ThephraseattheheadofthispaperisthefarmoregracefulphraseofexcusecustomaryinthecourteousmannersofPortugal。AndeverywhereintheSouth，whereanalmostwell-dressedoldwoman，whosuddenlybeginstobegfromyouwhenyouleastexpectedit，callsyou\"mydaughter，\"youcanhardlyreplywithoutkindness。Wherethetourististhoroughlywellknown，doubtlessthecompanyofbeggarsareusedtosavagemannersintherich；butaboutthebywaysandremoterplacestheremuststillbesomedismayattheanger，thesilence，theindignation，andtheinexpensivehaughtinesswherewiththeopportunityofalms-givingisreceivedbytravellers。
InnothingdoweshowhowfartheWestisfromtheEastsoemphaticallyasweshowitbyourloftywaystowardsthosewhosomanifestlyputthemselvesatourfeet。Itiscertainlynotpleasanttoseethemthere；butsilenceorastormofimpersonalprotest——aprotestthatappealsvaguelylesstothebeggarsthantosomenotimpossiblepolice——doesnotseemthemostappropriatemannerofrebukingthem。Wehave，itmaybe，ascrupleonthepointofhumandignity，compromisedbytheentreatyandthethanksofthemendicant；butwehaveastrangewayofvindicatingthatdignitywhenwerefusetoman，woman，orchildtherecognitionofasimplyhumanword。Nay，ouroffenceismuchthegreaterofthetwo。Itisnotmerelyaroughandcontemptuousintercourse，itistherefusalofintercourse——thelastoutrage。Howdoweproposetoredressthoseconditionsoflifethatannoyuswhenabrotherwhines，ifwedenythepresence，thevoice，andthebeingofthisbrother，andif，becausefortunehasrefusedhimmoney，werefusehimexistence？
Wetakethemattertooseriously，ornotseriouslyenough，toholditintheindifferenceofthewise。\"Havepatience，littlesaint，\"
isaphrasethatmightteachusthecheerfulwaytoendureourownunintelligiblefortunesinthemidst，say，ofthepopulationofahill-villageamongthemostbarrenoftheMaritimeAlps，wherehutsofstonestandamongthestonesofanunclothedearth，andthereisnosignofdailybread。Thepeople，albeitunusedtotravellers，yetknowbyinstinctwhattodo，andbegwithoutthedelayofamomentassoonastheyseeyourunwontedfigure。Letitbetakenforgrantedthatyougiveallyoucan；someformofrefusalbecomesnecessaryatlast，andthegentlest——itisworthwhiletoremember——
isthemosteffectual。Anindignanttourist，onewhototheportentofapuggareewhich，perhaps，hewearsonagreyday，addsthatofungovernablerage，issowildavisitorthatnoattemptatallismadetounderstandhim；andthebeggarsbegdismayedbutunalarmed，uninterruptedly，withoutapauseoraconjecture。Theybegbyrote，thinkingofsomethingelse，asoccasionarises，andallindifferenttotheviolenceoftherich。
Itisthemerrybeggarwhohassolamentablydisappeared。Ifabeggarisstillmerryanywhere，hehidesawaywhatitwouldsocheerandcomfortustosee；hepractisesnotmerelytheconventionalseeming，whichishardlyintendedtoconvince，butamoresubtleanddramatickindofsemblance，ofnogoodinfluenceuponthemoralsoftheroad。Henolongertruststheworldwithasightofhisgaiety。
Heisnotawholeheartedmendicant，andnolongerkeepsthatlibertyofunstablebalancewherebyanunattachedcreaturecangoinanewdirectionwithanewwind。Themerrybeggarwastheonlyadventurerfreetoyieldtothelightertouchesofchance，thetouchesthatahabitofresistancehasmadeimperceptibletotheseatedandstablesocialworld。
Thevisibleflittingfigureoftheunfetteredmadmansprinkledourliteraturewithmadsongs，andevenoneortwopoetsofto-dayhave，bytradition，writtenthem；butthatwildsourceofinspirationhasbeenstopped；ithasbeenbuiltover，lappedandlocked，imprisoned，ledunderground。Thelightmelancholyandthewind-blownjoysofthesongofthedistraught，whichthepoetswereonceingenioustocapture，haveceasedtosoundonenoteoflibertyintheworld’sears。ButitseemsthatthegrosserandsanerfreedomofthehappybeggarisstillthesubjectofaSpanishsong。
Thatsongisgay，notdefiantitisnotanoutlaw’sorarobber’s，itisnotasongofviolenceorfear。Itistherandomtrollingnoteofamanwhooweshislibertytonodisorder，failure，orill-
fortune，buttakesitbychoicefromthevoluntaryworld，enjoysitatthehandofunreluctantcharity；whotwitstheworldwithitsownchoiceofbonds，buthasnotbrokenhisownbyforce。Itseems，therefore，thesongofanindomitablelibertyofmovement，lightenoughforthepuffsofazephyrchance。
THELADIESOFTHEIDYLL
LittlePrimrosedamesoftheEnglishclassic，thewifeanddaughtersoftheVicarofWakefieldhavenoclaimwhatevertothisnameoflady。ItisgiventotheminthispagebecauseGoldsmithhimselfgaveittothemintheyetundepreciatedstateoftheword，andforthebetterreasonthatheobviouslyintendedthemtobetheequalsofthementowhomhemarriesthem，thosemenbeing，withalltheirfaults，gentlemen。Goldsmith，inaword，meantthemtobeladies，ofcountrybreeding，butcertainlyfitformembershipofthatlargeclassofvariousfortunewithinwhichthenamemakesasufficientequality。
He，theirauthor，thoughtthemsufficient。Havingamusedhimselfingeniouslythroughoutthestorywiththeirnamelessvulgarities，hefinallyhurriesthemintosomuchsentimentasmayexcusetheconventionofheroesinlove。Heplayswiththeircoarsenesslikeaperfectlypleasedandclevershowman，andthenpiouslyandhappilyshutsuphiscouples——thegentleDr。PrimrosewithhisabominableDeborah；theexcellentMr。BurchellwiththepaltrySophia；Olivia——
butno，Oliviaisnotsocertainlyhappyeverafter；shehasacapturedhusbandreadyforherinastateofignominy，butshehasalsoaforgottenfarmersomewhereinthebackground——theunhappymanwhom，withherfather’spermission，thissorryheroinehadpromisedtomarryinorderthathiswooingmightpluckforwardthelaggingsuitofthesquire。
Olivia，then，playshercommontrickupontheharmlessWilliams，herfatherconniving，withaprovisionthatheurgeswithsomedemonstrationofvirtue：sheshallconsenttomakethefarmerhappyiftheproposalofthesquirebenotafterallforthcoming。Butitissoevidentherauthorknewnobetter，thatthismattermaypass。
Itinvolvesapointofhonour，ofwhichnoone——neitherthemakerofthebooknoranyonehemade——isaware。WhatisbetterworthconsideringisthefactthatGoldsmithwascompletelyawareoftheunredeemedvulgarityoftheladiesoftheIdyll，andcheerfullytookitforgrantedasthethingtobeexpectedfromthemother-in-lawofacountrygentlemanandthedaughtersofascholar。Theeducationofwomenhadsunkintoadegradationneverreachedbefore，inasmuchasitwasdegradedinrelationtothatofmen。ItwouldmatterlittleindeedthatMrs。Primrose\"couldreadanyEnglishbookwithoutmuchspelling\"ifherhusbandandsonwereasdefinitelylimitedtojourneyman’sfield-labourasshewastothepicklingandthegooseberrywine。Anyofthoseindustriesisabetterandmoreliberalbusinessthanunselectreading，forinstance，orthanunselectwriting。Thereforeletmenotbemisunderstoodtocomplaintooindiscriminatelyofthatcenturyorofanunletteredstate。
