Butourcreators，consideringwhethertheyshouldmakea
longer—livedracewhichwasworse，orashorter—livedracewhichwas
better，cametotheconclusionthateveryoneoughttoprefera
shorterspanoflife，whichwasbetter，toalongerone，whichwas
worse；andthereforetheycoveredtheheadwiththinbone，butnot
withfleshandsinews，sinceithadnojoints；andthustheheadwas
added，havingmorewisdomandsensationthantherestofthebody，but
alsobeingineverymanfarweaker。Forthesereasonsandafterthis
mannerGodplacedthesinewsattheextremityofthehead，inacircle
roundtheneck，andgluedthemtogetherbytheprincipleoflikeness
andfastenedtheextremitiesofthejawbonestothembelowtheface，
andtheothersinewshedispersedthroughoutthebody，fastening
limbtolimb。Theframersofusframedthemouth，asnowarranged，
havingteethandtongueandlips，withaviewtothenecessaryandthe
good，contrivingthewayinfornecessarypurposes，thewayoutfor
thebestpurposes；forthatisnecessarywhichentersinandgives
foodtothebody；buttheriverofspeech，whichflowsoutofaman
andministerstotheintelligence，isthefairestandnoblestofall
streams。Stilltheheadcouldneitherbeleftabareframeofbones，
onaccountoftheextremesofheatandcoldinthedifferent
seasons，noryetbeallowedtobewhollycovered，andsobecomedull
andsenselessbyreasonofanovergrowthofflesh。Thefleshynature
wasnotthereforewhollydriedup，butalargesortofpeelwasparted
offandremainedover，whichisnowcalledtheskin。Thismetandgrew
bythehelpofthecerebralmoisture，andbecamethecircular
envelopmentofthehead。Andthemoisture，risingupunderthe
sutures，wateredandclosedintheskinuponthecrown，formingasort
ofknot。Thediversityofthesutureswascausedbythepowerofthe
coursesofthesoulandofthefood，andthemorethesestruggled
againstoneanotherthemorenumeroustheybecame，andfewerifthe
strugglewerelessviolent。Thisskinthedivinepowerpiercedall
roundwithfire，andoutofthepunctureswhichwerethusmadethe
moistureissuedforth，andtheliquidandheatwhichwaspurecame
away，andamixedpartwhichwascomposedofthesamematerialas
theskin，andhadafinenessequaltothepunctures，wasborneupby
itsownimpulseandextendedfaroutsidethehead，butbeingtoo
slowtoescape，wasthrustbackbytheexternalair，androlledup
underneaththeskin，whereittookroot。Thusthehairsprangupin
theskin，beingakintoitbecauseitislikethreadsofleather，
butrenderedharderandcloserthroughthepressureofthecold，by
whicheachhair，whileinprocessofseparationfromtheskin，is
compressedandcooled。Whereforethecreatorformedtheheadhairy，
makinguseofthecauseswhichIhavementioned，andreflectingalso
thatinsteadoffleshthebrainneededthehairtobealightcovering
orguard，whichwouldgiveshadeinsummerandshelterinwinter，
andatthesametimewouldnotimpedeourquicknessofperception。
Fromthecombinationofsinew，skin，andbone，inthestructureofthe
finger，therearisesatriplecompound，which，whendriedup，takes
theformofonehardskinpartakingofallthreenatures，andwas
fabricatedbythesesecondcauses，butdesignedbymindwhichisthe
principalcausewithaneyetothefuture。Forourcreatorswell
knewthatwomenandotheranimalswouldsomedaybeframedoutofmen，
andtheyfurtherknewthatmanyanimalswouldrequiretheuseofnails
formanypurposes；whereforetheyfashionedinmenattheirfirst
creationtherudimentsofnails。Forthispurposeandforthese
reasonstheycausedskin，hair，andnailstogrowattheextremities
ofthelimbs。Andnowthatallthepartsandmembersofthemortal
animalhadcometogether，sinceitslifeofnecessityconsistedof
fireandbreath，anditthereforewastedawaybydissolutionand
depletion，thegodscontrivedthefollowingremedy：Theymingleda
natureakintothatofmanwithotherformsandperceptions，and
thuscreatedanotherkindofanimal。Thesearethetreesandplants
andseedswhichhavebeenimprovedbycultivationandarenow
domesticatedamongus；ancientlytherewereonlythewillkinds，which
areolderthanthecultivated。Foreverythingthatpartakesoflife
maybetrulycalledalivingbeing，andtheanimalofwhichwearenow
speakingpartakesofthethirdkindofsoul，whichissaidtobe
seatedbetweenthemidriffandthenavel，havingnopartinopinionor
reasonormind，butonlyinfeelingsofpleasureandpainandthe
desireswhichaccompanythem。Forthisnatureisalwaysinapassive
state，revolvinginandaboutitself，repellingthemotionfrom
withoutandusingitsown，andaccordinglyisnotendowedbynature
withthepowerofobservingorreflectingonitsownconcerns。
Whereforeitlivesanddoesnotdifferfromalivingbeing，butis
fixedandrootedinthesamespot，havingnopowerofself—motion。
Nowafterthesuperiorpowershadcreatedallthesenaturestobe
foodforuswhoareoftheinferiornature，theycutvarious
channelsthroughthebodyasthroughagarden，thatitmightbe
wateredasfromarunningstream。Inthefirstplace，theycuttwo
