第1章

THENAVIGATIONLAWS

BIBLIOGRAPHICALNOTE

PIONEERSOFTHEOLDSOUTH

CHAPTERI。THETHREESHIPSSAIL

ElizabethofEnglanddiedin1603。TherecametotheEnglishthroneJamesStuart，KingofScotland，KingnowofEnglandandScotland。In1604atreatyofpeaceendedthelongwarwithSpain。Gonewasthesixteenthcentury;here，thoughinchildhood，wastheseventeenthcentury。

Nowthatthewarswereover，oldcolonizationschemeswererevivedintheEnglishmind。Ofthemotives，whichinthefirstinstancehadpromptedtheseschemes，somewiththepassingoftimehadbecomeweaker，someremainedquiteasstrongasbefore。MostEnglishmenandwomenknewnowthatSpainhadclayfeet;andthatRome，thoughshemightthreaten，couldnotalwaysperformwhatshethreatened。ToabasetheprideofSpain，tomakeharborsofrefugefortheangeloftheReformation——thesewishes，thoughtheyhadnotvanished，thoughnomancouldknowhowlongthepeacewithSpainwouldlast，werelessfervidthantheyhadbeeninthedaysofDrake。

Buttheolddesirefortraderemainedasstrongasever。ItwouldbeagreatboontohaveEnglishmarketsintheNewWorld，aswellasintheOld，towhichmerchantsmightsendtheirwares，andfromwhichmightbedrawninbulk，therawstuffsthatwereneededathome。Theideaofasurpluspopulationpersisted;Englandoffivemillionsoulsstillthoughtthatshewascrowdedandthatitwouldbewelltohavealandofyoungersons，alandofpromiseforallnotabundantlyprovidedforathome。Itweresurelywell，formerepride’ssake，tohaveduelotandpartinthegreatNewWorld！AndwealthlikethatwhichSpainhadfoundwasadazzleandalure。

\"Why，man，alltheirdripping—pansarepuregold，andallthechainswithwhichtheychainuptheirstreetsaremassygold;alltheprisonerstheytakearefetteredingold;andforrubiesanddiamondstheygoforthonholidaysandgather’embytheseashore！\"Sothecomedyof\"EastwardHo！\"

seenontheLondonstagein1605——\"EastwardHo！\"becauseyettheythoughtofAmericaasontheroadaroundtoChina。

InthisyearCaptainGeorgeWeymouthsailedacrosstheseaandspentasummermonthinNorthVirginia——later，NewEngland。Weymouthhadpowerfulbackers，andwithhimsailedoldadventurerswhohadbeenwithRaleigh。

CominghometoEnglandwithfiveIndiansinhiscompany，Weymouthandhisvoyagegavetopublicinteresttheneededfilliptowardsaction。HerewasthepeacewithSpain，andherewasthenewinterestinVirginia。\"Goto！\"

saidMotherEngland。\"Itistimetoplaceourchildrenintheworld！\"

TheoldadventurersofthedayofSirHumphreyGilberthadactedasindividuals。Soonwastocomeintheideaofcooperativeaction——theideaofthejoint—stockcompany，actingundertheopenpermissionoftheCrown，attendedbytheinterestandfavorofnumbersofthepeople，andgivingtoprivateinitiativeandpersonalambition，apublictone。SomemenofforesightwouldhavehadCrownandCountrythemselvestheadventurers，supersedinganysmallerbodies。ButforthemomentthefortunesofVirginiawerefurtheredbyagroupwithinthegreatgroup，byajoint—stockcompany，acorporation。

In1600hadcomeintobeingtheEastIndiaCompany，prototypeofmanycompaniestofollow。Now，sixyearslater，therearoseunderoneroyalchartertwocompanies，generallyknownastheLondonandthePlymouth。Thefirstcolonyplantedbythelatterwasshort—lived。ItsletterspatentwereforNorthVirginia。Twoships，theMaryandJohnandtheGiftofGod，sailedwithoverahundredsettlers。Thesemen，reachingthecoastofwhatisnowMaine，builtafortandachurchonthebanksoftheKennebec。Thenfollowedtheusualmiseriestypicalofcolonialventure——sickness，starvation，andafreezingwinter。Withthereturnofsummertheenterprisewasabandoned。ThefoundationofNewEnglandwasdelayedawhile，herPilgrimsyetinEngland，thoughmeditatingthatfirstremovetoHolland，herMayfloweronlyashipofLondonport，staunch，butwithnofameaboveanother。

TheLondonCompany，soontobecometheVirginiaCompany，thereforeengagesourattention。ThecharterrecitesthatSirThomasGatesandSirGeorgeSomers，Knights，RichardHakluyt，clerk，PrebendaryofWestminster，Edward—MariaWingfield，andotherknights，gentlemen，merchants，andadventurers，wish\"tomakehabitation，plantation，andtodeduceacolonyofsundryofourpeopleintothatpartofAmericacommonlycalledVirginia。\"ItcovenantswiththemandgivesthemforaheritageallAmericabetweenthethirty—fourthandthefortyfirstparallelsoflatitude。

Thethirty—fourthparallelpassesthroughthemiddleofwhatisnowSouthCarolina;theforty—firstgrazesNewYork，crossesthenortherntipofNewJersey，dividesPennsylvania，andsowestwardacrosstothatPacificorSouthSeathattheagethoughtsoneartotheAtlantic。AllEnglandmighthavebeenplacedmanytimesoverinwhatwasgiventothoseknights，gentlemen，merchants，andothers。

TheKing’schartercreatedagreatCouncilofVirginia，sittinginLondon，governingfromoverhead。Inthenewlanditselfthereshouldexistasecondandlessercouncil。ThetwocouncilshadauthoritywithintherangeofVirginianmatters，buttheCrownretainedthepowerofveto。TheCouncilinVirginiamightcoinmoneyfortradewiththeIndians，expelinvaders，importsettlers，punishilldoers，levyandcollecttaxes——shouldhave，inshort，dignityandpowerenoughforanycolony。Likewise，actingforthewhole，itmightgiveandtakeorders\"todig，mineandsearchforallmannerofminesofgold，silverandcopper……tohaveandenjoy……

yieldingtous，ourheirsandsuccessors，thefifthpartonlyofallthesamegoldandsilver，andthefifteenthpartofallthesamecopper。\"

Nowareweready——itbeingChristmas—tideoftheyear1606——togotoVirginia。RidingontheThames，beforeBlackwall，arethreeships，smallenoughinallconscience’sake，theSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery。TheAdmiralofthisfleetisChristopherNewport，anoldseamanofRaleigh’s。BartholomewGosnoldcaptainstheGoodspeed，andJohnRatcliffetheDiscovery。Thethreeshipshaveaboardtheircrewsandonehundredandtwentycolonists，allmen。TheCouncilinVirginiaisonboard，butitdoesnotyetknowitselfassuch，forthenamesofitsmembershavebeendepositedbythesuperiorhomecouncilinasealedbox，tobeopenedonlyonVirginiasoil。

Thecolonistshavetheirpaperofinstructions。Theyshallfindoutasafeportintheentranceofanavigableriver。Theyshallbepreparedagainstsurpriseandattack。Theyshallobserve\"whethertheriveronwhichyouplantdothspringoutofmountainsoroutoflakes。Ifitbeoutofanylakethepassagetotheotherseawillbethemoreeasy，andlikeenough……youshallfindsomespringwhichrunsthecontrarywaytowardtheEastIndiasea。\"Theymustavoidgivingoffensetothe\"naturals\"——mustchooseahealthfulplacefortheirhouses—mustguardtheirshipping。TheyaretosetdowninblackandwhitefortheinformationoftheCouncilathomeallsuchmattersasdirectionsanddistances，thenatureofsoilsandforestsandthevariouscommoditiesthattheymayfind。AndnomanistoreturnfromVirginiawithoutleavefromtheCouncil，andnoneistowritehomeanydiscouragingletter。Theinstructionsend，\"Lastlyandchiefly，thewaytoprosperandtoachievegoodsuccessistomakeyourselvesallofonemindforthegoodofyourcountryandyourown，andtoserveandfearGod，theGiverofallGoodness，foreveryplantationwhichourHeavenlyFatherhathnotplantedshallberootedout。\"

