Beyonditsfield，however，probabilityandcommonsensemaybeusedwithadvantageandjustly，butonquitespecialprinciples，ofwhichtheimportancealwaysdependsonthereferencetopracticallife。ThisiswhatIholdmyselfjustifiedinrequiringforthepossibilityofmetaphysicsasascience。Kant’s\"Prolegomena\"—Appendix（InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy）Appendix：OnWhatCanBeDoneToMakeMetaphysicsActualAsAScience。Sinceallthewaysheretoforetakenhavefailedtoattainthegoal，andsincewithoutaprecedingcritiqueofpurereasonitisnotlikelyevertobeattained，thepresentessaynowbeforethepublichasafairtitletoanaccurateandcarefulinvestigation，exceptitbethoughtmoreadvisabletogiveupallpretensionstometaphysics，towhich，ifmenbutwouldconsistentlyadheretotheirpurpose，noobjectioncanbemade。Ifwetakethecourseofthingsasitis，notasitoughttobe，therearetwosortsofjudgments：（1）oneajudgmentwhichprecedesinvestigation（inourcaseoneinwhichthereaderfromhisownmetaphysicspronouncesjudgmentontheCritiqueofPureReasonwhichwasintendedtodiscusstheverypossibilityofmetaphysics）;（2）theotherajudgmentsubsequenttoinvestigation。Inthelatterthereaderisenabledtowaiveforawhiletheconsequencesofthecriticalresearchesthatmayberepugnanttohisformerlyadoptedmetaphysics，andfirstexaminesthegroundswhencethoseconsequencesarederived。Ifwhatcommonmetaphysicspropoundsweredemonstrablycertain，asforinstancethetheoremsofgeometry，theformerwayofjudgingwouldboldgood。Foriftheconsequencesofcertainprinciplesarerepugnanttoestablishedtruths，theseprinciplesarefalseandwithoutfurtherinquirytoberepudiated。Butifmetaphysicsdoesnotpossessastockofindisputablycertain（synthetical）propositions，andshoulditevenbethecasethatthereareanumberofthem，which，thoughamongthemostspecious，arebytheirconsequencesinmutualcollision，andifnosurecriterionofthetruthofpeculiarlymetaphysical（synthetical）propositionsistobemetwithinit，thentheformerwayofjudgingisnotadmissible，buttheinvestigationoftheprinciplesofthecritiquemustprecedealljudgmentsastoitsvalue。OnASpecimenOfAJudgmentOfTheCritiquePriorToItsExamination。ThisjudgmentistobefoundintheGottingischengelehrtenAnzeigen，inthesupplementtothethirddivision，ofJanuary19，1782，pages40etseq。Whenanauthorwhoisfamiliarwiththesubjectofhisworkandendeavorstopresenthisindependentreflectionsinitselaboration，fallsintothehandsofareviewerwhoinhisturn，iskeenenoughtodiscernthepointsonwhichtheworthorworthlessnessofthebookrests，whodoesnotclingtowords，butgoestotheheartofthesubject，siftingandtestingmorethanthemereprincipleswhichtheauthortakesashispointofdeparture，theseverityofthejudgmentmayindeeddispleasethelatter，butthepublicdoesnotcare，asitgainsthereby;andtheauthorhimselfmaybecontented，asanopportunityofcorrectingorexplaininghispositionsisaffordedtohimatanearlydatebytheexaminationofacompetentjudge，insuchamanner，thatifhebelieveshimselffundamentallyright，hecanremoveintimeanystoneofoffensethatmighthurtthesuccessofhiswork。Ifindmyself，withmyreviewer，inquiteanotherposition。Heseemsnottoseeatalltherealmatteroftheinvestigationwithwhich（successfullyorunsuccessfully）Ihavebeenoccupied。Itiseitherimpatienceatthinkingoutalengthywork，orvexationatathreatenedreformofascienceinwhichhebelievedhehadbroughteverythingtoperfectionlongago，or，whatIamunwillingtoimagine，realnarrow—mindedness，thatpreventshimfromevercarryinghisthoughtsbeyondhisschool—metaphysics。Inshort，hepassesimpatientlyinreviewalongseriesofpropositions，bywhich，withoutknowingtheirpremises，wecanthinknothing，intersperseshereandtherehiscensure，thereasonofwhichthereaderunderstandsjustaslittleasthepropositionsagainstwhichitisdirected;andhence[hisreport]canneitherservethepublicnordamageme，inthejudgmentofexperts。