WhosaithtoCyrus——Thouartmyshepherd，Andheshallfulfilallmypleasure：
WhosaithtoJerusalem——Thoushaltbebuilt;
AndtotheTemple——Thoushaltbefounded。
ThussaithJehovahtohisanointed，ToCyruswhomIholdfastbyhisrighthand，ThatImaysubduenationsunderhim，Andloosetheloinsofkings;
ThatImayopenbeforehimthetwo—leaveddoors，Andthegatesshallnotbeshut;
IwillgobeforetheeAndbringthemountainslow。
ThegatesofbrasswillIbreakinsunder，Andthebarsofironhewdown。
AndIwillgivetheethetreasuresofdarkness，Andthehoardshiddeepinsecretplaces，ThatthoumayestknowthatIamJehovah。
Ihavesurnamedthee，thoughthouknowestnotme。
IamJehovah，andnoneelse;
BesidemethereisnoGod。
Iwillgirdthee，thoughthouhastnotknownme，Thattheymayknowfromtherisingofthesun，Andfromthewest，thatthereisnonebesideme;
IamJehovah，andnoneelse;
Forminglightandcreatingdarkness;
Formingpeace，andcreatingevil。
I，Jehovah，makeallthese。
ThisistheHebrewprophet’sconceptionofthegreatPuritanoftheOldWorldwhowentforthwithsuchacommissionasthis，todestroytheidolsoftheEast，whileTheislessawthat，andfeared，Andtheendsoftheearthwereafraid;
Theydrewnear，theycametogether;
Everyonehelpedhisneighbour，Andsaidtohisbrother，Beofgoodcourage。
Thecarverencouragedthesmith，HethatsmoothedwiththehammerHimthatsmoteontheanvil;
Sayingofthesolder，Itisgood;
Andfixingtheidolwithnails，lestitbemoved;
Butallinvain;forasthepoetgoeson：
Belboweddown，andNebostooped;
Theiridolswereuponthecattle，Aburdentothewearybeast。
Theystoop，theybowdowntogether;
Theycouldnotdelivertheirowncharge;
Themselvesaregoneintocaptivity。
Andwhat，toreturn，whatwastheendofthegreatCyrusandofhisempire？
Alas，alas！aswithallhumanglory，theendwasnotasthebeginning。
WearescarceboundtobelievepositivelythestoryhowCyrusmadeonewartoomany，andwascutoffintheScythiandeserts，fallingbeforethearrowsofmeresavages;andhowtheirqueen，Tomyris，pouredblooddownthethroatofthedeadcorpse，withthewords，\"Glutthyselfwiththegoreforwhichthouhastthirsted。\"Butitmaybetrue——forXenophonstatesitexpressly，andwithdetail——thatCyrus，fromtheverytimeofhistriumph，becameanEasterndespot，asultanorashah，livingapartfromhispeopleinmysterioussplendour，inthevastfortifiedpalacewhichhebuiltforhimself;
andimitatingandcausinghisnoblesandsatrapstoimitate，inallbutviceandeffeminacy，theveryMedeswhomhehadconquered。Andofthisthereisnodoubt——thathissonsandtheirempireranrapidlythroughthatsameviciouscircleofcorruptiontowhichalldespotismsaredoomed，andbecamewithin250years，evenastheMedes，theChaldeans，theLydians，whomtheyhadconquered，childrennolongerofAhuraMazda，butofAhriman，ofdarknessandnotoflight，tobeconqueredbyAlexanderandhisGreeksevenmorerapidlyandmoreshamefullythantheyhadconqueredtheEast。
ThisistheshortepicofthePersianEmpire，ending，alas！asallhumanepicsarewonttoend，sadly，ifnotshamefully。
Butletmeaskyou，DidIsaytoomuch，whenIsaid，thattothesePersiansweowethatwearehereto—night？
Idonotsaythatwithoutthemweshouldnothavebeenhere。God，I
presume，whenHeismindedtodoanything，hasmorethanonewayofdoingit。
ButthatwearenowthelastlinkinachainofcausesandeffectswhichreachesasfarbackastheemigrationofthePersianssouthwardfromtheplateauofPamir，wecannotdoubt。
Forsee。BythefallofBabylonanditsempiretheJewswerefreedfromtheircaptivity——largenumbersofthematleast——andsenthometotheirownJerusalem。WhatmotivespromptedCyrus，andDariusafterhim，todothatdeed？
Thosewholiketoimputethelowestmotivesmaysay，iftheywill，thatDanielandthelaterIsaiahfounditpolitictoworshiptherisingsun，andflatterthePersianconquerors：andthatCyrusandDariusinturnweregladtoseeJerusalemrebuilt，asanimpregnablefrontierfortressbetweenthemandEgypt。Beitso;I，whowishtotalkofthingsnoble，pure，lovely，andofgoodreport，wouldratherpointyouoncemoretothemagnificentpoetryofthelaterIsaiahwhichcommencesatthe40thchapteroftheBookofIsaiah，andsay——
There，upontheveryfaceofthedocument，standswrittenthefactthatthesympathybetweenthefaithfulPersianandthefaithfulJew—
—thetwopuritansoftheOldWorld，thetwohatersoflies，idolatries，superstitions，wasactuallyasintenseasitoughttohavebeen，asitmusthavebeen。
Bethatasitmay，thereturnoftheJewstoJerusalempreservedforustheOldTestament，whileitrestoredtothemanationalcentre，asacredcity，likethatofDelphitotheGreeks，RometotheRomans，MeccatotheMuslim，loyaltytowhichpreventedtheirbeingutterlyabsorbedbythemorecivilisedEasternracesamongwhomtheyhadbeenscatteredabroadascoloniesofcaptives。
Thenanother，andaseeminglyneedfullinkofcauseandeffectensued：AlexanderofMacedondestroyedthePersianEmpire，andtheEastbecameGreek，andAlexandria，ratherthanJerusalem，becamethehead—quartersofJewishlearning。Butforthatverycause，theScriptureswerenotleftinaccessibletothemassofmankind，liketheoldPehleviliturgiesoftheZend—avesta，ortheoldSanscritVedas，inanobsoleteandhieratictongue，butweretranslatedinto，andcontinuedin，thethenallbutworld—wideHellenicspeech，whichwastotheancientworldwhatFrenchistothemodern。
ThentheEastbecameRoman，withoutlosingitsGreekspeech。AndunderthewidedominationofthatlaterRomanEmpire——whichhadsubduedandorganisedthewholeknownworld，savetheParthiandescendantsofthoseoldPersians，andouroldTeutonicforefathersintheirGermanforestsandontheirScandinavianshores——thatDivinebookwascarriedfarandwide，EastandWest，andSouth，fromtheheartofAbyssiniatothemountainsofArmenia，andtotheislesoftheocean，beyondBritainitselftoIrelandandtotheHebrides。
Andthatbook——sostrangelycoincidingwiththeoldcreedoftheearlierPersians——thatbook，longmisunderstood，longoverlainbythedust，andovergrownbytheparasiticfungiofcenturies，thatbookitwaswhichsenttothesetrans—Atlanticshoresthefoundersofyourgreatnation。ThatbookgavethemtheirinstinctofFreedom，temperedbyreverenceforLaw。Thatbookgavethemtheirhatredofidolatry;andmadethemnotonlysaybutactupontheirownwords，withtheseoldPersiansandwiththeJewishprophetsalike，Sacrificeandburntofferingthouwouldstnot;Thensaidwe，Lo，wecome。Inthevolumeofthebookitiswrittenofus，thatwecometodothywill，OGod。Yes，longandfantasticisthechainofcausesandeffects，whichlinksyouheretotheoldheroeswhocamedownfromCentralAsia，becausethelandhadgrownsowondrouscold，thatthereweretenmonthsofwintertotwoofsummer;andwhensimplyafterwarmthandlife，andfoodforthemandfortheirflocks，theywanderedforthtofoundandhelptofoundaspiritualkingdom。