Whatisreallyunhandsomeisthenew，slovenly，andcorruptinequalitywhereintothecenturyhadfallen。
Thatthemotherofdaughtersandsonsshouldbefatuous，avillageworldling，suspicious，ambitious，ill-bred，ignorant，gross，insolent，foul-mouthed，pushing，importunate，andafool，seemsnatural，almostinnocentlynatural，inGoldsmith’sstory；thesqualidMrs。Primroseisallthis。Heisstillable，throughhisVicar，inthemostcharminglyhumorouspassageinthebook，topraiseherforher\"prudence，economy，andobedience。\"Herother，moredisgusting，characteristicsgiveherhusbandanoccasionforrebukingheras\"Woman！\"Thisisdone，forexample，when，despiteherobedience，sherefusestoreceivethatunluckyschemer，herowndaughter，returnedinruins，withoutinsultingherbythesalliesofakitchensarcasm。
Sheplotswithherdaughtersthemostdisastrousfortunehunt。ShehasgiventhemateachingsoeffectualthattheVicarhasnofearlestthepaltrySophiashouldloseherhearttothegood，thesensibleBurchell，whohadsavedherlife；forhehasnofortune。
Mrs。Primrosebeginsgrotesquely，withhertedioushistoriesofthedishesatdinner，andsheendsuponthelastpage，anxious，amidthegeneralhappiness，inregardtosecuringtheheadofthetable。
UponthesefemininehumourstheauthorshedshisVicar’sindulgentsmile。Whatasmileforaself-respectinghusbandtobeprickedtosmile！Ahouseholderwouldwince，onewouldthink，athavingopportunitytobestowitstoleranceuponhiscook。
Betweenthesetwohousewifelyappearances，Mrs。Primrosepottersthroughthebook；plots——alwayssqualidly；talkstheworstkindsoffolly；takesthelead，withaloudlaugh，ininsultingaformerfriend；crushesherrepentantdaughterwithreproachesthatshowenvyratherthanindignation，andkissesthatdaughterwithcongratulationuponhearingthatshehad，unconsciouslyandunintentionally，contractedavalidmarriage（witharogue）；spoilsandmakescommonanduncleaneverythingshetouches；hasbuttworeallygentleandtendermomentsallthroughthestory；andsets，onceforall，theexampleinliteratureofthewomanwefindthenceforth，inThackeray，inDouglasJerrold，inDickens，andunpeupartout。
Hardlylessunspiritual，inspiteoftheirconventionalromanceofyouthandbeauty，arethedaughtersofthesqualidone。Theauthor，inmakingthemsimple，hasnotabstainedfrommakingthemcunning。
Theirvanitiesarewellenough，butthesewomenarenotonlyvain，theyaresoenviousastorefuseadmirationtoasister-in-law——onewhoistheirrivalinnowayexceptinsomuchassheisacontemporarybeauty。\"MissArabellaWilmot，\"saysthepiousfatherandvicar，\"wasallowedbyall（exceptmytwodaughters）tobecompletelypretty。\"
Theyhavebeenleftbytheirfatherinsuchbrutalignoranceastobeinstantlydeceivedintolaughingatbadmannersinerrorforhumour。Theyhavenoprettyorsensitiveinstincts。\"Thejestsoftherich，\"saystheVicar，referringtohisownyoungdaughtersasaudience，\"areeversuccessful。\"Olivia，whenthesquireplayedoffadullishjoke，\"mistookitforhumour。Shethoughthim，therefore，averyfinegentleman。\"Thepowdersandpatchesforthecountrychurch，theridethitheronBlackberry，insostrangeaprocession，theface-wash，thedreamsandomens，areallgoodgentlecomedy；wearecompletelyconvincedofthetediumofMrs。Primrose’sdreams，whichshetoldeverymorning。Butthereareotherpointsofcomedythatoughtnottoprecedeanauthor’sappealtothekindofsentimentabouttobetouchedbythetragicscenesofTheVicarofWakefield。
InoddsidlingwaysGoldsmithbethinkshimselftogivehisprincipalheroineashadowofthevirtueshehasnotbestoweduponher。WhentheunhappyWilliams，above-mentioned，hasbeenusedinvainbyOlivia，andthesquirehasnotdeclaredhimself，andsheisonthepointofkeepingherwordtoWilliamsbymarryinghim，theVicarcreatesasituationoutofitallthattakesthereaderroundlybysurprise：\"Ifrequentlyapplaudedherresolutioninpreferringhappinesstoostentation。\"ThegoodGoldsmith！HereisOliviaperfectlyfrankwithherfatherastoherexceedinglysincerepreferenceforostentation，andastoherstratagemtotrytoobtainitattheexpenseofhonourandofneighbourWilliams；hermindisaswellknowntoherfatherasherfather’smindisknowntoOliverGoldsmith，andasOliverGoldsmith’s，Dr。Primrose’s，andOlivia’smindsareknowntothereader。Andinspiteofall，yourGoldsmithandyourVicarturnyouthisphrasetoyourveryface。Youhardlyknowwhichwaytolook；itissodisconcerting。
SeeingthatOlivia（withherchance-recoveredvirtue）andSophiamaybothbeexpectedtogrowintothekindofmatronhoodrepresentedbytheirmother，itneedsalltheconditionsoffictiontosurroundthecloseoftheirlove-affairswiththeleastsemblanceofdignity。
Nor，infact，canitbesaidthatthefinalwinningofSophiaisanincidentthaterrsbytoomuchdignity。ThesceneisthatinwhichBurchell，revealedasSirWilliamThornhill，feignstoofferherinmarriagetothegood-naturedrogue，Jenkinson，fellowprisonerwithherfather，inorderthat，onherindignantanddistressedrefusal，hemaysurpriseheragreeablybycrying，\"What？Nothavehim？Ifthatbethecase，IthinkImusthaveyoumyself。\"Evenforanavowedlyeccentricmasterofwhims，thisisplayingwithforbiddenironies。True，hecatcheshertohisbreastwithardour，andcallsher\"sensible。\"\"Suchsenseandsuchheavenlybeauty，\"finallyexclaimsthehappyman。Letusmakehimapresentoftheheavenlybeauty。Itistheonlythingnotdisproved，notdispraised，notdisgraced，byacandidstudyoftheLadiesoftheIdyll。
ADERIVATION
Bywhatobscurecause，throughwhatill-directedindustry，andundertheconstraintofwhatdisablinghands，hadthelanguageofEnglishpoetrygrown，foranage，sorigidthatanaturalwriterattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyhadmuchadototellasimplestoryinsufficientverse？Allthevitalexerciseoftheseventeenthcenturyhadleftthelanguagebuoyant；itwasaselasticasdeepandmobilewaters；thenfollowedthegripofthatincapacitatinglaterstyle。
Muchlater，Englishhasbeensousedastobecomeflaccid——ithasbeenstretched，asitwere，beyonditspowerofrebound，orcertainlybeyonditspowerofreboundincommonuse（forwhenamasterwriteshealwaysusesatonguethathassufferednothing）。
ItisinourowndaythatEnglishhasbeensoover-strained。InCrabbe’sdayithadbeeneffectuallycurbed，hindered，andhampered，anditcannotbesaidofCrabbethathewasamasterwhotakesnaturalpossessionofalanguagethathassufferednothing。Hewasevidentlyamanoftalentwhohadtotakehispartwiththetimes，subjecttohistory。Tocallhimapoetwasamereconvention。
