XI
THEHOMELESSNESSOFJONES
ThustheFutureofwhichwespokeatthebeginninghas（inEnglandatleast）alwaysbeentheallyoftyranny。
TheordinaryEnglishmanhasbeendupedoutofhisoldpossessions，suchastheywere，andalwaysinthenameofprogress。
Thedestroyersoftheabbeystookawayhisbreadandgavehimastone，assuringhimthatitwasapreciousstone，thewhitepebbleoftheLord\'select。TheytookawayhismaypoleandhisoriginalrurallifeandpromisedhiminsteadtheGoldenAgeofPeaceandCommerceinauguratedattheCrystalPalace。Andnowtheyaretakingawaythelittlethatremainsofhisdignityasahouseholderandtheheadofafamily，promisinghiminsteadUtopiaswhicharecalled（appropriatelyenough）
\"Anticipations\"or\"NewsfromNowhere。\"Wecomeback，infact，tothemainfeaturewhichhasalreadybeenmentioned。
Thepastiscommunal：thefuturemustbeindividualist。
Inthepastarealltheevilsofdemocracy，varietyandviolenceanddoubt，butthefutureispuredespotism，forthefutureispurecaprice。Yesterday，IknowIwasahumanfool，butto-morrowIcaneasilybetheSuperman。
ThemodernEnglishman，however，islikeamanwhoshouldbeperpetuallykeptout，foronereasonafteranother，fromthehouseinwhichhehadmeanthismarriedlifetobegin。
Thisman（Jonesletuscallhim）hasalwaysdesiredthedivinelyordinarythings；hehasmarriedforlove，hehaschosenorbuiltasmallhousethatfitslikeacoat；
heisreadytobeagreatgrandfatherandalocalgod。
Andjustasheismovingin，somethinggoeswrong。
Sometyranny，personalorpolitical，suddenlydebarshimfromthehome；andhehastotakehismealsinthefrontgarden。
Apassingphilosopher（whoisalso，byamerecoincidence，themanwhoturnedhimout）pauses，andleaningelegantlyontherailings，explainstohimthatheisnowlivingthatboldlifeuponthebountyofnaturewhichwillbethelifeofthesublimefuture。
Hefindslifeinthefrontgardenmoreboldthanbountiful，andhastomoveintomeanlodgingsinthenextspring。Thephilosopher（whoturnedhimout），happeningtocallattheselodgings，withtheprobableintentionofraisingtherent，stopstoexplaintohimthatheisnowinthereallifeofmercantileendeavor；
theeconomicstrugglebetweenhimandthelandladyistheonlythingoutofwhich，inthesublimefuture，thewealthofnationscancome。
Heisdefeatedintheeconomicstruggle，andgoestotheworkhouse。
Thephilosopherwhoturnedhimout（happeningatthatverymomenttobeinspectingtheworkhouse）assureshimthatheisnowatlastinthatgoldenrepublicwhichisthegoalofmankind；
heisinanequal，scientific，Socialisticcommonwealth，ownedbytheStateandruledbypublicofficers；infact，thecommonwealthofthesublimefuture。
Nevertheless，therearesignsthattheirrationalJonesstilldreamsatnightofthisoldideaofhavinganordinaryhome。
Heaskedforsolittle，andhehasbeenofferedsomuch。
Hehasbeenofferedbribesofworldsandsystems；hehasbeenofferedEdenandUtopiaandtheNewJerusalem，andheonlywantedahouse；
andthathasbeenrefusedhim。
SuchanapologueisliterallynoexaggerationofthefactsofEnglishhistory。Therichdidliterallyturnthepooroutoftheoldguesthouseontotheroad，brieflytellingthemthatitwastheroadofprogress。Theydidliterallyforcethemintofactoriesandthemodernwage-slavery，assuringthemallthetimethatthiswastheonlywaytowealthandcivilization。
Justastheyhaddraggedtherusticfromtheconventfoodandalebysayingthatthestreetsofheavenwerepavedwithgold，sonowtheydraggedhimfromthevillagefoodandalebytellinghimthatthestreetsofLondonwerepavedwithgold。
AsheenteredthegloomyporchofPuritanism，soheenteredthegloomyporchofIndustrialism，beingtoldthateachofthemwasthegateofthefuture。Hithertohehasonlygonefromprisontoprison，nay，intodarkeningprisons，forCalvinismopenedonesmallwindowuponheaven。Andnowheisasked，inthesameeducatedandauthoritativetones，toenteranotherdarkporch，atwhichhehastosurrender，intounseenhands，hischildren，hissmallpossessionsandallthehabitsofhisfathers。
WhetherthislastopeningbeintruthanymoreinvitingthantheoldopeningsofPuritanismandIndustrialismcanbediscussedlater。
Buttherecanbelittledoubt，Ithink，thatifsomeformofCollectivismisimposeduponEnglanditwillbeimposed，aseverythingelsehasbeen，byaninstructedpoliticalclassuponapeoplepartlyapatheticandpartlyhypnotized。
Thearistocracywillbeasreadyto\"administer\"CollectivismastheyweretoadministerPuritanismorManchesterism；insomewayssuchacentralizedpoliticalpowerisnecessarilyattractivetothem。
ItwillnotbesohardassomeinnocentSocialistsseemtosupposetoinducetheHonorableTomnoddytotakeoverthemilksupplyaswellasthestampsupply——atanincreasedsalary。
Mr。BernardShawhasremarkedthatrichmenarebetterthanpoormenonparishcouncilsbecausetheyarefreefrom\"financialtimidity。\"
Now，theEnglishrulingclassisquitefreefromfinancialtimidity。
TheDukeofSussexwillbequitereadytobeAdministratorofSussexatthesamescrew。SirWilliamHarcourt，thattypicalaristocrat，putitquitecorrectly。\"We\"（thatis，thearistocracy）
\"areallSocialistsnow。\"
ButthisisnottheessentialnoteonwhichIdesiretoend。
Mymaincontentionisthat，whethernecessaryornot，bothIndustrialismandCollectivismhavebeenacceptedasnecessities——