Andevenintheirmigration，farbackinthesedimandmysticages，havewefoundtheearliestlinkofthelongchain？Notso。Whatifthelegendofthechangeofclimatebethedimrecollectionofanenormousphysicalfact？Whatifit，andthegradualdepopulationofthewholenorthofAsia，beowing，asgeologistsnowsuspect，totheslowandage—longupriseofthewholeofSiberia，thrustingthewarmArcticseafartherandfarthertothenorthward，andplacingbetweenitandtheHighlandsofThibetanever—increasingbreadthoficyland，destroyinganimals，anddrivingwholeracessouthward，insearchofthesummerandthesun？
Whatifthefirstlinkinthechain，asyetconceivablebyman，shouldbethecosmicchangesinthedistributionoflandandwater，whichfilledthemouthsoftheSiberianriverswithfrozencarcasesofwoollymammothandrhinoceros;andthoseagain，doubtitnot，ofotherrevolutions，reachingbackandback，andonandon，intotheinfiniteunknown？Whynot？ForsoareallhumandestiniesBoundwithgoldchainsuntothethroneofGod。
ANCIENTCIVILISATION{5}{6}
Thereisatheoryabroadintheworldjustnowabouttheoriginofthehumanrace，whichhassomanypatentandpowerfulphysiologicalfactstosupportitthatwemustnotlightlysaythatitisabsurdorimpossible;andthatis，thatman’smortalbodyandbrainwerederivedfromsomeanimalandape—likecreature。OfthatIamnotgoingtospeaknow。Mysubjectis：Howthiscreaturecalledman，fromwhateversourcederived，becamecivilised，rational，andmoral。
AndIamsorrytosaythatthereistackedonbymanytothefirsttheory，anotherwhichdoesnotfollowfromit，andwhichhasreallynothingtodowithit，anditisthis：Thatman，withallhiswonderfulandmysteriousaspirations，alwaysunfulfilledyetalwaysprecious，atoncehistormentandhisjoy，hisveryhopeofeverlastinglife;thatman，Isay，developedhimself，unassisted，outofastateofprimaevalbrutishness，simplybycalculationsofpleasureandpain，byobservingwhatactionswouldpayinthelongrunandwhatwouldnot;andsolearnttoconquerhisselfishnessbyamorerefinedandextendedselfishness，andexchangedhisbrutalityforworldliness，andthen，inafewinstances，hisworldlinessfornext—worldliness。IhopeIneednotsaythatIdonotbelievethistheory。IfIdid，IcouldnotbeaChristian，Ithink，noraphilosophereither。Atleast，ifIthoughtthathumancivilisationhadsprungfromsuchadunghillasthat，Ishould，inhonourtomyrace，saynothingaboutit，hereorelsewhere。
Whytalkoftheshameofourancestors？Iwanttotalkoftheirhonourandglory。Iwanttotalk，ifItalkatall，aboutgreattimes，aboutnobleepochs，noblemovements，nobledeeds，andnoblefolk;abouttimesinwhichthehumanrace——itmaybethroughmanymistakes，alas！andsin，andsorrow，andblood—shed——struggleduponestephigheronthosegreatstairswhich，aswehope，leadupwardtowardsthefar—offcityofGod;theperfectpolity，theperfectcivilisation，theperfectreligion，whichiseternalintheheavens。
Ofgreatmen，then，andnobledeedsIwanttospeak。Iamboundtodosofirst，incourtesytomyhearers。ForinchoosingsuchasubjectItookforgrantedanoblenessandgreatnessofmindinthemwhichcanappreciateandenjoythecontemplationofthatwhichisloftyandheroic，andthatwhichisusefulindeed，thoughnottothepursesmerelyorthemouthsofmen，buttotheirintellectsandspirits;thathighestphilosophywhich，thoughshecan（ashasbeensneeringlysaidofher）bakenobread，she——andshealone，canatleastdothis——makemenworthytoeatthebreadwhichGodhasgiventhem。
Iamboundtospeakonsuchsubjects，becauseIhaveneveryetmet，orreadof，thehumancompanywhodidnotrequire，nowandthenatleast，beingremindedofsuchtimesandsuchpersonages——ofwhatsoeverthingsarejust，pure，true，lovely，andofgoodreport，iftherebeanymanhoodandanypraisetothink，asSt。Paulbidsusall，ofsuchthings，thatwemaykeepupinourmindsasmuchaspossiblealoftystandard，apureideal，insteadofsinkingtothemereselfishstandardwhichjudgesallthings，eventhoseoftheworldtocome，byprofitandbyloss，andintothatsordidframeofmindinwhichamangrowstobelievethattheworldisconstructedofbricksandtimber，andkeptgoingbythepriceofstocks。
Wearealltempted，andtheeasierandmoreprosperousweare，themorewearetempted，tofallintothatsordidandshallowframeofmind。Sordidevenwhenitsprojectsaremostdaring，itsoutwardluxuriesmostrefined;andshallow，evenwhenmostacute，whenpridingitselfmostonitsknowledgeofhumannature，andofthesecretspringswhich，soitdreams，movetheactionsandmakethehistoryofnationsandofmen。Allaretemptedthatway，eventhenoblest—hearted。ADHAESITPAVIMENTOVENTER，saystheoldpsalmist。
Iamgrowinglikethesnake，crawlinginthedust，andeatingthedustinwhichIcrawl。Itrytoliftupmyeyestotheheavens，tothetrue，thebeautiful，thegood，theeternalnoblenesswhichwasbeforealltime，andshallbestillwhentimehaspassedaway。ButtoliftupmyselfiswhatIcannotdo。Whowillhelpme？Whowillquickenme？asouroldEnglishtonguehasit。Whowillgivemelife？Thetrue，pure，loftyhumanlifewhichIdidNOTinheritfromtheprimaevalape，whichtheape—natureinmeisforevertryingtostifle，andmakemethatwhichIknowtoowellIcouldsoeasilybecome——acunningerandmoredainty—featuredbrute？Deathitself，whichseemsattimessofair，isfairbecauseevenitmayraisemeupanddelivermefromtheburdenofthisanimalandmortalbody：
’Tislife，notdeathforwhichIpant;
’Tislife，whereofmynervesarescant;
Morelife，andfuller，thatIwant。
Man？Iamamannotbyreasonofmybonesandmuscles，nervesandbrain，whichIhaveincommonwithapesanddogsandhorses。Iamaman——thouartamanorwoman——notbecausewehaveaflesh——Godforbid！butbecausethereisaspiritinus，adivinesparkandray，whichnaturedidnotgive，andwhichnaturecannottakeaway。Andtherefore，whileIliveonearth，Iwilllivetothespirit，nottotheflesh，thatImaybe，indeed，aman;andthissamegrossflesh，thisanimalape—natureinme，shallbetheveryelementinmewhichIwillrenounce，defy，despise;atleast，ifIammindedtobe，notamerelyhighersavage，butatrulyhighercivilisedman。
Civilisationwithmeshallmean，notmorewealth，morefinery，moreself—indulgence——evenmoreaestheticandartisticluxury;butmorevirtue，moreknowledge，moreself—control，eventhoughIearnscantybreadbyheavytoil;andwhenIcomparetheCaesarofRomeorthegreatking，whetherofEgypt，Babylon，orPersia，withthehermitoftheThebaid，starvinginhisfrockofcamel’shair，withhissoulfixedontheineffablegloriesoftheunseen，andstriving，howeverwildlyandfantastically，tobecomeanangelandnotanape，Iwillsaythehermit，andnottheCaesar，isthecivilisedman。
Thereareplentyofhistoriesofcivilisationandtheoriesofcivilisationabroadintheworldjustnow，andwhichprofesstoshowyouhowtheprimevalsavagehas，oratleastmayhave，becomethecivilisedman。Formypart，withalldueandcarefulconsideration，IconfessIattachverylittlevaluetoanyofthem：andforthissimplereasonthatwehavenofacts。Thefactsarelost。
Ofcourse，ifyouassumeapropositionascertainlytrue，itiseasyenoughtoprovethatpropositiontobetrue，atleasttoyourownsatisfaction。Ifyouassertwiththeoldproverb，thatyoumaymakeasilkpurseoutofasow’sear，youwillbestupiderthanIdaresupposeanyoneheretobe，ifyoucannotinventforyourselvesalltheintermediatestagesofthetransformation，howeverstartling。