Thereseemstobenotasinglemomentofpoetryinhiswork，andassuredlyifhehadknowntheearliersignificationofthewordhewouldhavebeenthelastmantoclaimtheincongruoustitleofpoet。
ButitisimpossibletostatethequestionasitwouldhavepresenteditselftoCrabbeortoanyotherwriterofhisqualityenteringintothesameinheritanceofEnglish。
ItistruethatCrabbereadandquotedMilton；sodidallhiscontemporaries；andtousnowitseemsthatpoetrycannothavebeenforgottenbyanyagepossessingLycidas。YetthatagecanscarcelybesaidtohaveinanytruesensepossessedLycidas。Thereareotherthings，besidespoetry，inMilton’spoems。Wedonotentirelyknow，perhaps，butwecanconjecturehowareaderinCrabbe’slateeighteenthcentury，lookinginMiltonforauthorityforallthatheunluckilyandvainlyadmired，wouldwellfindit。HewouldfindtheapprovalofYoung’s\"NightThoughts\"didhesearchforit，aswewhodonotsearchforitmaynotreadilyunderstand。Asteporsodownwards，fromafewpassagesin\"ParadiseLost\"and\"ParadiseRegained，\"aninevitabledropinthederivation，adepressionsuchasishuman，andeverything，fromDrydento\"TheVanityofHumanWishes，\"follows，withoutviolenceandperhapswithoutwilfulmisappreciation。ThepoetMiltonfathered，legitimatelyenough，anunpoeticposterity。Milton，therefore，whomighthavekeptanage，andmanyasucceedingage，ontheheightsofpoetrybylineslikethese-
Whosingandsingingintheirglorymove-
bythis，andbymanyandmanyanothersodivine——Miltonjustifiedalsothecoldexcessesofhisposteritybytheexampleofmorethanonegroupofblankverselinesinhisgreatestpoem。Manifestlythesanctionisamatterofchoice，anddependsupontheage：theageofCrabbefoundinMiltonsuchancestryasitwasfitfor。
Crabbe，then，wasnotapoetofpoetry。Buthecameintopossessionofametricalformchargedbysecondarypoetswithacontentedsecond-classdignitythatbearsconstantreference，inthewayofrespectratherthanofimitation，tothestateandnobilityofPopeathisbest——thecouplet。Theweakyetrigid\"poetry\"thatfelltohislotowedallthedecorumitpossessedtothemechanicaldefencesandprops——theexclusionsespecially——ofthismannerofversification。Thegrievousthingwasthat，beingmovedtowritesimplyofsimplethings，hehadnomoresuppleEnglishforhispurpose。Hisefforttodisengagethephrase——longcommittedtoconventionandtoanexposedartifice——didbutprovehowsurelytheancientvitalitywasgone。
Hisprefaceto\"TheBorough，aPoem，\"shouldbedulyreadbeforethe\"poem\"itself，fortheprosehasaproprietyallitsown。
Everythingisconceivedwiththemostperfectmoderation，andthenpresentedinaformofreasoningthatleavesyounopossiblegroundofremonstrance。InproposinghissubjectCrabbeseemstomakeanunanswerableapologywithacomposurethatisalmostsweet。Forinstance，atsomelengthandwithsomenobilityheanticipatesaprobableconjecturethathisworkwasdone\"withoutdueexaminationandrevisal，\"andhemeetstheconjecturedcriticismthus：\"Now，readersare，Ibelieve，disposedtotreatwithmorethancommonseveritythosewriterswhohavebeenledintopresumptionbytheapprobationbestowedupontheirdiffidence，andintoidlenessandunconcernbythepraisesgiventotheirattention。\"Itwouldnotbepossibletosayasmallerthingwithgreaterdignityandgentleness。
Itisworthwhiletoquotethisproseofa\"poet\"wholivedbetweenthecenturies，ifonlyinordertosuggestthechasteningthought，\"Itisapitythatnoone，howeverlittlehemayhavetosay，saysitnowinthisform！\"Thelittle，solongasitisreasonable，issowellsuitedinthisantithesisandlogic。Istherenohopethatjournalismwillevertakeagainthesegracesofunanswerableargument？No：theywouldnolongerwearthepeculiaraspectofadultinnocencethatwasCrabbe’s。
ACOUNTERCHANGE
\"Ils’esttrompededefunte。\"ThewriterofthisphrasehadhissenseofthatportlymannerofFrench，andhisburlesqueisfine；
but——theparadoxmustberisked——becausehewasFrenchhewasnotabletopossessallitsgrotesquemediocritytothefull；thatisreservedfortheEnglishreader。Thewordsareinthemouthofawidowerwho，approachinghiswife’stomb，perceivesthereanother\"monsieur。\"\"Monsieur，\"again；theFrenchreaderisdeprivedofthevalueofthisword，too，initsplace；itsayslittleornothingtohim，whereastheEnglishman，whohasnowordoftheprecisebourgeoissignificancethatitsometimesbears，butwhomustuseoneoftwoEnglishwordsofdifferentallusion——manorIgentleman——
knowstheexactvalueofitscommonplace。TheseriousParisian，then，sees\"unautremonsieur；\"asitprovesanon，therehadbeenadivorceinthehistoryofthelady，butthelaterwidowerisnotyetawareofthis，andexplainstohimselfthepresenceof\"unmonsieur\"
inhisownplacebythatweightyphrase，\"Ils’esttrompededefunte。\"
ThestrangeeffectofathingsochargedwithallusionandwithnationalcharacteristocauseanEnglishreadertopitythemockingauthorwhowasdebarredbyhisownlanguagefrompossessingthewholeofhisowncomedy。Itis，infact，bycontrastwithhisEnglishthatanEnglishmandoespossessit。Yourofficial，yourprofessionalParisianhasavocabularyofenormous，unrivalledmediocrity。Whenthenovelistperceivesthishedoesnotperceiveitall，becausesomeofthewordsaretheonlywordsinuse。Takeanauthorathisseriousmoments，whenheisnotatalloccupiedwiththecomedyofphrases，andhenowandthentouchesawordthathasitsburlesquebymerecontrastwithEnglish。\"L’Histoired’unCrime，\"ofVictorHugo，hassomanyofthesetouchesastobe，byakindofreflexaction，averyschoolofEnglish。Thewholeincidentoftheomnibusinthatgraveworkhasunconsciousinternationalcomedy。TheDeputiesseatedintheinterioroftheomnibushadbeen，itwillberemembered，shutoutoftheirChamberbytheperpetratoroftheCoupd’Etat，buteachhadhisofficialscarf。
Scarf——pish！——\"l’echarpe！\"\"Ceindrel’echarpe\"——thereisnorealEnglishequivalent。Civicresponsibilityneverwasotherwiseadequatelyexpressed。Anindignantdeputypassedhisscarfthroughthewindowoftheomnibus，asanappealtothepublic，\"etl’agita。\"
ItisapitythattheFrenchreader，havingnosimplerword，isnotinapositiontounderstandtheslightburlesque。Nay，themereword\"public，\"spokenwiththispeculiarFrenchgoodfaith，hasforusIknownotwhatuntransferablegravity。
Thereis，inshort，ageneralinternationalcounterchange。Itisaltogetherinaccordancewithouractualstateofcivilization，withitsextremely\"specialized\"mannerofindustry，thatonepeopleshouldmakeaphrase，andanothershouldhaveandenjoyit。And，infact，therearecertainFrenchauthorstowhomshouldbesecuredtheuseoftheliteraryGermanwhereofGermans，andGermanwomeninparticular，oughtwithallseveritytobedeprived。ForGermansoftentellyouofwordsintheirowntonguethatareuntranslatable；