Nordidtheylackversestogoby，astheirenterpriseitselfdidnotlackpoetry。MichaelDraytonwroteforthem：——

Britons，youstaytoolong，Quicklyaboardbestowyou，Andwithamerrygale，Swellyourstretchedsail，WithvowsasstrongAsthewindsthatblowyou。

Yourcoursesecurelysteer，WestandbySouthforthkeep;

Rocks，leeshoresnorshoals，WhereEolusscowls，Youneednotfear，Soabsolutethedeep。

AndcheerfullyatseaSuccessyoustillentice，Togetthepearlandgold，AndourstoholdVIRGINIA，Earth’sonlyparadise！……

AndinregionsfarSuchheroesbringyeforthAsthosefromwhomwecame;

AndplantournameUnderthatstarNotknownuntoournorth。

SeethepartinguponThames’sside，Englishmengoing，Englishkindred，friends，andneighborscallingfarewell，wavinghatandscarf，standingbare—headedinthegraywinterweather！ToVirginia——theyaregoingtoVirginia！ThesailsaremadeupontheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery。Thelastwherrycarriesaboardthelastadventurer。Theanchorsareweighed。Downtheriverthewindbearstheshipstowardthesea。Weatherturningagainstthem，theytastelongdelayintheDowns，butatlastareforthupontheAtlantic。HourlythedistancegrowsbetweenLondontownandtheoutgoingfolk，betweenEnglishshores。andwherethesurfbreaksonthepaleVirginianbeaches。Faraway——farawayandlongago——yettheunseen，actualcableshold，andyesterdayandtodaystandembraced，thelipsoftheThamesmeetthelipsoftheJames，andthebreathofEnglandmingleswiththebreathofAmerica。

CHAPTERII。THEADVENTURERS

WhatwasthisVirginiatowhichtheywerebound？Inthesixteenthandearlyseventeenthcenturiesthenamestoodforahugestretchoflittoral，runningsouthwardfromlandsoflongwintersandfur—bearinganimalstolandsofthecanebrake，thefig，themagnolia，thechameleon，andthemockingbird。Theworldhadbeencircumnavigated;Drakehadpassedupthewesterncoast——andyetcartographers，thelearned，andthosewhotookthewordfromthelearned，strangelyvisualizedtheNorthAmericanmainlandasnarrowindeed。Apparently，theyconceiveditasakindofextendedCentralAmerica。Thehugeriverspuzzledthem。Thereexistedanotionthatthesemightbeestuaries，curlingandcurvingthroughthelandfromseatosea。

India——Cathay——spicesandwondersandOrientwealth——laybeyondtheSouthSea，andtheSouthSeawasbutafewdays’marchfromHatterasorChesapeake。TheVirginiafamiliartothemindofthetimelayextended，andshewasveryslender。Herrighthandtouchedtheeasternocean，andherlefthandtouchedthewestern。

Contactandexperiencesoonmodifiedthisgeneralnotion。Widerknowledge，politicalandeconomicconsiderations，practicalreasonsofallkinds，drewadifferentphysicalformforoldVirginia。Beforetheseventeenthcenturyhadpassedaway，theyhadgiventohernorthernendabaptismofothernames。TothesouthshewasloppedtomaketheCarolinas。Onlytothewest，foralongtime，sheseemedtogrow，whilelikeamiragetheSouthSeaandCathayrecededintothedistance。

Thisnarrative，movingwiththethreeshipsfromEngland，andthroughatimespanoflessthanahundredandfiftyyears，dealswitharegionofthewesternhemisphereathousandmilesinlength，severalhundredinbreadth，stretchingfromtheFloridalinetothenorthernedgeofChesapeakeBay，andfromtheAtlantictotheAppalachians。OutofthisVirginiatheregrowinsuccessiontheancientcoloniesandthemodernStatesofVirginia，Maryland，SouthandNorthCarolina，andGeorgia。

ButformanyayearVirginiaitselfwastheonlysettlementandtheonlyname。ThisVirginiawasacountryfavoredbynature。Neithertoohotnortoocold，itwasrich—soiledandcapableofeverytemperategrowthinitssunniestaspect。Greatriversdrainedit，flowingintoagreatbay，almostasea，many—armedasBriareus，affordingsafeandshelteredharbors。

Slowly，withbeauty，thelandmountedtothewest。Thesunsetbehindwoodedmountains，longwave—linesraisedfarbackingeologictime。Thevalleysweremanyandbeautiful，wateredbyslidingstreams。Backtotheeastagain，belowtherollingland，werefoundtheshimmeringlevels，thejewel—greenmarshes，thewide，slowwaters，andatlastupontheAtlanticshorethethunderoftherainbow—tintedsurf。Variousandpleasingwasthecountry。Springsandautumnswerelongandbalmy，thesunshonebright，therewasmuchbluesky，arichfloraaridfauna。Thereweremineralwealthandwaterpower，andbreadthanddepthforagriculture。SuchwastheVirginiabetweenthePotomacandtheDan，theChesapeakeandtheAlleghanies。

This，andnotthegold—bedightslimneighborofCathay，wasnowthelureoftheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery。Butthoseaboard，obsessedbySpanishAmerica，imperfectlyknowingthefeaturesanddistancesoftheorb，yetclungtotheirfirstvision。ButtheyknewtherewouldbeforestandIndians。Talesenoughhadbeentoldofboth！

WhathastobeimagedisaforestthesizeofVirginia。Hereandthere，chieflyuponriverbanks，showsmallIndianclearings。Hereandtherearenaturalmeadows，andtowardthesaltwatergreatmarshes，thehomeofwaterfowl。Butallthesearelittleornaughtinthewhole，faintadornmentsseweduponashaggygarment，greeninsummer，flame—huedinautumn，browninwinter，greenandflower—coloredinthespring。NorwastheforesttoanyappreciableextentlikemuchVirginianforestoftoday，secondgrowth，invaded，heweddown，andrenewed，tohearagainthesoundoftheaxe，setafirebyathousandaccidents，burninguponitsownfuneralpyres，allitsprimevalglorywithered。TheforestofoldVirginiawasjocundandpowerful，eternallyyoungandeternallyold。TheforestwasDespotintheland——wasEmperorandPope。

WiththeforestwenttheIndian。Theyhadapacttogether。TheIndianshackedoutspacefortheirvillagesoftwentyorthirtyhuts，theirmaizeandbeanfieldsandtobaccopatches。Theytooksaplingsforpolesandbarktocoverthehutsandwoodforfires。Theforestgavecanoeandbowandarrow，householdbowlsandplatters，thesidesofthedrumthatwasbeatenatfeasts。Itfurnishedtreesserviceableforshelterwhenthefoewasstalked。Itwastheirwallandroof，theirhabitat。ItwasoneoftheFourFriendsoftheIndians——theGround，theWaters，theSky，theForest。Theforestwaseverywhere，andtheIndiansdwelledintheforest。Notunnaturally，theyheldthatthisworldwastheirs。

Uponthethreeships，sailing，sailing，movedafewmenwhocouldspeakwithauthorityoftheforestandofIndians。ChristopherNewportwasuponhisfirstvoyagetoVirginia，butheknewtheIndiesandtheSouthAmericancoast。HehadsailedandhadfoughtunderFrancisDrake。AndBartholomewGosnoldhadexploredbothforhimselfandforRaleigh。Thesetwocouldtellotherswhattolookfor。IntheircompanytherewasalsoJohnSmith。Thisgentleman，itistrue，hadnotwandered，fought，andcompanionedwithromanceinAmerica，buthehaddonesoeverywhereelse。HehadasyetnoexperiencewithIndians，buthecouldconceivethatroughexperienceswereroughexperiences，whetherinEurope，Asia，Africa，orAmerica。Andasheknewtherewasafamilylikenessamongdangeroushappenings，soalsohefoundoneamongremedies，andhehadabagfullofstoriesofstrangehappeningsandhowtheyshouldbemet。