hiddenchannelsorveinsdownthebackwheretheskinandtheflesh
join，whichansweredseverallytotherightandleftsideofthebody。
Thesetheyletdownalongthebackbone，soastohavethemarrowof
generationbetweenthem，whereitwasmostlikelytoflourish，and
inorderthatthestreamcomingdownfromabovemightflowfreelyto
theotherparts，andequalisetheirrigation。Inthenextplace，
theydividedtheveinsaboutthehead，andinterlacingthem，theysent
theminoppositedirections；thosecomingfromtherightsidethey
senttotheleftofthebody，andthosefromthelefttheydiverted
towardstheright，sothattheyandtheskinmighttogetherforma
bondwhichshouldfastentheheadtothebody，sincethecrownof
theheadwasnotencircledbysinews；andalsoinorderthatthe
sensationsfrombothsidesmightbedistributedoverthewholebody。
Andnext，theyorderedthewater—coursesofthebodyinamannerwhich
Iwilldescribe，andwhichwillbemoreeasilyunderstoodifwe
beginbyadmittingthatallthingswhichhavelesserpartsretain
thegreater，butthegreatercannotretainthelesser。Nowofall
naturesfirehasthesmallestparts，andthereforepenetrates
throughearthandwaterandairandtheircompounds，norcan
anythingholdit。Andasimilarprincipleappliestothehuman
belly；forwhenmeatsanddrinksenterit，itholdsthem，butit
cannotholdairandfire，becausetheparticlesofwhichthey
consistaresmallerthanitsownstructure。
Theseelements，therefore，Godemployedforthesakeofdistributing
moisturefromthebellyintotheveins，weavingtogethernetworkof
fireandairlikeaweel，havingattheentrancetwolesserweels；
furtherheconstructedoneofthesewithtwoopenings，andfromthe
lesserweelsheextendedcordsreachingallroundtotheextremities
ofthenetwork。Alltheinteriorofthenethemadeoffire，butthe
lesserweelsandtheircavity，ofair。Thenetworkhetookand
spreadoverthenewly—formedanimalinthefollowingmanner：—Helet
thelesserweelspassintothemouth；thereweretwoofthem，and
oneheletdownbytheair—pipesintothelungs，theotherbytheside
oftheair—pipesintothebelly。Theformerhedividedintotwo
branches，bothofwhichhemadetomeetatthechannelsofthenose，
sothatwhenthewaythroughthemouthdidnotact，thestreamsofthe
mouthaswellwerereplenishedthroughthenose。Withtheothercavity
（i。e。ofthegreaterweel）heenvelopedthehollowpartsofthe
body，andatonetimehemadeallthistoflowintothelesser
weels，quitegently，fortheyarecomposedofair，andatanothertime
hecausedthelesserweelstoflowbackagain；andthenethemade
tofindawayinandoutthroughtheporesofthebody，andtherays
offirewhichareboundfastwithinfollowedthepassageoftheair
eitherway，neveratanytimeceasingsolongasthemortalbeing
holdstogether。Thisprocess，asweaffirm，thename—givernamed
inspirationandexpiration。Andallthismovement，activeaswellas
passive，takesplaceinorderthatthebody，beingwateredandcooled，
mayreceivenourishmentandlife；forwhentherespirationisgoingin
andout，andthefire，whichisfastboundwithin，followsit，and
everandanonmovingtoandfro，entersthroughthebellyand
reachesthemeatanddrink，itdissolvesthem，anddividingthem
intosmallportionsandguidingthemthroughthepassageswhereit
goes，pumpsthemasfromafountainintothechannelsoftheveins，
andmakesthestreamoftheveinsflowthroughthebodyasthrougha
conduit。
Letusoncemoreconsiderthephenomenaofrespiration，and
enquireintothecauseswhichhavemadeitwhatitis。Theyareas
follows：—Seeingthatthereisnosuchthingasavacuumintowhichany
ofthosethingswhicharemovedcanenter，andthebreathiscarried
fromusintotheexternalair，thenextpointis，aswillbedearto
everyone，thatitdoesnotgointoavacantspace，butpushesits
neighbouroutofitsplace，andthatwhichisthrustoutinturn
drivesoutitsneighbour；andinthiseverythingofnecessityat
lastcomesroundtothatplacefromwhencethebreathcameforth，
andentersinthere，andfollowingthebreath，fillsupthevacant
space；andthisgoesonliketherotationofawheel，becausethere
canbenosuchthingasavacuum。Whereforealsothebreastandthe
lungs，whentheyemitthebreath，arereplenishedbytheairwhich
surroundsthebodyandwhichentersinthroughtheporesofthe
fleshandisdrivenroundinacircle；andagain，theairwhichis
sentawayandpassesoutthroughthebodyforcesthebreathinwards
throughthepassageofthemouthandthenostrils。Nowtheoriginof
thismovementmaybesupposedtobeasfollows。Intheinteriorof
everyanimalthehottestpartisthatwhichisaroundthebloodand
veins；itisinamanneroninternalfountainoffire，whichwe
comparetothenetworkofacreel，beingwovenalloffireand
extendedthroughthecentreofthebody，whilethe—outerpartsare
composedofair。Nowwemustadmitthatheatnaturallyproceeds
outwardtoitsownplaceandtoitskindredelement；andasthere
aretwoexitsfortheheat，theoutthroughthebody，andtheother