andaccordinglytheyshouldnotbetranslated，butgivenoverintheirownconditions，unaltered，intosaferhands。TherewouldbeaclearingoftheoutlinesofGermanideas，abetterorderinthephrase；thepossessorsofanalienword，withthethoughtitsecures，wouldfindalsotheiradvantage。
SowithFrenchhumour。ItisexpresslyandsignallyforEnglishears。Itissoeveninthecommonestfarce。Theunfortunatehouseholder，forexample，whoispersuadedtokeepwalkingintheconservatory\"pourretablirlacirculation，\"andtheotherwhodescribeshimself\"sous-chefdebureaudansl’enregistrement，\"andhewhoproposesto\"fairehommage\"ofadoubtfulturbottotheneighbouring\"employedel’octroi\"——theseandalltheirlikespeakcommonplacessousualastoloseintheirowncountrytheperfectionoftheirdulness。Weonly，whohavethealternativeofplainerandfresherwords，understandit。ItisnottheleastoftheadvantagesofourowndualEnglishthatwebecomesensibleofthemockeryofcertainphrasesthatinFrancehavelosthalftheirridicule，uncontrasted。
TakeagainthecommonrhetoricthathasfixeditselfinconversationinallLatinlanguages——rhetoricthathasceasedtohaveallusions，eithermajesticorcomic。TotheearsomewhatunusedtoFrenchthisproffersafrequentcomedythatthewell-accustomedear，evenofanEnglishman，nolongerdetects。AguardonaFrenchrailway，whoadvisedtwotravellerstotakeacertaintrainforfeartheyshouldbeobligedto\"vegeter\"forawholehourinthewaiting-roomofsuchorsuchastationseemedtothelesspractisedtouristtobeafreshkindofunexpectedhumourist。
OneofthephrasesalwaysusedinthebusinessofcharitiesandsubscriptionsinFrancehasmorethantheintentionalcomedyofthefarce-writer；oneofthemostabsurdofhispersonages，wearyinghisvisitorsinthecountrywithaperpetualgameofbowls，saystothem：\"Nousjouonscinquantecentimes——lesbeneficesserontversesintegralementelasouscriptionquiestouverteelacommunepourlaconstructiondenotremaisond’ecole。\"
\"Fletrir，\"again。Nothingcouldbemorerhetoricalthanthisperfectlycommonwordofcontroversy。Thecomicdramatistiswellawareofthespentviolenceofthisphrase，withwhicheveryseriousFrenchmanwillreplytoopponents，especiallyinpublicmatters。
Butnoteventhecomicdramatistisawareofthelaststateofrefusecommonplacethatawordofthiskindrepresents。Refuserhetoric，bytheway，ratherthanEmerson’s\"fossilpoetry，\"wouldseemtobetherightnameforhumanlanguageassomeoftheprocessesoftheseveralrecentcenturieshaveleftit。
TheFrenchcomedy，then，isfairlystuffedwiththin-SforanEnglishman。Theyarenotall，itistrue，sofinelycomicas\"Ils’esttrompededefunte。\"Inthereportofthatdull，incomparablesentencethereisenoughhumour，andsubtleenough，forboththemakerandthereader；fortheauthorwhoperceivesthecomedyaswellascustomwillpermit，andforthereaderwhotakesitwiththefreshnessofastranger。Butifnotsokeenasthis，thecurrentwordofFrenchcomedyisofthesamequalityoflanguage。Whenofthefourteencouplestobemarriedbythemayor，forinstance，thedeafclerkhasshuffledtwo，alooker-onpronounces：\"Ils’estempetredanslesfuturs。\"ButforareaderwhohasafullsenseoftheseverallanguagesthatexistinEnglishattheserviceoftheseveralwaysofhumanlife，thereis，fromthemereterminologyofofficialFrance，highorlow——dailyFrance——agratuitousanduncovenantedsmiletobehad。WiththisthewitofthereportofFrenchliteraturehasnotlittletodo。Norisitinitself，perhaps，reasonablycomic，buttheslightestironyofcircumstancemakesitso。Averylittleofthemockeryofconditionsbringsoutallthelatentabsurdityofthe\"sixiemeetseptiemearron-
dissements，\"inthetwinklingofaneye。Soisitwiththemere\"domicile；\"withtheaidofbutalittleoftheburlesqueoflife，thesuitatlawto\"reintegrerledomicileconjugal\"becomesasgrotesqueasaphrasecanmakeit。Even\"edomicile\"merely——thewordofeveryshopman——is，intheunconsciousmouthsofthespeakers，alwaysawaitingthelightesttouchoffarce，ifonlyanEnglishmanhearsit；soistheadviceofthepolicethatyoushall\"circuler\"inthestreet；soistherequest，postedup，thatyoushallnot，inthechurches。
Soaretheseriousandordinaryphrases，\"maisonnuptiale，\"\"maisonmortuaire，\"andthestillmoreserious\"reposdominical，\"\"oraisondominicale。\"Thereisnomajestyinsuchwords。Theunsuspiciousgravitywithwhichtheyarespokenbroadcastisnottobewonderedat，thelanguageofferingnoreliefofcontrast；andwhatismuchtothecreditofthecomicsensibilityofliteratureisthefactthat，throughthisgeneralunconsciousness，theridiculeofathousandauthorsofcomedyperceivesthefun，andsinglesoutthefamiliarthing，andcompelsthatmostelaboratedulnesstoamuseus。US，aboveall，byvirtueofthecustomofcounter-changeheresetforth。
Whoshallsaywhether，byoperationofthesameexchange，theEnglishpoetsthatsopersistinFrancemaynotrevealsomethingwithintheEnglishlanguage——onewouldbesomewhatlothtothinkso——
reservedtotheFrenchreaderpeculiarly？Byrontothemultitude，EdgarPoetotheselect？ThenwouldsomeofthemysteriesofFrenchreadingofEnglishbeexplainedotherwisethanbytheplainerexplanationthathashithertosatisfiedourhaughtycuriosity。ThetasteforrhetoricseemedtoaccountforByron，andthedesireoftherhetoriciantoclaimatasteforpoetryseemedtoaccountforPoe。But，afterall，PATATRAS！Whocansay？
RAIN
Notexceptingthefallingstars——fortheyarefarlesssudden——thereisnothinginnaturethatsooutstripsourunreadyeyesasthefamiliarrain。Therodsthatthinlystripeourlandscape，longshaftsfromtheclouds，ifwehadbutagilitytomakethearrowydownwardjourneywiththembytheglancingofoureyes，wouldbeinfinitelyseparate，units，aninnumerableflightofsinglethings，andthesimplemovementofintricatepoints。
Thelongstrokeoftheraindrop，whichisthedropanditspathatonce，beingourimpressionofashower，showsushowcertainlyourimpressionistheeffectofthelagging，andnotofthehaste，ofoursenses。Whatweareapttocallourquickimpressionisratheroursensiblytardy，unprepared，surprised，outrun，lightlybewilderedsenseofthingsthatflashandfall，wink，andareoverpastandrenewed，whilethegentleeyesofmanhesitateandminglethebeginningwiththeclose。Theseinexperteyes，delicatelybaffled，detainforaninstanttheimagethatpuzzlesthem，andsodallywiththebrightprogressofameteor，andpartslowlyfromtheslendercourseofthealreadyfallenraindrop，whosemomentsarenottheirs。Thereseemstobesuchadifferenceofinstantsasinvestsallswiftmovementwithmysteryinman’seyes，andcausesthepast，amomentold，tobewritten，vanishing，upontheskies。