notasnakedidealsordesires。NobodylikedtheManchesterSchool；
itwasenduredastheonlywayofproducingwealth。
NobodylikestheMarxianschool；itisenduredastheonlywayofpreventingpoverty。Nobody\'srealheartisintheideaofpreventingafreemanfromowninghisownfarm，oranoldwomanfromcultivatingherowngarden，anymorethananybody\'srealheartwasintheheartlessbattleofthemachines。
Thepurposeofthischapterissufficientlyservedinindicatingthatthisproposalalsoisapisaller，adesperatesecondbest——
liketeetotalism。IdonotproposetoproveherethatSocialismisapoison；itisenoughifImaintainthatitisamedicineandnotawine。
Theideaofprivatepropertyuniversalbutprivate，theideaoffamiliesfreebutstillfamilies，ofdomesticitydemocraticbutstilldomestic，ofonemanonehouse——thisremainstherealvisionandmagnetofmankind。
Theworldmayacceptsomethingmoreofficialandgeneral，lesshumanandintimate。Buttheworldwillbelikeabroken-heartedwomanwhomakesahumdrummarriagebecauseshemaynotmakeahappyone；Socialismmaybetheworld\'sdeliverance。butitisnottheworld\'sdesire。
***
PARTTWO
IMPERIALISM，ORTHEMISTAKEABOUTMAN
***
I
THECHARMOFJINGOISM
Ihavecastaboutwidelytofindatitleforthissection；andIconfessthattheword\"Imperialism\"isaclumsyversionofmymeaning。Butnootherwordcamenearer；\"Militarism\"wouldhavebeenevenmoremisleading，and\"TheSuperman\"makesnonsenseofanydiscussionthatheenters。
Perhaps，uponthewhole，theword\"Caesarism\"wouldhavebeenbetter；
butIdesireapopularword；andImperialism（asthereaderwillperceive）
doescoverforthemostpartthemenandtheoriesthatImeantodiscuss。
Thissmallconfusionisincreased，however，bythefactthatI
doalsodisbelieveinImperialisminitspopularsense，asamodeortheoryofthepatrioticsentimentofthiscountry。
ButpopularImperialisminEnglandhasverylittletodowiththesortofCaesareanImperialismIwishtosketch。
IdifferfromtheColonialidealismofRhodes\'andKipling；
butIdonotthink，assomeofitsopponentsdo，thatitisaninsolentcreationofEnglishharshnessandrapacity。
Imperialism，Ithink，isafictioncreated，notbyEnglishhardness，butbyEnglishsoftness；nay，inasense，evenbyEnglishkindness。
ThereasonsforbelievinginAustraliaaremostlyassentimentalasthemostsentimentalreasonsforbelievinginheaven。
NewSouthWalesisquiteliterallyregardedasaplacewherethewickedceasefromtroublingandthewearyareatrest；thatis，aparadiseforuncleswhohaveturneddishonestandfornephewswhoareborntired。
BritishColumbiaisinstrictsenseafairyland，itisaworldwhereamagicandirrationalluckissupposedtoattendtheyoungestsons。
ThisstrangeoptimismabouttheendsoftheearthisanEnglishweakness；
buttoshowthatitisnotacoldnessoraharshnessitisquitesufficienttosaythatnooneshareditmorethanthatgiganticEnglishsentimentalist——thegreatCharlesDickens。Theendof\"DavidCopperfield\"isunrealnotmerelybecauseitisanoptimisticending，butbecauseitisanImperialisticending。
ThedecorousBritishhappinessplannedoutforDavidCopperfieldandAgneswouldbeembarrassedbytheperpetualpresenceofthehopelesstragedyofEmily，orthemorehopelessfarceofMicawber。Therefore，bothEmilyandMicawberareshippedofftoavaguecolonywherechangescomeoverthemwithnoconceivablecause，excepttheclimate。
Thetragicwomanbecomescontentedandthecomicmanbecomesresponsible，solelyastheresultofaseavoyageandthefirstsightofakangaroo。
ToImperialisminthelightpoliticalsense，therefore，myonlyobjectionisthatitisanillusionofcomfort；thatanEmpirewhoseheartisfailingshouldbespeciallyproudoftheextremities，istomenomoresublimeafactthanthatanolddandywhosebrainisgoneshouldstillbeproudofhislegs。ItconsolesmenfortheevidentuglinessandapathyofEnglandwithlegendsoffairyouthandheroicstrenuousnessindistantcontinentsandislands。
AmancansitamidthesqualorofSevenDialsandfeelthatlifeisinnocentandgodlikeinthebushorontheveldt。
JustsoamanmightsitinthesqualorofSevenDialsandfeelthatlifewasinnocentandgodlikeinBrixtonandSurbiton。BrixtonandSurbitonare\"new\"；theyareexpanding；theyare\"nearertonature，\"
inthesensethattheyhaveeatenupnaturemilebymile。
Theonlyobjectionistheobjectionoffact。TheyoungmenofBrixtonarenotyounggiants。TheloversofSurbitonarenotallpaganpoets，singingwiththesweetenergyofthespring。NorarethepeopleoftheColonieswhenyoumeetthemyounggiantsorpaganpoets。
TheyaremostlyCockneyswhohavelosttheirlastmusicofrealthingsbygettingoutofthesoundofBowBells。Mr。RudyardKipling，amanofrealthoughdecadentgenius，threwatheoreticglamouroverthemwhichisalreadyfading。Mr。Kiplingis，inapreciseandratherstartlingsense，theexceptionthatprovestherule。
Forhehasimagination，ofanorientalandcruelkind，buthehasit，notbecausehegrewupinanewcountry，butpreciselybecausehegrewupintheoldestcountryuponearth。Heisrootedinapast——
anAsiaticpast。Hemightneverhavewritten\"KabulRiver\"
ifhehadbeenborninMelbourne。
Isayfrankly，therefore（lestthereshouldbeanyairofevasion），thatImperialisminitscommonpatrioticpretensionsappearstomebothweakandperilous。ItistheattemptofaEuropeancountrytocreateakindofshamEuropewhichitcandominate，insteadoftherealEurope，whichitcanonlyshare。Itisaloveoflivingwithone\'sinferiors。