throughthemouthandnostrils，whenitmovestowardstheone，it
drivesroundtheairattheother，andthatwhichisdrivenround
fallsintothefireandbecomeswarm，andthatwhichgoesforthis
cooled。Butwhentheheatchangesitsplace，andtheparticlesat
theotherexitgrowwarmer，thehotterairinclininginthatdirection
andcarriedtowardsitsnativeelement，fire，pushesroundtheair
attheother；andthisbeingaffectedinthesamewayand
communicatingthesameimpulse，acircularmotionswayingtoand
fromisproducedbythedoubleprocess，whichwecallinspiration
andexpiration。
Thephenomenaofmedicalcupping—glassesandoftheswallowingof
drinkandoftheprojectionofbodies，whetherdischargedintheair
orbowledalongtheground，aretobeinvestigatedonasimilar
principle；andswiftandslowsounds，whichappeartobehighandlow，
andaresometimesdiscordantonaccountoftheirinequality，and
thenagainharmonicalonaccountoftheequalityofthemotionwhich
theyexciteinus。Forwhenthemotionsoftheantecedentswifter
soundsbegintopauseandthetwoareequalised，theslowersounds
overtaketheswifterandthenpropelthem。Whentheyovertakethem
theydonotintrudeanewanddiscordantmotion，butintroducethe
beginningsofaslower，whichanswerstotheswifterasitdies
away，thusproducingasinglemixedexpressionoutofhighandlow，
whencearisesapleasurewhicheventheunwisefeel，andwhichto
thewisebecomesahighersortofdelight，beinganimitationof
divineharmonyinmortalmotions。Moreover，astotheflowingof
water，thefallofthethunderbolt，andthemarvelsthatare
observedabouttheattractionofamberandtheHeracleanstones，—in
noneofthesecasesisthereanyattraction；buthewhoinvestigates
rightly，willfindthatsuchwonderfulphenomenaareattributableto
thecombinationofcertainconditions—thenon—existenceofavacuum，
thefactthatobjectspushoneanotherround，andthattheychange
places，passingseverallyintotheirproperpositionsastheyare
dividedorcombined
Suchaswehaveseen，isthenatureandsucharethecausesof
respiration—thesubjectinwhichthisdiscussionoriginated。Forthe
firecutsthefoodandfollowingthebreathsurgesupwithin，fireand
breathrisingtogetherandfillingtheveinsbydrawingupoutof
thebellyandpouringintothemthecutportionsofthefood；andso
thestreamsoffoodarekeptflowingthroughthewholebodyinall
animals。Andfreshcuttingsfromkindredsubstances，whetherthe
fruitsoftheearthorherbofthefield，whichGodplantedtobe
ourdailyfood，acquireallsortsofcoloursbytheirinter—mixture；
butredisthemostpervadingofthem，beingcreatedbythecutting
actionoffireandbytheimpressionwhichitmakesonamoist
substance；andhencetheliquidwhichcirculatesinthebodyhasa
coloursuchaswehavedescribed。Theliquiditselfwecallblood，
whichnourishesthefleshandthewholebody，whenceallpartsare
wateredandemptyplacesfilled。
Nowtheprocessofrepletionandevacuationiseffectedafterthe
manneroftheuniversalmotionbywhichallkindredsubstancesare
drawntowardsoneanother。Fortheexternalelementswhichsurroundus
arealwayscausingustoconsumeaway，anddistributingandsending
offliketolike；theparticlesofblood，too，whicharedividedand
containedwithintheframeoftheanimalasinasortofheaven，are
compelledtoimitatethemotionoftheuniverse。Each，therefore，of
thedividedpartswithinus，beingcarriedtoitskindrednature，
replenishesthevoid。Whenmoreistakenawaythanflowsin，thenwe
decay，andwhenless，wegrowandincrease。
Theframeoftheentirecreaturewhenyounghasthetrianglesof
eachkindnew，andmaybecomparedtothekeelofavesselwhichis
justoffthestocks；theyarelockedfirmlytogetherandyetthewhole
massissoftanddelicate，beingfreshlyformedofmarrowandnurtured
onmilk。Nowwhenthetrianglesoutofwhichmeatsanddrinksare
composedcomeinfromwithout，andarecomprehendedinthebody，being
olderandweakerthanthetrianglesalreadythere，theframeofthe
bodygetsthebetterofthemanditsnewertrianglescutthemup，
andsotheanimalgrowsgreat，beingnourishedbyamultitudeof
similarparticles。Butwhentherootsofthetrianglesareloosenedby
havingundergonemanyconflictswithmanythingsinthecourseof
time，theyarenolongerabletocutorassimilatethefoodwhich
enters，butarethemselveseasilydividedbythebodieswhichcome
infromwithout。Inthiswayeveryanimalisovercomeanddecays，
andthisaffectioniscalledoldage。Andatlast，whenthebondsby
whichthetrianglesofthemarrowareunitednolongerhold，andare
partedbythestrainofexistence，theyinturnloosenthebondsof
thesoul，andshe，obtaininganaturalrelease，fliesawaywithjoy。
Forthatwhichtakesplaceaccordingtonatureispleasant，butthat
whichiscontrarytonatureispainful。Andthusdeath，ifcausedby
diseaseorproducedbywounds，ispainfulandviolent；butthatsort
ofdeathwhichcomeswitholdageandfulfilsthedebtofnatureis
theeasiestofdeaths，andisaccompaniedwithpleasureratherthan