And，indeed，ifmodernphilosophershadstuckmorecloselytothisoldproverb，anditsdefiningverb\"make，\"andtriedtoshowhowsomepersonorpersons——letthembewhotheymay——men，angels，orgods——madethesow’searintothesilkpurse，andthesavageintothesage——theymighthavepleadedthattheywerestilltryingtokeeptheirfeetuponthefirmgroundofactualexperience。Butwhiletheirtheoryis，thatthesow’seargrewintoasilkpurseofitself，andyetunconsciouslyandwithoutanyintentionofsobetteringitselfinlife，why，Ithinkthatthosewhohavestudiedthehistorywhichliesbehindthem，andthepoorhumannaturewhichisstruggling，andsinning，andsorrowing，andfailingaroundthem，andwhichseemsonthegreaterpartofthisplanetgoingdownwardsandnotupwards，andbynomeansbetteringitself，saveintheincreaseofopera—houses，liquor—bars，andgambling—tables，andthatwhichpertaineththereto;thenwe，Ithink，maybeexcusedifwesaywiththeoldStoics——[Greektext]——Iwithholdmyjudgment。Iknownothingaboutthematteryet;andyou，ohmyimaginativethoughlearnedfriends，knowIsuspectverylittleeither。
Eldestofthings，DivineEquality：
sosangpoorShelley，andwithacertaintruth。Forif，asI
believe，thehumanracesprangfromasinglepair，theremusthavebeenamongtheirindividualdescendantsanequalityfargreaterthananywhichhasbeenknownonearthduringhistorictimes。Butthatequalitywasatbesttheinfantileinnocenceoftheprimaryrace，whichfadedawayintheraceasquickly，alas！asitdoesintheindividualchild。Divine——thereforeitwasoneofthefirstblessingswhichmanlost;oneofthelast，Ifear，towhichhewillreturn;thattowhichcivilisation，evenatitsbestyetknown，hasnotyetattained，savehereandthereforshortperiods;buttowardswhichitisstrivingasanidealgoal，and，asItrust，notinvain。
Theeldestofthingswhichweseeactuallyashistoryisnotequality，butanalreadydevelopedhideousinequality，tryingtoperpetuateitself，andyetbyamostdivineandgraciouslaw，destroyingitselfbytheverymeanswhichitusestokeepitselfalive。
\"Thereweregiantsintheearthinthosedays。AndNimrodbegantobeamightyoneintheearth\"—
Amightyhunter;andhisgamewasman。
No;itisnotequalitywhichweseethroughthedimmistofbygoneages。
Whatwedoseeis——Iknownotwhetheryouwillthinkmesuperstitiousorold—fashioned，butsoIhold——verymuchwhattheearlierbooksoftheBibleshowusundersymboliclaws。Greekhistories，Romanhistories，Egyptianhistories，Easternhistories，inscriptions，nationalepics，legends，fragmentsoflegends——intheNewWorldasintheOld——alltellthesamestory。Notthestorywithoutanend，butthestorywithoutabeginning。AsintheHindoocosmogony，theworldstandsonanelephant，andtheelephantonatortoise，andthetortoiseon——what？Nomanknows。Idonotknow。
Ionlyassertdeliberately，waiting，asNapoleonsays，tilltheworldcomeroundtome，thatthetortoisedoesnotstand——asisheldbycertainanthropologists，somehonouredbyme，somepersonallydeartome——uponthesavageswhochippedflintsandfedonmammothandreindeerinNorth—WesternEurope，shortlyaftertheageofice，afewhundredthousandyearsago。Thesesturdylittlefellows——thekinsmenprobablyoftheEsquimauxandLapps——couldhavebeenbuttheAVANT—COURIERS，ormoreprobablythefugitivesfromthetruemassofmankind——spreadingnorthwardfromtheTropicsintoclimesbecoming，afterthelongcatastropheoftheageofice，oncemoregenialenoughtosupportmenwhoknewwhatdecentcomfortwas，andwerestrongenoughtogetthesame，byallmeansfairorfoul。No。Thetortoiseofthehumanracedoesnotstandonasavage。Thesavagemaystandonanape—likecreature。Idonotsaythathedoesnot。
Idonotsaythathedoes。Idonotknow;andnomanknows。ButatleastIsaythatthecivilisedmanandhisworldstandnotuponcreaturesliketoanysavagenowknownupontheearth。Forfirst，itseemstobemostunlikely;andnext，andmoreimportanttoaninductivephilosopher，thereisnoproofofit。Iseenosavagesbecomingreallycivilisedmen——thatis，notmerelymenwhowillapetheoutsideofourso—calledcivilisation，evenabsorbafewofourideas;notmerelythat;buttrulycivilisedmenwhowillthinkforthemselves，inventforthemselves，actforthemselves;andwhenthesacredlampoflightandtruthhasbeenpassedintotheirhands，carryitonunextinguished，andtransmitittotheirsuccessorswithoutrunningbackeverymomenttogetitrelightedbythosefromwhomtheyreceivedit：andwhoarebound——rememberthat——patientlyandlovinglytorelightitforthem;togivefreelytoalltheirfellow—menofthatwhichGodhasgiventothemandtotheirancestors;andletGod，notman，bejudgeofhowmuchtheRedIndianorthePolynesian，theCaffreortheChinese，iscapableofreceivingandofusing。
Moreover，inhistorythereisnorecord，absolutelynorecord，asfarasIamaware，ofanysavagetribecivilisingitself。Itisaboldsaying。Istandbymyassertion：mosthappytofindmyselfconfuted，eveninasingleinstance;formybeingwrongwouldgiveme，whatIcanhavenoobjectiontopossess，ahigheropinionthanI
havenow，oftheunassistedcapabilitiesofmyfellow—men。
Butcivilisationmusthavebegunsomewhen，somewhere，withsomeperson，orsomefamily，orsomenation;andhowdiditbegin？
IhavesaidalreadythatIdonotknow。ButIhavehadmydream——
likethephilosopher——andasIhavenotbeenashamedtotellitelsewhere，Ishallnotbeashamedtotellithere。Anditisthis：
Whatifthebeginningsoftruecivilisationinthisunique，abnormal，diseased，unsatisfied，incomprehensible，andtrulymiraculousandsupernaturalracewecallman，hadbeenliterally，andinactualfact，miraculousandsupernaturallikewise？Whatifthatbethetruekeytothemysteryofhumanityanditsorigin？
Whatifthefewfirstchaptersofthemostancientandmostsacredbookshouldpoint，underwhateversymbols，totheactualandtheonlypossibleoriginofcivilisation，theeducationofaman，orafamilybybeingsofsomehigherracethanman？WhatiftheoldPuritandoctrineofElectionshouldbeevenofadeeperandwiderapplicationthandivineshavebeenwonttothink？Whatifindividuals，ifpeoples，havebeenchosenoutfromtimetotimeforaspecialillumination，thattheymightbethelightsoftheearth，andthesaltoftheworld？Whatiftheyhave，eachintheirturn，abusedthatdivineteachingtomakethemselvesthetyrants，insteadoftheministers，ofthelessenlightened？Toincreasetheinequalitiesofnaturebytheirownselfishness，insteadofdecreasingthem，intotheequalityofgrace，bytheirownself—
sacrifice？WhatiftheBibleafterallwasright，andevenmorerightthanweweretaughttothink？
Sorunsmydream。If，afterIhaveconfessedtoit，youthinkmestillworthlisteningto，inthisenlightenednineteenthcentury，I
willgoon。
Atallevents，whatweseeatthebeginningofallknownandhalf—
knownhistory，isnotsavagery，buthighcivilisation，atleastofanoutwardandmaterialkind。Doyoudemur？Thenrecollect，Iprayyou，thatthethreeoldestpeoplesknowntohistoryonthisplanetareEgypt，China，Hindostan。ThefirstglimpsesoftheworldarealwayslikethosewhichthebookofGenesisgivesus;likethosewhichyourowncontinentgivesus。Asitwas400yearsagoinAmerica，soitwasinNorthAfricaandinAsia4000yearsago，or40，000foraughtIknow。Nay，ifanyoneshouldask——Andwhynot400，000yearsago，onMiocenecontinentslongsunkbeneaththeTropicsea？Iforonehavenorejoindersave——Wehavenoproofsasyet。
