appearedinthe\"Bijou，\"Scott’s\"BonnieDundee\"inthe\"ChristmasBox，\"andTennyson’s\"St。Agnes’Eve\"inthe\"Keepsake。\"Buttheplateswere，afterall，theleadingattraction。These，preparedforthemostpartunderthesuperintendenceoftheyoungerHeath，andexecutedonthesteelwhichbythistimehadsupplantedtheold\"coppers，\"weresuppliedby，orwere\"after，\"almosteverycontemporaryartistofnote。Stothard，nowgrowingoldandpasthisprime，Turner，Etty，Stanfield，Leslie，Roberts，Danby，Maclise，Lawrence，Cattermole，andnumbersofothers，foundprofitablelabourinthisfashionablefielduntil1856，whenthelastofthe\"Annuals\"
disappeared，drivenfromthemarketbytherapiddevelopmentofwoodengraving。Aboutamillion，itisroughlyestimated，wassquanderedinproducingthem。
Inconnectionwiththe\"Annuals\"mustbementionedtwoillustratedbookswhichwereinallprobabilitysuggestedbythem——the\"Poems\"
and\"Italy\"ofRogers。ThedesignstothesearechieflybyTurnerandStothard，althoughthereareafewbyProutandothers。
Stothard’shavebeenalreadyreferredto;Turner’sarealmostuniversallyheldtobethemostsuccessfulofhismanyvignettes。
Ithasbeentrulysaid——inarecentexcellentlifeofthisartist{10}——thatitwouldbedifficulttofindinthewholeofhisworkstworeallygreaterthanthe\"AlpsatDaybreak，\"andthe\"DaturHoraQuieti，\"intheformerofthesevolumes。Almostequallybeautifularethe\"ValombreFalls\"and\"Tornaro’smistybrow。\"Ofthe\"Italy\"
setMr。Ruskinwrites：-\"Theyareentirelyexquisite;poeticalinthehighestandpurestsense，exemplaryanddelightfulbeyondallpraise。\"Tosuchwordsitisnotpossibletoaddmuch。ButitisprettyclearthatthepoeticalvitalityofRogerswassecuredbythesewell-timedillustrations，overwhichheisadmittedbyhisnephewMr。Sharpetohavespentabout7000pounds，andfarlargersumshavebeennamedbygoodauthorities。Theartistreceivedfromfifteentotwentyguineasforeachofthedrawings;theengravers（Goodall，Miller，Wallis，Smith，andothers），sixtyguineasaplate。
The\"Poems\"andthe\"Italy，\"intheoriginalissuesof1830and1834，arestillprecioustocollectors，andarelikelytoremainso。
TurneralsoillustratedScott，Milton，Campbell，andByron;butthisseriesofdesignshasnotreceivedequalcommendationfromhisgreatesteulogist，whodeclaresthemtobe\"muchmorelaboured，andmoreorlessartificialandunequal。\"AmongthenumerousimitationsdirectlyinducedbytheRogersbookswasthe\"LyricsoftheHeart，\"
byAlaricAttilaWatts，aforgottenversifierandsometimeeditorof\"Annuals，\"butitdidnotmeetwithsimilarsuccess。
Manyillustratedworks，originatingintheperfectionandopportunitiesofengravingonmetal，arenecessarilyunnoticedinthisrapidsummary。Asfar，however，asbook-illustrationisconcerned，copperandsteelplateengravingmaybeheldtohavegoneoutoffashionwiththe\"Annuals。\"Itisstill，indeed，tobefoundlingeringinthatmineofmodernart-books——the\"ArtJournal;\"and，notsoverylongago，itmadeasumptuousandfugitivereappearanceinDore’s\"IdyllsoftheKing，\"BirketFoster’s\"Hood，\"andoneortwootherimposingvolumes。Butitwasbadlyinjuredbymodernwood-engraving;ithassincebeencrippledforlifebyphotography;
anditismorethanprobablethatthepresentrapidriseofmodernetchingwillgiveitthecoupdegrace。{11}
Bytheendoftheseventeenthcenturytheartofengravingonwoodhadfallenintodisuse。Writingcirca1770，HoraceWalpolegoessofarastosaythatit\"neverwasexecutedinanyperfectioninEngland;\"and，speakingafterwardsofPapillon’s\"TraitedelaGravure，\"1766，hetakesoccasiontodoubtifthatauthorwouldever\"persuadetheworldtoreturntowoodencuts。\"Nevertheless，withBewick，afewyearslater，wood-engravingtookafreshdeparturesoconspicuousthatitamountstoarevival。Inwhatthisconsisteditisclearlyimpossibletoshowherewithanysufficiencyofdetail;
butbetweenthemethodoftheoldwood-cutterswhoreproducedthedrawingsofDurer，andthemethodoftheNewcastleartist，therearetwomarkedandwell-defineddifferences。Oneoftheseisadifferenceinthepreparationofthewoodandthetoolemployed。
Theoldwood-cutterscarvedtheirdesignswithknivesandchiselsonstripsofwoodsawnlengthwise——thatistosay，uponthePLANK;
Bewickusedagraver，andworkeduponslicesofboxorpearcutacrossthegrain，——thatistosayupontheENDofthewood。Theotherdifference，ofwhichBewickissaidtohavebeentheinventor，islesseasytodescribe。Itconsistedintheemploymentofwhatistechnicallyknownas\"whiteline。\"Inallantecedentwood-cuttingthecutterhadsimplyclearedawaythoseportionsoftheblockleftbarebythedesign，sothatthedesignremainedinrelieftobeprintedfromliketype。Usingthesmoothboxblockasauniformsurfacefromwhich，ifcoveredwithprintingink，auniformlyblackimpressionmightbeobtained，Bewick，bycuttingwhitelinesacrossitatgreaterorlesserintervals，producedgradationsofshade，fromtheabsoluteblackoftheblocktothelightesttints。Thegeneralresultofthismethodwastogiveagreaterdepthofcolouringandvarietytotheengraving，butitsadvantagesmayperhapsbebestunderstoodbyaglanceatthebackgroundofthe\"Woodcock\"onthefollowingpage。
