第1章

1863

ONTHENATURALHISTORYOFTHE

MAN-LIKEAPES

Ancienttraditions，whentestedbythesevereprocessesofmoderninvestigation，commonlyenoughfadeawayintomeredreams：butitissingularhowoftenthedreamturnsouttohavebeenahalf-wakingone，presagingareality。Ovidforeshadowedthediscoveriesofthegeologist：theAtlantiswasanimagination，butColumbusfoundawesternworld：andthoughthequaintformsofCentaursandSatyrshaveanexistenceonlyintherealmsofart，creaturesapproachingmanmorenearlythantheyinessentialstructure，andyetasthoroughlybrutalasthegoat’sorhorse’shalfofthemythicalcompound，arenownotonlyknown，butnotorious。

IhavenotmetwithanynoticeofoneoftheseMAN-LIKEAPESofearlierdatethanthatcontainedinPigafetta’s’DescriptionoftheKingdomofCongo，’*drawnupfromthenotesofaPortuguesesailor，EduardoLopez，andpublishedin1598。Thetenthchapterofthisworkisentitled\"DeAnimalibusquaeinhacprovinciareperiuntur，\"andcontainsabriefpassagetotheeffectthat\"intheSongancountry，onthebanksoftheZaire，therearemultitudesofapes，whichaffordgreatdelighttothenoblesbyimitatinghumangestures。\"Asthismightapplytoalmostanykindofapes，Ishouldhavethoughtlittleofit，hadnotthebrothersDeBry，whoseengravingsillustratethework，thoughtfit，intheireleventh’Argumentum，’tofiguretwoofthese\"Simiaemagnatumdeliciae。\"Somuchoftheplateascontainstheseapesisfaithfullycopiedinthewoodcut（Fig。1），anditwillbeobservedthattheyaretail-less，long-armed，andlarge-eared；andaboutthesizeofChimpanzees。Itmaybethattheseapesareasmuchfigmentsoftheimaginationoftheingeniousbrothersasthewinged，two-legged，crocodile-headeddragonwhichadornsthesameplate；or，ontheotherhand，itmaybethattheartistshaveconstructedtheirdrawingsfromsomeessentiallyfaithfuldescriptionofaGorillaoraChimpanzee。

And，ineithercase，thoughthesefiguresareworthapassingnotice，theoldesttrustworthyanddefiniteaccountsofanyanimalofthiskinddatefromthe17thcentury，andareduetoanEnglishman。

[FOOTNOTE]*REGNUMCONGO：hocestVERADESCRIPTIOREGNI

AFRICANIQUODTAMABINCOLISQUAMLUSITANISCONGUS

APPELLATUR，perPhilippumPigafettam，olimexEdoardoLopezacroamatislinguaItalicaexcerpta，numLatiosermonedonataabAugust。Cassiod。Reinio。Iconibusetimaginibusrerummemorabiliumquasivivis，operaetindustriaJoan。TheodorietJoan。IsraelisdeBry，fratrumexornata。Francofurti，MDXCVIII。

FIG。1。——SIMIAEMAGNATUMDELICIAE。——DeBry，1598。

Thefirsteditionofthatmostamusingoldbook，’PurchashisPilgrimage，’waspublishedin1613，andthereinaretobefoundmanyreferencestothestatementsofonewhomPurchasterms\"AndrewBattell（myneereneighbour，dwellingatLeighinEssex）whoservedunderManuelSilveraPerera，GovernorundertheKingofSpaine，athiscityofSaintPaul，andwithhimwentfarreintothecountreyofAngola\"；andagain，\"myfriend，AndrewBattle，wholivedinthekingdomofCongomanyyeares，\"andwho，\"uponsomequarellbetwixtthePortugals（amongwhomhewasasergeantofaband）andhim，livedeightorninemonethsinthewoodes。\"Fromthisweather-beatenoldsoldier，Purchaswasamazedtohear\"ofakindeofGreatApes，iftheymightsobeetermed，oftheheightofaman，buttwiceasbiggeinfeatureoftheirlimmes，withstrengthproportionable，hairieallover，otherwisealtogetherlikemenandwomenintheirwholebodilyshape。*Theylivedonsuchwildefruitsasthetreesandwoodsyielded，andinthenighttimelodgedonthetrees。\"

[footnote]*\"Exceptthisthattheirleggeshadnocalves。\"——[Ed。1626。]Andinamarginalnote，\"ThesegreatapesarecalledPongo’s。\"

Thisextractis，however，lessdetailedandclearinitsstatementsthanapassageinthethirdchapterofthesecondpartofanotherwork——’PurchashisPilgrimes，’publishedin1625，bythesameauthor——whichhasbeenoften，thoughhardlyeverquiterightly，cited。

Thechapterisentitled，\"ThestrangeadventuresofAndrewBattell，ofLeighinEssex，sentbythePortugalsprisonertoAngola，wholivedthereandintheadioiningregionsneereeighteeneyeeres。\"Andthesixthsectionofthischapterisheaded——\"OftheProvincesofBongo，Calongo，Mayombe，Manikesocke，Motimbas：oftheApeMonsterPongo，theirhunting：Idolatries；anddiversotherobservations。\"

\"Thisprovince（Calongo）towardtheeastborderethuponBongo，andtowardthenorthuponMayombe，whichisnineteenleaguesfromLongoalongthecoast。

\"ThisprovinceofMayombeisallwoodsandgroves，soover-grownethatamanmaytravailetwentiedaysintheshadowwithoutanysunneorheat。

Hereisnokindofcornenorgraine，sothatthepeoplelivethonelyuponplantanesandrootsofsundriesorts，verygood；andnuts；noranykindeoftamecattell，norhens。

\"Buttheyhavegreatstoreofelephant’sflesh，whichtheygreatlyesteeme，andmanykindsofwildbeasts；andgreatstoreoffish。Hereisagreatsandybay，twoleaguestothenorthwardofCapeNegro，*

whichistheportofMayombe。SometimesthePortugalsladelogwoodinthisbay。Hereisagreatriver，calledBanna：inthewinterithathnobarre，becausethegenerallwindscauseagreatsea。Butwhenthesunnehathhissouthdeclination，thenaboatmaygoein；forthenitissmoothbecauseoftheraine。Thisriverisverygreat，andhathmanyilandsandpeopledwellinginthem。Thewoodsaresocoveredwithbaboones，monkies，apesandparrots，thatitwillfeareanymantotravaileinthemalone。Herearealsotwokindsofmonsters，whicharecommoninthesewoods，andverydangerous。

[footnote]*’Purchas’note’。——CapeNegroisin16degreessouthoftheline。

\"ThegreatestofthesetwomonstersiscalledPongointheirlanguage，andthelesseriscalledEngeco。ThisPongoisinallproportionlikeaman；butthatheismorelikeagiantinstaturethanaman；forheisverytall，andhathaman’sface，hollow-eyed，withlonghaireuponhisbrowes。Hisfaceandearesarewithouthaire，andhishandsalso。