withpain。
Noweveryonecanseewhencediseasesarise。Therearefour
naturesoutofwhichthebodyiscompacted，earthandfireandwater
andair，andtheunnaturalexcessordefectofthese，orthechangeof
anyofthemfromitsownnaturalplaceintoanother，or—sincethere
aremorekindsthanoneoffireandoftheotherelements—the
assumptionbyanyoftheseofawrongkind，oranysimilar
irregularity，producesdisordersanddiseases；forwhenanyofthemis
producedorchangedinamannercontrarytonature，thepartswhich
werepreviouslycoolgrowwarm，andthosewhichweredrybecomemoist，
andthelightbecomeheavy，andtheheavylight；allsortsof
changesoccur。For，asweaffirm，athingcanonlyremainthesame
withitself，wholeandsound，whenthesameisaddedtoit，or
subtractedfromit，inthesamerespectandinthesamemannerand
indueproportion；andwhatevercomesorgoesawayinviolationof
theselawscausesallmannerofchangesandinfinitediseasesand
corruptions。Nowthereisasecondclassofstructureswhichare
alsonatural，andthisaffordsasecondopportunityofobserving
diseasestohimwhowouldunderstandthem。Forwhereasmarrowandbone
andfleshandsinewsarecomposedofthefourelements，andtheblood，
thoughafteranothermanner，islikewiseformedoutofthem，most
diseasesoriginateinthewaywhichIhavedescribed；buttheworstof
allowetheirseveritytothefactthatthegenerationofthese
substancesstancesinawrongorder；theyarethendestroyed。For
thenaturalorderisthatthefleshandsinewsshouldbemadeof
blood，thesinewsoutofthefibrestowhichtheyareakin，andthe
fleshoutofthedotswhichareformedwhenthefibresare
separated。Andtheglutinousandrichmatterwhichcomesawayfromthe
sinewsandtheflesh，notonlygluesthefleshtothebones，but
nourishesandimpartsgrowthtothebonewhichsurroundsthemarrow；
andbyreasonofthesolidityofthebones，thatwhichfiltersthrough
consistsofthepurestandsmoothestandoiliestsortoftriangles，
droppinglikedewfromthebonesandwateringthemarrow。
Nowwheneachprocesstakesplaceinthisorder，healthcommonly
results；whenintheoppositeorder，disease。Forwhentheflesh
becomesdecomposedandsendsbackthewastingsubstanceintothe
veins，thenanover—supplyofbloodofdiversekinds，minglingwith
airintheveins，havingvariegatedcoloursandbitterproperties，
aswellasacidandsalinequalities，containsallsortsofbileand
serumandphlegm。Forallthingsgothewrongway，andhavingbecome
corrupted，firsttheytainttheblooditself，andthenceasingtogive
nourishmentthebodytheyarecarriedalongtheveinsinall
directions，nolongerpreservingtheorderoftheirnaturalcourses，
butatwarwiththemselves，becausetheyreceivenogoodfromone
another，andarehostiletotheabidingconstitutionofthebody，
whichtheycorruptanddissolve。Theoldestpartofthefleshwhichis
corrupted，beinghardtodecompose，fromlongburninggrowsblack，and
frombeingeverywherecorrodedbecomesbitter，andisinjuriousto
everypartofthebodywhichisstilluncorrupted。Sometimes，whenthe
bitterelementisrefinedaway，theblackpartassumesanacidity
whichtakestheplaceofthebitterness；atothertimesthebitterness
beingtingedwithbloodhasareddercolour；andthis，whenmixedwith
black，takesthehueofgrass；andagain，anauburncolourmingles
withthebittermatterwhennewfleshisdecomposedbythefire
whichsurroundstheinternalflame—toallwhichsymptomssome
physicianperhaps，orrathersomephilosopher，whohadthepowerof
seeinginmanydissimilarthingsonenaturedeservingofaname，has
assignedthecommonnameofbile。Buttheotherkindsofbileare
variouslydistinguishedbytheircolours。Asforserum，thatsort
whichisthewaterypartofbloodisinnocent，butthatwhichisa
secretionofblackandacidbileismalignantwhenmingledbythe
powerofheatwithanysaltsubstance，andisthencalledacidphlegm。
Again，thesubstancewhichisformedbytheliquefactionofnewand
tenderfleshwhenairispresent，ifinflatedandencasedinliquidso
astoformbubbles，whichseparatelyareinvisibleowingtotheir
smallsize，butwhencollectedareofabulkwhichisvisible，and
haveawhitecolourarisingoutofthegenerationoffoam—allthis
decompositionoftenderfleshwheninter—mingledwithairistermedby
uswhitephlegm。Andthewheyorsedimentofnewly—formedphlegmis
sweatandtears，andincludesthevariousdailydischargesbywhich
thebodyispurified。Nowallthesebecomecausesofdiseasewhen
thebloodisnotreplenishedinanaturalmannerbyfoodanddrinkbut
gainsbulkfromoppositesourcesinviolationofthelawsofnature。
Whentheseveralpartsofthefleshareseparatedbydisease，ifthe
foundationremains，thepowerofthedisorderisonlyhalfasgreat，
andthereisstillaprospectofaneasyrecovery；butwhenthatwhich
bindsthefleshtothebonesisdiseased，andnolongerbeing
separatedfromthemusclesandsinews，ceasestogivenourishmentto
theboneandtounitefleshandbone，andfrombeingoilyandsmooth