Theyweregoingtheold，longWestIndiessearoad。Therewastimeenoughfortalking，wondering，consideringthepast，fantasticallybuildingupthefuture。Meetingintheships’cabinsoveraletankards，pacingupanddownthesmallhigh—raisedpoop—decks，leaningidleovertheside，watchingtheswirlingdark—bluewatersorthestarsofnight，lyingidleuponthedeck，proppedbythemastwhilethetrade—windsblewandupbeyondsailandriggingcurvedthesky——theyhadtimeenoughindeedtoplanformarvels！Iftheycouldhaveseenahead，whatpicturesofthingstocometheymighthavebeheldrising，falling，meltingweintoanother！

CertainofthemenupontheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscoverystandoutclearly，etchedagainstthesky。

ChristopherNewportmightbefortyyearsold。HehadbeenofRaleigh’scaptainsandwaschosen，averyyoungman，tobringtoEnglandfromtheIndiesthecapturedgreatcarrack，MadredeDios，ladenwithfabuloustreasure。Inall，NewportwasdestinedtomakefivevoyagestoVirginia，carryingsupplyandaid。Afterthat，hewouldpassintotheserviceoftheEastIndiaCompany，knowIndia，Java，andthePersianGulf;wouldbepraisedbythatgreatcompanyforsagacity，energy，andgoodcareofhismen。Tenyears’timefromthisfirstVirginiavoyage，andhewoulddieuponhisship，theHope，beforeBantaminJava。

BartholomewGosnold，thecaptainoftheGoodspeed，hadsailedwiththirtyothers，fiveyearsbefore，fromDartmouthinabarknamedtheConcord。Hehadnotmadetheusuallongsweepsouthwardintotropicwaters，theretoturnandcomenorthward，buthadgone，arrowstraight，acrossthenorthAtlantic——oneofthefirstEnglishsailorstomakethedirectpassageandsave，manyawearysealeague。GosnoldandhismenhadseenCapeAnnandCapeCod，andhadbuiltuponCuttyhunk，amongtheElizabethIslands，alittlefortthatchedwithrushes。Then，hardshipsthrongingandquarrelsdeveloping，theyhadfilledtheirshipwithsassafrasandcedar，andsailedforhomeoverthesummerAtlantic，reachingEngland，with\"notonecakeofbread\"leftbutonly\"alittlevinegar。\"Gosnold，guidingtheGoodspeed，isnowmakinghislastvoyage，forheistodieinVirginiawithintheyear。

GeorgePercy，brotheroftheEarlofNorthumberland，hasfoughtbravelyintheLowCountries。HeistostayfiveyearsinVirginia，toservethereashorttimeasGovernor，andthen，returningtoEngland，istowrite\"A

TreweRelacyion\"，inwhichhebegstodifferfromJohnSmith’s\"GenerallHistorie。\"Finally，hegoesagaintothewarsintheLowCountries，serveswithdistinction，anddies，unmarried，attheageoffifty—two。Hisportraitshowsalong，rathermelancholyface，setbetweenalacecollarandthick，darkhair。

AQueenandaCardinal——MaryTudorandReginaldPole——hadstoodsponsorsforthefatherofEdward—MariaWingfield。Thisman，ofanancientandhonorablestock，wasolderthanmostofhisfellowadventurerstoVirginia。

HehadfoughtinIreland，foughtintheLowCountries，hadbeenaprisonerofwar。Nowhewaspresentlytobecome\"thefirstpresidentofthefirstcouncilinthefirstEnglishcolonyinAmerica。\"Andthen，miseriesincreasingandwretchedmenbeingquicktoimputeevil，itwastobeheldwithotherassertionsagainsthimthathewasofaCatholicfamily，thathetraveledwithoutaBible，andprobablymeanttobetrayVirginiatotheSpaniard。Hewastobedeposedfromhispresidency，returntoEngland，andtherewriteavindication。\"Ineverturnedmyfacefromdaunger，orhiddmyhandesfromlabour;sowatchfulasentinelstoodmyselftomyself。\"

WithJohnSmithhehadabitterquarrel。

UpontheDiscoveryisonewhosignedhimself\"JohnRadclyffe，comenlycalled，\"andwhoisnamedintheLondonCompany’slistas\"CaptainJohnSicklemore，aliasRatcliffe。\"HewillhaveashortandstormyVirginianlife，andintwoyearsbedonetodeathbyIndians。JohnSmithquarreledwithhimalso。\"ApoorcounterfeitedImposture！\"saidSmith。GabrielArcherisalawyer，andfirstsecretaryorrecorderofthecolony。Short，too，ishislife。HisnamelivesinArcher’sHopeontheJamesRiverinVirginia。

JohnSmithwillhavenoneofhim！GeorgeKendall’slifeismorenearlyspunthanRatcliffe’sorArcher’s。Hewillbeshotfortreasonandrebellion。

RobertHuntisthechaplain。Besidesthosewhomthetimedubbed\"gentlemen，\"thereareuponthethreeshipsEnglishsailors，Englishlaborers，sixcarpenters，twobricklayers，ablacksmith，atailor，abarber，adrummer，othercraftsmen，andnondescripts。Upanddownandtoandfrotheypassintheirnarrowquarters，microscopicuponthebosomoftheocean。

JohnSmithloomslargeamongthem。JohnSmithhasamantleofmarvelousadventure。Itseemsthathebegantomakeitwhenhewasaboy，andformanyyearsworkeduponitsteadilyuntilitwasstiffasclothofgoldandvoluminousasapuffed—outsummercloud。Somethinkthatmuchofitwassuchstuffasdreamsaremadeof。Probablysomebreadthswerethefabricofvision。Stillitseemscertainthathedidhavesomekindofanextraordinarycoatormantle。Theadventureswhichherelatesofhimselfarethoseofapaladin。Bornin1579or1580，hewasatthistimestillayoungman。ButalreadyhehadfoughtinFranceandintheNetherlands，andinTransylvaniaagainsttheTurks。Hehadknownsea—fightsandshipwrecksandhadjourneyed，withadventuresgalore，inItaly。BeforeRegal，inTransylvania，hehadchallengedthreeTurksinsuccession，unhorsedthem，andcutofftheirheads，forwhichdoughtydeedSigismund，aPrinceofTransylvania，hadgivenhimacoatofarmsshowingthreeTurks’headsinashield。Laterhehadbeentakeninbattleandsoldintoslavery，whereuponaTurkishlady，hismaster’ssister，hadlookeduponhimwithfavor。ButatlastheslewtheTurkandescaped，andafterwanderingmanydaysinmiserycameintoRussia。\"Here，too，Ifound，asIhavealwaysdonewheninmisfortune，kindlyhelpfromawoman。\"HewanderedonintoGermanyandthenceintoFranceandSpain。HearingofwarsinBarbary，hecrossedfromGibraltar。

HerehemetthecaptainofaFrenchman—of—war。Onedaywhilehewaswiththismantherearoseagreatstormwhichdrovetheshipouttosea。TheywentbeforethewindtotheCanaries，andthereputthemselvestorightsandbegantochaseSpanishbarks。PresentlytheyhadagreatfightwithtwoSpanishmen—

of—war，inwhichtheFrenchshipandSmithcameoffvictors。ReturningtoMorocco，SmithbadetheFrenchcaptaingood—byeandtookshipforEngland，andsoreachedhomein1604。Herehesoughtthecompanyoflike—mindedmen，andsocameuponthosewhohadbeentotheNewWorld——\"andalltheirtalkwasofitswonders。\"SoSmithjoinedtheVirginiaundertaking，andsowefindhimheadedtowardnewadventuresinthewesternworld。

Onsailedthethreeships——littleships——sailing—shipswithalongwaytogo。

\"ThetwelfthdayofFebruaryatnightwesawablazingstarreandpresentlyastorme……Thethreeandtwentiethday[ofMarch]wefellwiththeIlandofMattaneniointheWestIndies。ThefoureandtwentiethdayweanchoredatDominico，withinfourteenedegreesoftheLine，averyfaireIland，fullofsweetandgoodsmells，inhabitedbymanySavageIndians……