ThenotionofrestoringtheRomanEmpirebyoneselfandforoneselfisadreamthathashauntedeveryChristiannationinadifferentshapeandinalmosteveryshapeasasnare。TheSpanishareaconsistentandconservativepeople；thereforetheyembodiedthatattemptatEmpireinlongandlingeringdynasties。TheFrenchareaviolentpeople，andthereforetheytwiceconqueredthatEmpirebyviolenceofarms。
TheEnglishareaboveallapoeticalandoptimisticpeople；
andthereforetheirEmpireissomethingvagueandyetsympathetic，somethingdistantandyetdear。Butthisdreamoftheirsofbeingpowerfulintheuttermostplaces，thoughanativeweakness，isstillaweaknessinthem；muchmoreofaweaknessthangoldwastoSpainorglorytoNapoleon。Ifeverwewereincollisionwithourrealbrothersandrivalsweshouldleaveallthisfancyoutofaccount。
WeshouldnomoredreamofpittingAustralianarmiesagainstGermanthanofpittingTasmaniansculptureagainstFrench。Ihavethusexplained，lestanyoneshouldaccusemeofconcealinganunpopularattitude，whyIdonotbelieveinImperialismascommonlyunderstood。
Ithinkitnotmerelyanoccasionalwrongtootherpeoples，butacontinuousfeebleness，arunningsore，inmyown。
ButitisalsotruethatIhavedweltonthisImperialismthatisanamiabledelusionpartlyinordertoshowhowdifferentitisfromthedeeper，moresinisterandyetmorepersuasivethingthatIhavebeenforcedtocallImperialismfortheconvenienceofthischapter。
Inordertogettotherootofthisevilandquiteun-EnglishImperialismwemustcastbackandbeginanewwithamoregeneraldiscussionofthefirstneedsofhumanintercourse。
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II
WISDOMANDTHEWEATHER
Itisadmitted，onemayhope，thatcommonthingsarenevercommonplace。
Birthiscoveredwithcurtainspreciselybecauseitisastaggeringandmonstrousprodigy。Deathandfirstlove，thoughtheyhappentoeverybody，canstopone\'sheartwiththeverythoughtofthem。
Butwhilethisisgranted，somethingfurthermaybeclaimed。
Itisnotmerelytruethattheseuniversalthingsarestrange；
itismoreovertruethattheyaresubtle。Inthelastanalysismostcommonthingswillbefoundtobehighlycomplicated。
Somemenofsciencedoindeedgetoverthedifficultybydealingonlywiththeeasypartofit：thus，theywillcallfirstlovetheinstinctofsex，andtheaweofdeaththeinstinctofself-preservation。Butthisisonlygettingoverthedifficultyofdescribingpeacockgreenbycallingitblue。Thereisblueinit。
ThatthereisastrongphysicalelementinbothromanceandtheMementoMorimakesthemifpossiblemorebafflingthaniftheyhadbeenwhollyintellectual。Nomancouldsayexactlyhowmuchhissexualitywascoloredbyacleanloveofbeauty，orbythemereboyishitchforirrevocableadventures，likerunningawaytosea。
Nomancouldsayhowfarhisanimaldreadoftheendwasmixedupwithmysticaltraditionstouchingmoralsandreligion。
Itisexactlybecausethesethingsareanimal，butnotquiteanimal，thatthedanceofallthedifficultiesbegins。
Thematerialistsanalyzetheeasypart，denythehardpartandgohometotheirtea。
Itiscompleteerrortosupposethatbecauseathingisvulgarthereforeitisnotrefined；thatis，subtleandhardtodefine。
Adrawing-roomsongofmyyouthwhichbegan\"Inthegloaming，O，mydarling，\"wasvulgarenoughasasong；buttheconnectionbetweenhumanpassionandthetwilightisnonethelessanexquisiteandeveninscrutablething。Ortotakeanotherobviousinstance：
thejokesaboutamother-in-lawarescarcelydelicate，buttheproblemofamother-in-lawisextremelydelicate。
Amother-in-lawissubtlebecausesheisathinglikethetwilight。
Sheisamysticalblendoftwoinconsistentthings——
lawandamother。Thecaricaturesmisrepresenther；
buttheyariseoutofarealhumanenigma。\"ComicCuts\"
dealswiththedifficultywrongly，butitwouldneedGeorgeMeredithathisbesttodealwiththedifficultyrightly。
Theneareststatementoftheproblemperhapsisthis：
itisnotthatamother-in-lawmustbenasty，butthatshemustbeverynice。
Butitisbestperhapstotakeinillustrationsomedailycustomwehaveallhearddespisedasvulgarortrite。
Take，forthesakeofargument，thecustomoftalkingabouttheweather。Stevensoncallsit\"theverynadirandscoffofgoodconversationalists。\"Nowthereareverydeepreasonsfortalkingabouttheweather，reasonsthataredelicateaswellasdeep；theylieinlayeruponlayerofstratifiedsagacity。
Firstofallitisagestureofprimevalworship。
Theskymustbeinvoked；andtobegineverythingwiththeweatherisasortofpaganwayofbeginningeverythingwithprayer。
JonesandBrowntalkabouttheweather：butsodoMiltonandShelley。Thenitisanexpressionofthatelementaryideainpoliteness——equality。FortheverywordpolitenessisonlytheGreekforcitizenship。Thewordpolitenessisakintothewordpoliceman：acharmingthought。Properlyunderstood，thecitizenshouldbemorepolitethanthegentleman；perhapsthepolicemanshouldbethemostcourtlyandelegantofthethree。
Butallgoodmannersmustobviouslybeginwiththesharingofsomethinginasimplestyle。Twomenshouldshareanumbrella；
iftheyhavenotgotanumbrella，theyshouldatleastsharetherain，withallitsrichpotentialitiesofwitandphilosophy。