andglutinousbecomesroughandsaltanddry，owingtobadregimen，
thenallthesubstancethuscorruptedcrumblesawayundertheflesh
andthesinews，andseparatesfromthebone，andthefleshypartsfall
awayfromtheirfoundationandleavethesinewsbareandfullof
brine，andthefleshagaingetsintothecirculationoftheblood
andmakesthepreviously—mentioneddisordersstillgreater。Andif
thesebodilyaffectionsbesevere，stillworsearetheprior
disorders；aswhentheboneitself，byreasonofthedensityofthe
flesh，doesnotobtainsufficientair，butbecomesmouldyandhot
andgangrenedandreceivesnonutriment，andthenaturalprocessis
inverted，andthebonecrumblingpassesintothefood，andthefood
intotheflesh，andthefleshagainfallingintothebloodmakesall
maladiesthatmayoccurmorevirulentthanthosealreadymentioned。
Buttheworstcaseofalliswhenthemarrowisdiseased，either
fromexcessordefect；andthisisthecauseoftheverygreatest
andmostfataldisorders，inwhichthewholecourseofthebodyis
reversed。
Thereisathirdclassofdiseaseswhichmaybeconceivedofas
arisinginthreeways；fortheyareproducedsometimesbywind，and
sometimesbyphlegm，andsometimesbybile。Whenthelung，whichis
thedispenseroftheairtothebody，isobstructedbyrheumsand
itspassagesarenotfree，someofthemnotacting，whilethrough
otherstoomuchairenters，thenthepartswhichareunrefreshedby
aircorrode，whileinotherpartstheexcessofairforcingitsway
throughtheveinsdistortsthemanddecomposingthebodyisenclosed
inthemidstofitandoccupiesthemidriffthusnumberlesspainful
diseasesareproduced，accompaniedbycopioussweats。Andoftentimes
whenthefleshisdissolvedinthebody，wind，generatedwithinand
unabletoescape，isthesourceofquiteasmuchpainastheair
cominginfromwithout；butthegreatestpainisfeltwhenthewind
getsaboutthesinewsandtheveinsoftheshoulders，andswells
themup，sotwistsbackthegreattendonsandthesinewswhichare
connectedwiththem。Thesedisordersarecalledtetanusand
opisthotonus，byreasonofthetensionwhichaccompaniesthem。The
cureofthemisdifficult；reliefisinmostcasesgivenbyfever
supervening。Thewhitephlegm，thoughdangerouswhendetainedwithin
byreasonoftheair—bubbles，yetifitcancommunicatewiththe
outsideair，islesssevere，andonlydiscoloursthebody，
generatingleprouseruptionsandsimilardiseases。Whenitis
mingledwithblackbileanddispersedaboutthecoursesofthehead，
whicharethedivinestpartofus，theattackifcomingoninsleep，
isnotsosevere；butwhenassailingthosewhoareawakeitishardto
begotridof，andbeinganaffectionofasacredpart，ismostjustly
calledsacred。Anacidandsaltphlegm，again，isthesourceofall
thosediseaseswhichtaketheformofcatarrh，buttheyhavemany
namesbecausetheplacesintowhichtheyflowaremanifold。
Inflammationsofthebodycomefromburningsandinflamings，andall
ofthemoriginateinbile。Whenbilefindsameansofdischarge，it
boilsupandsendsforthallsortsoftumours；butwhenimprisoned
within，itgeneratesmanyinflammatorydiseases，aboveallwhen
mingledwithpureblood；sinceitthendisplacesthefibreswhich
arescatteredaboutinthebloodandaredesignedtomaintainthe
balanceofrareanddense，inorderthatthebloodmaynotbeso
liquefiedbyheatastoexudefromtheporesofthebody，noragain
becometoodenseandthusfindadifficultyincirculatingthroughthe
veins。Thefibresaresoconstitutedastomaintainthisbalance；
andifanyonebringsthemalltogetherwhenthebloodisdeadand
inprocessofcooling，thenthebloodwhichremainsbecomesfluid，but
iftheyareleftalone，theysooncongealbyreasonofthesurrounding
cold。Thefibreshavingthispowerovertheblood，bile，whichisonly
staleblood，andwhichfrombeingfleshisdissolvedagainintoblood，
atthefirstinfluxcominginlittlebylittle，hotandliquid，is
congealedbythepowerofthefibres；andsocongealingandmadeto
cool，itproducesinternalcoldandshuddering。Whenitenterswith
moreofafloodandovercomesthefibresbyitsheat，andboilingup
throwsthemintodisorder，ifithavepowerenoughtomaintainits
supremacy，itpenetratesthemarrowandburnsupwhatmaybetermed
thecablesofthesoul，andsetsherfree；butwhenthereisnotso
muchofit，andthebodythoughwastedstillholdsout，thebileis
itselfmastered，andiseitherutterlybanished，oristhrust
throughtheveinsintothelowerorupper—belly，andisdrivenout
ofthebodylikeanexilefromastateinwhichtherehasbeencivil
war；whencearisediarrhoeasanddysenteries，andallsuch
disorders。Whentheconstitutionisdisorderedbyexcessoffire，
continuousheatandfeveraretheresult；whenexcessofairisthe
cause，thenthefeverisquotidian；whenofwater，whichisamore
sluggishelementthaneitherfireorair，thenthefeverisatertian；
whenofearth，whichisthemostsluggishofthefour，andisonly
purgedawayinafour—foldperiod，theresultisaquartanfever，