Hisbodieisfullofhaire，butnotverythicke；anditisofadunnishcolour。

\"Hedifferethnotfromamanbutinhislegs；fortheyhavenocalfe。

Heegoethalwaiesuponhislegs，andcarriethhishandsclaspedinthenapeofhisneckewhenhegoethupontheground。Theysleepeinthetrees，andbuildsheltersfortheraine。Theyfeeduponfruitthattheyfindinthewoods，anduponnuts，fortheyeatenokindofflesh。

Theycannotspeake，andhavenounderstandingmorethanabeast。Thepeopleofthecountrie，whentheytravaileinthewoodsmakefireswheretheysleepeinthenight；andinthemorningwhentheyaregone，thePongoeswillcomeandsitaboutthefiretillitgoethout；fortheyhavenounderstandingtolaythewoodtogether。Theygoemanytogetherandkillmanynegroesthattravaileinthewoods。Manytimestheyfallupontheelephantswhichcometofeedwheretheybe，andsobeatethemwiththeirclubbedfists，andpiecesofwood，thattheywillrunneroaringawayfromthem。ThosePongoesarenevertakenalivebecausetheyaresostrong，thattenmencannotholdoneofthem；butyettheytakemanyoftheiryoungoneswithpoisonedarrowes。

\"TheyoungPongohangethonhismother’sbellywithhishandsfastclaspedabouther，sothatwhenthecountriepeoplekillanyofthefemalestheytaketheyoungone，whichhangethfastuponhismother。

\"Whentheydieamongthemselves，theycoverthedeadwithgreatheapsofboughsandwood，whichiscommonlyfoundintheforest。\"*

[footnote]*Purchas’marginalnote，p。982：——\"ThePongoagiantape。Hetoldmeinconferencewithhim，thatoneofthesepongoestookeanegroboyofhiswhichlivedamonethwiththem。Fortheyhurtnotthosewhichtheysurpriseatunawares，excepttheylookonthem；whichheavoyded。Hesaidtheirhighthwaslikeaman’s，buttheirbignessetwiceasgreat。Isawthenegroboy。Whattheothermonstershouldbehehathforgottentorelate；andthesepaperscametomyhandsincehisdeath，which，otherwise，inmyoftenconferences，Imighthavelearned。PerhapshemeaneththePigmyPongokillersmentioned。\"

ItdoesnotappeardifficulttoidentifytheexactregionofwhichBattellspeaks。LongoisdoubtlessthenameoftheplaceusuallyspelledLoangoonourmaps。MayombestillliessomenineteenleaguesnorthwardfromLoango，alongthecoast；andCilongoorKilonga，Manikesocke，andMotimbasareyetregisteredbygeographers。TheCapeNegroofBattell，however，cannotbethemodernCapeNegroin16

degreesS。，sinceLoangoitselfisin4degreesS。latitude。Ontheotherhand，the\"greatrivercalledBanna\"correspondsverywellwiththe\"Camma\"and\"FernandVas，\"ofmoderngeographers，whichformagreatdeltaonthispartoftheAfricancoast。

Nowthis\"Camma\"countryissituatedaboutadegreeanda-halfsouthoftheEquator，whileafewmilestothenorthofthelineliestheGaboon，andadegreeorsonorthofthat，theMoneyRiver——bothwellknowntomodernnaturalistsaslocalitieswherethelargestofman-likeApeshasbeenobtained。Moreover，atthepresentday，thewordEngeco，orN’schego，isappliedbythenativesoftheseregionstothesmallerofthetwogreatApeswhichinhabitthem；sothattherecanbenorationaldoubtthatAndrewBattellspokeofthatwhichheknewofhisownknowledge，or，atanyrate，byimmediatereportfromthenativesofWesternAfrica。The\"Engeco，\"however，isthat\"othermonster\"whosenatureBattell\"forgottorelate，\"whilethename\"Pongo\"——appliedtotheanimalwhosecharactersandhabitsaresofullyandcarefullydescribed——seemstohavediedout，atleastinitsprimitiveformandsignification。Indeed，thereisevidencethatnotonlyinBattell’stime，butuptoaveryrecentdate，itwasusedinatotallydifferentsensefromthatinwhichheemploysit。

Forexample，thesecondchapterofPurchas’work，whichIhavejustquoted，contains\"ADescriptionandHistoricallDeclarationoftheGoldenKingdomofGuinea，etc。etc。TranslatedfromtheDutch，andcomparedalsowiththeLatin，\"whereinitisstated（p。986）that——

\"TheRiverGaboonlyethaboutfifteenmilesnorthwardfromRiodeAngra，andeightmilesnorthwardfromCapedeLopeGonsalves（CapeLopez），andisrightundertheEquinoctialline，aboutfifteenemilesfromSt。

Thomas，andisagreatland，wellandeasilytobeknowne。Atthemouthoftheriverthereliethasand，threeorfourefathomsdeepe，whereonitbeatethmightilywiththestreamewhichrunnethoutoftheriverintothesea。Thisriver，inthemouththereof，isatleastfourmilesbroad；butwhenyouareabouttheIlandcalled’Pongo’，itisnotabovetwomilesbroad……Onbothsidestherivertherestandethmanytrees……TheIlandcalled’Pongo’，whichhathamonstroushighhill。\"

FIG2。——TheOrangofTulpius，1641。

TheFrenchnavalofficers，whoselettersareappendedtothelateM。

IsidoreGeoff。SaintHilaire’sexcellentessayontheGorilla*，noteinsimilartermsthewidthoftheGaboon，thetreesthatlineitsbanksdowntothewater’sedge，andthestrongcurrentthatsetsoutofit。

Theydescribetwoislandsinitsestuary；——onelow，calledPerroquet；

theotherhigh，presentingthreeconicalhills，calledConiquet；andoneofthem，M。Franquet，expresslystatesthat，formerly，theChiefofConiquetwascalled’Meni-Pongo’，meaningtherebyLordof’Pongo’；andthatthe’N’Pongues’（as，inagreementwithDr。Savage，heaffirmsthenativescallthemselves）termtheestuaryoftheGaboonitself’N’Pongo’。

[footnote]*’ArchivesduMuseum’，tomex。

Itissoeasy，indealingwithsavages，tomisunderstandtheirapplicationsofwordstothings，thatoneisatfirstinclinedtosuspectBattellofhavingconfoundedthenameofthisregion，wherehis\"greatermonster\"stillabounds，withthenameoftheanimalitself。

Butheissorightaboutothermatters（includingthenameofthe\"lessermonster\"）thatoneislothtosuspecttheoldtravelleroferror；and，ontheotherhand，weshallfindthatavoyagerofahundredyears’laterdatespeaksofthename\"Boggoe，\"asappliedtoagreatApe，bytheinhabitantsofquiteanotherpartofAfrica——SierraLeone。