\"ForHemakethHissuntoshine……\"Thisisthesecondelementintheweather；itsrecognitionofhumanequalityinthatweallhaveourhatsunderthedarkbluespangledumbrellaoftheuniverse。
Arisingoutofthisisthethirdwholesomestraininthecustom；
Imeanthatitbeginswiththebodyandwithourinevitablebodilybrotherhood。Alltruefriendlinessbeginswithfireandfoodanddrinkandtherecognitionofrainorfrost。
ThosewhowillnotbeginatthebodilyendofthingsarealreadyprigsandmaysoonbeChristianScientists。EachhumansoulhasinasensetoenactforitselfthegigantichumilityoftheIncarnation。Everymanmustdescendintothefleshtomeetmankind。
Briefly，inthemereobservation\"afineday\"thereisthewholegreathumanideaofcomradeship。Now，purecomradeshipisanotherofthosebroadandyetbewilderingthings。Weallenjoyit；
yetwhenwecometotalkaboutitwealmostalwaystalknonsense，chieflybecausewesupposeittobeasimpleraffairthanitis。
Itissimpletoconduct；butitisbynomeanssimpletoanalyze。
Comradeshipisatthemostonlyonehalfofhumanlife；
theotherhalfisLove，athingsodifferentthatonemightfancyithadbeenmadeforanotheruniverse。AndIdonotmeanmeresexlove；anykindofconcentratedpassion，maternallove，oreventhefiercerkindsoffriendshipareintheirnaturealientopurecomradeship。Bothsidesareessentialtolife；andbothareknownindifferingdegreestoeverybodyofeveryageorsex。
Butverybroadlyspeakingitmaystillbesaidthatwomenstandforthedignityofloveandmenforthedignityofcomradeship。
Imeanthattheinstitutionwouldhardlybeexpectedifthemalesofthetribedidnotmountguardoverit。Theaffectionsinwhichwomenexcelhavesomuchmoreauthorityandintensitythatpurecomradeshipwouldbewashedawayifitwerenotralliedandguardedinclubs，corps，colleges，banquetsandregiments。
Mostofushaveheardthevoiceinwhichthehostesstellsherhusbandnottosittoolongoverthecigars。ItisthedreadfulvoiceofLove，seekingtodestroyComradeship。
AlltruecomradeshiphasinitthosethreeelementswhichIhaveremarkedintheordinaryexclamationabouttheweather。First，ithasasortofbroadphilosophylikethecommonsky，emphasizingthatweareallunderthesamecosmicconditions。Weareallinthesameboat，the\"wingedrock\"ofMr。HerbertTrench。Secondly，itrecognizesthisbondastheessentialone；forcomradeshipissimplyhumanityseeninthatoneaspectinwhichmenarereallyequal。
Theoldwriterswereentirelywisewhentheytalkedoftheequalityofmen；buttheywerealsoverywiseinnotmentioningwomen。
Womenarealwaysauthoritarian；theyarealwaysaboveorbelow；
thatiswhymarriageisasortofpoeticalsee-saw。Thereareonlythreethingsintheworldthatwomendonotunderstand；
andtheyareLiberty，Equality，andFraternity。Butmen（aclasslittleunderstoodinthemodernworld）findthesethingsthebreathoftheirnostrils；andourmostlearnedladieswillnotevenbegintounderstandthemuntiltheymakeallowanceforthiskindofcoolcamaraderie。Lastly，itcontainsthethirdqualityoftheweather，theinsistenceuponthebodyanditsindispensablesatisfaction。
Noonehasevenbeguntounderstandcomradeshipwhodoesnotacceptwithitacertainheartyeagernessineating，drinking，orsmoking，anuproariousmaterialismwhichtomanywomenappearsonlyhoggish。
Youmaycallthethinganorgyorasacrament；itiscertainlyanessential。Itisatrootaresistancetothesuperciliousnessoftheindividual。Nay，itsveryswaggeringandhowlingarehumble。
Intheheartofitsrowdinessthereisasortofmadmodesty；adesiretomelttheseparatesoulintothemassofunpretentiousmasculinity。
Itisaclamorousconfessionoftheweaknessofallflesh。
Nomanmustbesuperiortothethingsthatarecommontomen。
Thissortofequalitymustbebodilyandgrossandcomic。
Notonlyareweallinthesameboat，butweareallseasick。
Thewordcomradeshipjustnowpromisestobecomeasfatuousastheword\"affinity。\"ThereareclubsofaSocialistsortwhereallthemembers，menandwomen，calleachother\"Comrade。\"Ihavenoseriousemotions，hostileorotherwise，aboutthisparticularhabit：
attheworstitisconventionality，andatthebestflirtation。
Iamconvincedhereonlytopointoutarationalprinciple。
Ifyouchoosetolumpallflowerstogether，liliesanddahliasandtulipsandchrysanthemumsandcallthemalldaisies，youwillfindthatyouhavespoiledtheveryfineworddaisy。
Ifyouchoosetocalleveryhumanattachmentcomradeship，ifyouincludeunderthatnametherespectofayouthforavenerableprophetess，theinterestofamaninabeautifulwomanwhobaffleshim，thepleasureofaphilosophicaloldfogyinagirlwhoisimpudentandinnocent，theendofthemeanestquarrelorthebeginningofthemostmountainouslove；ifyouaregoingtocallallthesecomradeship，youwillgainnothing，youwillonlyloseaword。Daisiesareobviousanduniversalandopen；
buttheyareonlyonekindofflower。Comradeshipisobviousanduniversalandopen；butitisonlyonekindofaffection；
ithascharacteristicsthatwoulddestroyanyotherkind。
Anyonewhohasknowntruecomradeshipinacluborinaregiment，knowsthatitisimpersonal。Thereisapedanticphraseusedindebatingclubswhichisstrictlytruetothemasculineemotion；
theycallit\"speakingtothequestion。\"Womenspeaktoeachother；