Thereloomup，outofthedarknessoflegend，intotheasyetdimdawnofhistory，whattheoldArabscallRacesofpre—AdamiteSultans——colossalmonarchies，withfixedandoftenelaboratelaws，customs，creeds;witharistocracies，priesthoods——seeminglyalwaysofasuperiorandconqueringrace;withamassofcommonfolk，whetherfreeorhalf—free，composedofolderconqueredraces;ofimportedslavestoo，andtheirdescendants。
Butwhencecomestheroyalrace，thearistocracy，thepriesthood？
Youinquire，andyoufindthattheyusuallyknownotthemselves。
Theyareusually——Ihadalmostdaredtosay，always——foreigners。
Theyhavecrossedtheneighbouringmountains。Thehavecomebysea，likeDidotoCarthage，likeMancoCassaeandMamaBelletoAmerica，andtheyhavesometimesforgottenwhen。Atleasttheyarewiser，stronger，fairer，thantheaborigines。Theyaretothem——asJacquesCartierwastotheIndiansofCanada——asgods。Theyarenotsurethattheyarenotdescendedfromgods。TheyaretheChildrenoftheSun，orwhatnot。Thechildrenoflight，whorayoutsuchlightastheyhave，uponthedarknessoftheirsubjects。Theyareatfirst，probably，civilisers，notconquerors。For，iftraditionisworthanything——andwehavenothingelsetogoupon——theyareatfirstfewinnumber。Theycomeassettlers，orevenassinglesages。Itis，inalltradition，notthemanywhoinfluencethefew，butthefewwhoinfluencethemany。
Soaristocracies，inthetruesense，areformed。
Butthehighercallingissoonforgotten。Thepurerlightissoondarkenedinprideandselfishness，luxuryandlust;asinGenesis，thesonsofGodseethedaughtersofmen，thattheyarefair;andtheytakethemwivesofallthattheychoose。Andsoamixedracespringsupandincreases，withoutdetrimentatfirsttothecommonwealth。For，byawell—knownlawofheredity，thecrossbetweentworaces，probablyfarapart，producesatfirstaprogenypossessingtheforces，and，alas！probablythevicesofboth。AndwhenthesonsofGodgointothedaughtersofmen，therearegiantsintheearthinthosedays，menofrenown。TheRomanEmpire，remember，wasneverstrongerthanwhentheoldPatricianbloodhadmingleditselfwiththatofeverynationroundtheMediterranean。
Butitdoesnotlast。Selfishness，luxury，ferocity，spreadfromabove，aswellasfrombelow。Thejustaristocracyofvirtueandwisdombecomesanunjustoneofmerepowerandprivilege;thatagain，oneofmerewealthcorruptingandcorrupt;andisdestroyed，notbythepeoplefrombelow，butbythemonarchfromabove。ThehereditarybondsmenmayknowWhowouldbefree，Himselfmuststriketheblow。
Buttheydarenot，knownothow。Thekingmustdoitforthem。HemustbecometheState。\"Betteronetyrant，\"asVoltairesaid，\"thanmany。\"Betterstandinfearofonelionfaraway，thanofmanywolves，eachinthenearestwood。AndsoarisethosetrulymonstrousEasterndespotisms，ofwhichmodernPersiais，thankGod，theonlyremainingspecimen;forTurkeyandEgyptaretooamenableoflateyearstotheinfluenceofthefreenationstobecountedasdespotismspureandsimple——despotismsinwhichmen，insteadofworshippingaGod—man，worshipthehideouscounterfeit，aMan—god——apoorhumanbeingendowedbypublicopinionwiththepowersofdeity，whileheistheslaveofalltheweaknessesofhumanity。Butsuch，asanhistoricfact，hasbeenthelaststageofeverycivilisation——
eventhatofRome，whichripeneditselfuponthisearththelastinancienttimes，and，Ihadalmostsaid，untilthisveryday，exceptamongthemenwhospeakTeutonictongues，andwhohavepreservedthroughalltemptations，andreassertedthroughalldangers，thefreeideaswhichhavebeenoursacredheritageeversinceTacitusbeheldus，withrespectandawe，amongourGermanforests，andsawinusthefuturemastersoftheRomanEmpire。
Yes，itisverysad，thepasthistoryofmankind。Butshallwedespisethosewhowentbeforeus，andonwhoseaccumulatedlabourswenowstand？
Shallwenotreverenceourspiritualancestors？Shallwenotshowourreverencebycopyingthem，atleastwhenever，asinthoseoldPersians，weseeinthemmanlinessandtruthfulness，hatredofidolatries，anddevotiontotheGodoflightandlifeandgood？Andshallwenotfeelpity，insteadofcontempt，fortheirruderformsofgovernment，theirignorances，excesses，failures——soexcusableinmenwho，withlittleornopreviousteaching，weretryingtosolveforthemselvesforthefirsttimethedeepestsocialandpoliticalproblemsofhumanity。
Yes，thoseolddespotismswetrustaredead，andnevertorevive。
Buttheircorpsesarethecorpses，notofourenemies，butofourfriendsandpredecessors，slainintheworld—oldfightofOrmuzdagainstAhriman——lightagainstdarkness，orderagainstdisorder。
Confusedlytheyfought，andsometimesill：buttheircorpsespiledthebreachandfilledthetrenchforus，andovertheircorpseswestepontowhatshouldbetousaneasyvictory——whatmaybetous，yet，ashamefulruin。
Forifwebe，aswearewonttoboast，thesaltoftheearthandthelightoftheworld，whatifthesaltshouldloseitssavour？Whatifthelightwhichisinusshouldbecomedarkness？Formyself，whenIlookupontheresponsibilitiesofthefreenationsofmoderntimes，sofarfromboastingofthatlibertyinwhichIdelight——andtokeepwhichIfreely，too，coulddie——Irathersay，infearandtrembling，GodhelpusonwhomHehaslaidsoheavyaburdenastomakeusfree;responsible，eachindividualofus，notonlytoourselves，buttoHimandallmankind。ForifwefallweshallfallIknownotwhither，andIdarenotthink。
Howthoseolddespotisms，themightyempiresofoldtime，fell，weknow，andwecaneasilyexplain。Corrupt，luxurious，effeminate，eatenoutbyuniversalselfishnessandmutualfear，theyhadatlastnoorganiccoherence。Themoralanarchywithinshowedthrough，atlastburstthrough，thepaintedskinofprescriptiveorderwhichheldthemtogether。Somebraverandabler，andusuallymorevirtuouspeople，oftensomelittle，hardy，homelymountaintribe，sawthatthefruitwasripeforgathering;and，caringnaughtforsuperiornumbers——andsayingwithGermanAlaricwhentheRomansboastedoftheirnumbers，\"Thethickerthehaytheeasieritismowed\"——struckonebraveblowatthehugeinflatedwind—bag——asCyrusandhishandfulofPersiansstruckattheMedes;asAlexanderandhishandfulofGreeksstruckafterwardsatthePersians——andbehold，itcollapseduponthespot。Andthenthevictorstooktheplaceoftheconquered;andbecameintheirturnanaristocracy，andthenadespotism;andintheirturnrotteddownandperished。Andsotheviciouscirclerepeateditself，ageafterage，fromEgyptandAssyriatoMexicoandPeru。
Andtherefore，we，freepeoplesasweare，haveneedtowatch，andsternlywatch，ourselves。Equalityofsomekindorotheris，asI
said，ournaturalandseeminglyinevitablegoal。Butwhichequality？Fortherearetwo——atrueoneandafalse;anobleandabase;ahealthfulandaruinous。Thereisthetrulydivineequality，andthereisthebruteequalityofsheepandoxen，andoffliesandworms。Thereistheequalitywhichisfoundedonmutualenvy。Theequalitywhichrespectsothers，andtheequalitywhichassertsitself。Theequalitywhichlongstoraiseallalike，andtheequalitywhichdesirestopulldownallalike。Theequalitywhichsays：ThouartasgoodasI，anditmaybebettertoo，inthesightofGod。Andtheequalitywhichsays：Iamasgoodasthou，andwillthereforeseeifIcannotmasterthee。