Bewick’sfirstworkofanyimportancewastheGay’s\"Fables\"of1779。In1784hedidanotherseriesof\"SelectFables。\"Neitherofthesebooks，however，canbecomparedwiththe\"GeneralHistoryofQuadrupeds，\"1790，andthe\"BritishLandandWaterBirds，\"1797and1804。Theillustrationstothe\"Quadrupeds\"areinmanyinstancesexcellent，andlargeadditionsweremadetotheminsubsequentissues。ButinthiscollectionBewicklabouredtoagreatextentunderthedisadvantageofrepresentinganimalswithwhichhewasfamiliaronlythroughthemediumofstuffedspecimensorincorrectdrawings。Inthe\"BritishBirds，\"onthecontrary，hisfacilitiesforstudyfromthelifeweregreater，andhissuccesswasconsequentlymorecomplete。Indeed，itmaybesafelyaffirmedthatofalltheengraversofthepresentcentury，nonehaveexcelledBewickforbeautyofblackandwhite，forskilfulrenderingofplumageandfoliage，andforfidelityofdetailandaccessory。The\"Woodcock\"（heregiven），the\"Partridge，\"the\"Owl，\"the\"Yellow-
Hammer，\"the\"Yellow-Bunting，\"the\"Willow-Wren，\"arepopularexamplesofthesequalities。Butthereareahundredothersnearlyasgood。
AmongsundryconventionaldecorationsaftertheoldGermanfashioninthefirsteditionofthe\"Quadrupeds，\"thereareafairnumberofthosefamoustail-pieceswhich，toagoodmanypeople，constituteBewick’schiefclaimtoimmortality。ThatitisnoteasytoimitatethemisplainfromthefailureofBranston’sattempts，andfromtheinferiorcharacterofthosebyJohnThompsoninYarrell’s\"Fishes。\"
ThegeniusofBewickwas，infact，entirelyindividualandparticular。HehadthehumourofaHogarthinlittle，aswellassomeofhisspecialcharacteristics，——notablyhisfacultyoftellingastorybysuggestivedetail。Aninstancemaybetakenatrandomfromvol。I。ofthe\"Birds。\"Aman，whosewigandhathavefallenoff，liesasleepwithopenmouthundersomebushes。Heismanifestlydrunk，andthedate\"4June，\"onaneighbouringstone，givesusthereasonandoccasionofhiscatastrophe。HehasbeentooloyallycelebratingthebirthdayofhismajestyKingGeorgeIII。
AnotherofBewick’sgiftsishiswonderfulskillinforeshadowingatragedy。Takeasanexample，thistrulyappallingincidentfromthe\"Quadrupeds。\"Thetotteringchild，whosenurseisseeninthebackground，hasstrayedintothemeadow，andispullingatthetailofavicious-lookingcolt，withback-turnedeyeandliftedheel。
Downthegarden-stepsthemotherhurriesheadlong;butshecanhardlybeintime。Andofallthis——sufficient，onewouldsay，forafairly-sizedcanvas——theartisthasmanagedtogiveavividimpressioninablockofthreeinchesbytwo！Then，again，likeHogarthoncemore，herejoicesinmultiplicationsofdilemma。What，forinstance，canbemorecomicallypatheticthanthehead-piecetothe\"Contents\"invol。I。ofthe\"Birds\"？Theoldhorsehasbeenseizedwithaninvinciblefitofstubbornness。Thedayisbothwindyandrainy。Theriderhasbrokenhisstickandlosthishat;
butheistoomuchencumberedwithhiscacklingandexcitedstocktodaretodismount。NothingcanhelphimbutaDeusexmachina，——ofwhomthereisnosign。
Besideshishumour，Bewickhasadelightfullyrusticside，ofwhichHogarthgivesbutlittleindication。Fromthestarvedeweinthesnownibblingforlornlyataworn-outbroom，tothecowwhichhasbrokenthroughtherailtoreachtherunningwater，therearenumberlessdesignswhichrevealthatfaithfulloverofthefieldandhillside，who，ashesaid，\"wouldratherbeherdingsheeponMicklebanktop\"thanremaininLondontobemadepremierofEngland。Helovedthecountryandthecountry-life;andhedrewthemasonewholovedthem。Itisthisruralqualitywhichhelpstogivesuchalastingfreshnesstohisquaintandpicturesquefancies;anditisthiswhichwillcontinuetopreservetheirpopularity，eveniftheyshouldceasetobevaluedfortheirwealthofwhimsicalinvention。
InreferringtothesemasterpiecesofBewick’s，itmustnotbeforgottenthathehadtheaidofsomecleverassistants。HisyoungerbrotherJohnwasnotwithouttalent，asisclearfromhisworkforSomervile’s\"Chace，\"1796，andthathighlyedifyingbook，the\"BlossomsofMorality。\"Manyofthetail-piecestothe\"WaterBirds\"weredesignedbyRobertJohnson，whoalsodidmostoftheillustrationstoBewick’s\"Fables\"of1818，whichwereengravedbyTempleandHarvey，twootherpupils。AnotherpupilwasCharltonNesbit，anexcellentengraver，whowasemployeduponthe\"Birds，\"
anddidgoodworkinAckermann’s\"ReligiousEmblems\"of1808，andthesecondseriesofNorthcote’s\"Fables。\"Butbyfarthelargestportionofthetail-piecesinthesecondvolumeofthe\"Birds\"wasengravedbyLukeClennell，averyskilfulbutunfortunateartist，whoultimatelybecameinsane。Tohimweowethewoodcuts，afterStothard’scharmingsketches，totheRogersvolumeof1810，aneditionprecedingthosealreadymentionedasillustratedwithsteel-
plates，andcontainingsomeoftheartist’shappiestpicturesofchildrenandamorini。Manyoftheselittlegroupswouldmakeadmirabledesignsforgems，ifindeedtheyarenotalreadyderivedfromthem，sinceoneatleastisanobviouscopyofawell-knownsardonyx——（\"TheMarriageofCupidandPsyche。\"）Thisvolume，generallyknownbythenameofthe\"Firebrand\"edition，ishighlyprizedbycollectors;and，asintelligentrenderingsofpenandink，thereislittlebetterthantheseengravingsofClennell’s。{12}
Finally，amongothersofBewick’spupils，mustbementionedWilliamHarvey，whosurvivedto1866。IthasbeenalreadystatedthatheengravedpartoftheillustrationstoBewick’s\"Fables，\"buthisbestknownblockisthelargeoneofHaydon’s\"DeathofDentatus。\"
Soonafterthisherelinquishedwood-engravinginfavourofdesign，andforalongperiodwasoneofthemostfertileandpopularofbook-illustrators。Hisstyle，however，isunpleasantlymannered;
anditissufficienttomakementionofhismasterpiece，the\"ArabianNights\"ofLane，theillustrationstowhich，producedunderthesupervisionofthetranslator，aresaidtobesoaccurateastogivetheappropriateturbansforeveryhouroftheday。TheyshowconsiderablefreedomofinventionandalargefundofOrientalism。