menspeaktothesubjecttheyarespeakingabout。Manyanhonestmanhassatinaringofhisfivebestfriendsunderheavenandforgottenwhowasintheroomwhileheexplainedsomesystem。
Thisisnotpeculiartointellectualmen；menarealltheoretical，whethertheyaretalkingaboutGodoraboutgolf。
Menareallimpersonal；thatistosay，republican。Nooneremembersafterareallygoodtalkwhohassaidthegoodthings。
Everymanspeakstoavisionarymultitude；amysticalcloud，thatiscalledtheclub。
Itisobviousthatthiscoolandcarelessqualitywhichisessentialtothecollectiveaffectionofmalesinvolvesdisadvantagesanddangers。
Itleadstospitting；itleadstocoarsespeech；itmustleadtothesethingssolongasitishonorable；comradeshipmustbeinsomedegreeugly。Themomentbeautyismentionedinmalefriendship，thenostrilsarestoppedwiththesmellofabominablethings。
Friendshipmustbephysicallydirtyifitistobemorallyclean。
Itmustbeinitsshirtsleeves。Thechaosofhabitsthatalwaysgoeswithmaleswhenleftentirelytothemselveshasonlyonehonorablecure；
andthatisthestrictdisciplineofamonastery。AnyonewhohasseenourunhappyyoungidealistsinEastEndSettlementslosingtheircollarsinthewashandlivingontinnedsalmonwillfullyunderstandwhyitwasdecidedbythewisdomofSt。BernardorSt。Benedict，thatifmenweretolivewithoutwomen，theymustnotlivewithoutrules。
Somethingofthesamesortofartificialexactitude，ofcourse，isobtainedinanarmy；andanarmyalsohastobeinmanywaysmonastic；
onlythatithascelibacywithoutchastity。Butthesethingsdonotapplytonormalmarriedmen。Thesehaveaquitesufficientrestraintontheirinstinctiveanarchyinthesavagecommon-senseoftheothersex。
Thereisonlyoneverytimidsortofmanthatisnotafraidofwomen。
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III
THECOMMONVISION
Nowthismasculineloveofanopenandlevelcamaraderieisthelifewithinalldemocraciesandattemptstogovernbydebate；
withoutittherepublicwouldbeadeadformula。Evenasitis，ofcourse，thespiritofdemocracyfrequentlydifferswidelyfromtheletter，andapothouseisoftenabettertestthanaParliament。Democracyinitshumansenseisnotarbitramentbythemajority；itisnotevenarbitramentbyeverybody。
Itcanbemorenearlydefinedasarbitramentbyanybody。
Imeanthatitrestsonthatclubhabitoftakingatotalstrangerforgranted，ofassumingcertainthingstobeinevitablycommontoyourselfandhim。Onlythethingsthatanybodymaybepresumedtoholdhavethefullauthorityofdemocracy。
Lookoutofthewindowandnoticethefirstmanwhowalksby。
TheLiberalsmayhavesweptEnglandwithanover-whelmingmajority；
butyouwouldnotstakeabuttonthatthemanisaLiberal。TheBiblemaybereadinallschoolsandrespectedinalllawcourts；butyouwouldnotbetastrawthathebelievesintheBible。Butyouwouldbetyourweek\'swages，letussay，thathebelievesinwearingclothes。
Youwouldbetthathebelievesthatphysicalcourageisafinething，orthatparentshaveauthorityoverchildren。Ofcourse，hemightbethemillionthmanwhodoesnotbelievethesethings；
ifitcomestothat，hemightbetheBeardedLadydressedupasaman。
Buttheseprodigiesarequiteadifferentthingfromanymerecalculationofnumbers。Peoplewhoholdtheseviewsarenotaminority，butamonstrosity。Butoftheseuniversaldogmasthathavefulldemocraticauthoritytheonlytestisthistestofanybody。
Whatyouwouldobservebeforeanynewcomerinatavern——thatistherealEnglishlaw。Thefirstmanyouseefromthewindow，heistheKingofEngland。
Thedecayoftaverns，whichisbutapartofthegeneraldecayofdemocracy，hasundoubtedlyweakenedthismasculinespiritofequality。IrememberthataroomfulofSocialistsliterallylaughedwhenItoldthemthattherewerenotwonoblerwordsinallpoetrythanPublicHouse。Theythoughtitwasajoke。
Whytheyshouldthinkitajoke，sincetheywanttomakeallhousespublichouses，Icannotimagine。Butifanyonewishestoseetherealrowdyegalitarianismwhichisnecessary（tomales，atleast）
hecanfinditaswellasanywhereinthegreatoldtaverndisputeswhichcomedowntousinsuchbooksasBoswell\'sJohnson。Itisworthwhiletomentionthatonenameespeciallybecausethemodernworldinitsmorbidityhasdoneitastrangeinjustice。
ThedemeanorofJohnson，itissaid，was\"harshanddespotic。\"
Itwasoccasionallyharsh，butitwasneverdespotic。
Johnsonwasnotintheleastadespot；Johnsonwasademagogue，heshoutedagainstashoutingcrowd。Theveryfactthathewrangledwithotherpeopleisproofthatotherpeoplewereallowedtowranglewithhim。Hisverybrutalitywasbasedontheideaofanequalscrimmage，likethatoffootball。Itisstrictlytruethathebawledandbangedthetablebecausehewasamodestman。
Hewashonestlyafraidofbeingoverwhelmedorevenoverlooked。
Addisonhadexquisitemannersandwasthekingofhiscompany；
hewaspolitetoeverybody；butsuperiortoeverybody；
thereforehehasbeenhandeddownforeverintheimmortalinsultofPope——
\"LikeCato，givehislittleSenatelawsAndsitattentivetohisownapplause。\"
Johnson，sofarfrombeingkingofhiscompany，wasasortofIrishMemberinhisownParliament。Addisonwasacourteoussuperiorandwashated。
Johnsonwasaninsolentequalandthereforewaslovedbyallwhoknewhim，andhandeddowninamarvellousbook，whichisoneofthemeremiraclesoflove。
Thisdoctrineofequalityisessentialtoconversation；
somuchmaybeadmittedbyanyonewhoknowswhatconversationis。