Ishould，forthesereasons，havepassedoverthisjudgmentaltogether，wereitnotthatitmayaffordmeoccasionforsomeexplanationswhichmayinsomecasessavethereadersoftheseProlegomenafromamisconception。Inordertotakeapositionfromwhichmyreviewercouldmosteasilysetthewholeworkinamostunfavorablelight，withoutventuringtotroublehimselfwithanyspecialinvestigation，hebeginsandendsbysaying：\"Thisworkisasystemoftranscendent（or，ashetranslatesit，ofhigher）Idealism。\"42AglanceatthislinesoonshowedmethesortofcriticismthatIhadtoexpect，muchasthoughthereviewerwereonewhohadneverseenorheardofgeometry，havingfoundaEuclid，andcominguponvariousfiguresinturningoveritsleaves，weretosay，onbeingaskedhisopinionofit：
\"Theworkisatext—bookofdrawing;theauthorintroducesapeculiarterminology，inordertogivedark，incomprehensibledirections，whichintheendteachnothingmorethanwhateveryonecaneffectbyafairnaturalaccuracyofeye，etc。\"Letussee，inthemeantime，whatsortofanidealismitisthatgoesthroughmywholework，althoughitdoesnotbyalongwayconstitutethesoulofthesystem。ThedictumofallgenuineidealistsfromtheEleaticschooltoBishopBerkeley，iscontainedinthisformula：\"Allcognitionthroughthesensesandexperienceisnothingbutsheerillusion，andonly，intheideasofthepureunderstandingandreasonthereistruth。\"TheprinciplethatthroughoutdominatesanddeterminesmyIdealism，isonthecontrary：\"Allcognitionofthingsmerelyfrompureunderstandingorpurereasonisnothingbutsheerillusion，andonlyinexperienceistheretruth。\"Butthisisdirectlycontrarytoidealismproper。HowcameIthentousethisexpressionforquiteanoppositepurpose，andhowcamemyreviewertoseeiteverywhere？Thesolutionofthisdifficultyrestsonsomethingthatcouldhavebeenveryeasilyunderstoodfromthegeneralbearingofthework，ifthereaderhadonlydesiredtodoso。Spaceandtime，togetherwithallthattheycontain，arenotthingsnorqualitiesinthemselves，butbelongmerelytotheappearancesofthelatter：uptothispointIamoneinconfessionwiththeaboveidealists。Butthese，andamongstthemmoreparticularlyBerkeley，regardedspaceasamereempiricalpresentationthat，likethephenomenonitcontains，isonlyknowntousbymeansofexperienceorperception，togetherwithitsdeterminations。I，onthecontrary，proveinthefirstplace，thatspace（andalsotime，whichBerkeleydidnotconsider）andallitsdeterminationsapriori，canbeknownbyus，because，nolessthantime，itinheresinoursensibilityasapureformbeforeallperceptionorexperienceandmakesallintuitionofthesame，andthereforeallitsphenomena，possible。Itfollowsfromthis，thatastruthrestsonuniversalandnecessarylawsasitscriteria，experience，accordingtoBerkeley，canhavenocriteriaoftruth，becauseitsphenomena（accordingtohim）havenothingaprioriattheirfoundation;whenceitfollows，thattheyarenothingbutsheerillusion;whereaswithus，spaceandtime（inconjunctionwiththepureconceptionsoftheunderstanding）prescribetheirlawtoallpossibleexperienceapriori，andatthesametimeaffordthecertaincriterionfordistinguishingtruthfromillusiontherein。43Myso—called（properlycritical）Idealismisofquiteaspecialcharacter，inthatitsubvertstheordinaryidealism，andthatthroughitallcognitionapriori，eventhatofgeometry，firstreceivesobjectivereality，which，withoutmydemonstratedidealityofspaceandtime，couldnotbemaintainedbythemostzealousrealists。Thisbeingthestateofthecase，Icouldhavewished，inordertoavoidallmisunderstanding，tohavenamedthisconceptionofmineotherwise，buttoalteritaltogetherwasimpossible。
Itmaybepermittedmehowever，infuture，ashasbeenaboveintimated，totermittheformal，orbetterstill，thecriticalIdealism，todistinguishitfromthedogmaticIdealismofBerkeley，andfromtheskepticalIdealismofDescartes。Beyondthis，Ifindnothingfurtherremarkableinthejudgmentofmybook。
Thereviewercriticizeshereandthere，makessweepingcriticisms，amodeprudentlychosen，sinceitdoesnotbetrayone’sownknowledgeorignorance;