ThesixandtwentiethdaywehadsightofMarigalanta，andthenextdayweesailedwithaslackesailalongsttheIleofGuadalupa……WesailedbymanyIlands，asMounserotandanIlandcalledSaintChristopher，bothuninhabited;abouttwoaclockeintheafternooneweeanchoredattheIleofMevis。TheretheCaptainelandedallhismen……WeincampedourselvesonthisIlesixdays……Thetenthday[April]wesetsaileanddisimbogedoutoftheWestIndiesandbareourcourseNortherly……

ThesixandtwentiethdayofAprill，aboutfoureaclockeinthemorning，weedescriedtheLandofVirginia。\"*

*Percy’s\"DiscourseinPurchas，HisPilgrims，vol。IV，p。1684。

AlsogiveninBrown’s\"GenesisoftheUnitedStates\"，vol。I，p。152。

Duringthelongmonthsofthisvoyage，crampedinthethreeships，thesemen，mostofthemyoungandofthehot—blooded，physicallyadventuroussort，hadtimetodevelopstronglikingsanddislikings。Thehundredandtwentysplitintoopposedcamps。Theseveralgroupsnursedallmannerofjealousies。Accusationsflewbetweenlikeshuttlecocks。ThesealedboxthattheycarriedprovedamannerofAte’sapple。Allknewthatsevenonboardwerecouncilorsandrulers，withoneofthenumberPresident，buttheyknewnotwhichweretheseven。Smithsaysthatthisuncertaintywroughtmuchmischief，eachmanofnotesuggestingtohimself，\"IshallbePresident——or，atleast，Councilor！\"Theshipsbecamecursedwithapestoffactions。AprimequarrelarosebetweenJohnSmithandEdward—MariaWingfield，twowhosetemperamentsseemtohavebeenpolesapart。Therearosea\"scandalousreport，thatSmithmeanttoreachVirginiaonlytousurptheGovernment，murdertheCouncil，andproclaimhimselfKing。Thebickeringdeepenedintoforthrightquarrel，withatlasttheexpectedexplosion。Smithwasarrested，wasputinirons，andfirstsawVirginiaasaprisoner。

Onthetwenty—sixthdayofApril，1607，theSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscoveryenteredChesapeakeBay。Theycameinbetweentwocapes，andonetheynamedCapeHenryafterthethenPrinceofWales，andtheotherCapeCharlesforthatbrotherofshort—livedHenrywhowastobecomeCharlestheFirst。ByCapeHenrytheyanchored，andnumbersfromtheshipswentashore。\"But，\"saysGeorgePercy’sDiscourse，\"wecouldfindnothingworththespeakingof，butfairemeadowsandgoodlytallTrees，withsuchFresh—watersrunningthroughthewoodsasIwasalmostravishedatthefirstsightthereof。Atnight，whenweeweregoingaboard，therecametheSavagescreepinguponallfourefromtheHillslikeBeares，withtheirBowesintheirmouths，chargedusverydesperatelyinthefaces，hurtCaptaineGabrielArcherinbothhishands，andasaylerintwoplacesofthebodyverydangerous。AftertheyhadspenttheirArrowesandfeltthesharpnesseofourshot，theyretiredintotheWoodswithagreatnoise，andsoleftus。\"

Thatverynight，bytheships’lanterns，Newport，Gosnold，andRatcliffeopenedthesealedbox。ThenamesofthecouncilorswerefoundtobeChristopherNewport，BartholomewGosnold，JohnRatcliffe，Edward—MariaWingfield，JohnMartin，JohnSmith，andGeorgeKendall，withGabrielArcherforrecorder。Fromitsownnumber，atthefirstconvenienttime，thisCouncilwastochooseitsPresident。Allthiswasnowdeclaredandpublishedtoallthecompanyupontheships。JohnSmithwasgivenhisfreedombutwasnotyetallowedplaceintheCouncil。Soclosedanexcitingday。Inthemorningtheypressedinpartiesyetfurtherintotheland，butmetnoIndians——onlycametoaplacewherethesesavageshadbeenroastingoysters。Thenextdaysawfurtherexploring。\"WemarchedsomethreeorfouremilesfurtherintotheWoodswherewesawgreatsmoakesoffire。WeemarchedtothosesmoakesandfoundthattheSavageshadbeenethereburningdownethegrasse……WepassedthroughexcellentgroundfullofFlowersofdiverskindsandcolours，analasgoodlytreesasIhaveseene，ascedar，cipresseandotherkindes;goingalittlefurtherwecameintoalittleplatofgroundfulloffineandbeautifullstrawberries，fouretimesbiggerandbetterthanoursinEngland。AllthismarchwecouldneitherseeSavagenorTowne。\"*

*Percy’s\"Discourse。\"

TheshipsnowstoodintothosewaterswhichwecallHamptonRoads。Findingagoodchannelandtakinghearttherefrom，theynamedahornoflandPointComfort。NowwecallitOldPointComfort。PresentlytheybegantogoupagreatriverwhichtheychristenedtheJames。ToEnglisheyesitwasariverhugelywide。Theywentslowly，withpausesandwaitingsandadventures。

Theyconsultedtheirpaperofinstructions;theyscannedtheshoreforgoodplacesfortheirfort，fortheirtown。ItwasMay，andalltherichbankswereinbloom。Itseemedasweet—scentedworldofpromise。TheysawIndians，buthadwiththesenountowardencounters。UponthetwelfthofMaytheycametoapointoflandwhichtheynamedArcher’sHope。Landinghere，theysaw\"manysquirels，conies，BlackBirdswithcrimsonwings，anddiversotherFowlesandBirdsofdiversandsundriecoloursofcrimson，watchet，Yellow，Greene，Murry，andofdiversotherhewesnaturallywithoutanyartusing……storeofTurkienestsandmanyEgges。\"Theylikedthisplace，butforshoalwatertheshipscouldnotcomeneartoland。Soontheywent，eightmilesuptheriver。

Here，uponthenorthside，thirty—oddmilesfromthemouth，theycametoacertainpeninsula，anislandathighwater。Twoorthreemileslong，lessthanamileandahalfinbreadth，atitswidestplacecomposedofmarshandwoodland，itranintotheriver，intosixfathomwater，wheretheshipsmightbemooredtothetrees。Itwasthisconvenientdeepwaterthatdeterminedmatters。HerecametoanchortheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery。Herethecolonistswentashore。HerethemembersoftheCouncilweresworn，andforthefirstPresidentwaschosenEdward—MariaWingfield。

Here，thefirstroamingandexcitementabated，theybegantounladetheships，andtobuildthefortandalsoboothsfortheirpresentsleeping。Achurch，too，theymusthaveatonce，andforthwithmadeitwithastretchedsailforroofandaboardbetweentwotreeswhereontorestBibleandBookofPrayer。

Here，forthefirsttimeinallthiswilderness，rangEnglishaxeinAmericanforest，herewasEnglishlawandanEnglishtown，heresoundedEnglishspeech。Herewasplacedthegermofthatphysical，mental，and，spiritualpowerwhichiscalledtheUnitedStatesofAmerica。

CHAPTERIII。JAMESTOWN

Inhistorians’accountsofthefirstmonthsatJamestown，toomuch，perhaps，hasbeenmadeoffactionandquarrel。Allthiswasthere。Mensetdowninawilderness，amidVirginianheat，men，mostlyyoung，oftheactiveratherthanthereflectivetype，menuncompanionedbywomenandchildren，menbesetwithdangersandsufferingsthatweresoontotagheavilytheircourageandpatience——suchmennaturallyquarreledandmadeup，quarreledagainandagainmadeup，darklysuspectedeachtheother，astheydarklysuspectedtheforestandtheIndian;then，needoffriendshipdominating，embracedeachtheother，feltthefascinationoftheforest，andtrustedtheIndian。Howevermuchtheysuspectedrebellion，treacheries，anddesertions，theypracticedfidelities，thoughtovaryingdegrees，andtherewasineachman’sbreastmoreorlessofcourageandgoodintent。