Oncearguingatatableinatavernthemostfamousmanonearthwouldwishtobeobscure，sothathisbrilliantremarksmightblazelikethestarsonthebackgroundofhisobscurity。
Toanythingworthcallingamannothingcanbeconceivedmorecoldorcheerlessthantobekingofyourcompany。
Butitmaybesaidthatinmasculinesportsandgames，otherthanthegreatgameofdebate，thereisdefiniteemulationandeclipse。
Thereisindeedemulation，butthisisonlyanardentsortofequality。Gamesarecompetitive，becausethatistheonlywayofmakingthemexciting。Butifanyonedoubtsthatmenmustforeverreturntotheidealofequality，itisonlynecessarytoanswerthatthereissuchathingasahandicap。
Ifmenexultedinmeresuperiority，theywouldseektoseehowfarsuchsuperioritycouldgo；theywouldbegladwhenonestrongrunnercameinmilesaheadofalltherest。
Butwhatmenlikeisnotthetriumphofsuperiors，butthestruggleofequals；and，therefore，theyintroduceevenintotheircompetitivesportsanartificialequality。
Itissadtothinkhowfewofthosewhoarrangeoursportinghandicapscanbesupposedwithanyprobabilitytorealizethattheyareabstractandevensevererepublicans。
No；therealobjectiontoequalityandself-rulehasnothingtodowithanyofthesefreeandfestiveaspectsofmankind；allmenaredemocratswhentheyarehappy。Thephilosophicopponentofdemocracywouldsubstantiallysumuphispositionbysayingthatit\"willnotwork。\"
Beforegoingfurther，Iwillregisterinpassingaprotestagainsttheassumptionthatworkingistheonetestofhumanity。
Heavendoesnotwork；itplays。Menaremostthemselveswhentheyarefree；andifIfindthatmenaresnobsintheirworkbutdemocratsontheirholidays，Ishalltakethelibertytobelievetheirholidays。
Butitisthisquestionofworkwhichreallyperplexesthequestionofequality；anditiswiththatthatwemustnowdeal。
Perhapsthetruthcanbeputmostpointedlythus：thatdemocracyhasonerealenemy，andthatiscivilization。Thoseutilitarianmiracleswhichsciencehasmadeareanti-democratic，notsomuchintheirperversion，orevenintheirpracticalresult，asintheirprimaryshapeandpurpose。TheFrame-BreakingRioterswereright；
notperhapsinthinkingthatmachineswouldmakefewermenworkmen；
butcertainlyinthinkingthatmachineswouldmakefewermenmasters。
Morewheelsdomeanfewerhandles；fewerhandlesdomeanfewerhands。
Themachineryofsciencemustbeindividualisticandisolated。
Amobcanshoutroundapalace；butamobcannotshoutdownatelephone。
Thespecialistappearsanddemocracyishalfspoiledatastroke。
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IV
THEINSANENECESSITY
ThecommonconceptionamongthedregsofDarwiniancultureisthatmenhaveslowlyworkedtheirwayoutofinequalityintoastateofcomparativeequality。Thetruthis，Ifancy，almostexactlytheopposite。Allmenhavenormallyandnaturallybegunwiththeideaofequality；theyhaveonlyabandoneditlateandreluctantly，andalwaysforsomematerialreasonofdetail。
Theyhavenevernaturallyfeltthatoneclassofmenwassuperiortoanother；theyhavealwaysbeendriventoassumeitthroughcertainpracticallimitationsofspaceandtime。
Forexample，thereisoneelementwhichmustalwaystendtooligarchy——orrathertodespotism；Imeantheelementofhurry。
Ifthehousehascaughtfireamanmustringupthefireengines；
acommitteecannotringthemup。Ifacampissurprisedbynightsomebodymustgivetheordertofire；thereisnotimetovoteit。
Itissolelyaquestionofthephysicallimitationsoftimeandspace；
notatallofanymentallimitationsinthemassofmencommanded。
Ifallthepeopleinthehouseweremenofdestinyitwouldstillbebetterthattheyshouldnotalltalkintothetelephoneatonce；nay，itwouldbebetterthatthesilliestmanofallshouldspeakuninterrupted。IfanarmyactuallyconsistedofnothingbutHanibalsandNapoleons，itwouldstillbebetterinthecaseofasurprisethattheyshouldnotallgiveorderstogether。
Nay，itwouldbebetterifthestupidestofthemallgavetheorders。
Thus，weseethatmerelymilitarysubordination，sofarfromrestingontheinequalityofmen，actuallyrestsontheequalityofmen。
DisciplinedoesnotinvolvetheCarlyleannotionthatsomebodyisalwaysrightwheneverybodyiswrong，andthatwemustdiscoverandcrownthatsomebody。Onthecontrary，disciplinemeansthatincertainfrightfullyrapidcircumstances，onecantrustanybodysolongasheisnoteverybody。Themilitaryspiritdoesnotmean（asCarlylefancied）obeyingthestrongestandwisestman。
Onthecontrary，themilitaryspiritmeans，ifanything，obeyingtheweakestandstupidestman，obeyinghimmerelybecauseheisaman，andnotathousandmen。Submissiontoaweakmanisdiscipline。
Submissiontoastrongmanisonlyservility。
NowitcanbeeasilyshownthatthethingwecallaristocracyinEuropeisnotinitsoriginandspiritanaristocracyatall。
Itisnotasystemofspiritualdegreesanddistinctionslike，forexample，thecastesystemofIndia，orevenliketheoldGreekdistinctionbetweenfreemenandslaves。Itissimplytheremainsofamilitaryorganization，framedpartlytosustainthesinkingRomanEmpire，partlytobreakandavengetheawfulonslaughtofIslam。ThewordDukesimplymeansColonel，justasthewordEmperorsimplymeansCommander-in-Chief。ThewholestoryistoldinthesingletitleofCountsoftheHolyRomanEmpire，whichmerelymeansofficersintheEuropeanarmyagainstthecontemporaryYellowPeril。Nowinanarmynobodyeverdreamsofsupposingthatdifferenceofrankrepresentsadifferenceofmoralreality。