whichcanwithdifficultybeshakenoff。
Suchisthemannerinwhichdiseasesofthebodyarise；the
disordersofthesoul，whichdependuponthebody，originateas
follows。Wemustacknowledgediseaseofthemindtobeawantof
intelligence；andofthistherearetwokinds；towit，madnessand
ignorance。Inwhateverstateamanexperienceseitherofthem，that
statemaybecalleddisease；andexcessivepainsandpleasuresare
justlytoberegardedasthegreatestdiseasestowhichthesoulis
liable。Foramanwhoisingreatjoyoringreatpain，inhis
unseasonableeagernesstoattaintheoneandtoavoidtheother，is
notabletoseeortohearanythingrightly；butheismad，andis
atthetimeutterlyincapableofanyparticipationinreason。Hewho
hastheseedaboutthespinalmarrowtooplentifulandoverflowing，
likeatreeoverladenwithfruit，hasmanythroes，andalsoobtains
manypleasuresinhisdesiresandtheiroffspring，andisforthemost
partofhislifederanged，becausehispleasuresandpainsaresovery
great；hissoulisrenderedfoolishanddisorderedbyhisbody；yethe
isregardednotasonediseased，butasonewhoisvoluntarilybad，
whichisamistake。Thetruthisthattheintemperanceofloveisa
diseaseofthesoulduechieflytothemoistureandfluiditywhich
isproducedinoneoftheelementsbythelooseconsistencyofthe
bones。Andingeneral，allthatwhichistermedtheincontinenceof
pleasureandisdeemedareproachundertheideathatthewicked
voluntarilydowrongisnotjustlyamatterforreproach。Fornoman
isvoluntarilybad；butthebadbecomebadbyreasonofanill
dispositionofthebodyandbadeducation，thingswhicharehatefulto
everymanandhappentohimagainsthiswill。Andinthecaseof
paintooinlikemannerthesoulsuffersmuchevilfromthebody。
Forwheretheacidandbrinyphlegmandotherbitterandbilious
humourswanderaboutinthebody，andfindnoexitorescape，but
arepentupwithinandmingletheirownvapourswiththemotionsof
thesoul，andareblended，withthem，theyproduceallsortsof
diseases，moreorfewer，andineverydegreeofintensity；andbeing
carriedtothethreeplacesofthesoul，whichevertheymay
severallyassail，theycreateinfinitevarietiesofill—temperand
melancholy，ofrashnessandcowardice，andalsoofforgetfulnessand
stupidity。Further，whentothisevilconstitutionofbodyevil
formsofgovernmentareaddedandevildiscoursesareutteredin
privateaswellasinpublic，andnosortofinstructionisgivenin
youthtocuretheseevils，thenallofuswhoarebadbecomebad
fromtwocauseswhichareentirelybeyondourcontrol。Insuchcases
theplantersaretoblameratherthantheplants，theeducatorsrather
thantheeducated。Buthoweverthatmaybe，weshouldendeavourasfar
aswecanbyeducation，andstudies，andlearning，toavoidviceand
attainvirtue；this，however，ispartofanothersubject。
Thereisacorrespondingenquiryconcerningthemodeoftreatmentby
whichthemindandthebodyaretobepreserved，aboutwhichitis
meetandrightthatIshouldsayawordinturn；foritismoreour
dutytospeakofthegoodthanoftheevil。Everythingthatisgoodis
fair，andtheanimalfairisnotwithoutproportion，andtheanimal
whichistobefairmusthavedueproportion。Nowweperceivelesser
symmetriesorproportionsandreasonaboutthem，butofthehighest
andgreatestwetakenoheed；forthereisnoproportionor
disproportionmoreproductiveofhealthanddisease，andvirtueand
vice，thanthatbetweensoulandbody。Thishoweverwedonot
perceive，nordowereflectthatwhenaweakorsmallframeisthe
vehicleofagreatandmightysoul，orconversely，whenalittle
soulisencasedinalargebody，thenthewholeanimalisnotfair，
foritlacksthemostimportantofallsymmetries；butthedue
proportionofmindandbodyisthefairestandloveliestofallsights
tohimwhohastheseeingeye。Justasabodywhichhasalegtoo
long，orwhichisunsymmetricalinsomeotherrespect，isan
unpleasantsight，andalso，whendoingitsshareofwork，ismuch
distressedandmakesconvulsiveefforts，andoftenstumblesthrough
awkwardness，andisthecauseofinfiniteeviltoitsownself—inlike
mannerweshouldconceiveofthedoublenaturewhichwecallthe
livingbeing；andwheninthiscompoundthereisanimpassionedsoul
morepowerfulthanthebody，thatsoul，Isay，convulsesandfills
withdisordersthewholeinnernatureofman；andwheneagerinthe
pursuitofsomesortoflearningorstudy，causeswasting；oragain，
whenteachingordisputinginprivateorinpublic，andstrifesand
controversiesarise，inflamesanddissolvesthecompositeframeofman
andintroducesrheums；andthenatureofthisphenomenonisnot
understoodbymostprofessorsofmedicine，whoascribeittothe
oppositeoftherealcause。Andoncemore，whenbodylargeandtoo
strongforthesoulisunitedtoasmallandweakintelligence，then
inasmuchastherearetwodesiresnaturaltoman，—oneoffoodfor
thesakeofthebody，andoneofwisdomforthesakeofthediviner
partofus—then，Isay，themotionsofthestronger，gettingthe
betterandincreasingtheirownpower，butmakingthesouldull，and