Theywerepronetocalloneanothervillain，butactualvillainy——saveasjealousy，suspicion，andhatredarevillainy——seemsrarelytohavebeenpresent。Evenonewhowasjudgedavillainandshot—forhisvillainyseemshardlytohavedeservedsuchfate。Jamestownpeninsulaturnedouttobefeverous;fantastichopeswerematchedbystrangefears;therewerehomesickness，incompatibilities，unfamiliarfoodandwaterandsir，classdifferencesinsmallspace，somepettytyrannies，andverycertaindangers。

Theworstsummerheatwasnotyet，andthefortwasbuilding。Treesmustbefelled，cabinsraised，afieldclearedforplanting，fishingandhuntingcarriedon。Andsomelading，somefirstfruits，mustgobackintheships。

Nogoldorrubiesbeingasyetfound，theywouldsendinsteadcedarandsassafras——hardworkenough，thereatJamestown，intheVirginianlow—country，withMaywarmasnorthernmidsummer，andalltheairchargedwithvaporfromtheheatedriver，withexhalationsfromtherankforest，fromthemanymarshes。

\"Thefirstnightofourlanding，aboutmidnight，\"saysGeorgePercyinhis\"Discourse\"，\"therecamesomeSavagessaylingclosetoourquarter;

presentlytherewasanalarmgiven;uponthatthesavagesranaway……

NotlongaftertherecametwoSavagesthatseemedtobeCommanders，bravelydressed，withCrownesofcolouredhaireupontheirheads，whichcameasMessengersfromtheWerowanceofPaspihe，tellingusthattheirWerowancewascommingandwouldbemerrywithuswithafatDeere。TheeighteenthdaytheWerowanceofPaspihecamehimselfetoourquarter，withonehundredSavagesarmedwhichguardedhiminverywarlikemannerwithBowesandArrowes。\"Somemisunderstandingarose。\"TheWerowance，[seeing]ustaketoourarmes，wentsuddenlyawaywithallhiscompanyingreatanger。\"ThenineteenthdayPercywithseveralothersgoingintothewoodsbackofthepeninsulametwithanarrowpathtracedthroughtheforest。Pursuingit，theycametoanIndianvillage。\"WeStayedthereawhileandhadofthemstrawberriesandotherthinges……OneoftheSavagesbroughtusonthewaytotheWoodsidewheretherewasaGardenofTobaccoandotherfruitsandherbes;hegatheredTobaccoanddistributedtoeveryoneofus，soweedeparted。\"

Itisevidentthatneitherraceyetknewifitwastobewarorpeace。Whatthewhitemanthoughtandcametothinkoftheredmanhasbeensetdownoftenenough;thereisscantiertestimonyastowhatwastheredman’sopinionofthewhiteman。Hereimaginationmustbecalledupon。

Newport’sinstructionsfromtheLondonCouncilincludedexplorationbeforeheshouldleavethecolonistsandbringthethreeshipsbacktoEngland。

Now，withthepinnaceandascoreofmen，amongwhomwasJohnSmith，hewentsixtymilesuptherivertowheretheflowisbrokenbyaworldofbouldersandislets，tothehillscrownedtodaybyRichmond，capitalofVirginia。ThefirstadventurerscalledtheserapidandwhirlingwaterstheFallsoftheFarreWest。Totheirnotiontheymustlieatleasthalf—wayacrossthebreadthofAmerica。MisledbyIndianstories，theybelievedandwrotethatfiveorsixdays’marchfromtheFallsoftheFarreWest，eventhroughthethickforest，wouldbringthemtotheSouthSea。TheFallsoftheFarreWest，whereatRichmondtheJamesgoeswitharoaringsoundaroundtree—crownedislet——itisstrangetothinkthattheyoncemarkedourfrontier！Howthatfrontierhasbeenpushedwestwardisaromanceindeed。

Andstill，today，itisbutafiveorsixdays’journeytothatSouthSeasoughtbythoseearlyVirginians。Theonlyconditionforusisthatweshallboardatrain。Tomorrow，withtheairship，theSouthSeamaycomeneareryet！

TheIndiansofthispartoftheearthwereofthegreatAlgonquinfamily，andthetribeswithwhichthecolonistshadnowtodoweredrawn，probablybyapolitybasedonbloodties，intoalooseconfederationwithinthelargermass。Newportwas\"toldthatthenameoftheriverwasPowhatan，thenameofthechiefPowhatan，andthenameofthepeoplePowhatans。ButitseemedthatthechiefPowhatanwasnotatthisvillagebutatanotherandalargerplacenamedWerowocomoco，onasecondgreatriverinthebackcountrytothenorthandeastofJamestown。Newportandhismenwere\"wellentreated\"bytheIndians。\"Butyet，\"saysPercy，\"theSavagesmurmuredatourplantingintheCountrie。\"

Thepartydidnottarryuptheriver。Backcametheirboatthroughthebrightweather，betweentheverdurousbanks，allgreenandflower—tintedsavewheremightbeseenthebrownofIndianclearingswithbark—coveredhutsandthin，up—curlingbluesmoke。BeforethemoncemoreroseJamestown，palisadednow，andridingbeforeitthethreeships。AndheretherebarkedanEnglishdog，andherewereEnglishmentowelcomeEnglishmen。Bothpartieshadnewstotell，butthetownhadmost。Onthe26thofMay，IndianshadmadeanattackfourhundredofthemwiththeWerowanceofPaspihe。OneEnglishmanhadbeenkilled，anumberwounded。FouroftheCouncilhadeachmanhiswound。

NewportmustnowliftanchorandsailawaytoEngland。HeleftatJamestownafort\"havingthreeBulwarkesateverycornerlikeahalfeMoone，andfoureorfivepiecesofArtilleriemountedinthem，\"astreetortwoofreed—thatchedcabins，achurchtomatch，astorehouse，amarket—placeanddrillground，andaboutallastoutpalisadewithagateupontheriverside。Heleftcornsownandspringinghigh，andsomefoodinthestorehouse。AndheleftahundredEnglishmenwhohadnowtastedofthecountryfareandmightreasonablyfearnoworsechancethanhadyetbefallen。Newportpromisedtoreturnintwentyweekswithfullsupplies。

JohnSmithsaysthathisenemies，chiefamongstwhomwasWingfield，wouldhavesenthimwithNewporttoEngland，theretostandtrialforattemptedmutiny，whereuponhedemandedatrialinVirginia，andgotitandwasfullycleared。HenowtakeshisplaceintheCouncil，beforetimedeniedhim。HehasgoodwordsonlyforRobertHunt，thechaplain，who，hesays，wentfromonetotheotherwiththebestofcounsel。Weretheynotallhereinthewildernesstogether，withthesavageshoveringaboutthemlikethePhilistinesabouttheJewsofold？HowshouldtheEnglishlive，unlessamongthemselvestheylivedinamity？Soforthemomentfactionswerereconciled，andallwenttochurchtopartakeoftheHolyCommunion。

Newportsailed，havingintheholdsofhisshipssassafrasandvaluablewoodsbutnogoldtomeettheLondonCouncil’shopes，noranycertainnewsoftheSouthSea。InduetimehereachedEngland，andinduetimeheturnedandcameagaintoVirginia。Butlongwasthesailingtoandfrobetween`totedaughtercountryandthemothercountryandtheladingandunladingateithershore。ItwassevenmonthsbeforeNewportcameagain。

Whilehesails，andwhileEngland—in—Americawatchesforhimlongingly，lookforamomentattheattitudeofSpain，fallingoldintheprocessionofworld—powers，butyetwithgripandcunningleft。SpainmislikedthatEnglishNewWorldventure。Shewishedtokeeptheseseasforherown;only，withwaningenergies，shecouldnotalwaysenforcewhatsheconceivedtobeherright。Bynowtherewasseentobemuchclayindeedintheimage。