HarveycametoLondonin1817;Clennellhadprecededhimbysomeyears;andNesbitlivedthereforaconsiderabletime。WhatdistinguishesthesepupilsofBewickespeciallyis，thattheywereartistsaswellasengravers，capableofproducingthedesignstheyengraved。The\"LondonSchool\"ofengravers，onthecontrary，weremostlyengravers，whodependeduponothersfortheirdesigns。TheforemostofthesewasRobertBranston，askilfulrendererofhumanfiguresandindoorscenes。HeworkedinrivalrywithBewickandNesbit;butheexcelledneither，whilehefellfarbehindtheformer。JohnThompson，oneoftheverybestofmodernEnglishengraversonwood，wasBranston’spupil。Hisrangewasofthewidest，andhesucceededaswellinengravingfishesandbirdsforYarrellandWalton’s\"Angler，\"asinillustrationstoMoliereand\"Hudibras。\"Hewas，besides，acleverdraughtsman，thoughheworkedchieflyfromthedesignsofThurstonandothers。Oneofthemostsuccessfulofhisillustratedbooksisthe\"VicarofWakefield，\"
afterMulready，whosesimplicityandhomelyfeelingwerewellsuitedtoGoldsmith’sstyle。AnotherexcellentengraverofthisdateisSamuelWilliams。ThereisaneditionofThomson’s\"Seasons，\"withcutsbothdrawnandengravedbyhim，whichiswellworthyofattention，and（likeThompsonandBranston）hewasveryskilfulinreproducingthedesignsofCruikshank。SomeofhisbestworkinthiswayistobefoundinClarke’s\"ThreeCoursesandaDessert，\"
publishedbyVizetellyin1830。
Fromthistimeforth，however，onehearslessoftheengraverandmoreoftheartist。Theestablishmentofthe\"PennyMagazine\"in1832，andthemultifariouspublicationsofCharlesKnight，gaveanextraordinaryimpetustowood-engraving。Tenyearslatercame\"Punch，\"andthe\"IllustratedLondonNews，\"whichfurtherincreaseditspopularity。Artistsofeminencebegantodrawonorfortheblock，astheyhaddrawn，andwerestilldrawing，forthe\"Annuals。\"
In1842-6wasissuedthegreat\"Abbotsford\"editionofthe\"WaverleyNovels，\"which，besides120plates，containednearly2000wood-
engravings;andwiththe\"BookofBritishBallads，\"1843，editedbyMr。S。C。Hall，arosethatlongseriesofillustratedChristmasbooks，whichgraduallysupplantedthe\"Annuals，\"andmadefamiliarthenamesofGilbert，BirketFoster，HarrisonWeir，JohnAbsolon，andacrowdofothers。ThepoemsofLongfellow，Montgomery，Burns，\"BarryCornwall，\"Poe，MissIngelow，wereallsuccessively\"illustrated。\"Besidesthese，therewerenumerousselections，suchasWillmott’s\"PoetsoftheNineteenthCentury，\"Wills’s\"Poets’WitandHumour，\"andsoforth。Butthefieldheregrowstoowidetobedealtwithindetail，anditisimpossibletodomorethanmentionafewofthebooksmostprominentformeritororiginality。Amongstthesethereisthe\"Shakespeare\"ofSirJohnGilbert。Regardedasaninterpretativeeditionofthegreatdramatist，thisislittlemorethanabrillianttourdeforce;butitisneverthelessinfinitelysuperiortotheearliereffortsofKennyMeadowsin1843，andalsotothefancydesignsofHarveyinKnight’s\"PictorialShakespeare。\"The\"IllustratedTennyson\"of1858isalsoaremarkableproduction。TheLaureate，almostmorethananyother，requiresavarietyofillustrators;andhere，forhisidylls，hehadMulreadyandMillais，andforhisromancesRossettiandHolmanHunt。
His\"Princess\"wasafterwardsillustratedbyMaclise，andhis\"EnochArden\"byArthurHughes;butneitherofthesecanbesaidtobewhollyadequate。The\"LallaRookh\"ofJohnTenniel，1860，albeitsomewhatstiffandcold，afterthisartist’sfashion，isasuperbcollectionofcarefullystudiedorientaldesigns。WiththesemaybeclassedtheillustrationstoAytoun’s\"LaysoftheScottishCavaliers，\"bySirNoelPaton，whichhavethesamefinishedqualitiesofcompositionandthesameacademichardness。Severalgoodeditionsofthe\"Pilgrim’sProgress\"haveappeared，——notablythoseofC。H。Bennett，J。D。Watson，andG。H。Thomas。OtherbooksareMillais’s\"ParablesofourLord，\"Leighton’s\"Romola，\"Walker’s\"Philip\"and\"DenisDuval，\"the\"DonQuixote，\"\"Dante，\"\"LaFontaine\"andotherworksofDore，Dalziel’s\"ArabianNights，\"
Leighton’s\"LyraGermanica\"and\"MoralEmblems，\"andthe\"SpiritualConceits\"ofW。HarryRogers。Thesearesomeonlyofthenumber，whichdoesnotincludebookslikeMrs。HughBlackburn’s\"BritishBirds，\"Wolf’s\"WildAnimals，\"Wise’s\"NewForest，\"Linton’s\"LakeCountry，\"Wood’s\"NaturalHistory，\"andmanymore。Nordoesittakeinthevariousillustratedperiodicalswhichhavemultipliedsofreelysince，in1859，\"OnceaWeek\"firstbegantoattractandtrainsuchyoungerdraughtsmenasSandys，Lawless，Pinwell，Houghton，Morten，andPaulGrey，someofwhosebestworkinthiswayhasbeenrevivedintheeditionofThornbury’s\"BalladsandSongs，\"
recentlypublishedbyChattoandWindus。Tenyearslatercamethe\"Graphic，\"offeringstillwideropportunitiestowood-cutart，andbringingwithitafreshschoolofartists。Herkomer，Fildes，Small，Green，Barnard，Barnes，Crane，Caldecott，Hopkins，andothers，——quosnuncperscriberelongumest——havecontributedgoodworktothispopularrivaloftheolder，butstillvigorous，\"Illustrated。\"Andnowagain，anotherpromisingserial，the\"MagazineofArt，\"affordsasupplementaryfieldtomodernrefinementsandyoungerenergies。