Thevisibleworldisetchedandengravedwiththesignsandrecordsofourhaltingapprehension；andthepausebetweenthedistantwoodman’sstrokewiththeaxeanditssounduponourearsisrepeatedintheimpressionsofourclingingsight。Theroundwheeldazzlesit，andthestrokeofthebird’swingshakesitofflikeacaptivityevaded。Everywherethenaturalhasteisimpatientofthesetimidsenses；andtheirperception，outrunbytheshower，shakenbythelight，deniedbytheshadow，eludedbythedistance，makesthelingeringpicturethatisallourart。Oneofthemostconstantcausesofallthemysteryandbeautyofthatartissurelynotthatweseebyflashes，butthatnatureflashesonourmeditativeeyes。Thereisnoneedfortheimpressionisttomakehaste，norwouldhasteavailhim，formobilenaturedoublesuponhim，andplayswithhisdelaystheexquisitegameofvisibility。
Momentlyvisibleinashower，invisiblewithintheearth，theministrationofwaterissomanifestinthecomingrain-cloudthatthehusbandmanisallowedtoseetherainofhisownland，yetunclaimedinthearmsoftherainywind。Itisaneagerlienthathebindstheshowerwithal，andthegraspofhisanxietyisonthecomingcloud。Hissenseofpropertytakesaimandreckonsdistanceandspeed，andevenasheshootsalittleaheadoftheequallyuncertainground-game，heknowsapproximatelyhowtohitthecloudofhispossession。Somuchistherainboundtotheearththat，unabletocompelit，manhasyetfoundaway，bylyinginwait，toputhispriceuponit。Theexhaustiblecloud\"outweepsitsrain，\"
andonlytheinexhaustiblesunseemstorepeatandtoenforcehiscumulativefiresuponeveryspanofground，innumerable。Therainiswasteduponthesea，butonlybyafantasycanthesun’swastebemadeareproachtotheocean，thedesert，orthesealed-upstreet。
Rossetti’s\"vainvirtues\"arethevirtuesoftherain，fallingunfruitfully。
Babyofthecloud，rainiscarriedlongenoughwithinthattroubledbreasttomakeallthemultitudeofdaysunlikeeachother。Rain，astheendofthecloud，divideslightandwithholdsit；initsflightwarningawaythesun，andinitsfinalfalldismissingshadow。Itisathreatandareconciliation；itremovesmountainscomparedwithwhichtheAlpsarehillocks，andmakesachildlikepeacebetweenopposedheightsandbattlementsofheaven。
THELETTERSOFMARCELINEVALMORE
\"Prendsgardeemoi，mafille，etcouvremoibien！\"MarcelineDesbordes-Valmore，writingfromFrancetoherdaughterOndine，whowasdelicateandchillyinLondonin1841，hasthesamesolicitous，journeyingfancyaswasexpressedbytwootherwomen，bothalsoFrenchwomen，andbotharticulateintenderness。EugeniedeGuerin，thatqueenofsisters，hadprecededherwithherowncomplaint，\"I
haveapaininmybrother’sside\"；andinanotherageMme。deSevignehadsuffered，inthecourseoflongpostsandthroughinfrequentletters——aprotractionofconjecturedpain——withintheframeofherabsentdaughter。Shephrasedherplightinmuchthesamewords，confessingtheuncancelledunionwithherchildthathadeffacedforhertheboundariesofherpersonallife。
Isnotwhatwecallalife——thepersonallife——aseparationfromtheuniversallife，aseclusion，adivision，acleft，awound？Forthesewomen，suchaseverancewasinparthealed，madewhole，closedup，andcured。Lifewasrestoredbetweentwoatatimeofhuman-
kind。Didthesethreewomenguessthattheirsufferingsofsympathywiththeirchildrenwereindeedthesignsofanewanduniversalhealth——theprophecyofhumanunity？
Thesignmighthavebeenamoremanifestandahappierprophecyhadthisunionoftendernesstakenthegayoccasionasoftenasthesad。
Exceptattimes，inthesinglecaseofMme。deSevigne，allthree——
farmoresensitivethantherestoftheworld——wereyetnotsensitiveenoughtofeelequallythelesssharpcommunicationofjoy。Theyclaimed，owned，andfeltsensiblythepangsandnotthepleasuresoftheabsent。Orifnotonlythepangs，atleasttheywereapprehensivechieflyinthatsensewhichhumananxietyandforebodinghavelenttotheword；theywereapprehensiveofwhattheyfeared。\"Areyouwarm？\"writesMarcelineValmoretoherchild。
\"Youhavesolittletowear——areyoureallywarm？Oh，takecareofme——covermewell。\"Elsewhereshesays，\"Youareaninsolentchildtothinkofwork。Nurseyourhealth，andmine。Letuslivelikefools\"；wherebyshemeantthatsheshouldworkwithherownferventbrainforboth，andtakethewhileherrestinOndine。Ifthislivingandunshortenedlovewassad，itmustbeownedthatso，too，wasthestory。EugenieandMauricedeGuerinwerebothtodiesoon，andMarcelinewastolosethisdaughterandanother。
Butsetfreefromtheconditionandoccasionofpainandsorrow，thislifewithoutboundarieswhichmothershaveundergoneseemstosuggestandtoportendwhattheprogressivecharityofgenerationsmaybe——andis，infact，thoughthecontinuitydoesnotalwaysappear——inthecourseoftheworld。Ifaloveandlifewithoutboundariesgodownfromamotherintoherchild，andfromthatchildintoherchildrenagain，thenincalculable，intricate，universal，andeternalaretheunionsthatseem——andonlyseem——sototranscendtheusualexperience。Theloveofsuchamotherpassesunchangedoutofherownsight。Itdropsdownages，butwhyshoulditalter？
Whatinherdaughtershouldshemakesomuchherownasthatdaughter’sloveforherdaughterinturn？Therearenolapses。
MarcelineValmore，marriedtoanactorwhoseemstohave\"createdtheclassicgenre\"invain，foundthesonsanddaughtersofotherwomeninwant。Someofherrichfriends，sheavers，seemtothinkthatthesadnessofherpoemsisahabit——amatterofmetreandrhyme，or，atmost，thatitis\"temperament。\"Butotherstakeupthecauseofthosewhosewoes，asshesays，turnedherlonghairwhitetoosoon。Sainte-Beuvegaveherhistimeandinfluence，succouredtwentypoliticaloffendersatherinstance，andgaveperpetuallytoherpoor。\"Heneverhasanysocks，\"saidhismother；
\"hegivesthemallaway，likeBeranger。\"\"Hegivesthemwithadifferentaccent，\"addedtheliteraryMarceline。
Evenwhenthestroller’slifetookhertotownsshedidnothate，butloved——herownDouai，wherethenamesofthestreetsmadeherheartleap，andwhereherstatuestands，andBordeaux，whichwas，inhereyes，\"rosywiththereflectedcolourofitsanimatingwine\"——
shewastakenawayfromthecountryofherverse。Thefieldandthevillagehadbeendeartoher，andherpoemsnolongertrailanddroop，buttakewing，whentheycomeamongwinds，birds，bells，andwaves。Theyflywiththewholevolleyofasummermorning。Shelovedthesunandherliberty，andthelibertyofothers。ItwasapparentlyahorrorofprisonsthatchieflyinspiredherpubliceffortsaftercertainriotsatLyonshadbeenreducedtopeace。Thedeadwerefree，butfortheprisonerssheworked，wrote，andpetitioned。ShelookedatthesentinelsatthegatesoftheLyonsgaolswithsucheyesasmighthaveprovokedashot，shethinks。