PhiliptheSecondwasdead;andPhiliptheThird，anindolentking，livedintheEscurial。

PedrodeZunigaistheSpanishAmbassadortotheEnglishCourt。HehasordersfromPhiliptokeephiminformed，andthishedoes，andfromtimetotimesuggestsremedies。HewritesofNewportandtheFirstSupply。\"Sire……CaptainNewportmakeshastetoreturnwithsomepeople——andtherehavecombinedmerchantsandotherpersonswhodesiretoestablishthemselvesthere;becauseitappearstothemthemostsuitableplacethattheyhavediscoveredforprivateeringandmakingattacksuponthemerchantfleetsofYourMajesty。YourMajestywillcommandtoseewhethertheywillbeallowedtoremainthere……Theyareinagreatstateofexcitementaboutthatplace，andverymuchafraidlestYourMajestyshoulddrivethemoutofit……Andtherearesomany……whospeakalreadyofsendingpeopletothatcountry，thatitisadvisablenottobetooslow;becausetheywillsoonbefoundtherewithlargenumbersofpeople。\"*InSpaintheCouncilofStatetakesactionuponZuniga’scommunicationsandclosesareporttotheKingwiththesewords：\"TheactualtakingpossessionwillbetodriveoutofVirginiaallwhoaretherenow，beforetheyarereenforced，and……itwillbewelltoissueordersthatthesmallfleetstationedtothewindward，whichforsomanyyearshasbeeninstateofpreparation，shouldbeinstantlymadereadyandforthwithproceedtodriveoutallwhoarenowinVirginia，sincetheirsmallnumberswillmakethisaneasytask，andthiswillsufficetopreventthemfromagaincomingtothatplace。\"

UponthisismadeaRoyalnote：\"Letsuchmeasuresbetakeninthisbusinessasmaynowandhereafterappearproper。\"

*Brown’s\"GenesisoftheUnitedStates\"，vol。1，pp。116—118。

Itwouldseemthattherewascauseindeedforwatchingdowntheriverbythatsmall，smalltownthatwasalloftheUnitedStates！ButtherefollowsaSpanishmemorandum。\"Thedrivingout……bythefleetstationedtothewindwardwillbepostponedforalongtimebecausedelaywillbecausedbygettingitready。\"*Delayfolloweddelay，andoldSpain——conquistadorSpain——grewolder，andthespeechonJamestownIslandisstillEnglish。

*Op。cit。，vol。1，p。127。

ChristopherNewportwasgone;noships——thelastrefuges，thelastpossibilitiesforhometurning，shouldtheearthgrowtoohardandtheskytooblack——rodeupontheriverbeforethefort。Herewasthesummerheat。A

heavybreathrosefromimmemorialmarshes，fromtheancientflooroftheforest。Whencloudsgatheredandstormsburst，theyamazedtheheartwiththeirfearfulthunderingsandlightnings。Thecolonistshadnowell，butdrankfromtheriver，andatneitherhighnorlowtidefoundthewaterwholesome。Whiletheshipswereheretheyhadhelpofshipstores，butnowtheymustsubsistuponthegrainthattheyhadinthestorehouse，nowscantandpoorenough。Theymightfishandhunt，butagainstsuchresourcesstoodfeverandinexperienceandweakness，andinthewoodsthelurkingsavages。

Theheatgrewgreater，thewaterworse，thefoodless。Sicknessbegan。Workbecametoil。Menpinedfromhomesickness，then，comingtogether，quarreledwithaweakviolence，thendroppedawayagainintocornersandsatlistlesslywithhangingheads。

\"ThesixthofAugusttherediedJohnAsbieofthebloodieFlixe。TheninthdaydiedGeorgeFlowreoftheswelling。ThetenthdaydiedWilliamBrustergentleman，ofawoundgivenbytheSavages……ThefourteenthdayJeromeAlikock，Ancient，diedofawound，thesamedayFrancisMid—winter，EdwardMoris，Corporall，diedsuddenly。ThefifteenthdaytheirdiedEdwardBrowneandStephenGalthrope。ThesixteenthdaytheirdiedThomasGowergentleman。

TheseventeenthdaytheirdiedThomasMounslie。TheeighteenthdaytheerdiedRobertPenningtonandJohnMartinegentlemen。ThenineteenthdaydiedDruePiggasegentleman。

\"ThetwoandtwentiethdayofAugusttherediedCaptainBartholomewGosnoldoneofourCouncell，hewashonourablyburiedhavingalltheOrdnanceintheFortshotoff，withmanyvolliesofsmallshot……

\"ThefoureandtwentiethdaydiedEdwardHarringtonandGeorgeWalkerandwereburiedthesameday。ThesixandtwentiethdaydiedKenelmeThrogmortine。ThesevenandtwentiethdaydiedWilliamRoods。TheeightandtwentiethdaydiedThomasStoodie，CapeMerchant。ThefourthdayofSeptemberdiedThomasJacob，Sergeant。ThefifthdaytherediedBenjaminBeast……\"*

*Percy’s\"Discourse。\"

Extrememiserymakesmenblind，unjust，andweakofjudgment。Herewasgrosswretchedness，andthecolonistsproceededtoblameAandBandC，lostalltogetherinthewilderness。Itwasthiscouncilororthatcouncilor，thisambitiousoneorthatone，thisorthatalmostcertainlyascertainedtraitor！Wantingtostealthepinnace，theonecraftleftbyNewport，wantingtostealawayinthepinnaceandleavethemass——smallenoughmassnow！——withoutboatorraftorstrawtoclingto，madethefavoriteaccusation。Uponthiscount，earlyinSeptember，Wingfieldwasdeposedfromthepresidency。Ratcliffesucceededhim，butpresentlyRatcliffefarednobetter。Onecouncilorfaredworse，forGeorgeKendall，accusedofplottingmutinyandpinnacestealing，wasgiventrial，foundguilty，andshot。

\"Theeighteenthday[ofSeptember]diedoneEllisKinistone……ThesamedayatnightdiedoneRichardSimmons。ThenineteenthdaytherediedoneThomasMouton……\"

Whatwenton，inVirginia，intheIndianmind，canonlybeconjectured。Aslittleasthewhitemindcoulditforeseethetrendofeventsortheultimateoutcomeofpresentpolicy。Therewasexhibitedasee—sawpolicy，orperhapsnopolicyatall，onlytheemotionalfitasitcamehotorcold。

Thefriendlyacttroduponthehostile，thehostileuponthefriendly。

Throughthemiserablesummerthehostilewasuppermost;thenwiththeautumnappearedthefriendlymood，fortunateenoughfor\"themostfeeblewretches\"atJamestown。Indianscameladenwithmaizeandvenison。Theheatwasathingofthepast;coolandbracingweatherappeared;andwithitgreatflocksofwildfowl，\"swans，geese，ducksandcranes。\"Faminevanished，sicknessdecreased。Thedeadweredead。OfthehundredandfourpersonsleftbyNewportlessthanfiftyhadsurvived。Butthesemaybethoughtofasindeedseasoned。

CHAPTERIV。JOHNSMITH

Withthecoolweatherbeganactiveexploration，theobjectinchiefthegatheringfromtheIndians，bypersuasionortradeorshowofforce，foodfortheapproachingwinter。HereJohnSmithstepsforwardasleader。

Therebeginsastringofadventuresofthathardyandromanticindividual。

HowmuchinSmith’sextantnarrationsisexaggeration，howmuchisdispossessionofothers’meritsinfavorofhisown，itisdifficultnowtosay。*Athingthatonelittlelikesishispersistentdepreciationofhisfellows。ThereisbutoneNobleAdventurer，andthatoneisJohnSmith。Ontheotherhandevidentenougharehiscourageandinitiative，hisingenuity，andhisrough，practicalsagacity。Letustakehimatsomethinglessthanhisownvaluation，butyetasvaluableenough。Asforhisadventures，realorfictitious，onemayseeinthemepitomizedtheadventuresofmanyandmanymen，English，French，Spanish，Dutch，blazersofthematerialpathforthepresentcivilization。