Sidebyside，intheheartofeveryfreeman，andeveryfreepeople，arethetwoinstinctsstrugglingforthemastery，calledbythesamename，butbearingthesamerelationtoeachotherasMarsyastoApollo，theSatyrtotheGod。MarsyasandApollo，thebaseandthenoble，are，asintheoldGreeklegend，contendingfortheprize。
Andtheprizeisnolessaonethanallfreepeopleofthisplanet。
Inproportionasthatnoblerideaconquers，andmenuniteintheequalityofmutualrespectandmutualservice，theymoveonestepfarthertowardsrealisingonearththatKingdomofGodofwhichitiswritten：\"Thedespotsofthenationsexercisedominionoverthem，andtheythatexerciseauthorityoverthemarecalledbenefactors。Buthethatwillbegreatamongyoulethimbetheservantofall。\"
Andinproportionasthatbaseideaconquers，andselfishness，notself—sacrifice，istherulingspiritofaState，menmoveon，onestepforward，towardsrealisingthatkingdomofthedeviluponearth，\"Everymanforhimselfandthedeviltakethehindmost。\"
Only，alas！inthatevilequalityofenvyandhate，thereisnohindmost，andthedeviltakesthemallalike。
Andsoisaperiodofdiscontent，revolution，internecineanarchy，followedbyatyrannyendured，asinoldRome，bymenoncefree，becausetyrannywillatleastdoforthemwhattheyweretoolazyandgreedyandenvioustodoforthemselves。
AndallbecausetheyhaveforgotWhat’tistobeaman——tocurbandspurn。
Thetyrantinus：theignoblerselfWhichboasts，notloathes，itslikenesstothebrute;
Andownsnogoodsaveease，noillsavepain，Nopurpose，saveitsshareinthatwildwarInwhich，throughcountlessages，livingthingsCompeteininternecinegreed。Ah，lovingGod，Areweascreepingthings，whichhavenolord？
Thatwearebrutes，greatGod，weknowtoowell;
Apesdaintier—featured;sillybirds，whoflauntTheirplumes，unheedingofthefowler’sstep;
Spiders，whocatchwithpaper，notwithwebs;
Tigers，whoslaywithcannonandsharpsteel，Insteadofteethandclaws：—alltheseweare。
Arewenomorethanthese，saveindegree？
Merefoolsofnature，puppetsofstronglusts，Takingthesword，toperishbytheswordUpontheuniversalbattle—field，Evenasthethingsuponthemooroutside？
Theheatheatsupgreengrassanddelicateherbs;
Thepineseatuptheheath;thegrubthepine;
Thefinchthegrub;thehawkthesillyfinch;
Andman，themightiestofallbeastsofprey，Eatswhathelists。Thestrongeatuptheweak;
Themanyeatthefew;greatnations，small;
AndhewhocomethinthenameofallShall，greediest，triumphbythegreedofall，And，armedbyhisownvictims，eatupall。
WhileeveroutoftheeternalheavensLookspatientdownthegreatmagnanimousGod，Who，Masterofallworlds，didsacrificeAlltoHimself？Nay：butHimselftoall;
Whotaughtmankind，onthatfirstChristmasDay，What’tistobeaman——togive，nottake;
Toserve，notrule;tonourish，notdevour;
Tolift，notcrush;ifneed，todie，notlive。
\"Hethatcomethinthenameofall\"——thepopularmilitarydespot——
the\"saviourofhiscountry\"——heisourinternecineenemyonbothsidesoftheAtlantic，wheneverherises——theinauguratorofthatImperialism，thatCaesarismintowhichRomesank，whennotherlibertiesmerely，buthervirtues，weredecayingoutofher——thesinkintowhichallwickedStates，whetherrepublicsormonarchies，aresuretofall，simplybecausemenmusteatanddrinkforto—
morrowtheydie。TheMilitaryandBureaucraticDespotismwhichkeepsthemanyquiet，asinoldRome，byPANEMETCIRCENSES——breadandgames——or，ifneedbe，Pilgrimages;thatthefewmaymakemoney，eat，drink，andbemerry，aslongasitcanlast。That，letitapeasitmay——asdidtheCaesarsofoldRomeatfirst——asanotherEmperordideveninourowndays——theformsofdeadfreedom，reallyupholdsanartificialluxurybybruteforce;andconsecratesthebasestofallaristocracies，thearistocracyofthemoney—bag，bythedivinesanctionofthebayonet。
Thatatallrisks，evenatthepriceofpreciousblood，thefreepeoplesoftheearthmustwardofffromthem;for，makeshiftandstop—gapasitis，itdoesnotevensucceedinwhatittriestodo。
Itdoesnotlast。Havewenotseenthatitdoesnot，cannotlast？
Howcanitlast？Thisfalsehood，likeallfalsehoods，mustcollapseatonetouchofIthuriel’sspearoftruthandfact。And—
\"ThensawItheendofthesemen。Namely，howThoudostsettheminslipperyplaces，andcasteththemdown。Suddenlydotheyperish，andcometoafearfulend。Yea，likeasadreamwhenoneawaketh，soshaltThoumaketheirimagetovanishoutofthecity。\"
Havewenotseenthattoo，though，thankGod，neitherinEnglandnorintheUnitedStates？
Andthen？Whatthen？Noneknows，andnonecanknow。
ThefutureofFranceandSpain，thefutureoftheTropicalRepublicsofSpanishAmerica，isutterlyblankanddark;nottobeprophesied，Ihold，bymortalman，simplybecausewehavenolikecasesinthehistoryofthepastwherebytojudgethetendenciesofthepresent。
Willtheyrevive？Underthegenialinfluencesoffreeinstitutionswillthegoodseedwhichisinthemtakerootdownwards，andbearfruitupwards？andmakethemallwhatthatfairFrancehasbeen，inspiteofallherfaults，soofteninpastyears——ajoyandaninspirationtoallthenationsround？Shallitbethus？Godgrantitmay;butHe，andHealone，cantell。Weonlystandby，watching，ifwebewise，withpityandwithfear，theworkingoutofatremendousnewsocialproblem，whichmustaffectthefutureofthewholecivilisedworld。
Foriftheagonisingoldnationsfailtoregeneratethemselves，whatcanbefall？What，whenevenImperialismhasbeentriedandfailed，asfailitmust？Whatbutthatlowerdepthwithinthelowestdeep？
ThatlastdreadmoodOfsatedlust，anddulldecrepitude。
Nolaw，noart，nofaith，nohope，noGod。
Whenroundthefreezingfountsoflifeinpeevishring，Crouchedonthebare—wornsod，Babblingabouttheunreturningspring，Andwhiningfordeadcreeds，whichcannotsave，Thetoothlessnationsshivertotheirgrave。
Andwe，whothinkwestand，letustakeheedlestwefall。Letusaccept，inmodestyandinawe，theresponsibilityofourfreedom，andrememberthatthatfreedomcanbepreservedonlyinoneold—
fashionedway。Letusrememberthattheoneconditionofatruedemocracyisthesameastheoneconditionofatruearistocracy，namely，virtue。Letusteachourchildren，asgrandoldLillytaughtourforefathers300yearsago——\"Itisvirtue，gentlemen，yea，virtuethatmakethgentlemen;thatmakeththepoorrich，thesubjectaking，thelowbornnoble，thedeformedbeautiful。Thesethingsneitherthewhirlingwheeloffortunecanoverturn，northedeceitfulcavillingsofworldlingsseparate，neithersicknessabate，norageabolish。\"
Yes。LetusteachourchildrenthusonbothsidesoftheAtlantic。
Forifthey——whichGodforbid——shouldgrowcorruptandweakbytheirownsins，thereisnohardierracenowleftonearthtoconquerourdescendantsandbringthembacktoreason，asthoseoldJewswerebroughtbybittershameandwoe。Andallthatisbeforethemandthewholecivilisedworld，wouldbelongcenturiesofanarchysuchastheworldhasnotseenforages——atrueRagnarok，atwilightoftheverygods，anagesuchasthewisewomanforetoldintheoldVoluspe。