Notafewoftheartistsnamedintheprecedingparagraphhavealsoearneddistinctioninseparatebranchesofthepictorialart，andspeciallyinthatofhumorousdesign，——adepartmentwhichhasalwaysbeensorichlyrecruitedinthiscountrythatitdeservesmorethanapassingmention。FromthedaysofHogarthonwardstherehasbeenanalmostunbrokenseriesofhumorousdraughtsmen，who，bothonwoodandmetal，playadistinguishedpartinourillustratedliterature。
Rowlandson，oneoftheearliest，wasacaricaturistofinexhaustiblefacility，andanartistwhoscarcelydidjusticetohisownpowers。
Heillustratedseveralbooks，butheischieflyrememberedinthiswaybyhisplatestoCombe’s\"ThreeToursofDr。Syntax。\"Gillray，hiscontemporary，whosebiaswaspoliticalratherthansocial，issaidtohaveillustrated\"TheDesertedVillage\"inhisyouth;butheisnotfamousasabook-illustrator。AnotheroftheearlymenwasBunbury，whom\"quality\"-lovingMr。Walpolecalls\"thesecondHogarth，andfirstimitatorwhoeverfullyequalledhisoriginal（！）;\"butwhoseprintsto\"TristramShandy，\"areneverthelesscompletelyforgotten，while，ifheberememberedatall，itisbytheplateof\"TheLongMinuet，\"andthevulgar\"DirectionstoBadHorsemen。\"Withthefirstyearsofthecentury，however，appearsthegreatmasterofmodernhumorists，whoselonglifeendedonlyafewyearssince，\"theveteranGeorgeCruikshank\"——ashisadmirerswerewonttostylehim。HeindeedmayjustlybecomparedtoHogarth，since，intragicpowerandintensityheoccasionallycomesnearertohimthananyartistofourtime。Itismanifestlyimpossibletomentionhereallthemoreimportanteffortsofthisindefatigableworker，fromthosefar-awaydayswhenhecaricatured\"Boney\"andchampionedQueenCaroline，tothatfinalfrontispiecefor\"TheRoseandtheLily\"——\"designedandetched（accordingtotheinscription）byGeorgeCruikshank，age83;\"buttheplatestothe\"PointsofHumour，\"toGrimm’s\"Goblins，\"to\"OliverTwist，\"\"JackSheppard，\"Maxwell’s\"IrishRebellion，\"andthe\"TableBook，\"aresufficientlyfavourableandvariedspecimensofhisskillwiththeneedle，whilethewoodcutsto\"ThreeCoursesandaDessert，\"oneofwhichisheregiven，areequallygoodexamplesofhisworkontheblock。The\"TriumphofCupid，\"whichbeginsthe\"TableBook，\"isanexcellentinstanceofhislavishwealthoffancy，anditcontainsbeside，one——naymorethanone——ofthemanyportraitsoftheartist。
Heisshownenrobedechambre，smoking（thiswasbeforehisregeneratedays！）infrontofablazingfire，withapetspanielonhisknee。Inthecloudwhichcurlsfromhislipsisamotleyprocessionofsailors，sweeps，jockeys，Greenwichpensioners，Jewclothesmen，flunkies，andothersmoreillustrious，chainedtothechariotwheelsofCupid，who，precededbycherubicacolytesandbanner-bearers，windsroundthetopofthepicturetowardsanaltarofHymenonthetable。When，bytheaidofapocket-glass，onehasmasteredtheseswarmingfigures，aswellasthoseintheforeground，itgraduallydawnsupononethatallthefurnitureisstrangelyvitalised。Maskslaughroundtheborderofthetablecloth，themarkingsofthemantelpieceresolvethemselvesintorowsofmadly-
racingfigures，thetongsleersinadegageandcavalierwayattheartist，theshovelandpokergrininsympathy;therearefacesinthesmoke，inthefire，inthefireplace，——theveryfenderitselfisaringoffantasticcreatureswhojubilantlyhemintheashes。AnditisnotonlyinthegrotesqueandfancifulthatCruikshankexcels;
heismasterofthestrange，thesupernatural，andtheterrible。Inrangeofcharacter（thecomparisonisprobablyahackneyedone），bothbyhisgiftsandhislimitations，heresemblesDickens;andhadheillustratedmoreofthatwriter’sworkstheresemblancewouldprobablyhavebeenmoreevident。In\"OliverTwist，\"forexample，whereDickensisstrong，Cruikshankisstrong;whereDickensisweak，heisweaktoo。HisFagin，hisBillSikes，hisBumble，andtheirfollowing，areonalevelwithDickens’sconceptions;hisMonkandRoseMaylieareaspoorastheoriginals。ButasthedefectsofDickensareoverbalancedbyhismerits，soCruikshank’sstrengthisfarinexcessofhisweakness。Itisnottohismelodramaticheroesorwasp-waistedheroinesthatwemustlookforhistriumphs;itistohisdelineations，fromthemoralist’spointofview，ofvulgarityandvice，——ofthe\"ranklifeoftowns，\"withallitssqualidtragedyandcomedy。Herehefindshisstrongestground，andpossibly，notwithstandinghispowersasacomicartistandcaricaturist，hisloftiestclaimtorecollection。
CruikshankwasemployedontwoonlyofDickens’sbooks——\"OliverTwist\"andthe\"SketchesbyBoz。\"{13}ThegreatmajorityofthemwereillustratedbyHablotK。Browne，anartistwhofollowedtheill-fatedSeymouronthe\"PickwickPapers。\"To\"Phiz，\"asheispopularlycalled，weareindebtedforourpictorialideasofSamWeller，Mrs。Gamp，CaptainCuttle，andmostoftheauthor’scharacters，downtothe\"TaleofTwoCities。\"\"Phiz\"alsoillustratedagreatmanyofLever’snovels，forwhichhisskillinhuntingandotherLever-likescenesespeciallyqualifiedhim。
WiththenameofRichardDoylewecometothefirstofagroupofartistswhosemainworkwas，orisstill，doneforthetime-honouredmiscellanyofMr。Punch。Sofamiliaranobjectis\"Punch\"uponourtables，thatoneissometimesapttoforgethowunfailing，andhowgoodonthewhole，istheworkwetakesocomplacentlyasamatterofcourse。Andofthisgoodwork，intheearlierdays，alargeproportionwasdonebyMr。Doyle。Heisstillliving，althoughhehaslongceasedtogladdenthosesprightlypages。Butitwasto\"Punch\"thathecontributedhismasterpiece，the\"MannersandCustomsofyeEnglyshe，\"aseriesofoutlinesillustratingsociallifein1849，andcleverlycommentedbyashadowy\"Mr。Pips，\"asortoffetchordoubleofthebustlingandgarrulousoldCarolinediarist。Inthesecaptivatingpicturesthelifeofthirtyyearsagoisindeed，asthetitle-pagehasit，\"drawnfromyequick。\"WeseetheMolesworthsandCantilupesofthedayparadingthePark;wewatchBroughamfrettingatahearingintheLords，orPeelholdingforthtotheCommons（wheretheIrishmembersarealreadyobstructive）;wesqueezeinattheHaymarkettolistentoJennyLind，orwerundowntherivertoGreenwichFair，andvisit\"Mr。