ButImustleavethisquestiontobesettledbyphilologersandtravellers；andIshouldhardlyhavedweltsolonguponitexceptforthecuriouspartplayedbythisword’Pongo’inthelaterhistoryoftheman-likeApes。

ThegenerationwhichsucceededBattellsawthefirstoftheman-likeApeswhichwaseverbroughttoEurope，or，atanyrate，whosevisitfoundahistorian。InthethirdbookofTulpius’’ObservationesMedicae’，publishedin1641，the56thchapterorsectionisdevotedtowhathecalls’Satyrusindicus’，\"calledbytheIndiansOrang-autangorMan-of-the-Woods，andbytheAfricansQuoiasMorrou。\"Hegivesaverygoodfigure，evidentlyfromthelife，ofthespecimenofthisanimal，\"nostramemoriaexAngoladelatum，\"presentedtoFrederickHenryPrinceofOrange。Tulpiussaysitwasasbigasachildofthreeyearsold，andasstoutasoneofsixyears：andthatitsbackwascoveredwithblackhair。ItisplainlyayoungChimpanzee。

Inthemeanwhile，theexistenceofother，Asiatic，man-likeApesbecameknown，butatfirstinaverymythicalfashion。ThusBontius（1658）

givesanaltogetherfabulousandridiculousaccountandfigureofananimalwhichhecalls\"Orang-outang\"；andthoughhesays\"vidiEgocujuseffigiemhicexhibeo，\"thesaideffigies（seeFig。6forHoppius’

copyofit）isnothingbutaveryhairywomanofrathercomelyaspect，andwithproportionsandfeetwhollyhuman。ThejudiciousEnglishanatomist，Tyson，wasjustifiedinsayingofthisdescriptionbyBontius，\"IconfessIdomistrustthewholerepresentation。\"

Itistothelastmentionedwriter，andhiscoadjutorCowper，thatweowethefirstaccountofaman-likeapewhichhasanypretensionstoscientificaccuracyandcompleteness。Thetreatiseentitled，\"’Orang-outang，siveHomoSylvestris’；ortheAnatomyofaPygmiecomparedwiththatofa’Monkey’，an’Ape’，anda’Man’，\"publishedbytheRoyalSocietyin1699，is，indeed，aworkofremarkablemerit，andhas，insomerespects，servedasamodeltosubsequentinquirers。This\"Pygmie，\"Tysontellsus\"wasbroughtfromAngola，inAfrica；butwasfirsttakenagreatdealhigherupthecountry\"；itshair\"wasofacoal-blackcolourandstrait，\"and\"whenitwentasaquadrupedonallfour，’twasawkwardly；notplacingthepalmofthehandflattotheground，butitwalk’duponitsknuckles，asIobservedittodowhenweakandhadnotstrengthenoughtosupportitsbody。\"——\"Fromthetopoftheheadtotheheelofthefoot，inastraitline，itmeasuredtwenty-sixinches。\"

FIGS。3and4。——The’Pygmie’reducedfromTyson’sfigures1and2，1699。

Thesecharacters，evenwithoutTyson’sgoodfigures（Figs。3and4），wouldhavebeensufficienttoprovehis\"Pygmie\"tobeayoungChimpanzee。ButtheopportunityofexaminingtheskeletonoftheveryanimalTysonanatomisedhavingmostunexpectedlypresenteditselftome，Iamabletobearindependenttestimonytoitsbeingaveritable’Troglodytesniger’*，thoughstillveryyoung。AlthoughfullyappreciatingtheresemblancesbetweenhisPygmieandMan，Tysonbynomeansoverlookedthedifferencesbetweenthetwo，andheconcludeshismemoirbysummingupfirst，thepointsinwhich\"theOurang-outangorPygmiemoreresembledaManthanApesandMonkeysdo，\"underforty-sevendistinctheads；andthengiving，inthirty-foursimilarbriefparagraphs，therespectsinwhich\"theOurang-outangorPygmiediffer’dfromaManandresembledmoretheApeandMonkeykind。\"

[footnote]*IamindebtedtoDr。Wright，ofCheltenham，whosepaleontologicallaboursaresowellknown，forbringingthisinterestingrelictomyknowledge。Tyson’sgranddaughter，itappears，marriedDr。Allardyce，aphysicianofreputeinCheltenham，andbrought，aspartofherdowry，theskeletonofthe’Pygmie。’Dr。AllardycepresentedittotheCheltenhamMuseum，and，throughthegoodofficesofmyfriendDr。Wright，theauthoritiesoftheMuseumhavepermittedmetoborrow，whatis，perhapsitsmostremarkableornament。

Afteracarefulsurveyoftheliteratureofthesubjectextantinhistime，ourauthorarrivesattheconclusionthathis\"Pygmie\"isidenticalneitherwiththeOrangsofTulpiusandBontius，norwiththeQuoiasMorrouofDapper（orratherofTulpius），theBarrisofd’Arcos，norwiththePongoofBattell；butthatitisaspeciesofapeprobablyidenticalwiththePygmiesoftheAncients，and，saysTyson，thoughit\"doessomuchresemblea’Man’inmanyofitsparts，morethananyoftheapekind，oranyother’animal’intheworld，thatIknowof：yetbynomeansdoIlookuponitastheproductofa’mixt’generation——’tisa’Brute-Animalsuigeneris’，andaparticular’speciesofApe’。\"

Thenameof\"Chimpanzee，\"bywhichoneoftheAfricanApesisnowsowellknown，appearstohavecomeintouseinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury，buttheonlyimportantadditionmade，inthatperiod，toouracquaintancewiththeman-likeapesofAfricaiscontainedin’ANewVoyagetoGuinea’，byWilliamSmith，whichbearsthedate1744。

IndescribingtheanimalsofSierraLeone，p。51，thiswritersays：——

\"Ishallnextdescribeastrangesortofanimal，calledbythewhitemeninthiscountryMandrill*，butwhyitissocalledIknownot，nordidIeverhearthenamebefore，neithercanthosewhocallthemsotell，exceptitbefortheirnearresemblanceofahumancreature，thoughnothingatalllikeanApe。Theirbodies，whenfullgrown，areasbigincircumferenceasamiddle-sizedman’s——theirlegsmuchshorter，andtheirfeetlarger；theirarmsandhandsinproportion。Theheadismonstrouslybig，andthefacebroadandflat，withoutanyotherhairbuttheeyebrows；thenoseverysmall，themouthwide，andthelipsthin。Theface，whichiscoveredbyawhiteskin，ismonstrouslyugly，beingalloverwrinkledaswitholdage；theteethbroadandyellow；

thehandshavenomorehairthantheface，butthesamewhiteskin，thoughalltherestofthebodyiscoveredwithlongblackhair，likeabear。Theynevergouponallfours，likeapes；butcry，whenvexedorteased，justlikechildren……\"