Duringherlifetimesheverymodestlytookcorrectionfromhercontemporaries，forherstudyhadhardlybeenenoughforthewholeartofFrenchverse。ButSainte-Beuve，Baudelaire，andVerlainehavepraisedherasoneofthepoetsofFrance。Thelatercritics——
fromVerlaineonwards——willholdthatsheneedsnopardonforcertainslightirregularitiesinthegroupingofmasculineandfemininerhymes，foruponthislibertytheythemselveshavelargelyimproved。Theoldrulesintheircompletenessseemedtoomuchlikeaprisontoher。Shewassetaboutwithimportunateconditions——acaesura，arhyme，narrowlodgingsinstrangetowns，bankruptcies，salariesastray——andshetookonlyalittlegentleliberty。
THEHOURSOFSLEEP
TherearehoursclaimedbySleep，butrefusedtohim。Nonethelessaretheyhisbysomestatewithinthemind，whichanswersrhythmicallyandpunctuallytothatclaim。Awakeandatwork，withoutdrowsiness，withoutlanguor，andwithoutgloom，thenightmindofmanisyetnothisdaymind；hehasnight-powersoffeelingwhichareattheirhighestindreams，butarenight’saswellassleep’s。Thepowersofthemindindreams，whichareinexplicable，arenotaltogetherbaffledbecausethemindisawake；itisthehouroftheirreturnasitisthehourofatide’s，andtheydoreturn。
Insleeptheyhavetheirfreeway。Nightthenhasnothingtohamperherinfluence，andshedrawstheemotion，thesenses，andthenervesofthesleeper。Sheurgeshimuponthoseextremitiesofangerandlove，contemptandterrortowhichnotonlycannoeventoftherealdaypersuadehim，butforwhich，awake，hehasperhapsnoteventhecapacity。Thisincreaseofcapacity，whichisthedream’s，ispunctualtothenight，eventhoughsleepandthedreambekeptatarm’slength。
Thechild，notasleep，butpassingthroughthehoursofsleepandtheirdominions，knowsthatthemoodofnightwillhaveitshour；heputsoffhistroubledheart，andwillansweritanothertime，intheotherstate，byday。\"IshallbeabletobearthiswhenIamgrownup\"isnotoftenerinayoungchild’smindthan\"Ishallenduretothinkofitintheday-time。\"Bythisheconfessesthedoublehabitanddoubleexperience，nottobeinterchanged，andcommunicatingtogetheronlybymemoryandhope。
Perhapsitwillbefoundthattoworkallbydayorallbynightistomisssomethingofthepowersofacomplexmind。Onemightimaginetherhythmicexperienceofapoet，subject，likeachild，tothetime，andtemperingtheextremitiesofeitherstatebymessagesofremembranceandexpectancy。
Nevertohavehadabrilliantdream，andnevertohavehadanydelirium，wouldbetolivetoomuchintheday；andhardlylesswouldbethelossofhimwhohadnotexercisedhiswakingthoughtundertheinfluenceofthehoursclaimedbydreams。Andastochoosingbetweendayandnight，orguessingwhetherthestateofdayordarkisthetruerandthemorenatural，hewouldberashwhoshouldmaketoosure。
Inordertolivethelifeofnight，awatchermustnotwaketoomuch。Thatis，heshouldnotaltersogreatlythecharacterofnightastolosethesolitude，thevisibledarkness，orthequietude。Thehoursofsleeparetoomuchalteredwhentheyarefilledbylightsandcrowds；andNatureischeatedso，andevaded，andherrhythmbroken，aswhenthelarkscagedinpopulousstreetsmakeineffectualspringsandsingdaybreaksongswhentheLondongasislighted。Natureiseasilydeceived；andthemuse，likethelark，maybesetallastrayastothehour。Youmayspendthepeculiarhoursofsleepamidsomuchnoiseandamongsomanypeoplethatyoushallnotbeawareofthem；youmaythusmerelyforceandprolongtheday。Buttodosoisnottolivewellbothlives；itisnottoyieldtothedailyandnightlyriseandfallandtobecradledintheswingofchange。
Theresurelyneverwasapoetbutwasnowandthenrockedinsuchacradleofalternatehours。\"Itcannotbe，\"saysHerbert，\"thatIamheonwhomThytempestsfellallnight。\"
Itisinthehoursofsleepthatthemind，bysomedivineparadox，hastheextremestsenseoflight。AlmostthemostshininglinesinEnglishpoetry——linesthatcastsunriseshadows——arethoseofBlake，writtenconfessedlyfromthesideofnight，thesideofsorrowanddreams，andthosedreamsthedreamsoflittlechimney-sweepers；allisasdarkashecanmakeitwiththe\"bagsofsoot\"；buttheboy’sdreamofthegreenplainandtheriveristoobrightforday。So，indeed，isanotherbrightnessofBlake’s，whichisalso，inhispoem，achild’sdream，andwascertainlyconceivedbyhiminthehoursofsleep，inwhichhewoketowritetheSongsofInnocence：-
Owhatlandisthelandofdreams？
Whatareitsmountains，andwhatareitsstreams？
Ofather，Isawmymotherthere，Amongtheliliesbywatersfair。
Amongthelambsclothedinwhite，Shewalk’dwithherThomasinsweetdelight。
Tononebutthehoursclaimedandinspiredbysleep，heldawakebysufferanceofsleep，belongssuchavision。
Corotalsotookthebrilliantopportunityofthehoursofsleep。Insomelandscapesofhisearlymannerhehastheverylightofdreams，anditwassurelybecausehewentabroadatthetimewhensleepanddreamsclaimedhiseyesthathewasabletoseesospiritualanillumination。Summerispreciousforapainter，chieflybecauseinsummersomanyofthehoursofsleeparealsohoursoflight。Hecarriesthemoodofman’snightoutintothesunshine——Corotdidso——
andlivesthelifeofnight，inallitsgenius，inthepresenceofarisensun。Intheonlytimewhentheheartcandreamoflight，inthenightofvisions，withtherhythmicpowerofnightatitsdarknooninhismind，hiseyesseethesoaringoftheactualsun。
Hehimselfhasnotyetpassedatthathourintothelifeofday。Tothatlifebelongsmanyanotherkindofwork，andasenseofotherkindsofbeauty；butthesummerdaybreakwasseenbyCorotwiththeextremeperceptionofthelifeofnight。Here，atlast，istheexplanationofallthememoriesofdreamsrecalledbythesevisionarypaintings，doneinearlieryearsthanwerethose，betterknown，thataretheCorotsofalltheworld。EverymanwhoknowswhatitistodreamoflandscapemeetswithoneoftheseworksofCorot’sfirstmannerwithacry，notofwelcomeonly，butofrecognition。Hereismorningperceivedbythespiritofthehoursofsleep。
THEHORIZON
Tomountahillistoliftwithyousomethinglighterandbrighterthanyourselforthananymeanerburden。Youlifttheworld，youraisethehorizon；yougiveasignalforthedistancetostandup。
ItislikethesceneintheVaticanwhenaCardinal，withhisdramaticItalianhands，bidsthekneelinggroupstoarise。Hedoesmorethanbidthem。Heliftsthem，hegathersthemup，farandnear，withtheupwardgestureofbotharms；hetakesthemtotheirfeetwiththecompulsionofhisexpressiveforce。Oritisaswhenaconductortakeshisplayerstosuccessiveheightsofmusic。Yousummonthesea，youbringthemountains，thedistancesunfoldunlooked-forwingsandtakeanevenflight。Youarebutamanliftinghisweightupontheupwardroad，butasyouclimbthecircleoftheworldgoesuptofaceyou。
