermen；andbycomparingtheextentandunsearchablemysteriesoftheirpowerandprerogativetothoseofthedivineprovidence。Hislanguageandhisbehaviourwerecommonlysuitedtosuchfoolishpretensions；andthus，byassumingaclaimtosuchrespectandsubmissionaswerenotduetohim，helostagreatpartofwhatwasduetohim。Inshort，hebegunatthewrongend；forthoughtheshiningqualitiesofthekingmaycoversomefailingsandsomevicesthatdonotgrowuptostronghabitsintheman，yetmustthecharacterofagreatandgoodkingbefoundedinthatofagreatandgoodman。Akingwholivesoutofthesightofhissubjects，orisneverseenbythemexceptonhisthrone，canscarcebedespisedasaman，thoughhemaybehatedasaking。Butthekingwholivesmoreintheirsight，andmoreundertheirobservation，maybedespisedbeforeheishated，andevenwithoutbeinghated。ThishappenedtoKingJames：athousandcircumstancesbroughtittopass，andnonemorethantheindecentweaknesseshehadforhisminions。Hedidnotendeavourtocurethiscontemptandraisehischaracter，onlybyaffectingwhathehadnopretensionsto，asintheformercase；butheendeavouredlikewisemostvainlytodoitbyaffectingwhatwasimpropertohischaracterandrank。Hedidnotendeavourindeedtodisguisehisnaturalpusillanimityandtimidityunderthemaskofabully，whilsthewasimposeduponandinsultedbyallhisneighbours，andaboveallbytheSpaniards；
butheretailedthescrapsofBuchanan，affectedtotalkmuch，figuredinchurchcontroversies，andputonallthepedanticappearancesofascholar，whilstheneglectedallthoseofagreatandgoodman，aswellasking。
Letnotprincesflatterthemselves。Theywillbeexaminedclosely，inprivateaswellasinpubliclife：andthose，whocannotpiercefurther，willjudgeofthembytheappearancestheygiveinboth。Toobtaintruepopularity，thatwhichisfoundedinesteemandaffection，theymust，therefore，maintaintheircharactersinboth；andtothatendneglectappearancesinneither，butobservethedecorumnecessarytopreservetheesteem，whilsttheywintheaffectionsofmankind。Kings，theymustneverforgetthattheyaremen；
men，theymustneverforgetthattheyarekings。Thesentiments，whichoneofthesereflectionsofcourseinspires，willgiveahumaneandaffableairtotheirwholebehaviour，andmakethemtasteinthathighelevationallthejoysofsociallife。Thesentiments，thattheotherreJectionsuggests，willbefoundverycompatiblewiththeformer：andtheymayneverforgetthattheyarekings，thoughtheydonotalwayscarrythecrownontheirheads，northesceptreintheirhands。Vanityandfollymustentrenchthemselvesinaconstantaffectationofstate，topreserveregaldignity：awiseprincewillknowhowtopreserveitwhenhelayshismajestyaside。Hewilldaretoappearaprivateman，andinthatcharacterhewilldrawtohimselfarespectlessostentatious，butmorerealandmorepleasingtohim，thananywhichispaidtothemonarch。Byneversayingwhatisunfitforhimtosay，hewillneverhearwhatisunfitforhimtohear。Byneverdoingwhatisunfitforhimtodo，hewillneverseewhatisunfitforhimtosee。Decencyandproprietyofmannersaresofarfromlesseningthepleasuresoflife，thattheyrefinethem，andgivethemahighertaste：theyaresofarfromrestrainingthefreeandeasycommerceofsociallife，thattheybanishthebaneofit，licentiousnessofbehaviour。Ceremonyisthebarrieragainstthisabuseoflibertyinpublic；politenessanddecencyaresoinprivate：
andtheprince，whopractisesandexactsthem，willamusehimselfmuchbetter，andobligethose，whohavethehonourtobeinhisintimacyandtosharehispleasureswithhim，muchmore，thanhecouldpossiblydobythemostabsoluteandunguardedfamiliarity。
Thatwhichishererecommendedtoprinces，thatconstantguardontheirownbehavioureveninprivatelife，andthatconstantdecorumwhichtheirexampleoughttoexactfromothers，willnotbefoundsodifficultinpracticeasmaybeimagined；iftheyuseaproperdiscernmentinthechoiceofthepersonswhomtheyadmittothenearestdegreesofintimacywiththem。Aprinceshouldchoosehiscompanionswithasgreatcareashisministers。Ifhetruststhebusinessofhisstatetothese，hetrustshischaractertothose；andhischaracterwilldependontheirsmuchmorethaniscommonlythought。Generalexperiencewillleadmentojudgethatasimilitudeofcharacterdeterminedthechoice；evenwhenchance，indulgencetoassiduity，goodnature，orwantofreflection，hadtheirshareintheintroductionofmenunworthyofsuchfavour。But，insuchcases，certainitisthatthey，whojudgedwrongatfirstconcerninghim，willjudgerightatlast。Heisnotatrifler，forinstance。Beitso：butifhetakestrifling，futilecreatures，menofmeancharacters，orofnocharacter，intohisintimacy，heshowsadispositiontobecomesuch；andwillbecomesuch，unlesshebreaksthesehabitsearly，andbeforepuerileamusementsaregrownuptobethebusinessofhislife。
Imean，thatthemindsofprinces，likethemindsofothermen，willbebroughtdowninsensiblytothetoneofthecompanytheykeep。
Aworseconsequence，eventhanthis，mayfollowawantofdiscernmentinprinceshowtochoosetheircompanions，andhowtoconductthemselvesinprivatelife。Sillykingshaveresignedthemselvestotheirministers，havesufferedthesetostandbetweenthemandtheirpeople，andhaveformednojudgments，nortakenanymeasuresontheirownknowledge，butallimplicitlyontherepresentationsmadetothembytheirministers。Kingsofsuperiorcapacityhaveresignedthemselvesinthesamemannertotheirfavourites，maleandfemale，havesufferedthesetostandbetweenthemandtheirmostableandfaithfulcounsellors：theirjudgmentshavebeeninfluenced，andtheirmeasuresdirectedbyinsinuationsofwomen，orofmenaslittlefittedaswomen，bynatureandeducation，tobehearkenedto，inthegreataffairsofgovernment。Historyisfullofsuchexamples；allmelancholy，manytragical!