[footnote]*\"Mandrill\"seemstosignifya\"man-likeape，\"

theword\"Drill\"or\"Dril\"havingbeenancientlyemployedinEnglandtodenoteanApeorBaboon。ThusinthefiftheditionofBlount’s\"Glossographia，oraDictionaryinterpretingthehardwordsofwhatsoeverlanguagenowusedinourrefinedEnglishtongue……veryusefulforallsuchasdesiretounderstandwhattheyread，\"publishedin1681，I

find，\"Dril——astone-cutter’stoolwherewithheboreslittleholesinmarble，etc。AlsoalargeovergrownApeandBaboon，socalled。\"\"Drill\"isusedinthesamesenseinCharleton’s\"OnomasticonZoicon，\"1668。ThesingularetymologyofthewordgivenbyBuffonseemshardlyaprobableone。

FIG。5。——FacsimileofWilliamSmith’sfigureofthe\"Mandrill，\"1744。

\"WhenIwasatSherbro，oneMr。Cummerbus，whomIshallhaveoccasionhereaftertomention，mademeapresentofoneofthesestrangeanimals，whicharecalledbythenativesBoggoe：itwasashe-cub，ofsixmonths’age，buteventhenlargerthanaBaboon。Igaveitinchargetooneoftheslaves，whoknewhowtofeedandnurseit，beingaverytendersortofanimal；butwheneverIwentoffthedeckthesailorsbegantoteazeit——somelovedtoseeitstearsandhearitcry；

othershateditssnottynose；onewhohurtit，beingcheckedbythenegrothattookcareofit，toldtheslavehewasveryfondofhiscountry-woman，andaskedhimifheshouldnotlikeherforawife？Towhichtheslaveveryreadilyreplied，’No，thisnomywife；thisawhitewoman——thisfitwifeforyou。’Thisunluckywitofthenegro’s，I

fancy，hasteneditsdeath，fornextmorningitwasfounddeadunderthewindlass。\"

WilliamSmith’s’Mandrill，’or’Boggoe，’ashisdescriptionandfiguretestify，was，withoutdoubt，aChimpanzee。

FIG。6。——TheAnthropomorphaofLinnaeus。

Linnaeusknewnothing，ofhisownobservation，oftheman-likeApesofeitherAfricaorAsia，butadissertationbyhispupilHoppiusinthe’AmoenitatesAcademicae’（VI。’Anthropomorpha’）mayberegardedasembodyinghisviewsrespectingtheseanimals。

Thedissertationisillustratedbyaplate，ofwhichtheaccompanyingwoodcut，Fig，6，isareducedcopy，Thefiguresareentitled（fromlefttoright）1。’TroglodytaBontii’；2。’LuciferAldrovandi’；3。

’SatyrusTulpii’；4。’PygmaeusEdwardi’。ThefirstisabadcopyofBontius’fictitious’Ourang-outang，’inwhoseexistence，however，Linnaeusappearstohavefullybelieved；forinthestandardeditionofthe’SystemaNaturae’，itisenumeratedasasecondspeciesofHomo；

\"H。nocturnus。\"’LuciferAldrovandi’isacopyofafigureinAldrovandus，’DeQuadrupedibusdigitatisviviparis’，Lib。2，p。249

（1645），entitled\"Cercopithecusformaerarae’Barbilius’vocatusetoriginemachinaducebat。\"Hoppiusisofopinionthatthismaybeoneofthatcat-tailedpeople，ofwhomNicolausKopingaffirmsthattheyeataboat’screw，\"gubernatornavis\"andall！Inthe’SystemaNaturae’

Linnaeuscallsitinanote，’Homocaudatus’，andseemsinclinedtoregarditasathirdspeciesofman。AccordingtoTemminck，’SatyrusTulpii’isacopyofthefigureofaChimpanzeepublishedbyScotinin1738，whichIhavenotseen。Itisthe’Satyrusindicus’ofthe’SystemaNaturae’，andisregardedbyLinnaeusaspossiblyadistinctspeciesfrom’Satyrussylvestris’。Thelast，named’PygmaeusEdwardi’，iscopiedfromthefigureofayoung\"ManoftheWoods，\"ortrueOrang-Utan，giveninEdwards’’GleaningsofNaturalHistory’（1758）。

Buffonwasmorefortunatethanhisgreatrival。NotonlyhadhetherareopportunityofexaminingayoungChimpanzeeinthelivingstate，buthebecamepossessedofanadultAsiaticman-likeApe——thefirstandthelastadultspecimenofanyoftheseanimalsbroughttoEuropeformanyyears。WiththevaluableassistanceofDaubenton，Buffongaveanexcellentdescriptionofthiscreature，which，fromitssingularproportions，hetermedthelong-armedApe，orGibbon。Itisthemodern’Hylobateslar’。

Thuswhen，in1766，Buffonwrotethefourteenthvolumeofhisgreatwork，hewaspersonallyfamiliarwiththeyoungofonekindofAfricanman-likeApe，andwiththeadultofanAsiaticspecies——whiletheOrang-UtanandtheMandrillofSmithwereknowntohimbyreport。

Furthermore，theAbbePrevosthadtranslatedagooddealofPurchas’

PilgrimsintoFrench，inhis’HistoiregeneraledesVoyages’（1748），andthereBuffonfoundaversionofAndrewBattell’saccountofthePongoandtheEngeco。AllthesedataBuffonattemptstoweldtogetherintoharmonyinhischapterentitled\"LesOrang-outangsoulePongoetleJocko。\"Tothistitlethefollowingnoteisappended：——

\"Orang-outangnomdecetanimalauxIndesorientales：PongonomdecetanimalaLowandoProvincedeCongo。

\"Jocko，Enjocko，nomdecetanimalaCongoquenousavonsadopte。’En’

estl’articlequenousavonsretranche。\"

ThusitwasthatAndrewBattell’s\"Engeco\"becamemetamorphosedinto\"Jocko，\"and，inthelattershape，wasspreadallovertheworld，inconsequenceoftheextensivepopularityofBuffon’sworks。TheAbbePrevostandBuffonbetweenthem，however，didagooddealmoredisfigurementtoBattell’ssoberaccountthan’cuttingoffanarticle。’

ThusBattell’sstatementthatthePongos\"cannotspeake，andhavenounderstandingmorethanabeast，\"isrenderedbyBuffon\"qu’ilnepeutparler’quoiqu’ilaitplusd’entendementquelesautresanimaux’\"；andagain，Purchas’affirmation，\"Hetoldmeinconferencewithhim，thatoneofthesePongostookeanegroboyofhiswhichlivedamonethwiththem，\"standsintheFrenchversion，\"unpongoluienlevaunpetitnegrequipassaun’an’entierdanslasocietedecesanimaux。\"