Nothereorthere，butwithadefinitecontinuity，theunseenunfolds。Thisdistanthilloutsoarsthatlessdistant，butallareonthewing，andtheplainraisesitsverge。Allthingsfollowandwaituponyoureyes。Youlifttheseup，notbytheraisingofyoureyelids，butbythepilgrimageofyourbody。\"Liftthineeyestothemountains。\"Itisthenthatothermountainsliftthemselvestoyourhumaneyes。
Itisthelawwherebytheeyeandthehorizonansweroneanotherthatmakesthewayupahillsofullofuniversalmovement。Allthelandscapeisonpilgrimage。Thetowngathersitselfcloser，anditsinnerharboursliterallycometolight；theheadlandsrepeatthemselves；littlecupswithinthetreelesshillsopenandshowtheirfarms。Intheseaaremanyregions。Abreezeisatplayforamileortwo，andthesurfaceisturned。Thereareroadsandcurvesintheblueandinthewhite。Notastepofyourjourneyuptheheightthathasnotitsrepliesinthesteadymotionoflandandsea。Thingsrisetogetherlikeaflockofmany-featheredbirds。
Butitisthehorizon，morethanallelse，youhavecomeinsearchof。Thatisyourchiefcompaniononyourway。Itistoupliftthehorizontotheequalityofyoursightthatyougohigh。Yougiveitadistanceworthyoftheskies。Thereisnodistance，exceptthedistanceinthesky，tobeseenfromthelevelearth；butfromtheheightistobeseenthedistanceofthisworld。Thelineissentbackintotheremotenessoflight，thevergeisremovedbeyondverge，intoadistancethatisenormousandminute。
SodelicateandsoslenderisthedistanthorizonthatnothinglessnearthanQueenMabandherchariotcanequalitsfineness。Hereontheedgesoftheeyelids，orthereontheedgesoftheworld——weknownootherplaceforthingssoexquisitelymade，sothin，sosmallandtender。Thetouchesofherpassing，ascloseasdreams，ortheutmostvanishingoftheforestortheoceaninthewhitelightbetweentheearthandtheair；nothingelseisquitesointimateandfine。Theextremitiesofamountainviewhavejustsuchtinytouchesastheclosenessofclosedeyesshutsin。
Onthehorizonisthesweetestlight。Elsewherecolourmarsthesimplicityoflight；buttherecolouriseffaced，notasmeneffaceit，byablurordarkness，butbymerelight。Thebluestskydisappearsonthatshiningedge；thereisnotsubstanceenoughforcolour。Therimofthehill，ofthewoodland，ofthemeadow-land，ofthesea——letitonlybefarenough——hasthesameabsorptionofcolour；andeventhedarkthingsdrawnuponthebrightedgesoftheskyarelucid，thelightisamongthem，andtheyaremingledwithit。Thehorizonhasitsownwayofmakingbrightthepencilledfiguresofforests，whichareblackbutluminous。
Onthehorizon，moreover，closesthelongperspectiveofthesky。
Thereyouperceivethatanordinaryskyofclouds——notathundersky——isnotawallbuttheundersideofafloor。Youseethecloudsthatrepeateachothergrowsmallerbydistance；andyoufindanewunityintheskyandearththatgatheralikethegreatlinesoftheirdesignstothesamedistantclose。Thereisnolongeranaliensky，tossedupinunintelligibleheightsaboveaworldthatissubjecttointelligibleperspective。
OfallthethingsthatLondonhasforegone，themosttoberegrettedisthehorizon。Notthebarkofthetreesinitsrightcolour；notthespiritofthegrowinggrass，whichhasinsomewayescapedfromtheparks；notthesmelloftheearthunmingledwiththeodourofsoot；butratherthemerehorizon。NodoubtthesunmakesabeautifulthingoftheLondonsmokeattimes，andinsomeplacesofthesky；butnotthere，notwherethesoftsharpdistanceoughttoshine。Tobedullthereistoputallrelationsandcomparisonsinthewrong，andtomaketheskylawless。
Ahorizondarkwithstormisanotherthing。Theweatherdarkensthelineanddefinesit，orminglesitwiththerainingcloud；orsoftlydimsit，orblackensitagainstagleamofnarrowsunshineinthesky。Thestormyhorizonwilltakewing，andthesunny。Gohighenough，andyoucanraisethelightfrombeyondtheshower，andtheshadowfrombehindtheray。Onlytheshapelessandlifelesssmokedisobeysanddefeatsthesummeroftheeyes。
Upatthetopoftheseawardhillyourfirstthoughtisoneofsomecompassionforsailors，inasmuchastheyseebutlittleoftheirsea。AchildonamereChannelclifflooksuponspacesandsizesthattheycannotseeinthePacific，ontheoceansideoftheworld。
Neverinthesolitudeofthebluewater，neverbetweentheCapeofGoodHopeandCapeHorn，neverbetweentheIslandsandtheWest，hastheseamanseenanythingbutalittlecircleofsea。TheAncientMariner，whenhewasalone，didbutdriftthroughathousandnarrowsolitudes。Thesailorhasnothingbuthismast，indeed。Andbutforhismasthewouldbeisolatedinassmallaworldasthatofatravellerthroughtheplains。
Roundtheplainsthehorizonlieswithfoldedwings。Itkeepsthemsoperpetuallyforman，andopensthemonlyforthebird，replyingtoflightwithflight。
Aclosecircletofwavesisthesailor’sfamousoffing。Hisoffinghardlydeservesthenameofhorizon。Tohearhimyoumightthinksomethingofhisoffing，butyoudonotsowhenyousitdowninthecentreofit。
Astheupspringingofallthingsatyourgoinguptheheights，sosteady，soswift，isthesubsidenceatyourdescent。Thefurthersealiesaway，hillfoldsdownbehindhill。Thewholeupstandingworld，withitslookssereneandalert，itsdistantreplies，itssignalsofmanymiles，itssignsandcommunicationsoflight，gathersdownandpauses。Thisflockofbirdswhichisthemobilelandscapewheelsandgoestoearth。TheCardinalweighsdowntheaudiencewithhisdownwardhands。Farewelltothemostdelicatehorizon。
HABITSANDCONSCIOUSNESS
Educationmightdosomewhattocontrolthepersonalhabitsforwhichungenerousobservantmenareinclinedtodislikeoneanother。Ithasdonelittle。Astoliterature，thishashadthemostcuriouslydiverseinfluenceuponthehumansensitivenesstohabit。Tolstoi’sperceptionofhabitsiskeenerthanachild’s，andhetakesthemuneasily，asachilddoesnot。Heholdsthemtobetheoccasion，ifnotthecause，ofhatred。AnnaKarenina，asshedrankhercoffee，knewthathersometimeloverwasdreadingtohearherswallowit，andwashatingthecrookingofherlittlefingerassheheldhercup。Itisimpossibletoliveinaworldofhabitswithsuchanapprehensionofhabitsasthis。
ItisnowonderthatTolstoideniestoothermenunconsciousness，andevenpreoccupation。Withhimperceptionneverlapses，andhewillnotdescribeamurdererasraptawaybypassionfromthedetailsoftheroomandtheobservationofhimself；norwillherepresentatheologianasfailing——evenwhilehethinksoutanddecidesthequestionofhisfaith——tonotethethingsthatarresthispresentanduncloudedeyes。Nohabitswoulddaretoliveunderthoseglances。Theymustdieofdismay。