Richardson，hisshow。\"Manyyearsafter，inthe\"Bird’sEyeViewsofSociety，\"whichappearedintheearlynumbersofthe\"CornhillMagazine，\"Mr。Doylereturnedtothisattractivetheme。Butthelaterdesignsweremoreelaborate，andnotequallyfortunate。TheybearthesamerelationshiptoMr。Pips’spictorialchronicle，asthelaboured\"TemperanceFairyTales\"ofCruikshank’soldagebeartothelittle-workedGrimm’s\"Goblins\"ofhisyouth。Sohazardousistheattempttorepeatanoldsuccess！Nevertheless，manyoftheinitialletterstothe\"Bird’sEyeViews\"areintheartist’sbestandmostfrolicsomemanner。\"TheForeignTourofBrown，Jones，andRobinson\"isanotherofhishappythoughtsfor\"Punch;\"andsomeofhismostpopulardesignsaretobefoundinThackeray’s\"Newcomes，\"
wherehissatireandfancyseemthoroughlysuitedtohistext。HehasalsoillustratedLocker’swell-known\"LondonLyrics，\"Ruskin’s\"KingoftheGoldenRiver，\"andHughes’s\"ScouringoftheWhiteHorse，\"fromwhichlasttheinitialatthebeginningofthischapterhasbeenborrowed。Hislatestimportanteffortwastheseriesofdrawingscalled\"InFairyLand，\"towhichMr。WilliamAllinghamcontributedtheverses。
Inspeakingofthe\"Newcomes，\"oneisremindedthatitsillustriousauthorwashimselfa\"Punch\"artist，andwouldprobablyhavebeenadesigneralone，haditnotbeendecreed\"thatheshouldpaintincolourswhichwillnevercrackandneverneedrestoration。\"
Everyoneknowsthestoryoftherejectedillustratorof\"Pickwick，\"
whomthatandotherrebuffsdrovepermanentlytoletters。Tohisdeath，however，heclungfondlytohispencil。Intechniqueheneverattainedtocertaintyorstrength，andhisgeniuswastooquickandcreative——perhapsalsotoodesultory——forfinishedwork，whilehewasalwaysindifferenttocostumeandaccessory。Butmanyofhissketchesfor\"VanityFair，\"for\"Pendennis，\"for\"TheVirginians，\"for\"TheRoseandtheRing，\"theChristmasbooks，andtheposthumouslypublished\"OrphanofPimlico，\"haveavigourofimpromptu，andahappysuggestivenesswhichisbetterthancorrectdrawing。Oftentherealisationisalmostphotographic。Look，forexample，attheportraitin\"Pendennis\"ofthedilapidatedMajorashecrawlsdownstairsinthedawnaftertheballatGauntHouse，andthenlistentotheinimitablecontext：\"ThatadmirableanddevotedMajoraboveall，——whohadbeenforhoursbyLadyClavering’ssideministeringtoherandfeedingherbodywitheverythingthatwasnice，andherearwitheverythingthatwassweetandflattering——oh！
whatanobjecthewas！Theringsroundhiseyeswereofthecolourofbistre;thoseorbsthemselveswereliketheplovers’eggswhereofLadyClaveringandBlanchehadeachtasted;thewrinklesinhisoldfacewerefurrowedindeepgashes;andasilverstubble，likeanelderlymorningdew，wasglitteringonhischin，andalongsidethedyedwhiskers，nowlimpandoutofcurl。\"Agooddealofthis——thatfinetouchinitalicsespecially——couldnotpossiblyberenderedinblackandwhite，andyethowmuchisindicated，andhowthoroughlythewholeisfelt！Oneturnstothewoodcutfromthewords，andbackagaintothewordsfromthewoodcutwithever-increasinggratification。Thenagain，Thackeray’slittleinitiallettersarecharminglyarchandplayful。Theyseemtothrowashyside-lightuponthetext，giving，asitwere，anadditionalandconfidentialhintoftheworkingoftheauthor’smind。Tothosewho，withthepresentwriter，loveeverytinyscratchandquirkandflourishoftheMaster’shand，thesesmallbutpricelessmemorialsarefarbeyondthefrigidappraisingofacademicsandschoolsofart。
AfterDoyleandThackeraycomeacoupleofwell-knownartists——JohnLeechandJohnTenniel。Thelatterstilllives（mayhelonglive！）
todelightandinstructus。Oftheformer，whosegenialandmanly\"PicturesofLifeandCharacter\"areineveryhomewheregood-
humouredrailleryisprizedandappreciated，itisscarcelynecessarytospeak。Whodoesnotrememberthesplendidlanguidswells，thebright-eyedrosygirls（\"withnononsenseaboutthem！\"）
inporkpiehatsandcrinolines，thesuperlative\"Jeames’s，\"thehairy\"Mossoos，\"themusic-grindingItaliandesperadoeswhomtheirkindcreatorhatedso？Andthentheintrepidityof\"Mr。Briggs，\"
theRomanruleof\"Paterfamilias，\"thevagariesofthe\"RisingGeneration！\"Therearethingsinthisgalleryoverwhichtheseverestmisanthropemustchuckle——theyaresimplyirresistible。
Letanyonetake，saythatsmallestsketchofthehaplessmortalwhohasturnedonthehotwaterinthebathandcannotturnitoffagain，andseeifheisabletorestrainhislaughter。InthisonegiftofproducinginstantmirthLeechisalmostalone。Itwouldbeeasytoassailhismannerandhisskill，butforsheerfun，fortheinventionofdownrighthumoroussituation，heisunapproached，exceptbyCruikshank。HedidafewillustrationstoDickens’sChristmasbooks;buthisbest-knownbook-illustrationsproperlysocalledareto\"UncleTom’sCabin，\"the\"ComicHistories\"ofA’Beckett，the\"LittleTourinIreland，\"andcertainsportingnovelsbythelateMr。Surtees。Tennielnowconfineshimselfalmostexclusivelytotheweeklycartoonswithwhichhisnameispopularlyassociated。Butyearsagoheusedtoinventthemostdaintilyfancifulinitialletters;andmanyofhisadmirersprefertheserio-