AfterquotingtheaccountofthegreatPongo，Buffonjustlyremarks，thatallthe’Jockos’and’Orangs’hithertobroughttoEuropewereyoung；andhesuggeststhat，intheiradultcondition，theymightbeasbigasthePongoor’greatOrang’；sothat，provisionally，heregardedtheJockos，Orangs，andPongosasallofonespecies。Andperhapsthiswasasmuchasthestateofknowledgeatthetimewarranted。ButhowitcameaboutthatBuffonfailedtoperceivethesimilarityofSmith’s’Mandrill’tohisown’Jocko，’andconfoundedtheformerwithsototallydifferentacreatureastheblue-facedBaboon，isnotsoeasilyintelligible。

TwentyyearslaterBuffonchangedhisopinion，*andexpressedhisbeliefthattheOrangsconstitutedagenuswithtwospecies，——alargeone，thePongoofBattell，andasmallone，theJocko：thatthesmallone（Jocko）istheEastIndianOrang；andthattheyounganimalsfromAfrica，observedbyhimselfandTulpius，aresimplyyoungPongos。

[footnote]*’HistoireNaturelle’，Suppl。tome7eme，1789。

Inthemeanwhile，theDutchnaturalist，Vosmaer，gave，in1778，averygoodaccountandfigureofayoungOrang，broughtalivetoHolland，andhiscountryman，thefamousanatomist，PeterCamper，published（1779）anessayontheOrang-UtanofsimilarvaluetothatofTysonontheChimpanzee。Hedissectedseveralfemalesandamale，allofwhich，fromthestateoftheirskeletonandtheirdentition，hejustlysupposestohavebeenyoung。However，judgingbytheanalogyofman，heconcludesthattheycouldnothaveexceededfourfeetinheightintheadultcondition。Furthermore，heisveryclearastothespecificdistinctnessofthetrueEastIndianOrang。

\"TheOrang，\"sayshe，\"differsnotonlyfromthePigmyofTysonandfromtheOrangofTulpiusbyitspeculiarcolouranditslongtoes，butalsobyitswholeexternalform。Itsarms，itshands，anditsfeetarelonger，whilethethumbs，onthecontrary，aremuchshorter，andthegreattoesmuchsmallerinproportion。\"*Andagain，\"ThetrueOrang，thatistosay，thatofAsia，thatofBorneo，isconsequentlynotthePithecus，ortaillessApe，whichtheGreeks，andespeciallyGalen，havedescribed。ItisneitherthePongonortheJocko，northeOrangofTulpius，northePigmyofTyson，——’itisananimalofapeculiarspecies’，asIshallproveintheclearestmannerbytheorgansofvoiceandtheskeletoninthefollowingchapters\"（l。c。p。64）。

[footnote]*Camper，’Oeuvres’，i。p。56。

Afewyearslater，M。Radermacher，whoheldahighofficeintheGovernmentoftheDutchdominionsinIndia，andwasanactivememberoftheBatavianSocietyofArtsandSciences，published，inthesecondpartoftheTransactionsofthatSociety，*aDescriptionoftheIslandofBorneo，whichwaswrittenbetweentheyears1779and1781，and，amongmuchotherinterestingmatter，containssomenotesupontheOrang。ThesmallsortofOrang-Utan，viz。thatofVosmaerandofEdwards，hesays，isfoundonlyinBorneo，andchieflyaboutBanjermassing，Mampauwa，andLandak。OfthesehehadseensomefiftyduringhisresidenceintheIndies；butnoneexceeded21/2feetinlength。Thelargersort，oftenregardedasachimaera，continuesRadermacher，wouldperhapslonghaveremainedso，haditnotbeenfortheexertionsoftheResidentatRembang，M。Palm，who，onreturningfromLandaktowardsPontiana，shotone，andforwardedittoBataviainspirit，fortransmissiontoEurope。

[footnote]*VerhandelingenvanhetBataviaaschGenootschap。

TweedeDeel。DerdeDruk。1826。

Palm’sletterdescribingthecapturerunsthus：——\"HerewithIsendyourExcellency，contrarytoallexpectation（sincelongagoIofferedmorethanahundredducatstothenativesforanOrang-Utanoffourorfivefeethigh）anOrangwhichIheardofthismorningabouteighto’clock。

ForalongtimewedidourbesttotakethefrightfulbeastaliveinthedenseforestabouthalfwaytoLandak。Weforgoteventoeat，soanxiouswerewenottolethimescape；butitwasnecessarytotakecarethathedidnotrevengehimself，ashekeptcontinuallybreakingoffheavypiecesofwoodandgreenbranches，anddashingthematus。

Thisgamelastedtillfouro’clockintheafternoon，whenwedeterminedtoshoothim；inwhichIsucceededverywell，andindeedbetterthanI

evershotfromaboatbefore；forthebulletwentjustintothesideofhischest，sothathewasnotmuchdamaged。Wegothimintotheprowstillliving，andboundhimfast，andnextmorninghediedofhiswounds。AllPontianacameonboardtoseehimwhenwearrived。\"Palmgiveshisheightfromtheheadtotheheelas49inches。

FIG。7。——ThePongoSkull，sentbyRadermachertoCamper，afterCamper’soriginalsketches，asreproducedbyLucae。

AveryintelligentGermanofficer，BaronVonWurmb，whoatthistimeheldapostintheDutchEastIndiaservice，andwasSecretaryoftheBatavianSociety，studiedthisanimal，andhiscarefuldescriptionofit，entitled\"BeschrijvingvanderGrooteBorneoscheOrang-outangofdeOost-IndischePongo，\"iscontainedinthesamevolumeoftheBatavianSociety’sTransactions。AfterVonWurmbhaddrawnuphisdescriptionhestates，inaletterdatedBatavia，Feb。18，1781，*thatthespecimenwassenttoEuropeinbrandytobeplacedinthecollectionofthePrinceofOrange；\"unfortunately，\"hecontinues，\"wehearthattheshiphasbeenwrecked。\"VonWurmbdiedinthecourseoftheyear1781，theletterinwhichthispassageoccursbeingthelasthewrote；butinhisposthumouspapers，publishedinthefourthpartoftheTransactionsoftheBatavianSociety，thereisabriefdescription，withmeasurements，ofafemalePongofourfeethigh。

[footnote]\"BriefedesHerrnv。WurmbunddesH。BaronvonWollzogen。Gotha，1794。\"

Dideitheroftheseoriginalspecimens，onwhichVonWurmb’sdescriptionsarebased，everreachEurope？Itiscommonlysupposedthattheydid；butIdoubtthefact。For，appendedtothememoir’Del’Ourang-outang，’inthecollectededitionofCamper’sworks，tomei。，pp。64-66，isanotebyCamperhimself，referringtoVonWurmb’spapers，andcontinuingthus：——\"Heretofore，thiskindofapehadneverbeenknowninEurope。Radermacherhashadthekindnesstosendmetheskullofoneoftheseanimals，whichmeasuredfifty-threeinches，orfourfeetfiveinches，inheight。IhavesentsomesketchesofittoM。