Tolstoiseeseverythingthatiswithinsight。Thatheseesthismultitudeofthingswithinvinciblesimplicityiswhatproveshimanartist；nevertheless，forsuchperceptionashisthereisnopeace。
Forwhenitisnotthetrivialitiesofothermen’shabitsbuttheactualitiesofhisownmindthathefollowswithoutrest，forhimthereisnopossiblepeacebutsleep。Tohim，morethantoallothers，ithasbeensaid，\"Watch！\"Thereisnorelapse，thereisnorespitebutsleepordeath。
Tosuchamindeverynightmustcomewithanoverwhelmingchange，areleasetoogreatforgratitude。Whatafallingtosleep！Whatamanumission，whatanabsolution！Consciousnessandconsciencesetfreefromtheexactedinstantrepliesoftheunrelapsingday。Andattheawakeningallisreadyyetoncemore，andapprehensionbeginsagain：aperpetualpresenceofmind。
Dr。Johnsonwas\"absent。\"Nomanof\"absent\"mindiswithoutsomehourlydeliverance。Itisonthepresentmindthatpressestheburdenofthepresentworld。
SHADOWS
Anothergoodreasonthatweoughttoleaveblank，unvexed，andunencumberedwithpaperpatternstheceilingandwallsofasimplehouseisthattheplainsurfacemaybevisitedbytheuniquedesignsofshadows。Theopportunityissofineathingthatitoughtoftenertobeofferedtothelightandtoyonderhandfuloflongsedgesandrushesinavase。Theirslendergreydesignofshadowsuponwhitewallsisbetterthanatedious，trivial，oranxiousdevicefromtheshop。
Theshadowhasallintricaciesofperspectivesimplytranslatedintolineandintersectingcurve，andpictoriallypresentedtotheeyes，nottothemind。Theshadowknowsnothingexceptitsflatdesigns。
Itissingle；itdrawsadecorationthatwasneverseenbefore，andwillneverbeseenagain，andthat，untouched，varieswiththejourneyofthesun，shiftstheinterrelationofascoreofdelicatelinesatthemerepassingoftime，thoughalltheroombemotionless。Whywilldesigninsistuponitsimportunateimmortality？Wiseristhedrama，andwiserthedance，thatdonotpauseuponanattitude。Butthesewalkwithpassionorpleasure，whiletheshadowwalkswiththeearth。Italtersasthehourswheel。
Moreover，whilethehabitofyoursunwardthoughtsisstillflowingsouthward，afterthewinterandthespring，itsurprisesyouinthesuddengleamofanorth-westeringsun。Itdecksanewwall；itisshedbyalatesunsetthroughawindowunvisitedforayearpast；itbetraystheflittingofthesunintounwontedskies——asunthattakesthemidsummerworldintherear，andshowshisheadatasally-porte，andisabouttoalightonanunusedhorizon。Sodoesthegreydrawing，withwhichyouhaveallowedthesunandyourpotofrushestoadornyourroom，playthestealthygameoftheyear。
Youneednotstintyourselfofshadows，foranoccasion。ItneedsbutfourcandlestomakeahangingOrientalbellplaythemostbuoyantjuggleryoverhead。Twolampsmakeofonepalm-branchasymmetricalcounterchargeofshadows，andheretwopalm-branchesclosewithoneanotherinshadow，theirarchesflowingtogether，andtheirpalergreysdarkening。Itishardtobelievethattherearemanytoprefera\"repeatingpattern。\"
Itmustbegrantedtothemthatagreydayrobsoftheirdecorationthewallsthatshouldbesprinkledwithshadows。Let，then，aplaqueorapicturebekeptforhangingonshadowlessclays。Todressaroomonceforall，andtogiveitnomoreheed，istoneglecttheunitsofthedays。
Shadowswithindoorsareyetonlymessagesfromthatworldofshadowswhichisthelandscapeofsunshine。FacingaMaysunyouseelittleexceptaninfinitenumberofshadows。Atomsofshadow——
bethedaybrightenough——composetheveryairthroughwhichyouseethelight。Thetreesshowyouashadowforeveryleaf，andthepoplarsaresprinkledupontheshiningskywithlittleshadowsthatlooktranslucent。Thelivelinessofeveryshadowisthatsomelightisreflectedintoit；shadeandshinehavebeenentangledasthoughbysomewildwindthroughtheirmillionmolecules。
Thecoolnessandthedarkofnightareinterlockedwiththeuncloudedsun。Turnsunwardfromthenorth，andshadowscometolife，andarethemselvesthelife，theaction，andthetransparenceoftheirday。
Toeyestiredandretiredalldaywithinloweredblinds，thelightlooksstillandchangeless。Somanysquaresofsunshineabideforsomanyhours，andwhenthesunhascircledawaytheypassandareextinguished。Himwholiesalonetheretheouterworldtoucheslessbythislongsunshinethanbythehasteandpassageofashadow。
Althoughtheremaybenotreetostandbetweenhiswindowandthesouth，andalthoughnonoondaywindmayblowabranchofrosesacrosstheblind，shadowsandtheirlifewillbecarriedacrossbyabrilliantbird。
Tothesickmanacloud-shadowisnothingbutaneclipse；hecannotseeitsshape，itscolor，itsapproach，oritsflight。Itdoesbutdarkenhiswindowasitdarkenstheday，andisgoneagain；hedoesnotseeitpluckandsnatchthesun。Buttheflyingbirdshowshimwings。Whatflashoflightcouldbemorebrightforhimthansuchaflashofdarkness？
Itisthepulseoflife，whereallchangehadseemedtobecharmed。
Ifhehadseenthebirditselfhewouldhaveseenless——thebird’sshadowwasamessagefromthesun。
Therearetwoseparatedflightsforthefancytofollow，theflightofthebirdintheair，andtheflightofitsshadowonearth。Thisgoesacrossthewindowblind，acrossthewood，whereitisastrayforawhileintheshades；itdipsintothevalley，growingvaguerandlarger，runs，quickerthanthewind，uphill，smalleranddarkeronthesoftanddrygrass，andrushestomeetitsbirdwhenthebirdswoopstoabranchandclings。
Inthegreatbirdcountryofthenorth-easternlittoralofEngland，aboutHolyIslandandthebasalticrocks，theshadowsofthehighbirdsarethemovementandthepulseofthesolitude。Wheretherearenowoodstomakeashade，thesunsuffersthebrillianteclipseofflocksofpearl-whiteseabirds，orofthesolitarycreaturedrivingonthewind。Theirsisalwaysasurpriseofflight。Thecloudsgooneway，butthebirdsgoallways：infromtheseaorout，acrossthesands，inlandtohighnorthernfields，wherethecropsarelatebyamonth。Theyflysohighthatthoughtheyhavetheshadowofthesunundertheirwings，theyhavethelightoftheearththerealso。Thewavesandthecoastshineuptothem，andtheyflybetweenlights。
Blackflocksandwhitetheygathertheirdelicateshadowsup，\"swiftasdreams，\"attheendoftheirflightintotheclefts，platforms，andledgesofharbourlessrocksdominatingtheNorthSea。Theysubsidebydegrees，withlesseningandshorteningvolleysofwingsandcriesuntiltherecomesthegeneralshadowofnightwherewiththelittleshadowsclose，complete。
Theeveningistheshadowofanotherflight。Allthebirdshavetracedwildandinnumerablepathsacrossthemid-Mayearth；theirshadowshavefledalldayfasterthanherstreams，andhaveovertakenallthemovementofherwinglesscreatures。Butnowitistheflightoftheveryearththatcarriesherclaspedshadowfromthesun。
Footnotes：
{1}Ifounditafterwards：itwasRebecca。