Nobodyeversaysaboutaregiment，\"YourMajorisveryhumorousandenergetic；yourColonel，ofcourse，mustbeevenmorehumorousandyetmoreenergetic\"Nooneeversays，inreportingamess-roomconversation，\"LieutenantJoneswasverywitty，butwasnaturallyinferiortoCaptainSmith。\"Theessenceofanarmyistheideaofofficialinequality，foundedonunofficialequality。
TheColonelisnotobeyedbecauseheisthebestman，butbecauseheistheColonel。SuchwasprobablythespiritofthesystemofdukesandcountswhenitfirstaroseoutofthemilitaryspiritandmilitarynecessitiesofRome。Withthedeclineofthosenecessitiesithasgraduallyceasedtohavemeaningasamilitaryorganization，andbecomehoneycombedwithuncleanplutocracy。Evennowitisnotaspiritualaristocracy——itisnotsobadasallthat。
Itissimplyanarmywithoutanenemy——billeteduponthepeople。
Man，therefore，hasaspecialistaswellascomrade-likeaspect；
andthecaseofmilitarismisnottheonlycaseofsuchspecialistsubmission。Thetinkerandtailor，aswellasthesoldierandsailor，requireacertainrigidityofrapidityofaction：
atleast，ifthetinkerisnotorganizedthatislargelywhyhedoesnottinkonanylargescale。ThetinkerandtailoroftenrepresentthetwonomadicracesinEurope：theGipsyandtheJew；buttheJewalonehasinfluencebecausehealoneacceptssomesortofdiscipline。
Man，wesay，hastwosides，thespecialistsidewherehemusthavesubordination，andthesocialsidewherehemusthaveequality。
Thereisatruthinthesayingthattentailorsgotomakeaman；
butwemustrememberalsothattenPoetsLaureateortenAstronomersRoyalgotomakeaman，too。TenmilliontradesmengotomakeManhimself；
buthumanityconsistsoftradesmenwhentheyarenottalkingshop。
Nowthepeculiarperilofourtime，whichIcallforargument\'ssakeImperialismorCaesarism，isthecompleteeclipseofcomradeshipandequalitybyspecialismanddomination。
Thereareonlytwokindsofsocialstructureconceivable——
personalgovernmentandimpersonalgovernment。Ifmyanarchicfriendswillnothaverules——theywillhaverulers。
Preferringpersonalgovernment，withitstactandflexibility，iscalledRoyalism。Preferringimpersonalgovernment，withitsdogmasanddefinitions，iscalledRepublicanism。
ObjectingbroadmindedlybothtokingsandcreedsiscalledBosh；
atleast，Iknownomorephilosophicwordforit。Youcanbeguidedbytheshrewdnessorpresenceofmindofoneruler，orbytheequalityandascertainedjusticeofonerule；butyoumusthaveoneortheother，oryouarenotanation，butanastymess。
Nowmenintheiraspectofequalityanddebateadoretheideaofrules；theydevelopandcomplicatethemgreatlytoexcess。
Amanfindsfarmoreregulationsanddefinitionsinhisclub，wheretherearerules，thaninhishome，wherethereisaruler。
Adeliberateassembly，theHouseofCommons，forinstance，carriesthismummerytothepointofamethodicalmadness。
Thewholesystemisstiffwithrigidunreason；
liketheRoyalCourtinLewisCarroll。YouwouldthinktheSpeakerwouldspeak；thereforeheismostlysilent。
Youwouldthinkamanwouldtakeoffhishattostopandputitontogoaway；thereforehetakesoffhishattowalkoutandputsinontostopin。Namesareforbidden，andamanmustcallhisownfather\"myrighthonorablefriendthememberforWestBirmingham。\"Theseare，perhaps，fantasiesofdecay：
butfundamentallytheyansweramasculineappetite。
Menfeelthatrules，evenifirrational，areuniversal；
menfeelthatlawisequal，evenwhenitisnotequitable。
Thereisawildfairnessinthething——asthereisintossingup。
Again，itisgravelyunfortunatethatwhencriticsdoattacksuchcasesastheCommonsitisalwaysonthepoints（perhapsthefewpoints）wheretheCommonsareright。
TheydenouncetheHouseastheTalking-Shop，andcomplainthatitwastestimeinwordymazes。NowthisisjustonerespectinwhichtheCommonsareactuallyliketheCommonPeople。Iftheyloveleisureandlongdebate，itisbecauseallmenloveit；
thattheyreallyrepresentEngland。TheretheParliamentdoesapproachtothevirilevirtuesofthepothouse。
Therealtruthisthatadumbratedintheintroductorysectionwhenwespokeofthesenseofhomeandproperty，asnowwespeakofthesenseofcounselandcommunity。Allmendonaturallylovetheideaofleisure，laughter，loudandequalargument；
buttherestandsaspecterinourhall。Weareconsciousofthetoweringmodernchallengethatiscalledspecialismorcut-throatcompetition——Business。Businesswillhavenothingtodowithleisure；businesswillhavenotruckwithcomradeship；
businesswillpretendtonopatiencewithallthelegalfictionsandfantastichandicapsbywhichcomradeshipprotectsitsegalitarianideal。Themodernmillionaire，whenengagedintheagreeableandtypicaltaskofsackinghisownfather，willcertainlynotrefertohimastherighthonorableclerkfromtheLaburnumRoad，Brixton。Thereforetherehasariseninmodernlifealiteraryfashiondevotingitselftotheromanceofbusiness，togreatdemigodsofgreedandtofairylandoffinance。
Thispopularphilosophyisutterlydespoticandanti-democratic；