*ThosewhowouldstrikeJohnSmithfromthelistofhistorianswillcommendtheauthor’scautiontothereaderbeforesheletstheCaptaintellhisowntale。WhateverSmithmaynothavebeen，hewascertainlyaconsummateraconteur。Hebelongswiththerenownedstory—tellersoftheworld，ifnotwiththeveraciouschroniclers。——Editor。

InDecember，ratherautumnthanwinterinthisregion，hestartswiththeshallopandahandfulofmenupatributaryriverthattheyhavelearnedtocalltheChickahominy。Heisgoingforcorn，butthereisalsoanideathathemayhearnewsofthatwished—forSouthSea。

TheChickahominyproveditselfawonderlandofswampandtree—chokedstreams。SomewhereupitschequeredreachesSmithlefttheshallopwithmentoguardit，and，takingtwoofthepartywithtwoIndianguides，wentoninacanoeupanarrowerway。PresentlythoseleftwiththeboatincautiouslygoashoreandareattackedbyIndians。Oneistaken，tortured，andslain。Theothersgetbacktotheirboatandsoaway，downtheChickahominyandintothenowsomewhatfamiliarJames。ButSmithwithhistwomen，RobinsonandEmry，arenowaloneinthewilderness，upamongnarrowwaters，brownmarshes，fallenandobstructingtreetrunks。Nowcomethemen—huntingIndians—theKingofPamaunck，saysSmith，withtwohundredbowmen。RobinsonandEmryareshotfullofarrows。Smithiswounded，butwithhismusketdetersthefoe，killingseveralofthesavages。Hiseyesuponthem，hestepsbackward，hopinghemaybeatthemofftillheshallrecovertheshallop，butmeetswiththeillchanceofaboggyandicystreamintowhichhestumbles，andhereistaken。

Seehimnowbefore\"Opechancanough，KingofPamaunck！\"Savagesandproceduresofthemorecivilizedwithsavageshave，theworldover，afamilyresemblance。Likemanyamanbeforehimandafter，Smithcastsaboutforapropitiatorywonder。Hehaswithhim，sofortunately，\"aroundivorydouble—compassdial。\"This，withagenialmanner，hewouldpresenttoOpechancanough。Thesavagesgaze，cannottouchthroughtheglassthemovingneedle，grunttheiradmiration。Smithproceeds，withgesturesandwhatIndianwordsheknows，todeliverascientificlecture。Talkingisbestanyhow，willgivethemlesstimeinwhichtothinkofthosemenheshot。Hetellsthemthattheworldisround，anddiscoursesaboutthesunandmoonandstarsandthealternationofdayandnight。Hespeakswitheloquenceofthenationsoftheearth，ofwhitemen，yellowmen，blackmen，andredmen，ofhisowncountryanditsgrandeurs，andwouldexplainantipodes。

Apparentlyalliswastebreathandofnoavail，forinanhourseehimboundtoatree，asturdyfigureofaman，beardedandmoustached，withahighforehead，cladinshirtandjerkinandbreechesandhosenandshoon，allbythistime，wemaybesure，profoundlyinneedofrepair。ThetreeandSmithareringedbyIndians，eachofwhomhasanarrowfittedtohisbow。Almostonecanhearaknellringingintheforest！ButOpechancanough，movedbythecompass，orwillingtohearmoreofseventeenth—centuryscience，raiseshisarmandstopstheexecution。UnbindingSmith，theytakehimwiththemasatrophy。PresentlyallreachtheirtownofOrapaks。

Herehewaskindlytreated。HesawIndiandances，heardIndianorations。

Thewomenandchildrenpressedabouthimandadmiredhimgreatly。Breadandvenisonweregivenhiminsuchquantitythathefearedthattheymeanttofattenandeathim。Itis，moreover，dangeroustobeconsideredpowerfulwhereoneisscarcelyso。AyoungIndianlaymortallyill，andtheytookSmithtohimanddemandedthatforthwithhebecured。Ifthewhitemancouldkill——howtheywerenotabletoseehecouldlikewisedoubtlessrestorelife。ButtheIndianpresentlydied。Hisfather，cryingoutinfury，felluponthestrangerwhocouldhavedonesomuchandwouldnot！Herealsocoolnesssavedthewhiteman。

Smithwasnowledintriumphfromtowntotownthroughthewinterwoods。

TheJameswasbehindhim，theChickahominyalso;hewasuponnewgreatrivers，thePamunkeyandtheRappahannock。Allthevillagesweremuchalike，alikethestillwoods，theserepatchesfromwhichthecornhadbeentaken，thebear，thedeer，thefoxes，theturkeysthatweremetwith，thecountlesswildfowl。Everywherewerethesamecurious，crowdingsavages，thefires，therusticcookery，thecoveringskinsofdeerandfoxandotter，theoratory，theceremonialdances，themanipulationsofmedicinemenorpriests——theselast，totheEnglishmen，pure\"devilswithantiquetricks。\"Dayswereconsumedinthisgoingfromplacetoplace。Atonepointwasproducedabagofgunpowder，gainedinsomewayfromJamestown。Itwasbeingkeptwithcaretogointotheearthinthespringandproduce，whensummercame，somewonderfulcrop。

Opechancanoughwasagreatchief，buthigherthanhemovedPowhatan，chiefofchiefs。ThisIndianwasyetastrangertotheEnglishinVirginia。NowJohnSmithwastomakehisacquaintance。

WerowocomocostooduponabluffonthenorthsideofYorkRiver。HerecameSmithandhiscaptors，aroundthemthewinterwoods，beforethemthebroadblueriver。AgainthegatheredIndians，menandwomen，againthestaring，thehandling，themoreorlessuncomplimentaryremarks;thenintotheIndianceremoniallodgehewaspushed。Heresatthechiefofchiefs，Powhatan，andhehadonarobeofraccoonskinswithallthetailshanging。

Abouthimsathischiefmen，andbehindtheseweregatheredwomen。Allwerepainted，headandshoulders;allwore，boundaboutthehead，adornmentsmeanttostrikewithbeautyorwithterror;allhadchainsofbeads。SmithdoesnotreportwhathesaidtoPowhatan，orPowhatantohim。HesaysthattheQueenofAppamatuckbroughthimwaterforhishands，andthattherewasmadeagreatfeast。Whenthiswasover，theIndiansheldacouncil。Itendedinadeathdecree。IncontinentlySmithwasseized，draggedtoagreatstonelyingbeforePowhatan，forceddownandbound。TheIndiansmadereadytheirclubs;meaningtobatterhisbrainsout。Then，saysSmith，occurredthemiracle。

AchildofPowhatan’s，averyyounggirlcalledPocahontas，sprangfromamongthewomen，rantothestone，andwithherownbodyshelteredthatoftheEnglishman……*

*AvastamountoferuditionhasbeenexpendedbyhistoricalstudentstoestablishthetruthorfalsityofthisPocahontasstory。Theauthorhasrefrainedfromenteringthecontroversy，preferringtoletthestorystandasitwastoldbyCaptainSmithinhis\"GeneralHistory\"（1624）。——Editor。

What，inPowhatan’smind，ofhesitation，wiliness，orgoodnaturebackedhisdaughter’spleaisnotknown。ButSmithdidnothavehisbrainsbeatenout。Hewasreleased，takenbysomeformofadoptionintothetribe，andsettousingthosesamebrainsinthemakingofhatchetsandornaments。A

fewdayspassedandhewasyetfurtherenlarged。Powhatanlongedfortwoofthegreatgunspossessedbythewhitemenandforagrindstone。HewouldsendSmithbacktoJamestownifinreturnhewassureofgettingthosetreasures。ItistobesupposedthatSmithpromisedhimgunsandgrindstonesasmanyascouldbeborneaway。

SoWerowocomocosawhimdepart，twelveIndiansforescort。Hehadleaguestogo，anightortwotospenduponthemarch。Lyinginthehugewinterwoods，heexpected，onthewhole，deathbeforemorning。But\"AlmightyGodmollifiedtheheartsofthosesternebarbarianswithcompassion。\"AndsohewasrestoredtoJamestown，wherehefoundmoredeadthanwhenheleft。Somethereundoubtedlywelcomedhimasastrongmanrestoredwhentherewasneedofstrongmen。Others，itseems，wouldasliefthatPocahontashadnotinterfered。