WhenbrethrenshallbeEachother’sbane，Andsisters’sonsrendThetiesofkin。
Hardwillbethatage，Anageofbadwomen，Anaxe—age，asword—age，Shieldsoftcleftintwain，Astorm—age，awolf—age，Ereearthmeetitsdoom。
Sosang，2000yearsago，perhaps，thegreatunnamedprophetess，ofourownrace，ofwhatmightbe，ifweshouldfailmankindandourowncallingandelection。
Godgrantthatdaymaynevercome。ButGodgrant，also，thatifthatdaydoescome，thenmaycometruealsowhatthatwiseValasang，ofthedaywhengods，andmen，andearthshouldbeburntupwithfire。
WhenslakedSurtur’sflameis，Stillthemanandthemaiden，HightValourandLife，ShallkeepthemselveshidInthewoodofremembrance。
ThedewofthedawningForfooditshallservethem：
Fromthemspringnewpeoples。
Newpeoples。Forafterallissaid，theidealformofhumansocietyisdemocracy。
Anation——and，wereitevenpossible，awholeworld——offreemen，liftingfreeforeheadstoGodandNature;callingnomanmaster——foroneistheirmaster，evenGod;knowingandobeyingtheirdutiestowardstheMakeroftheUniverse，andthereforetoeachother，andthatnotfromfear，norcalculationofprofitorloss，butbecausetheylovedandlikedit，andhadseenthebeautyofrighteousnessandtrustandpeace;becausethelawofGodwasintheirhearts，andneedingatlast，itmaybe，neitherkingnorpriest，foreachmanandeachwoman，intheirplace，werekingsandprieststoGod。Suchanation——suchasociety——whatnoblerconceptionofmortalexistencecanweform？Wouldnotthatbe，indeed，thekingdomofGodcomeonearth？
Andtellmenotthatthatisimpossible——toofairadreamtobeeverrealised。Allthatmakesitimpossibleistheselfishness，passions，weaknesses，ofthosewhowouldbeblestweretheymastersofthemselves，andthereforeofcircumstances;whoaremiserablebecause，notbeingmastersofthemselves，theytrytomastercircumstance，topulldownironwallswithweakandclumsyhands，andforgetthathewhowouldbefreefromtyrantsmustfirstbefreefromhisworsttyrant，self。
Buttellmenotthatthedreamisimpossible。Itissobeautifulthatitmustbetrue。Ifnotnow，norcenturieshence，yetstillhereafter。Godwouldnever，asIhold，haveinspiredmanwiththatrichimaginationhadHenotmeanttotranslate，someday，thatimaginationintofact。
Theverygreatnessoftheidea，beyondwhatasinglemindorgenerationcangrasp，willensurefailureonfailure——follies，fanaticisms，disappointments，evencrimes，bloodshed，hastyfuries，asofchildrenbaulkedoftheirholiday。
Butitwillbeatlastfulfilled，filledfull，andperfected;notperhapshere，oramongourpeoples，oranypeoplewhichnowexistonearth：butinsomefuturecivilisation——itmaybeinfarlandsbeyondthesea——whenallthatyouandwehavemadeanddoneshallbeastheforest—grownmoundsoftheoldnamelesscivilisersoftheMississippivalley。
RONDELET，{7}THEHUGUENOTNATURALIST{8}
\"Apollo，godofmedicine，exiledfromtherestoftheearth，wasstrayingonceacrosstheNarbonnaiseinGaul，seekingtofixhisabodethere。DrivenfromAsia，fromAfrica，andfromtherestofEurope，hewanderedthroughallthetownsoftheprovinceinsearchofaplacepropitiousforhimandforhisdisciples。Atlastheperceivedanewcity，constructedfromtheruinsofMaguelonne，ofLattes，andofSubstantion。Hecontemplatedlongitssite，itsaspect，itsneighbourhood，andresolvedtoestablishonthishillofMontpellieratempleforhimselfandhispriests。Allsmiledonhisdesires。Bythegeniusofthesoil，bythecharacteroftheinhabitants，notownismorefitforthecultureofletters，andaboveallofmedicine。Whatsiteismoredeliciousandmorelovely？
Aheavenpureandsmiling;acitybuiltwithmagnificence;menbornforallthelaboursoftheintellect。Allaroundvasthorizonsandenchantingsites——meadows，vines，olives，greenchampaigns;
mountainsandhills，rivers，brooks，lagoons，andthesea。
Everywherealuxuriantvegetation——everywheretherichestproductionofthelandandthewater。Hailtotheesweetanddearcity！Hail，happyabodeofApollo，whospreadestafarthelightofthegloryofthyname！\"
\"Thisfinetirade，\"saysDr。MauriceRaynaud——fromwhosecharmingbookonthe\"DoctorsoftheTimeofMoliere\"Iquote——\"isnot，asonemightthink，thetranslationofapieceofpoetry。ItissimplypartofapublicorationbyFrancoisFanchon，oneofthemostillustriouschancellorsofthefacultyofmedicineofMontpellierintheseventeenthcentury。\"\"Fromtimeimmemorial，\"hesays，\"’thefaculty’ofMontpellierhadmadeitselfremarkablebyasingularmixtureofthesacredandtheprofane。ThetheseswhichweresustainedtherebeganbyaninvocationtoGod，theBlessedVirgin，andSt。Luke，andendedbythesewords：’ThisthesiswillbesustainedinthesacredTempleofApollo。’\"
ButhoweverextravagantChancellorFanchon’spraisesofhisnativecitymayseem，theyarereallynotexaggerated。TheNarbonnaise，orLanguedoc，isperhapsthemostcharmingdistrictofcharmingFrance。
Inthefarnorth—eastgleamthewhiteAlps;inthefarsouth—westthewhitePyrenees;andfromthepurpleglensandyellowdownsoftheCevennesonthenorth—west，theHeraultslopesgentlydowntowardsthe\"Etangs，\"orgreatsalt—waterlagoons，andthevastalluvialflatsoftheCamargue，thefieldofCaiusMarius，wherestillrunherdsofhalf—wildhorses，descendedfromsomeancientRomanstock;whilebeyondallglitterstheblueMediterranean。Thegreatalmondorchards，eachonesheetofrose—colourinspring;themulberryorchards，theoliveyards，thevineyards，covereveryfootofavailableuplandsoil：savewheretheruggedandariddownsaresweetwithathousandodoriferousplants，fromwhichthebeesextractthefamouswhitehoneyofNarbonne。Thenativeflowersandshrubs，ofabeautyandrichnessratherEasternthanEuropean，havemadethe\"FloraMontpeliensis，\"andwithitthenamesofRondeletandhisdisciples，famousamongbotanists;andthestrangefishandshellsuponitsshoresaffordedRondeletmaterialsforhisimmortalworkuponthe\"AnimalsoftheSea。\"TheinnumerablewildfowloftheBenchesduRhone;theinnumerablesongstersandotherbirdsofpassage，manyofthemunknownintheseislands，andeveninthenorthofFranceitself，whichhaunteverycopseofwillowandaspenalongthebrook—sides;thegaudyandcuriousinsectswhichthrivebeneaththatclear，fierce，andyetbracingsunlight;allthesehavemadethedistrictofMontpellierahomepreparedbyNatureforthosewhostudyandrevereher。
NeitherwasChancellorFanchonmisledbypatriotism，whenhesaidthepleasantpeoplewhoinhabitthatdistrictarefitforallthelaboursoftheintellect。Theyareaverymixedrace，and，likemostmixedraces，quick—witted，andhandsomealso。ThereisprobablymuchRomanbloodamongthem，especiallyinthetowns;forLanguedoc，orGalliaNarbonnensis，asitwascalledofold，wassaidtobemoreRomanthanRomeitself。TheRomanremainsaremoreperfectandmoreinteresting——sothelateDr。Whewellusedtosay——
thananytobeseennowinItaly;andtheoldcapital，Narbonneitself，wasacompletemuseumofRomanantiquitiesereFrancisI。