stupid，andforgetful，engenderignorance，whichisthegreatestof
diseases。Thereisoneprotectionagainstbothkindsof
disproportion：—thatweshouldnotmovethebodywithoutthesoulor
thesoulwithoutthebody，andthustheywillbeontheirguard
againsteachother，andbehealthyandwellbalanced。Andtherefore
themathematicianoranyoneelsewhosethoughtsaremuchabsorbed
insomeintellectualpursuit，mustallowhisbodyalsotohavedue
exercise，andpractisegymnastic；andhewhoiscarefultofashionthe
body，shouldinturnimparttothesoulitspropermotions，andshould
cultivatemusicandallphilosophy，ifhewoulddeservetobecalled
trulyfairandtrulygood。Andtheseparatepartsshouldbetreatedin
thesamemanner，inimitationofthepatternoftheuniverse；foras
thebodyisheatedandalsocooledwithinbytheelementswhich
enterintoit，andisagaindriedupandmoistenedbyexternalthings，
andexperiencestheseandthelikeaffectionsfrombothkindsof
motions，theresultisthatthebodyifgivenuptomotionwhenina
stateofquiescenceisovermasteredandperishes；butifanyone，in
imitationofthatwhichwecallthefoster—motherandnurseofthe
universe，willnotallowthebodyevertobeinactive，butisalways
producingmotionsandagitationsthroughitswholeextent，which
formthenaturaldefenceagainstothermotionsbothinternaland
external，andbymoderateexercisereducestoorderaccordingtotheir
affinitiestheparticlesandaffectionswhicharewanderingabout
thebody，aswehavealreadysaidwhenspeakingoftheuniverse，he
willnotallowenemyplacedbythesideofenemytostirupwarsand
disordersinthebody，buthewillplacefriendbythesideoffriend，
soastocreatehealth。
Nowofallmotionsthatisthebestwhichisproducedinathing
byitself，foritismostakintothemotionofthoughtandofthe
universe；butthatmotionwhichiscausedbyothersisnotsogood，
andworstofallisthatwhichmovesthebody，whenatrest，in
partsonlyandbysomeexternalagency。Whereforeofallmodesof
purifyingandreunitingthebodythebestisgymnastic；thenext
bestisasurgingmotion，asinsailingoranyothermodeof
conveyancewhichisnotfatiguing；thethirdsortofmotionmaybe
ofuseinacaseofextremenecessity，butinanyotherwillbe
adoptedbynomanofsense：Imeanthepurgativetreatmentof
physicians；fordiseasesunlesstheyareverydangerousshouldnot
beirritatedbymedicines，sinceeveryformofdiseaseisina
mannerakintothelivingbeing，whosecomplexframehasan
appointedtermoflife。Fornotthewholeraceonly，buteach
individual—barringinevitableaccidents—comesintotheworldhaving
afixedspan，andthetrianglesinusareoriginallyframedwithpower
tolastforacertaintime，beyondwhichnomanprolonghislife。
Andthisholdsalsooftheconstitutionofdiseases；ifanyone
regardlessoftheappointedtimetriestosubduethembymedicine，
heonlyaggravatesandmultipliesthem。Whereforeweoughtalwaysto
managethembyregimen，asfarasamancansparethetime，andnot
provokeadisagreeableenemybymedicines。
Enoughofthecompositeanimal，andofthebodywhichisapartof
him，andofthemannerinwhichamanmaytrainandbetrainedby
himselfsoastolivemostaccordingtoreason：andwemustabove
andbeforeallprovidethattheelementwhichistotrainhimshallbe
thefairestandbestadaptedtothatpurpose。Aminutediscussionof
thissubjectwouldbeaserioustask；butif，asbefore，Iamto
giveonlyanoutline，thesubjectmaynotunfitlybesummedupas
follows。
Ihaveoftenremarkedthattherearethreekindsofsoullocated
withinus，havingeachofthemmotions，andImustnowrepeatinthe
fewestwordspossible，thatonepart，ifremaininginactiveand
ceasingfromitsnaturalmotion，mustnecessarilybecomeveryweak，
butthatwhichistrainedandexercised，verystrong。Whereforewe
shouldtakecarethatthemovementsofthedifferentpartsofthesoul
shouldbeindueproportion。
AndweshouldconsiderthatGodgavethesovereignpartofthehuman
soultobethedivinityofeachone，beingthatpartwhich，aswesay，
dwellsatthetopofthebody，inasmuchasweareaplantnotofan
earthlybutofaheavenlygrowth，raisesusfromearthtoour
kindredwhoareinheaven。Andinthiswesaytruly；forthedivine
powersuspendedtheheadandrootofusfromthatplacewherethe
generationofthesoulfirstbegan，andthusmadethewholebody
upright。Whenamanisalwaysoccupiedwiththecravingsofdesireand
ambition，andiseagerlystrivingtosatisfythem，allhisthoughts
mustbemortal，and，asfarasitispossiblealtogethertobecome
such，hemustbemortaleverywhit，becausehehascherishedhis
mortalpart。Buthewhohasbeenearnestintheloveofknowledge
andoftruewisdom，andhasexercisedhisintellectmorethanany
otherpartofhim，musthavethoughtsimmortalanddivine，ifhe
attaintruth，andinsofarashumannatureiscapableofsharingin
immortality，hemustaltogetherbeimmortal；andsinceheisever
cherishingthedivinepower，andhasthedivinitywithinhimin