Sufficient，onewouldimagine，todeterprinces，ifattendedto，frompermittingthecompanionsoftheiridlehours，ortheinstrumentsoftheirpleasures，toexceedtheboundsofthoseprovinces。Shouldaministerofstatepretendtoviewithanyofthese，abouttheformsofadrawing—room，theregulationofaruelle，thedecorationofaball，orthedressofafinelady，hewouldbethoughtridiculous，andhewouldbetrulyso。Butthenarenotanyoftheseimpertinent，whentheypresumetomeddleinthingsatleastasmuchabovethem，asthosethathavebeenmentionedarebelowtheothers？Andarenotprinces，whosufferthemtodoso，unaccountablyweak？
WhatshallIsayfurtheronthishead？Nothingmoreisnecessary。Letmewinditup，therefore，byassertingthisgreattruth，thatresultsfromwhathasbeenalreadysaid。AshecanneverfillthecharacterofaPatriotKing，thoughhispersonalgreatandgoodqualitiesbeineveryotherrespectequaltoit，wholiesopentotheflatteryofcourtiers，totheseductionofwomen，andtothepartialitiesandaffectionswhichareeasilycontractedbytoogreatindulgenceinprivatelife；sotheprince，whoisdesiroustoestablishthischaracter，mustobservesuchadecorum，andkeepsuchaguardonhimself，asmaypreventeventhesuspicionofbeingliabletosuchinfluences。
Forastherealitywouldruin，theverysuspicionwilllessenhimintheopinionofmankind：andtheopinionofmankind，whichisfameafterdeath，issuperiorstrengthandpowerinlife。
Andnow，iftheprinciplesandmeasuresofconduct，laiddowninthisdiscourse，asnecessarytoconstitutethatgreatestandmostgloriousofhumanbeings，aPatriotKing，besufficienttothispurpose；letusconsider，too，howeasyitis，oroughttobe，toestablishtheminthemindsofprinces。
Theyarefoundedontruepropositions，allofwhichareobvious，nay，manyofthemself—evident。Theyareconfirmedbyuniversalexperience。Inaword，nounderstandingcanresistthem，andnonebuttheweakestcanfail，orbemisled，intheapplicationofthem。Toaprince，whoseheartiscorrupt，itisinvaintospeak：and，forsuchaprince，Iwouldnotbethoughttowrite。Butiftheheartofaprincebenotcorrupt，thesetruthswillfindaneasyingression，throughtheunderstanding，toit。Letusconsideragain，whatthesure，thenecessaryeffectsofsuchprinciplesandmeasuresofconductmustbe，totheprince，andtothepeople。Onthissubjectlettheimaginationrangethroughthewholeglorioussceneofapatriotreign：thebeautyoftheideawillinspirethosetransports，whichPlatoimaginedthevisionofvirtuewouldinspire，ifvirtuecouldbeseen。Whatintruthcanbesolovely，whatsovenerable，astocontemplateakingonwhomtheeyesofawholepeoplearefixed，filledwithadmiration，andglowingwithaffection？Aking，inthetemperofwhosegovernment，likethatofNerva，thingssoseldomalliedasempireandlibertyareintimatelymixed，co—existtogetherinseparably，andconstituteonerealessence？Whatspectaclecanbepresentedtotheviewofthemindsorare，sonearlydivine，asakingpossessedofabsolutepower，neitherusurpedbyfraud，normaintainedbyforce，butthegenuineeffectofesteem，ofconfidence，andaffection；thefreegiftofliberty，whofindshergreatestsecurityinthispower，andwoulddesirenootheriftheprinceonthethronecouldbe，whathispeoplewishhimtobe，immortal？Ofsuchaprince，andofsuchaprincealone，itmaybesaidwithstrictproprietyandtruth，VolentesPerpopulosdatjura，viamqueaffectatOlympo。
Civilfurywillhavenoplaceinthisdraft：or，ifthemonsterisseen，hemustbeseenasVirgildescribeshim，CentumvinctusahenisPosttergumnodis，fremithorridusorecruento。
Hemustbeseensubdued，bound，chained，anddeprivedentirelyofpowertodohurt。Inhisplace，concordwillappear，broodingpeaceandprosperityonthehappyland；joysittingineveryface，contentineveryheart；apeopleunoppressed，undisturbed，unalarmed；busytoimprovetheirprivatepropertyandthepublicstock；fleetscoveringtheocean，bringinghomewealthbythereturnsofindustry，carryingassistanceorterrorabroadbythedirectionofwisdom，andassertingtriumphantlytherightandthehonourofGreatBritain，asfaraswatersrollandaswindscanwaftthem。
Thosewholivetoseesuchhappydays，andtoactinsogloriousascene，willperhapscalltomind，withsometendernessofsentiment，whenheisnomore，aman，whocontributedhismitetocarryonsogoodawork，andwhodesiredlifefornothingsomuch，astoseeakingofGreatBritainthemostpopularmaninhiscountry，andaPatriotKingattheheadofanunitedpeople。