destroyedit，inordertofortifythecityuponamodernsystemagainsttheinvadingarmiesofCharlesV。TheremustbemuchVisigothicbloodlikewiseinLanguedoc：fortheVisigothicKingsheldtheircourtstherefromthefifthcentury，untilthetimethattheywerecrushedbytheinvadingMoors。Spanishblood，likewise，theremaybe;formuchofLanguedocwasheldintheearlyMiddleAgebythosedescendantsofEudesofAquitainewhoestablishedthemselvesaskingsofMajorcaandArragon;andLanguedocdidnotbecomeentirelyFrenchtill1349，whenPhilipleBelboughtMontpellierofthosepotentates。TheMoors，too，mayhaveleftsometracesoftheirracebehind。TheyheldthecountryfromaboutA。D。
713to758，whentheywerefinallyexpelledbyCharlesMartelandEudes。Oneseestothisdaytheirtowersofmeagrestonework，perchedonthegrandRomanmasonryofthoseoldamphitheatres，whichtheyturnedintofortresses。Onemaysee，too——sotraditionholds——
uponthoseveryamphitheatresthestainsofthefireswithwhichCharlesMartelsmokedthemout;andonemaysee，too，orfancythatonesees，intheaquilinefeatures，thebrightblackeyes，thelitheandgracefulgestures，whicharesocommoninLanguedoc，sometouchoftheoldMahommedanrace，whichpassedlikeafloodoverthatChristianland。
WhetherornottheMoorsleftbehindanytracesoftheirblood，theyleftbehind，atleast，tracesoftheirlearning;fortheuniversityofMontpellierclaimedtohavebeenfoundedbyMoorsatadateofaltogetherabysmalantiquity。TheylookedupontheArabianphysiciansoftheMiddleAge，onAvicennaandAverrhoes，asmoderninnovators，andderivedtheirparentagefromcertainmythicdoctorsofCordova，who，whentheMoorswereexpelledfromSpainintheeighthcentury，fledtoMontpellier，bringingwiththemtraditionsofthatprimaevalsciencewhichhadbeenrevealedtoAdamwhilestillinParadise;andfoundedMontpellier，themotherofalltheuniversitiesinEurope。Nay，somewentfartherstill，andtoldofBengessausandFerragius，thephysiciansofCharlemagne，andofMarilephus，chiefphysicianofKingChilperic，andeven——ifaletterofSt。Bernard’swastobebelieved——ofacertainbishopwhowentasearlyasthesecondcenturytoconsultthedoctorsofMontpellier;
anditwouldhavebeeninvaintoreplytothemthatinthosedays，andlongafterthem，Montpellierwasnotyetbuilt。Thefactsaresaidtobe：thatasearlyasthebeginningofthethirteenthcenturyMontpellierhaditsschoolsoflaw，medicine，andarts，whichwereerectedintoauniversitybyPopeNicholasIV。in1289。
TheuniversityofMontpellier，like——Ibelieve——mostforeignones，resembledmoreaScotchthananEnglishuniversity。Thestudentslived，forthemostpart，notincolleges，butinprivatelodgings，andconstitutedarepublicoftheirown，ruledbyanabbeofthescholars，oneofthemselves，chosenbyuniversalsuffrage。Aterrortheywereoftentotherespectableburghers，fortheyhadalltherighttocarryarms;andaplaguelikewise，for，iftheyranindebt，theircreditorswereforbiddentoseizetheirbooks，which，withtheirswords，weregenerallyallthepropertytheypossessed。
If，moreover，anyonesetupanoisyorunpleasanttradeneartheirlodgings，thescholarscouldcompelthetownauthoritiestoturnhimout。Theyweremostofthem，probably，mereboysoffromtwelvetotwenty，livingpoorly，workinghard，and——thoseatleastofthemwhowereinthecolleges——cruellybeatendaily，afterthefashionofthosetimes;buttheyseemtohavecomfortedthemselvesundertheirtroublesbyagooddealofwildlifeoutofschool，byramblingintothecountryonthefestivalsofthesaints，andnowandthenbyactingplays;notably，thatfamousonewhichRabelaiswroteforthemin1531：\"Themoralcomedyofthemanwhohadadumbwife;\"which\"joyousPATELINAGE\"remainsuntothisdayintheshapeofawell—
knowncomicsong。ThatcomedyyoungRondeletmusthaveseenacted。
Thesonofadruggist，spicer，andgrocer——thethreetradeswerethencombined——inMontpellier，andbornin1507，hehadbeendestinedforthecloister，beingasicklylad。Hisuncle，oneofthecanonsofMaguelonne，nearby，hadevengivenhimtherevenuesofasmallchapel——ajobofnepotismwhichwascommonenoughinthosedays。Buthisheartwasinscienceandmedicine。Hesetoff，stillamereboy，toParistostudythere;andreturnedtoMontpellier，attheageofeighteen，tostudyagain。
Thenextyear，1530，whilestillascholarhimself，hewasappointedprocuratorofthescholars——apostwhichbroughthiminasmallfeeoneachmatriculation——andthatyearhetookafee，amongothers，fromoneofthemostremarkablemenofthatorofanyage，FrancoisRabelaishimself。
AndwhatshallIsayofhim？——whostandsalone，likeShakespeare，inhisgeneration;possessedofcolossallearning——ofallsciencewhichcouldbegatheredinhisdays——ofpracticalandstatesmanlikewisdom——ofknowledgeoflanguages，ancientandmodern，beyondallhiscompeers——ofeloquence，whichwhenhespeaksofpureandnoblethingsbecomesheroic，and，asitwere，inspired——ofscornformeanness，hypocrisy，ignorance——ofesteem，genuineandearnest，fortheHolyScriptures，andforthemoremoderateoftheReformerswhowerespreadingtheScripturesinEurope，——andallthisgreatlightwilfullyhidden，notunderabushel，butunderadunghill。HeissomewhatlikeSocratesinface，andincharacterlikewise;inhim，asinSocrates，thedemigodandthesatyr，themanandtheape，arestrugglingforthemastery。InSocrates，thetruemanconquers，andcomesforthhighandpure;inRabelais，alas！thevictoristheape，whilethemanhimselfsinksdownincynicism，sensuality，practicaljokes，foultalk。HereturnstoParis，toliveanidle，luxuriouslife;todie——saysthelegend——saying，\"Igotoseekagreatperhaps，\"andtoleavebehindhimlittlesaveaschoolofPantagruelists——carelessyounggentlemen，whoseidealwastolaughateverything，tobelieveinnothing，andtogratifytheirfivesenseslikethebruteswhichperish。Therearethosewhoreadhisbookstomakethemlaugh;thewiseman，whenhereadsthem，willbefarmoreinclinedtoweep。Letanyyoungmanwhomayseethesewordsremember，thatinhim，asinRabelais，theapeandthemanarestrugglingforthemastery。Lethimtakewarningbythefateofonewhowastohimasagianttoapigmy;andthinkofTennyson’swords—
Arise，andflyThereelingfaun，thesensualfeast;
Striveupwards，workingoutthebeast，Andlettheapeandtigerdie。
Buttoreturn。DownamongthemthereatMontpellier，likeabrilliantmeteor，flashedthiswonderfulRabelais，intheyear1530。
Hehadfled，somesay，forhislife。LikeErasmus，hehadnomindtobeamartyr，andhehadbeenterrifiedattheexecutionofpoorLouisdeBerquin，hisfriend，andthefriendofErasmuslikewise。
ThisLouisdeBerquin，amanwellknowninthosedays，wasagallantyounggentlemanandscholar，holdingaplaceinthecourtofFrancisI。，whohadtranslatedintoFrenchtheworksofErasmus，Luther，andMelancthon，andhadassertedthatitwashereticaltoinvoketheVirginMaryinsteadoftheHolySpirit，ortocallherourHopeandourLife，whichtitles——Berquinaverred——belongedalonetoGod。
TwicehadthedoctorsoftheSorbonne，withthatterriblepersecutor，NoelBeda，attheirhead，seizedpoorBerquin，andtriedtoburnhisbooksandhim;twicehadthatangelinhumanform，Marguerited’Angouleme，sisterofFrancisI。，savedhimfromtheirclutches;butwhenFrancis——takenprisoneratthebattleofPavia——