grotesquedesignsof\"Punch’sPocket-Book，\"\"AliceinWonderland，\"
and\"ThroughtheLooking-Glass，\"tothealwayscorrectly-drawnbutsometimesstiffly-conceivedcartoons。What，forexample，couldbemoredelightfulthanthepicture，in\"AliceinWonderland，\"ofthe\"MadTeaParty？\"ObservethehopelesslydistraughtexpressionoftheMarchhare，andtheeagerincoherenceofthehatter！Alittlefurtheronthepairaretryingtosqueezethedormouseintotheteapot;andafewpagesbackthebluecaterpillarisdiscoveredsmokinghishookahonthetopofamushroom。Hewasexactlythreeincheslong，saystheveraciouschronicle，butwhatadignity！——whatanorientalflexibilityofgesture！Speakingofanimals，itmustnotbeforgottenthatTennielisamasterinthisline。His\"BritishLion，\"inparticular，isamostimposingquadruped，andsoofteninrequestthatitisnotnecessarytogobacktothefamouscartoonsontheIndianmutinytoseekforexamplesofthatmagnificentpresence。Asaspecimenoftheartist’streatmentofthelesserfelidae，thereader’sattentionisinvitedtothischarminglittlekittenfrom\"ThroughtheLooking-Glass。\"
Mr。TennielisalinkbetweenLeechandtheyoungerschoolof\"Punch\"artists，ofwhomMr。GeorgeduMaurier，Mr。LinleySambourne，andMr。CharlesKeenearethemostillustrious。ThefirstisnearlyaspopularasLeech，andiscertainlyagreaterfavouritewithcultivatedaudiences。HeisnotsomuchahumoristasasatiristoftheThackeraytype，——unsparinginhisdenunciationofshams，affectations，andflimsypretencesofallkinds。Amasterofcompositionandaccomplisheddraughtsman，heexcelsinthedelineationof\"society\"——itsbishops，its\"professionalbeauties\"
and\"aesthetes，\"itsnouveauxriches，itsdistinguishedforeigners，——
whilenowandthen（butnottoooften）heletsusknowthatifhechosehecouldbeequallyhappyindepictingthelowestclasses。
Therewasabar-roomscenenotlongagoin\"Punch\"whichgavetheclearestevidenceofthis。Someofthoseforwhomnogoodthingisgoodenoughcomplain，itissaid，thathelacksvariety——thatheistooconstanttoonetypeoffemininebeauty。Butanyonewhowillbeatthepainstostudyagroupofconventional\"society\"facesfromanyofhis\"AtHomes\"or\"MusicalParties\"willspeedilydiscoverthattheyarereallyverysubtlydiversifiedandcontrasted。Foracaseinpoint，takethedecorouslysympatheticgrouproundthesensitiveGermanmusician，whois\"veeping\"overoneofhisowncompositions。Orfollowthetitterrunningroundthatamusedassemblytowhomthetenorwarblerissinging\"Me-e-e-etmeonceagain，\"withsuchpassionateemphasisthatthedomesticcatmistakesitforawell-knownareacry。Asforhisladies，itmayperhapsbeconcededthathistypeisalittlepersistent。Stillitisatypesorefined，sograceful，soattractivealtogether，thatinthejarringoflesswell-favouredrealitiesitisanadvantagetohaveitalwaysbeforeoureyesasastandardtowhichwecanappeal。
Mr。duMaurierisafertilebook-illustrator，whosehandisfrequentlyseeninthe\"Cornhill，\"andelsewhere。SomeofhisbestworkofthiskindisinDouglasJerrold’s\"StoryofaFeather，\"inThackeray’s\"Ballads，\"andthelargeeditionofthe\"IngoldsbyLegends，\"towhichLeech，Tenniel，andCruikshankalsocontributed。
Oneofhisprettiestcompositionsisthegroupherereproducedfrom\"Punch’sAlmanack\"for1877。Thetalentofhiscolleague，Mr。
LinleySambourne，mayfairlybestyledunique。Itisdifficulttocompareitwithanythinginitsway，exceptsomeofthehappiereffortsofthelateMr。CharlesBennett，towhich，nevertheless，itisgreatlysuperiorinexecution。Tothiscleverartist’sinventioneverythingseemstopresentitselfwithatrainoffantasticaccessorysowhimsicallyinexhaustiblethatitalmostoverpowersonewithitsprodigality。Eachfreshexaminationofhisdesignsdisclosessomethingoverlookedorunexpected。Letthereaderstudyforamomentthefamous\"BirdsofaFeather\"of1875，orthatingeniousskitof1877upontherivalGrosvenorGalleryandAcademy，inwhichthelatePresidentofthelatterisshownastheproudestofpeacocks，theeyesofwhosetailareportraitsofRoyalAcademicians，andwhosebody-feathersarepaintbrushesandshillingsofadmission。Mr。Sambourneisexcellent，too，atadaptationsofpopularpictures，——witnessthemorethanhappyparodiesofHerrman’s\"ABoutd’Arguments，\"and\"UneBonneHistoire。\"Hisbook-illustrationshavebeencomparativelyfew，thosetoBurnand’slaughableburlesqueof\"SandfordandMerton\"
beingamongthebest。RumourassertsthatheisatpresentengageduponKingsley’s\"WaterBabies，\"asubjectwhichmightalmostbesupposedtohavebeencreatedforhispencil。Thereareindications，itmaybeadded，thatMr。Sambourne’stalentsarebynomeanslimitedtothedomaininwhichforthepresenthechoosestoexercisethem，anditisnotimpossiblethathemayhereaftertakehighrankasacartoonist。Mr。CharlesKeene，aselectionfromwhosesketcheshasrecentlybeenissuedunderthetitleof\"OurPeople，\"isunrivalledincertainbourgeois，military，andprovincialtypes。Noonecandrawavolunteer，amonthlynurse，aScotchman，an\"ancientmariner\"ofthewatering-placespecies，withsuchabsolutelyhumorousverisimilitude。Personages，too，inwhoseeyes——touseMr。Swiveller’seuphemism——\"thesunhasshonetoostrongly，\"findinMr。Keeneamercilesssatiristoftheir\"pleasantvices。\"LikeLeech，hehasalsoaremarkablepowerofindicatingalandscapebackgroundwiththefewestpossibletouches。Hisbook-
illustrationshavebeen。mainlyconfinedtomagazinesandnovels。