thisfashionistheflowerofthatCaesarismagainstwhichIamconcernedtoprotest。Theidealmillionaireisstronginthepossessionofabrainofsteel。Thefactthattherealmillionaireisrathermoreoftenstronginthepossessionofaheadofwood，doesnotalterthespiritandtrendoftheidolatry。Theessentialargumentis\"Specialistsmustbedespots；menmustbespecialists。
Youcannothaveequalityinasoapfactory；soyoucannothaveitanywhere。Youcannothavecomradeshipinawheatcorner；
soyoucannothareitatall。Wemusthavecommercialcivilization；
thereforewemustdestroydemocracy。\"Iknowthatplutocratshareseldomsufficientfancytosoartosuchexamplesassoaporwheat。
Theygenerallyconfinethemselves，withfinefreshnessofmind，toacomparisonbetweenthestateandaship。Oneanti-democraticwriterremarkedthathewouldnotliketosailinavesselinwhichthecabin-boyhadanequalvotewiththecaptain。
Itmighteasilybeurgedinanswerthatmanyaship（theVictoria，forinstance）wassunkbecauseanadmiralgaveanorderwhichacabin-boycouldseewaswrong。Butthisisadebatingreply；
theessentialfallacyisbothdeeperandsimpler。Theelementaryfactisthatwewereallborninastate；wewerenotallbornonaship；
likesomeofourgreatBritishbankers。Ashipstillremainsaspecialistexperiment，likeadiving-belloraflyingship：
insuchpeculiarperilstheneedforpromptitudeconstitutestheneedforautocracy。Butweliveanddieinthevesselofthestate；
andifwecannotfindfreedomcamaraderieandthepopularelementinthestate，wecannotfinditatall。Andthemoderndoctrineofcommercialdespotismmeansthatweshallnotfinditatall。
Ourspecialisttradesintheirhighlycivilizedstatecannot（itsays）berunwithoutthewholebrutalbusinessofbossingandsacking，\"toooldatforty\"andalltherestofthefilth。
Andtheymustberun，andthereforewecallonCaesar。NobodybuttheSupermancoulddescendtodosuchdirtywork。
Now（toreiteratemytitle）thisiswhatiswrong。Thisisthehugemodernheresyofalteringthehumansoultofititsconditions，insteadofalteringhumanconditionstofitthehumansoul。
Ifsoapboilingisreallyinconsistentwithbrotherhood，somuchtheworstforsoap-boiling，notforbrotherhood。
Ifcivilizationreallycannotgetonwithdemocracy，somuchtheworseforcivilization，notfordemocracy。Certainly，itwouldbefarbettertogobacktovillagecommunes，iftheyreallyarecommunes。Certainly，itwouldbebettertodowithoutsoapratherthantodowithoutsociety。Certainly，wewouldsacrificeallourwires，wheels，systems，specialties，physicalscienceandfrenziedfinanceforonehalf-hourofhappinesssuchashasoftencometouswithcomradesinacommontavern。
Idonotsaythesacrificewillbenecessary；Ionlysayitwillbeeasy。
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PARTTHREE
FEMINISM，ORTHEMISTAKEABOUTWOMAN
***
I
THEUNMILITARYSUFFRAGETTE
Itwillbebettertoadoptinthischapterthesameprocessthatappearedapieceofmentaljusticeinthelast。
Mygeneralopinionsonthefemininequestionaresuchasmanysuffragistswouldwarmlyapprove；anditwouldbeeasytostatethemwithoutanyopenreferencetothecurrentcontroversy。
ButjustasitseemedmoredecenttosayfirstthatIwasnotinfavorofImperialismeveninitspracticalandpopularsense，soitseemsmoredecenttosaythesameofFemaleSuffrage，initspracticalandpopularsense。Inotherwords，itisonlyfairtostate，howeverhurriedly，thesuperficialobjectiontotheSuffragettesbeforewegoontothereallysubtlequestionsbehindtheSuffrage。
Well，togetthishonestbutunpleasantbusinessover，theobjectiontotheSuffragettesisnotthattheyareMilitantSuffragettes。
Onthecontrary，itisthattheyarenotmilitantenough。
Arevolutionisamilitarything；ithasallthemilitaryvirtues；
oneofwhichisthatitcomestoanend。Twopartiesfightwithdeadlyweapons，butundercertainrulesofarbitraryhonor；
thepartythatwinsbecomesthegovernmentandproceedstogovern。
Theaimofcivilwar，liketheaimofallwar，ispeace。
NowtheSuffragettescannotraisecivilwarinthissoldierlyanddecisivesense；first，becausetheyarewomen；
and，secondly，becausetheyareveryfewwomen。Buttheycanraisesomethingelse；whichisaltogetheranotherpairofshoes。
Theydonotcreaterevolution；whattheydocreateisanarchy；
andthedifferencebetweentheseisnotaquestionofviolence，butaquestionoffruitfulnessandfinality。Revolutionofitsnatureproducesgovernment；anarchyonlyproducesmoreanarchy。
MenmayhavewhatopinionstheypleaseaboutthebeheadingofKingCharlesorKingLouis，buttheycannotdenythatBradshawandCromwellruled，thatCarnotandNapoleongoverned。
Someoneconquered；somethingoccurred。YoucanonlyknockofftheKing\'sheadonce。ButyoucanknockofftheKing\'shatanynumberoftimes。Destructionisfinite，obstructionisinfinite：
solongasrebelliontakestheformofmeredisorder（insteadofanattempttoenforceaneworder）thereisnologicalendtoit；itcanfeedonitselfandrenewitselfforever。
IfNapoleonhadnotwantedtobeaConsul，butonlywantedtobeanuisance，hecould，possibly，havepreventedanygovernmentarisingsuccessfullyoutoftheRevolution。Butsuchaproceedingwouldnothavedeservedthedignifiednameofrebellion。
ItisexactlythisunmilitantqualityintheSuffragettesthatmakestheirsuperficialproblem。Theproblemisthattheiractionhasnoneoftheadvantagesofultimateviolence；itdoesnotaffordatest。