atlastreturnedfromhiscaptivityinSpain，thesuppressionofheresyandtheburningofhereticsseemedtohimandtohismother，LouiseofSavoy，athank—offeringsoacceptabletoGod，thatLouisBerquin——whowouldnot，inspiteoftheentreatiesofErasmus，purchasehislifebysilence——wasburntatlastonthePlacedeGreve，beingfirststrangled，becausehewasofgentleblood。
Montpellierreceiveditsfamousguestjoyfully。Rabelaiswasnowforty—twoyearsold，andadistinguishedsavant;sotheyexcusedhimhisthreeyears’undergraduate’scareer，andinvestedhimatoncewiththeredgownofthebachelors。Thatredgown——or，rather，theraggedphantomofit——isstillshownatMontpellier，andmustbewornbyeachbachelorwhenhetakeshisdegree。Unfortunately，antiquariansassureusthatthepreciousgarmenthasbeenrenewedagainandagain——thestudentshavingclippedbitsofitawayforrelics，andclippedasearnestlyfromthenewgownsastheirpredecessorshaddonefromtheauthenticoriginal。
Doubtless，thecomingofsuchamanamongthemtolectureontheAphorismsofHippocrates，andtheArsParvaofGalen，notfromtheLatintranslationstheninuse，butfromoriginalGreektexts，withcommentsandcorrectionsofhisown，musthavehadagreatinfluenceonthemindsoftheMontpellierstudents;andstillmoreinfluence——
andthatnotaltogetheragoodone——mustRabelais’slightertalkhavehad，ashelounged——sothestorygoes——inhisdressing—gownuponthepublicplace，pickingupquaintstoriesfromthecattle—
driversofftheCevennes，andthevillagerswhocameintoselltheirolivesandtheirgrapes，theirvinegarandtheirvine—twigfaggots，astheydountothisday。Tohimmaybeowingmuchofthesoundrespectfornaturalscience，andmuch，too，ofthecontemptforthesuperstitionaroundthem，whichisnotableinthatgroupofgreatnaturalistswhowereboysinMontpellieratthatday。
RabelaisseemstohavelikedRondelet，andnowonder：hewasacheery，lovable，honestlittlefellow，veryfondofjokes，agreatmusicianandplayerontheviolin，andwho，whenhegrewrich，likednothingsowellastobringintohishouseanybuffoonorstrolling—
playertomakefunforhim。Vivacioushewas，hot—tempered，forgiving，andwithapoweroflearningandapowerofworkwhichwereprodigious，eveninthosehard—workingdays。RabelaischaffsRondelet，underthenameofRondibilis;for，indeed，Rondeletgrewupintoaveryround，fat，littleman;butRabelaisputsexcellentsenseintohismouth，cynicalenough，andtoocynical，butbothlearnedandhumorous;and，ifhelaughsathimforbeingshockedattheofferofafee，andtakingit，nevertheless，kindlyenough，Rondeletisnotthefirstdoctorwhohasdonethat，neitherwillhebethelast。
Rondelet，inhisturn，putontheredrobeofthebachelor，andreceived，ontakinghisdegree，hisdueshareoffisticuffsfromhisdearestfriends，accordingtotheancientcustomoftheUniversityofMontpellier。HethenwentofftopractisemedicineinavillageatthefootoftheAlps，and，half—starved，toteachlittlechildren。ThenhefoundhemustlearnGreek;wentofftoParisasecondtime，andalleviatedhispovertytheresomewhatbybecomingtutortoasonoftheViscomtedeTurenne。TherehemetGonthierofAndernach，whohadtaughtanatomyatLouvaintothegreatVesalius，andlearnedfromhimtodissect。WenextfindhimsettingupasamedicalmanamidthewildvolcanichillsoftheAuvergne，strugglingstillwithpoverty，likeErasmus，likeGeorgeBuchanan，likealmosteverygreatscholarinthosedays;forstudentsthenhadtowanderfromplacetoplace，generallyonfoot，insearchofnewteachers，insearchofbooks，insearchofthenecessariesoflife;undergoingsuchanamountofbodilyandmentaltoilasmakesitwonderfulthatallofthemdidnot——assomeofthemdoubtlessdid——dieunderthehardtraining，or，atbest，desertthepenuriousMusesforthepaternalshoporplough。
Rondeletgothisdoctoratein1537，andnextyearfellinlovewithandmarriedabeautifulyounggirlcalledJeanneSandre，whoseemstohavebeenaspoorashe。
Buthehadgained，meanwhile，apowerfulpatron;andthepatronageofthegreatwasthenasnecessarytomenoflettersasthepatronageofthepublicisnow。GuillaumePellicier，BishopofMaguelonne——orratherthenofMontpellieritself，whitherhehadpersuadedPaulII。totransfertheancientsee——wasamodeloftheliterarygentlemanofthesixteenthcentury;asavant，adiplomat，acollectorofbooksandmanuscripts，Greek，Hebrew，andSyriac，whichformedtheoriginalnucleusofthepresentlibraryoftheLouvre;abotanist，too，wholovedtowanderwithRondeletcollectingplantsandflowers。HeretiredfrompubliclifetopeaceandscienceatMontpellier，whentotheevildaysofhismaster，FrancisI。，succeededthestillworsedaysofHenryII。，andDianaofPoitiers。
ThatJezebelofFrancecouldconceivenomorenaturaloreasywayofatoningforherownsinsthanthatofhuntingdownheretics，andfeastingherwickedeyes——soitissaid——upontheirdyingtorments。
BishopPellicierfellundersuspicionofheresy：veryprobablywithsomejustice。Hefell，too，undersuspicionofleadingalifeunworthyofacelibatechurchman，afaultwhich——ifitreallyexisted——was，inthosedays，pardonableenoughinanorthodoxprelate，butnotsoinonewhoseorthodoxywassuspected。AndforawhilePellicierwasinprison。Afterhisreleasehegavehimselfuptoscience，withRondeletandtheschoolofdiscipleswhoweregrowinguparoundhim。TheyrediscoveredtogethertheGarum，thatclassicsauce，whosepraiseshadbeensungofoldbyHorace，Martial，andAusonius;andsochild—like，superstitiousifyouwill，wasthereverenceinthesixteenthcenturyforclassicantiquity，thatwhenPellicierandRondeletdiscoveredthattheGarumwasmadefromthefishcalledPicarel——calledGaronbythefishersofAntibes，andGiroliatVenice，boththeselastnamescorruptionsoftheLatinGerres——thendidthetwofashionablepoetsofFrance，EtienneDoletandClementMarot，thinkitnotunworthyoftheirmusetosingthepraisesofthesaucewhichHoracehadsungofold。A
proudday，too，wasitforPellicierandRondelet，whenwanderingsomewhereinthemarshesoftheCamargue，ascentofgarliccaughtthenostrilsofthegentlebishop，andinthelovelypinkflowersofthewater—germanderherecognisedtheScordiumoftheancients。
\"Thediscovery，\"saysProfessorPlanchon，\"madealmostasmuchnoiseasthatofthefamousGarum;foratthatmomentofnaivefervouronbehalfofantiquity，tore—discoveraplantofDioscoridesorofPlinywasagoodfortuneandalmostanevent。\"
Iknownotwhether，afterhisdeath，thegoodbishop’sbonesreposedbeneathsomegorgeoustomb，bedizenedwiththeincongruoushalf—
PaganstatuesoftheRenaissance;butthisatleastiscertain，thatRondelet’sdisciplesimaginedforhimamonumentmoreenduringthanofmarbleorofbrass，moregracefulandmorecuriouslywroughtthanallthesculpturesofTorrigianoorCellini，BaccioBandinelliorMichaelAngelohimself。Fortheynamedalovelylittlelilacsnapdragon，LinariaDominiPellicerii——\"LordPellicier’stoad—flax;\"
andthatnameitwillkeep，wemaybelieve，aslongaswinterandsummershallendure。