SoemmeringatMayence，whicharebettercalculated，however，togiveanideaoftheformthanoftherealsizeoftheparts。\"

ThesesketcheshavebeenreproducedbyFischerandbyLucae，andbeardate1783，Soemmeringhavingreceivedthemin1784。HadeitherofVonWurmb’sspecimensreachedHolland，theywouldhardlyhavebeenunknownatthistimetoCamper，who，however，goesontosay——\"Itappearsthatsincethis，somemoreofthesemonstershavebeencaptured，foranentireskeleton，verybadlysetup，whichhadbeensenttotheMuseumofthePrinceofOrange，andwhichIsawonlyonthe27thofJune，1784，wasmorethanfourfeethigh。Iexaminedthisskeletonagainonthe19thDecember，1785，afterithadbeenexcellentlyputtorightsbytheingeniousOnymus。\"

Itappearsevident，then，thatthisskeleton，whichisdoubtlessthatwhichhasalwaysgonebythenameofWurmb’sPongo，isnotthatoftheanimaldescribedbyhim，thoughunquestionablysimilarinallessentialpoints。

Camperproceedstonotesomeofthemostimportantfeaturesofthisskeleton；promisestodescribeitindetailby-and-bye；andisevidentlyindoubtastotherelationofthisgreat’Pongo’tohis\"petitOrang。\"

Thepromisedfurtherinvestigationswerenevercarriedout；andsoithappenedthatthePongoofVonWurmbtookitsplacebythesideoftheChimpanzee，Gibbon，andOrangasafourthandcolossalspeciesofman-likeApe。AndindeednothingcouldlookmuchlessliketheChimpanzeesortheOrangs，thenknown，thanthePongo；forallthespecimensofChimpanzeeandOrangwhichhadbeenobservedweresmallofstature，singularlyhumaninaspect，gentleanddocile；whileWurmb’sPongowasamonsteralmosttwicetheirsize，ofvaststrengthandfierceness，andverybrutalinexpression；itsgreatprojectingmuzzle，armedwithstrongteeth，beingfurtherdisfiguredbytheoutgrowthofthecheeksintofleshylobes。

Eventually，inaccordancewiththeusualmaraudinghabitsoftheRevolutionaryarmies，the’Pongo’skeletonwascarriedawayfromHollandintoFrance，andnoticesofit，expresslyintendedtodemonstrateitsentiredistinctnessfromtheOranganditsaffinitywiththebaboons，weregiven，in1798，byGeoffroySt。HilaireandCuvier。

EveninCuvier’s’TableauElementaire’，andinthefirsteditionofhisgreatwork，the’RegneAnimal’，the’Pongo’isclassedasaspeciesofBaboon。However，soearlyas1818，itappearsthatCuviersawreasontoalterthisopinion，andtoadopttheviewsuggestedseveralyearsbeforebyBlumenbach，*andafterhimbyTilesius，thattheBorneanPongoissimplyanadultOrang。In1824，Rudolphidemonstrated，bytheconditionofthedentition，morefullyandcompletelythanhadbeendonebyhispredecessors，thattheOrangsdescribeduptothattimewereallyounganimals，andthattheskullandteethoftheadultwouldprobablybesuchasthoseseeninthePongoofWurmb。Inthesecondeditionofthe’RegneAnimal’（1829），Cuvierinfers，fromthe’proportionsofalltheparts’and’thearrangementsoftheforaminaandsuturesofthehead，’thatthePongoistheadultoftheOrang-Utan，’atleastofaverycloselyalliedspecies，’andthisconclusionwaseventuallyplacedbeyondalldoubtbyProfessorOwen’sMemoirpublishedinthe’ZoologicalTransactions’for1835，andbyTemminckinhis’MonographiesdeMammalogie’。Temminck’smemoirisremarkableforthecompletenessoftheevidencewhichitaffordsastothemodificationwhichtheformoftheOrangundergoesaccordingtoageandsex。TiedemannfirstpublishedanaccountofthebrainoftheyoungOrang，whileSandifort，MullerandSchlegel，describedthemusclesandthevisceraoftheadult，andgavetheearliestdetailedandtrustworthyhistoryofthehabitsofthegreatIndianApeinastateofnature；andasimportantadditionshavebeenmadebylaterobservers，weareatthismomentbetteracquaintedwiththeadultoftheOrang-Utan，thanwiththatofanyoftheothergreaterman-likeApes。

[footnote]*SeeBlumenbach，’AbbildungenNaturhistorichenGegenstande，No。12，1810；andTilesius，NaturhistoricheFruchtedererstenKaiserlich-RussischenErdumsegelung’，p。

115，1813。

ItiscertainlythePongoofWurmb；*anditisascertainlynotthePongoofBattell，seeingthattheOrang-UtanisentirelyconfinedtothegreatAsiaticislandsofBorneoandSumatra。

[footnote]*Speakingbroadlyandwithoutprejudicetothequestion，whethertherebemorethanonespeciesofOrang。

AndwhiletheprogressofdiscoverythusclearedupthehistoryoftheOrang，italsobecameestablishedthattheonlyotherman-likeApesintheeasternworldwerethevariousspeciesofGibbon——Apesofsmallerstature，andthereforeattractinglessattentionthantheOrangs，thoughtheyarespreadoveramuchwiderrangeofcountry，andarehencemoreaccessibletoobservation。

Althoughthegeographicalareainhabitedbythe’Pongo’andEngecoofBattellissomuchnearertoEuropethanthatinwhichtheOrangandGibbonarefound，ouracquaintancewiththeAfricanApeshasbeenofslowergrowth；indeed，itisonlywithinthelastfewyearsthatthetruthfulstoryoftheoldEnglishadventurerhasbeenrenderedfullyintelligible。Itwasnotuntil1835thattheskeletonoftheadultChimpanzeebecameknown，bythepublicationofProfessorOwen’sabove-mentionedveryexcellentmemoir’OntheosteologyoftheChimpanzeeandOrang’，inthe’ZoologicalTransactions’——amemoirwhich，bytheaccuracyofitsdescriptions，thecarefulnessofitscomparisons，andtheexcellenceofitsfigures，madeanepochinthehistoryofourknowledgeofthebonyframework，notonlyoftheChimpanzee，butofalltheanthropoidApes。

Bytheinvestigationshereindetailed，itbecameevidentthattheoldChimpanzeeacquiredasizeandaspectasdifferentfromthoseoftheyoungknowntoTyson，toBuffon，andtoTraill，asthoseoftheoldOrangfromtheyoungOrang；andthesubsequentveryimportantresearchesofMessrs。SavageandWyman，theAmericanmissionaryandanatomist，havenotonlyconfirmedthisconclusion，buthaveaddedmanynewdetails。*