perfectorder，hewillbeperfectlyhappy。Nowthereisonlyoneway
oftakingcareofthings，andthisistogivetoeachthefoodand
motionwhicharenaturaltoit。Andthemotionswhicharenaturally
akintothedivineprinciplewithinusarethethoughtsand
revolutionsoftheuniverse。Theseeachmanshouldfollow，andcorrect
thecoursesoftheheadwhichwerecorruptedatourbirth，andby
learningtheharmoniesandrevolutionsoftheuniverse，should
assimilatethethinkingbeingtothethought，renewinghisoriginal
nature，andhavingassimilatedthemshouldattaintothatperfectlife
whichthegodshavesetbeforemankind，bothforthepresentandthe
future。
Thusouroriginaldesignofdiscoursingabouttheuniversedownto
thecreationofmanisnearlycompleted。Abriefmentionmaybemade
ofthegenerationofotheranimals，sofarasthesubjectadmitsof
brevity；inthismannerourargumentwillbestattainadue
proportion。Onthesubjectofanimals，then，thefollowingremarksmay
beoffered。Ofthemenwhocameintotheworld，thosewhowerecowards
orledunrighteouslivesmaywithreasonbesupposedtohavechanged
intothenatureofwomeninthesecondgeneration。Andthiswasthe
reasonwhyatthattimethegodscreatedinusthedesireofsexual
intercourse，contrivinginmanoneanimatedsubstance，andinwoman
another，whichtheyformedrespectivelyinthefollowingmanner。The
outletfordrinkbywhichliquidspassthroughthelungunderthe
kidneysandintothebladder，whichreceivesthenbythepressureof
theairemitsthem，wassofashionedbythemastopenetratealsointo
thebodyofthemarrow，whichpassesfromtheheadalongtheneck
andthroughtheback，andwhichintheprecedingdiscoursewehave
namedtheseed。Andtheseedhavinglife，andbecomingendowedwith
respiration，producesinthatpartinwhichitrespiresalively
desireofemission，andthuscreatesinustheloveofprocreation。
Whereforealsoinmentheorganofgenerationbecomingrebellious
andmasterful，likeananimaldisobedienttoreason，andmaddenedwith
thestingoflust，seekstogainabsolutesway；andthesameisthe
casewiththeso—calledwombormatrixofwomen；theanimalwithin
themisdesirousofprocreatingchildren，andwhenremaining
unfruitfullongbeyonditspropertime，getsdiscontentedandangry，
andwanderingineverydirectionthroughthebody，closesupthe
passagesofthebreath，and，byobstructingrespiration，drivesthem
toextremity，causingallvarietiesofdisease，untilatlengththe
desireandloveofthemanandthewoman，bringingthemtogetherand
asitwerepluckingthefruitfromthetree，sowinthewomb，asin
afield，animalsunseenbyreasonoftheirsmallnessandwithoutform；
theseagainareseparatedandmaturedwithin；theyarethenfinally
broughtoutintothelight，andthusthegenerationofanimalsis
completed。
Thuswerecreatedwomenandthefemalesexingeneral。Butthe
raceofbirdswascreatedoutofinnocentlight—mindedmen，who，
althoughtheirmindsweredirectedtowardheaven，imagined，intheir
simplicity，thattheclearestdemonstrationofthethingsabovewasto
beobtainedbysight；thesewereremodelledandtransformedinto
birds，andtheygrewfeathersinsteadofhair。Theraceofwild
pedestriananimals，again，camefromthosewhohadnophilosophyin
anyoftheirthoughts，andneverconsideredatallaboutthenatureof
theheavens，becausetheyhadceasedtousethecoursesofthehead，
butfollowedtheguidanceofthosepartsofthesoulwhicharein
thebreast。Inconsequenceofthesehabitsoftheirstheyhadtheir
front—legsandtheirheadsrestingupontheearthtowhichtheywere
drawnbynaturalaffinity；andthecrownsoftheirheadswere
elongatedandofallsortsofshapes，intowhichthecoursesofthe
soulwerecrushedbyreasonofdisuse。Andthiswasthereasonwhy
theywerecreatedquadrupedsandpolypods：Godgavethemoresenseless
ofthemthemoresupportthattheymightbemoreattractedtothe
earth。Andthemostfoolishofthem，whotrailtheirbodiesentirely
uponthegroundandhavenolongeranyneedoffeet，hemadewithout
feettocrawlupontheearth。Thefourthclassweretheinhabitantsof
thewater：theseweremadeoutofthemostentirelysenselessand
ignorantofall，whomthetransformersdidnotthinkanylongerworthy
ofpurerespiration，becausetheypossessedasoulwhichwasmade
impurebyallsortsoftransgression；andinsteadofthesubtleand
puremediumofair，theygavethemthedeepandmuddyseatobe
theirelementofrespiration；andhencearosetheraceoffishesand
oysters，andotheraquaticanimals，whichhavereceivedthemost
remotehabitationsasapunishmentoftheiroutlandishignorance。
Thesearethelawsbywhichanimalspassintooneanother，now，as
ever，changingastheyloseorgainwisdomandfolly。
Wemaynowsaythatourdiscourseaboutthenatureoftheuniverse
hasanend。Theworldhasreceivedanimals，mortalandimmortal，and
isfulfilledwiththem，andhasbecomeavisibleanimalcontainingthe
visible—thesensibleGodwhoistheimageoftheintellectual，the
greatest，best，fairest，mostperfect—theoneonlybegottenheaven。