TheIndiansdidnotgettheirgunsandgrindstones。ButSmithloadedademi—culverinwithstonesandfireduponagreattree，icicle—hung。Thegunroared，theboughsbroke，theicefellrattling，thesmokespread，theIndianscriedoutandcoweredaway。Gunsandgrindstone，Smithtoldthem，weretooviolentandheavydevilsforthemtocarryfromrivertoriver。

Insteadhegavethem，fromthetradingstore，giftsenticingtothesavageeye，andnotsusceptibleofbeingturnedagainstthedonors。

HereatJamestowninmidwinterweremorefoodandlessmortalsicknessthaninthepreviousfearfulsummer，yetnogreatamountoffood，andnowsuffering，too，frombittercold。Norhadthesicknessended，nordissensions。LessthanfiftymenwereallthatheldtogetherEnglandandAmerica——afrayedcord，thelaststrandsofwhichmightpresentlypart……

ThenuptherivercomesChristopherNewportintheFrancisandJohn，tobefollowedsomeweekslaterbythePhoenix。Hereisnewlife——storesforthesettlersandahundrednewVirginians！Howcertain，atanyrate，istheexchangeoftalkofhomeandhair—raisingstoriesofthiswildernessbetweentheoldcolonistsandthenew！Andcertainisthereliefandtherenewedhopes。Mourningturnstojoy。Evenaconflagrationthatpresentlydestroysthemajorpartofthetowncannotblastthatfelicity。

AgainNewportandSmithandotherswentouttoexplorethecountry。TheywentovertoWerowocomocoandtalkedwithPowhatan。HetoldthemthingswhichtheyconstruedtomeanthattheSouthSeawasnearathand，andtheymarkedthisdownasgoodnewsforthehomeCouncil——stillimpatientforgoldandCathay。OntheirreturntoJamestowntheyfoundunderwaynewandstouterhouses。TheIndianswereagainfriendly;theybroughtvenisonandturkeysandcorn。SmithsaysthateveryfewdayscamePocahontasandattendantwomenbringingfood。

Springcameagainwiththedogwoodandthehoneysuckleandthestrawberries，thegay，returningbirds，thebarredandstripedandmottledserpents。Thecolonywasoneyearold。BacktoEnglandsailedtheFrancisandJohnandthePhoenix，carryinghomeEdward—MariaWingfield，whohasweariedofVirginiaandwillreturnnomore。

WhatrestscertainandpraiseworthyinSmithishisthoroughnessanddaringinexploration。Thissummerhewentwithfourteenothersdowntheriverinanopenboat，andsoacrossthegreatbay，wideasasea，towhatisyetcalledtheEasternShore，thecountiesnowofAccomacandNorthampton。

RoundingCapeCharlestheseindefatigableexplorerscameuponisletsbeatenbytheAtlanticsurf。ThesetheynamedSmith’sIslands。Landinguponthemainshore，theymet\"grimmeandstout\"savages，whotookthemtotheKingofAccomac，andhimtheyfoundcivilenough。Thissideofthegreatbay，witheverycreekandinlet，Smithexaminedandsetdownuponthemaphewasmaking。EvenifhecouldfindnogoldfortheCouncilathome，atleasthewouldknowwhatplacesweresuitedfor\"harboursandhabitations。\"Soonagreatstormcameup，andtheylandedagain，metyetotherIndians，wentfarther，andwereinstraitsforfreshwater。Theweatherbecameworse;

theywereindangerofshipwreck——hadtobailtheboatcontinually。Indiansgatheredupontheshoreanddischargedflightsofarrows，butweredispersedbyavolleyfromthemuskets。ThebreadtheEnglishhadwiththemwentbad。Windandweatherwereadverse;threeorfourofthefifteenfellill，butrecovered。Theweatherimproved;theycametotheseven—mile—widemouthof\"Patawomeck\"——thePotomac。Theyturnedtheirboatupthisvaststream。Foralongtimetheysawuponthewoodybanksnosavages。Thenwithoutwarningtheycameuponambuscadesofgreatnumbers\"sostrangelypainted，grimedanddisguised，shouting，yellingandcrying，aswerathersupposedthemsomanydivils。\"Smith，inmidstream，orderedmusket—fire，andtheballswentgrazingoverthewater，andtheterriblesoundechoedthroughthewoods。Thesavagesthrewdowntheirbowsandarrowsandmadesignsoffriendliness。TheEnglishwentashore，hostageswereexchanged，andakindofamicablenessensued。AftersuchsylvanentertainmentSmithandhismenreturnedtotheboat。Theoarsdippedandrose，thebrightwaterbrokefromthem;andtheseEnglishmeninOldVirginiaproceededupthePotomac。Couldtheyhaveseen——couldtheybuthaveseenbeforethem，onthenorthbank，rising，liketheunsubstantialfabricofadream，thereabovethetrees，avast，whiteCapitolshininginthesunlight！

Faruptheriver，theynoticedthatthesandontheshoregleamedwithyellowspangles。Theylookedandsawhighrocks，andtheythoughtthatfromthesetherainhadwashedtheglitteringdust。Gold？Harborstheyhadfound——butwhatofgold？What，even，ofCathay？

Goingdownstream，theysoughtagainthosefriendlyIndians。Didtheyknowgoldorsilver？TheIndianslookedwise，noddedheads，andtookthevisitorsupalittletributaryrivertoarockyhillinwhich\"withshellsandhatchets\"theyhadopenedasitwereamine。Heretheygatheredamineralwhich，whenpowdered，theysprinkledoverthemselvesandtheiridols\"makingthem，\"saystherelation，\"likeblackamoorsdustedoverwithsilver。\"Thewhitemenfilledtheirboatwithasmuchofthisoreastheycouldcarry。Highweretheirhopesoverit，butwhenitwassubsequentlysenttoLondonandassayed，itwasfoundtobeworthless。

Thefifteennowstartedhomeward，outofPotomacanddownthewestwardsideofChesapeake。Intheirtravelstheysaw，besidestheIndians，allmanneroffour—footedVirginians。Bearsrolledtheirbulkthroughtheseforests;

deerwentwhithertheywould。Theexplorersmightmeetfoxesandcatamounts，otter，beaverandmarten，raccoonandopossum，wolfandIndiandog。WingedVirginiansmadetheforestsvocal。Theowlhootedatnight，andthewhippoorwillcalledinthetwilight。Thestreamswerefilledwithfish。

ComingtothemouthoftheRappahannock，thetravelers’boatgroundeduponsand，withthetideatebb。Awaitingthewaterthatshouldliftthemoff，thefifteenbeganwiththeirswordstospearthefishamongthereeds。

Smithhadtheilllucktoencounterasting—ray，andreceiveditsbarbedweaponthroughhiswrist。Theresetinagreatswellingandtormentwhichmadehimfearthatdeathwasathand。Heorderedhisfuneralandagravetobedugonaneighboringislet。Yetbydegreeshegrewbetterandsooutoftorment，andwithalsohungrythathelongedforsupper，whereupon，withalightheart，hehadhislateenemythesting—raycookedandatehim。TheythennamedtheplaceSting—rayIslandand，thetideserving，gotoffthesand—baranddownthebay，andsocamehometoJamestown，havingbeengonesevenweeks。

LikeUlysses，Smithrefusestorustininaction。Afewdays，andawayheisagain，firstuptoRappahannock，andthenacrossthebay。OnthisjourneyheandhismencomeupwiththegiantSusquehannocks，whoarenotAlgonquinsbutIroquois。Aftermanyhazardsinwhichtheforestandthesavageplaytheirpart，SmithandhisbandagainreturntoJamestown。Inallthisadventuringtheyhavegainedmuchknowledgeofthecountryanditsinhabitants——butyetnogold，andnofurthernewsoftheSouthSeaoroffarCathay。