[footnote]*See\"ObservationsontheexternalcharactersandhabitsoftheTroglodytesniger，byThomasN。Savage，M。D。，andonitsorganizationbyJeffriesWyman，M。D。，\"’BostonJournalofNaturalHistory’，vol。iv。，1843-4；and\"Externalcharacters，habits，andosteologyofTroglodytesGorilla，\"bythesameauthors，’ibid’。，vol。v。，1847。

OneofthemostinterestingamongthemanyvaluablediscoveriesmadebyDr。ThomasSavageisthefact，thatthenativesintheGabooncountryatthepresentday，applytotheChimpanzeeaname——\"Enche-eko\"——whichisobviouslyidenticalwiththe\"Engeko\"ofBattell；adiscoverywhichhasbeenconfirmedbyalllaterinquirers。Battell’s\"lessermonster\"

beingthusprovedtobeaveritableexistence，ofcourseastrongpresumptionarosethathis\"greatermonster，\"the’Pongo，’wouldsoonerorlaterbediscovered。And，indeed，amoderntraveller，Bowdich，had，in1819，foundstrongevidence，amongthenatives，oftheexistenceofasecondgreatApe，calledthe’Ingena，’\"fivefeethigh，andfouracrosstheshoulders，\"thebuilderofarudehouse，ontheoutsideofwhichitslept。

In1847，Dr。Savagehadthegoodfortunetomakeanotherandmostimportantadditiontoourknowledgeoftheman-likeApes；for，beingunexpectedlydetainedattheGaboonriver，hesawinthehouseoftheRev。Mr。Wilson，amissionaryresidentthere，\"askullrepresentedbythenativestobeamonkey-likeanimal，remarkableforitssize，ferocity，andhabits。\"Fromthecontouroftheskull，andtheinformationderivedfromseveralintelligentnatives，\"Iwasinduced，\"

saysDr。Savage（usingthetermOranginitsoldgeneralsense）\"tobelievethatitbelongedtoanewspeciesofOrang。IexpressedthisopiniontoMr。Wilson，withadesireforfurtherinvestigation；and，ifpossible，todecidethepointbytheinspectionofaspecimenaliveordead。\"TheresultofthecombinedexertionsofMessrs。SavageandWilsonwasnotonlytheobtainingofaveryfullaccountofthehabitsofthisnewcreature，butastillmoreimportantservicetoscience，theenablingtheexcellentAmericananatomistalreadymentioned，ProfessorWyman，todescribe，fromamplematerials，thedistinctiveosteologicalcharactersofthenewform。ThisanimalwascalledbythenativesoftheGaboon\"Enge-ena，\"anameobviouslyidenticalwiththe\"Ingena\"ofBowdich；andDr。SavagearrivedattheconvictionthatthislastdiscoveredofallthegreatApeswasthelong-sought\"Pongo\"ofBattell。

Thejusticeofthisconclusion，indeed，isbeyonddoubt——fornotonlydoesthe’Enge-ena’agreewithBattell’s\"greatermonster\"initsholloweyes，itsgreatstature，anditsdunoriron-greycolour，buttheonlyotherman-likeApewhichinhabitstheselatitudes——theChimpanzee——isatonceidentified，byitssmallersize，asthe\"lessermonster，\"andisexcludedfromanypossibilityofbeingthe’Pongo，’bythefactthatitisblackandnotdun，tosaynothingoftheimportantcircumstancealreadymentionedthatitstillretainsthenameof’Engeko，’or\"Enche-eko，\"bywhichBattellknewit。

Inseekingforaspecificnameforthe\"Enge-ena，\"however，Dr。Savagewiselyavoidedthemuchmisused’Pongo’；butfindingintheancientPeriplusofHannotheword\"Gorilla\"appliedtocertainhairysavagepeople，discoveredbytheCarthaginianvoyagerinanislandontheAfricancoast，heattachedthespecificname\"Gorilla\"tohisnewape，whencearisesitspresentwell-knownappellation。ButDr。Savage，morecautiousthansomeofhissuccessors，bynomeansidentifieshisapewithHanno’s\"wildmen。\"Hemerelysaysthatthelatterwere\"probablyoneofthespeciesoftheOrang；\"andIquiteagreewithM。Brulle，thatthereisnogroundforidentifyingthemodern’Gorilla’withthatoftheCarthaginianadmiral。

SincethememoirofSavageandWymanwaspublished，theskeletonoftheGorillahasbeeninvestigatedbyProfessorOwenandbythelateProfessorDuvernoy，oftheJardindesPlantes，thelatterhavingfurthersuppliedavaluableaccountofthemuscularsystemandofmanyoftheothersoftparts；whileAfricanmissionariesandtravellershaveconfirmedandexpandedtheaccountoriginallygivenofthehabitsofthisgreatman-likeApe，whichhashadthesingularfortuneofbeingthefirsttobemadeknowntothegeneralworldandthelasttobescientificallyinvestigated。

TwocenturiesandahalfhavepassedawaysinceBattelltoldhisstoriesaboutthe’greater’andthe’lessermonsters’toPurchas，andithastakennearlythattimetoarriveattheclearresultthattherearefourdistinctkindsofAnthropoids——inEasternAsia，theGibbonsandtheOrangs；inWesternAfrica，theChimpanzeesandtheGorilla。

Theman-likeApes，thehistoryofwhosediscoveryhasjustbeendetailed，havecertaincharactersofstructureandofdistributionincommon。Thustheyallhavethesamenumberofteethasman——possessingfourincisors，twocanines，fourfalsemolars，andsixtruemolarsineachjaw，or32teethinall，intheadultcondition；whilethemilkdentitionconsistsof20teeth——orfourincisors，twocanines，andfourmolarsineachjaw。TheyarewhatarecalledcatarrhineApes——thatis，theirnostrilshaveanarrowpartitionandlookdownwards；and，furthermore，theirarmsarealwayslongerthantheirlegs，thedifferencebeingsometimesgreaterandsometimesless；sothatifthefourwerearrangedintheorderofthelengthoftheirarmsinproportiontothatoftheirlegs，weshouldhavethisseries——Orang（1

4/9：1），Gibbon（11/4：1），Gorilla（11/5：1），Chimpanzee（11/16：1）。Inall，theforelimbsareterminatedbyhands，providedwithlongerorshorterthumbs；whilethegreattoeofthefoot，alwayssmallerthaninMan，isfarmoremovablethaninhimandcanbeopposed，likeathumb，totherestofthefoot。Noneoftheseapeshavetails，andnoneofthempossessthecheekpouchescommonamongmonkeys。Finally，theyareallinhabitantsoftheoldworld。

TheGibbonsarethesmallest，slenderest，andlongest-limbedoftheman-likeapes：theirarmsarelongerinproportiontotheirbodiesthanthoseofanyoftheotherman-likeApes，sothattheycantouchthegroundwhenerect；theirhandsarelongerthantheirfeet，andtheyaretheonlyAnthropoidswhichpossesscallositieslikethelowermonkeys。