Thosein\"OnceaWeek\"toa\"GoodFight，\"thetalesubsequentlyelaboratedbyCharlesReadeintothe\"CloisterandtheHearth，\"
presentsomegoodspecimensofhisearlierwork。Oneofthese，inwhichthedwarfofthestoryisseenclimbingupawallwithalanternathisback，willprobablyberememberedbymany。
Afterthe\"Punch\"schoolthereareotherlesserluminaries。Mr。W。
S。Gilbert’sdrawingstohisowninimitable\"BabBallads\"haveaperversedrollerywhichisquiteinkeepingwiththaterratictext。
Mr。F。Barnard，whoseexceptionaltalentshavenotbeensufficientlyrecognised，isamasterofcertainphasesofstronglymarkedcharacter，and，likeMr。CharlesGreen，hascontributedsomeexcellentsketchestothe\"HouseholdEdition\"ofDickens。Mr。
Sullivanof\"Fun，\"whosegrotesquestudiesofthe\"BritishTradesman\"and\"Workman\"haverecentlybeenrepublished，hasaboundingviscomica，buthehashithertodonelittleinthewayofillustratingbooks。Forminutepictorialstocktakingandphotographicretentionofdetail，Mr。Sullivan’sartisticmemorymayalmostbecomparedtothewonderfulliterarymemoryofMr。Sala。
Mr。JohnProctor，whosomeyearsago（in\"Willo’theWisp\"）seemedlikelytorivalTennielasacartoonist，hasnotbeenveryactiveinthisway;whileMr。MatthewMorgan，thecleverartistofthe\"Tomahawk，\"hastransferredhisservicestotheUnitedStates。OfMr。Bowcherof\"Judy，\"andvariousotherprofessedlyhumorousdesigners，spacepermitsnofurthermention。
Thereremains，however，onepopularbranchofbook-illustration，whichhasattractedthetalentsofsomeofthemostskilfulandoriginalofmoderndraughtsmen，i。e。theembellishmentofchildren’sbooks。FromthedayswhenMulreadydrewtheold\"Butterfly’sBall\"
and\"PeacockatHome\"ofouryouth，tothoseofthedelightfullyBlake-likefanciesofE。V。B。，whose\"Child’sPlay\"hasrecentlybeenre-publishedforthedelectationofanewgenerationofadmirers，thishasalwaysbeenapopularandprofitableemployment;
butoflateyearsithasbeenraisedtothelevelofafineart。
Mr。H。S。Marks，Mr。J。D。Watson，Mr。WalterCrane，haveproducedspecimensofnurseryliteraturewhich，forrefinementofcolouringandbeautyofornament，cannoteasilybesurpassed。Theequipmentsofthelastnamed，especially，areofaveryhighorder。Hebeganasalandscapistonwood;henowchieflydevoteshimselftothefigure;andheseemstohavethedecorativeartathisfingers’endsasanaturalgift。Suchworkas\"KingLuckieboy’sParty\"wasarevelationinthewayoftoybooks，whilethe\"Baby’sOpera\"and\"Baby’sBouquet\"arepetitschefsd’oeuvre，ofwhichthesagaciouscollectorwilldowelltosecurecopies，notforhisnursery，buthislibrary。Norcanhis\"Mrs。MundiatHome\"beneglectedbythecuriousinquaintandgracefulinvention。{14}Anotherbook——the\"UndertheWindow\"ofMissKateGreenaway——comeswithinthesamecategory。SinceStothard，noonehasgivenussuchaclear-eyed，soft-faced，happy-heartedchildhood;orsopoetically\"apprehended\"
thecoyreticences，thesimplicities，andthesmallsolemnitiesoflittlepeople。Addedtothis，theold-worldcostumeinwhichsheusuallyelectstoclothehercharacters，lendsanarchpiquancyofcontrasttotheirinnocentritesandceremonies。Hertasteintinting，too，isverysweetandspring-like;andthereisafresh，purefragranceaboutallherpicturesasofnew-gatherednosegays;
or，perhaps，lookingtothefashionsthatshefavours，itwouldbebettertosay\"bow-pots。\"Butthelatest\"goodgenius\"ofthisbranchofbook-illustratingisMr。RandolphCaldecott，adesignerassuredlyoftheveryfirstorder。Thereisaspontaneityoffun，anunforcedinventionabouteverythinghedoes，thatisinfinitelyentertaining。Otherartistsdrawtoamuseus;Mr。Caldecottseemstodrawtoamusehimself，——andthisishischarm。Onefeelsthathemusthavechuckledinwardlyashepuffedthecheeksofhis\"JovialHuntsmen;\"orsketchedthatinimitablycomplacentdoginthe\"HousethatJackBuilt;\"orexhibitedtheexploitsoftheimmortal\"train-
bandcaptain\"of\"famousLondontown。\"Thislastishismasterpiece。Cowperhimselfmusthaverejoicedatit，——andLadyAusten。Therearetwosketchesinthisbook——theyoccupytheconcludingpages——whichareespeciallyfascinating。Onone，JohnGilpin，inaforlornandflaccidcondition，ishelpedintothehousebythesympathising（andveryattractive）Betty;ontheotherhehasdonnedhisslippers，refreshedhisinnermanwithacordial，andovertheheavingshoulderofhis\"spouse，\"wholiesdissolveduponhismartialbosom，heistakingthespectatorsintohisconfidencewithawinkworthyofthelateMr。Buckstone。Nothingmoregenuine，moreheartilylaughable，thanthissetofdesignshasappearedinourday。AndMr。Caldecotthasfewlimitations。Notonlydoeshedrawhumannatureadmirably，buthedrawsanimalsandlandscapesequallywell，soonemaypraisehimwithoutreserve。Thoughnotchildren’sbooks，mentionshouldherebemadeofhis\"BracebridgeHall，\"and\"OldChristmas，\"theillustrationstowhicharethenearestapproachtothatbeau-ideal，perfectsympathybetweentheartistandtheauthor，withwhichthewriterisacquainted。Thecutonpage173isfromtheformeroftheseworks。
Manyofthebooksabovementionedareprintedincoloursbyvariousprocesses，andtheyarenotalwaysengravedonwood。But——toclosetheaccountofmodernwood-engraving——somebriefreferencemustbemadetowhatisstyledthe\"newAmericanSchool，\"asexhibitedforthemostpartin\"Scribner’s\"andotherTransatlanticmagazines。
Authorities，itisreported，shaketheirheadsovertheseperformances。\"C’estmagnifique，maiscenestpaslagravure，\"theywhisper。Intothematterindispute，itisperhapspresumptuousforan\"atechnic\"toadventurehimself。Buttotheoutsideritwouldcertainlyseemasifthechiefgroundofcomplaintisthatthenewcomersdonotplaythegameaccordingtotheoldrules，andthatthis（alleged）irregularmodeofproceduretendstolessenthestatusoftheengraverasanartist。Falseortrue，this，itmayfairlybeadvanced，hasnothingwhatevertodowiththematter，asfar，atleast，asthepublicareconcerned。Forthemthequestionis，simplyandsolely——Whatistheresultobtained？Thenewschool，availingthemselveslargelyoftheassistanceofphotography，areabletodispense，inagreatmeasure，withtheoldtediousmethodofdrawingontheblock，andtoleavetheartisttochoosewhatmediumheprefersforhisdesign——beitoil，water-colour，orblackandwhite——concerningthemselvesonlytoreproduceitscharacteristicsonthewood。Thisis，ofcourse，adeviationfromthemethodofBewick。ButwouldBewickhaveadheredtohismethodinthesedays？
Eveninhislasthourshewasseekingfornewprocesses。Whatwewantistogetnearesttotheartisthimselfwiththeleastamountofinterpretationorintermediationonthepartoftheengraver。Isengravingoncoppertobereproduced，wewantafacsimileifpossible，andnotarenderingintosomethingwhichissupposedtobetheorthodoxutteranceofwood-engraving。Take，forexample，thecopyofSchiavonetti’sengravingofBlake’sDeath’sDoorin\"Scribner’sMagazine\"forJune1880，orthecutfromthesamesourceatpage131ofthisbook。Thesearefaithfullineforlinetranscriptions，asfaraswoodcangivethem，oftheoriginalcopper-plates;and，thisbeingthecase，itisnottobewonderedatthatthepublic，who，forafewpencecanhavepracticalfacsimilesofBlake，ofCruikshank，orofWhistler，areloudintheirappreciationofthe\"newAmericanSchool。\"Norareitssuccessesconfinedtoreproductioninfacsimile。Thosewholookattheexquisiteillustrations，inthesameperiodical，tothe\"TileClubatPlay，\"toRoe’s\"SuccesswithSmallFruits，\"andHarris’s\"InsectsInjurioustoVegetation，\"——tosaynothingoftheselectedspecimensintherecentlyissued\"Portfolios\"——willseethatthelatestcomerscanholdtheirownonallfieldswithanyschoolthathasgonebefore。{15}
Besidescopperplateandwood，therearemanyprocesseswhichhavebeenandarestillemployedforbook-illustrations，althoughthebrieflimitsofthischaptermakeanyaccountofthemimpossible。
Lithographywasatonetimeverypopular，and，inbookslikeRoberts’s\"HolyLand，\"exceedinglyeffective。The\"EtchingClub\"
issuedanumberofbookscirca1841-52;andmostoftheworkof\"Phiz\"andCruikshankwasdonewiththeneedle。Itisprobablethat，aswehavealreadyseen，theimpetusgiventomodernetchingbyMessrs。Hamerton，SeymourHaden，andWhistler，willleadtoaspecificrevivalofetchingasameansofbook-illustration。
Alreadybeautifuletchingshaveforsometimeappearedin\"L’Art，\"
the\"Portfolio，\"andthe\"Etcher;\"andatleastonebookofpoemshasbeenentirelyillustratedinthisway，——thepoemsofMr。W。BellScott。Forreproducingoldengravings，maps，drawings，andthelike，itisnottoomuchtosaythatweshallnevergetanythingmuchcloserthanthefacsimilesofM。Amand-DurandandtheTypographicEtchingandAutotypeCompanies。Butfurtherimprovementswillprobablyhavetobemadebeforethesecancompetecommerciallywithwood-engravingaspractisedbythe\"newAmericanSchool。\"
\"Ofmakingmanybooks，\"’twaissaid，\"Thereisnoend;\"andwhothereonTheever-runninginkdothshedButprobesthewordsofSolomon：
Whereforewenow，forcolophon，FromLondon’scitydrearanddark，IntheyearEighteenEight-One，ReprintthematthepressofClark。
A。D。
Footnotes：
{1}Thisisthetechnicalnameforpeoplewho\"illustrate\"bookswithengravingsfromotherworks。ThepracticebecamepopularwhenGrangerpublishedhis\"BiographicalHistoryofEngland。\"
{2}Mr。WilliamBlades，inhis\"EnemiesofBooks\"（Trubner，1880），decriesglass-doors，——\"theabsenceofventilationwillassisttheformationofmould。\"ButM。Rouveyrebidsusopenthedoorsonsunnydays，thattheairmayberenewed，and，closethemintheeveninghours，lestmothsshouldenterandlaytheireggsamongthetreasures。And，withalldeferencetoMr。Blades，glass-doorsdoseemtobeusefulinexcludingdust。
{3}\"Sendhimbackcarefully，foryoucanifyoulike，thatallunharmedhemayreturntohisownplace。\"
{4}Nowonderthebooksarescarce，iftheyarebeinghackedtopiecesbyGrangerites。
{5}Theselinesappearedin\"NotesandQueries，\"Jan。8，1881。
{6}IntheGoldenAssofApuleius，whichPoliashouldnothaveread。
{7}M。ArseneHoussayeseemstothinkhehasfoundthem;markedonthefly-leaveswithanimpression，inwax，ofasealengravedwiththeheadofEpicurus。
{8}ThischapterwaswrittenbyAustinDobson。——DP
{9}TherecentWinterExhibitionoftheOldMasters（1881）
containedafinedisplayofFlaxman’sdrawings，alargenumberofwhichbelongedtoMr。F。T。Palgrave。
{10}ByMr。CosmoMonkhouse。
{11}Thesewordswerewrittenbeforethe\"ArtJournal\"hadpublisheditsprogrammefor1881。Fromthisitappearsthatthepresenteditorfullyrecognisesthenecessityforcallingintheassistanceoftheneedle。
{12}Theexample，herecopiedonthewoodbyM。Lacour，isaverysuccessfulreproductionofClennell’sstyle。
{13}Healsoillustratedthe\"MemoirsofJosephGrimaldi。\"Butthiswassimply\"edited\"by\"Boz。\"
{14}ThereaderwillobservethatthisvolumeisindebtedtoMr。
Craneforitsbeautifulfrontispiece。
{15}Sincethisparagraphwasfirstwrittenaninterestingpaperontheillustrationsin\"Scribner，\"fromthepenofMr。J。ComynsCarr，hasappearedin\"L’Art。\"