Theyarevariouslycoloured。TheOrangshavearmswhichreachtotheanklesintheerectpositionoftheanimal；theirthumbsandgreattoesareveryshort，andtheirfeetarelongerthantheirhands。Theyarecoveredwithreddishbrownhair，andthesidesoftheface，inadultmales，arecommonlyproducedintotwocrescentic，flexibleexcrescences，likefattytumours。TheChimpanzeeshavearmswhichreachbelowtheknees；theyhavelargethumbsandgreattoes，theirhandsarelongerthantheirfeet；andtheirhairisblack，whiletheskinofthefaceispale。TheGorilla，lastly，hasarmswhichreachtothemiddleoftheleg，largethumbsandgreattoes，feetlongerthanthehands，ablackface，anddark-greyordunhair。

ForthepurposewhichIhaveatpresentinview，itisunnecessarythatIshouldenterintoanyfurtherminutiaerespectingthedistinctivecharactersofthegeneraandspeciesintowhichtheseman-likeApesaredividedbynaturalists。Sufficeittosay，thattheOrangsandtheGibbonsconstitutethedistinctgenera，’Simia’and’Hylobates’；whiletheChimpanzeesandGorillasarebysomeregardedsimplyasdistinctspeciesofonegenus，’Troglodytes’；byothersasdistinctgenera——’Troglodytes’beingreservedfortheChimpanzees，and’Gorilla’

fortheEnge-enaorPongo。

Soundknowledgerespectingthehabitsandmodeoflifeoftheman-likeApeshasbeenevenmoredifficultofattainmentthancorrectinformationregardingtheirstructure。

Onceinageneration，aWallacemaybefoundphysically，mentally，andmorallyqualifiedtowanderunscathedthroughthetropicalwildsofAmericaandofAsia；toformmagnificentcollectionsashewanders；andwithaltothinkoutsagaciouslytheconclusionssuggestedbyhiscollections：but，totheordinaryexplorerorcollector，thedenseforestsofequatorialAsiaandAfrica，whichconstitutethefavouritehabitationoftheOrang，theChimpanzee，andtheGorilla，presentdifficultiesofnoordinarymagnitude：andthemanwhoriskshislifebyevenashortvisittothemalariousshoresofthoseregionsmaywellbeexcusedifheshrinksfromfacingthedangersoftheinterior；ifhecontentshimselfwithstimulatingtheindustryofthebetterseasonednatives，andcollectingandcollatingthemoreorlessmythicalreportsandtraditionswithwhichtheyaretooreadytosupplyhim。

Insuchamannermostoftheearlieraccountsofthehabitsoftheman-likeApesoriginated；andevennowagooddealofwhatpassescurrentmustbeadmittedtohavenoverysafefoundation。Thebestinformationwepossessisthat，basedalmostwhollyondirectEuropeantestimonyrespectingtheGibbons；thenextbestevidencerelatestotheOrangs；whileourknowledgeofthehabitsoftheChimpanzeeandtheGorillastandsmuchinneedofsupportandenlargementbyadditionaltestimonyfrominstructedEuropeaneye-witnesses。

Itwillthereforebeconvenientinendeavouringtoformanotionofwhatwearejustifiedinbelievingabouttheseanimals，tocommencewiththebestknownman-likeApes，theGibbonsandOrangs；andtomakeuseoftheperfectlyreliableinformationrespectingthemasasortofcriterionoftheprobabletruthorfalsehoodofassertionsrespectingtheothers。

OftheGIBBONS，halfadozenspeciesarefoundscatteredovertheAsiaticislands，Java，Sumatra，Borneo，andthroughMalacca，Siam，Arracan，andanuncertainextentofHindostan，onthemainlandofAsia。Thelargestattainafewinchesabovethreefeetinheight，fromthecrowntotheheel，sothattheyareshorterthantheotherman-likeApes；whiletheslendernessoftheirbodiesrenderstheirmassfarsmallerinproportioneventothisdiminishedheight。

Dr。SalomonMuller，anaccomplishedDutchnaturalist，wholivedformanyyearsintheEasternArchipelago，andtotheresultsofwhosepersonalexperienceIshallfrequentlyhaveoccasiontorefer，statesthattheGibbonsaretruemountaineers，lovingtheslopesandedgesofthehills，thoughtheyrarelyascendbeyondthelimitofthefig-trees。Alldaylongtheyhauntthetopsofthetalltrees；andthough，towardsevening，theydescendinsmalltroopstotheopenground，nosoonerdotheyspyamanthantheydartupthehill-sides，anddisappearinthedarkervalleys。

Allobserverstestifytotheprodigiousvolumeofvoicepossessedbytheseanimals。AccordingtothewriterwhomIhavejustcited，inoneofthem，theSiamang，\"thevoiceisgraveandpenetrating，resemblingthesoundsgoek，goek，goek，goek，goekhahahahahaaaaa，andmayeasilybeheardatadistanceofhalfaleague。\"Whilethecryisbeinguttered，thegreatmembranousbagunderthethroatwhichcommunicateswiththeorganofvoice，theso-called\"laryngealsac，\"becomesgreatlydistended，diminishingagainwhenthecreaturerelapsesintosilence。

M。Duvaucel，likewise，affirmsthatthecryoftheSiamangmaybeheardformiles——makingthewoodsringagain。SoMr。Martin*describesthecryoftheagileGibbonas\"overpoweringanddeafening\"inaroom，and\"fromitsstrength，wellcalculatedforresoundingthroughthevastforests。\"Mr。Waterhouse，anaccomplishedmusicianaswellaszoologist，says，\"TheGibbon’svoiceiscertainlymuchmorepowerfulthanthatofanysingerIhaveeverheard。\"Andyetitistoberecollectedthatthisanimalisnothalftheheightof，andfarlessbulkyinproportionthan，aman。

[footnote]*’ManandMonkies’，p。423。

ThereisgoodtestimonythatvariousspeciesofGibbonreadilytaketotheerectposture。Mr。GeorgeBennett，*averyexcellentobserver，indescribingthehabitsofamale’Hylobatessyndactylus’whichremainedforsometimeinhispossession，says：\"Heinvariablywalksintheerectposturewhenonalevelsurface；andthenthearmseitherhangdown，enablinghimtoassisthimselfwithhisknuckles；orwhatismoreusual，hekeepshisarmsupliftedinnearlyanerectposition，withthehandspendentreadytoseizearope，andclimbupontheapproachofdangerorontheobtrusionofstrangers。Hewalksratherquickintheerectposture，butwithawaddlinggait，andissoonrundownif，whilstpursued，hehasnoopportunityofescapingbyclimbing……Whenhewalksintheerectpostureheturnsthelegandfootoutwards，whichoccasionshimtohaveawaddlinggaitandtoseembow-legged。\"