asinglethoroughcriticismindetail，hadittouchedthemainquestion，asisonlyfair，wouldhaveexposed，itmaybemyerror，oritmaybemyreviewer’smeasureofinsightintothisspeciesofresearch。Itwas，moreover，notabadlyconceivedplan，inorderatoncetotakefromreaders（whoareaccustomedtoformtheirconceptionsofbooksfromnewspaperreports）
thedesiretoreadthebookitself，topouroutinonebreathanumberofpassagesinsuccession，tornfromtheirconnection，andtheirgroundsofproofandexplanations，andwhichmustnecessarilysoundsenseless，especiallyconsideringhowantipathetictheyaretoallschool—metaphysics;
toexhaustthereader’spatienceadnauseam，andthen，afterhavingmademeacquaintedwiththesensiblepropositionthatpersistentillusionistruth，toconcludewiththecrudepaternalmoralization：towhatend，then，thequarrelwithacceptedlanguage，towhatend，andwhence，theidealisticdistinction？Ajudgmentwhichseeksallthatischaracteristicofmybook，firstsupposedtobemetaphysicallyheterodox，inamereinnovationofthenomenclature，provesclearlythatmywould—bejudgehasunderstoodnothingofthesubject，andinaddition，hasnotunderstoodhimself。44Myreviewerspeakslikeamanwhoisconsciousofimportantandsuperiorinsightwhichhekeepshidden;forIamawareofnothingrecentwithrespecttometaphysicsthatcouldjustifyhistone。Butheshouldnotwithholdhisdiscoveriesfromtheworld，fortherearedoubtlessmanywho，likemyself，havenotbeenabletofindinallthefinethingsthathaveforlongpastbeenwritteninthisdepartment，anythingthathasadvancedthesciencebysomuchasafinger—breadth;wefindindeedthegivinganewpointtodefinitions，thesupplyingoflameproofswithnewcrutches，theaddingtothecrazy—quiltofmetaphysicsfreshpatchesorchangingitspattern;butallthisisnotwhattheworldrequires。Theworldistiredofmetaphysicalassertions;itwantsthepossibilityofthescience，thesourcesfromwhichcertaintythereincanbederived，andcertaincriteriabywhichitmaydistinguishthedialecticalillusionofpurereasonfromtruth。Tothisthecriticseemstopossessakey，otherwisehewouldneverhavespokenoutinsuchahightone。ButIaminclinedtosuspectthatnosuchrequirementofthesciencehaseverenteredhisthoughts，forinthatcasehewouldhavedirectedhisjudgmenttothispoint，andevenamistakenatteriiptinsuchanimportantmatter，wouldhavewonhisrespect。Ifthatbethecase，weareoncemoregoodfriends。Hemaypenetrateasdeeplyashelikesintometaphysics，withoutanyonehinderinghim;onlyasconcernsthatwhichliesoutsidemetaphysics，itssources，whicharetobefoundinreason，hecannotformajudgment。Thatmysuspicionisnotwithoutfoundation，isprovedbythefactthathedoesnotmentionawordaboutthepossibilityofsyntheticknowledgeapriori，thespecialproblemuponthesolutionofwhichthefateofmetaphysicswhollyrests，anduponwhichmyCritique（aswellasthepresentProlegomena）entirelyhinges。TheIdealismheencountered，andwhichhehungupon，：wasonlytakenupinthedoctrineasthesolemeansofsolvingtheaboveproblem（althoughitreceiveditsconfirmationonothergrounds），andhencehemusthaveshowneitherthattheaboveproblemdoesnotpossesstheimportanceIattributetoit（evenintheseProlegomena），orthatbymyconceptionofappearances，itiseithernotsolvedatall，orcanbebettersolvedinanotherway;butIdonotfindawordofthisinthecriticism。Thereviewer，then，understandsnothingofmywork，andpossiblyalsonothingofthespiritandessentialnatureofmetaphysicsitself;anditisnot，whatIwouldratherassume，thehurryofamanincensedatthelaborofploddingthroughsomanyobstacles，thatthrewanunfavorableshadowovertheworklyingbeforehim，andmadeitsfundamentalfeaturesunrecognizable。Thereisagooddealtobedonebeforealearnedjournal，itmattersnotwithwhatcareitswritersmaybeselected，canmaintainitsotherwisewell—meritedreputation，inthefieldofmetaphysicsaselsewhere。Othersciencesandbranchesofknowledgehavetheirstandard。Mathematicshasit，initself;historyandtheology，inprofaneorsacredbooks;naturalscienceandtheartofmedicine，inmathematicsandexperience;jurisprudence，inlawbooks;andevenmattersoftasteintheexamplesoftheancients。
Butforthejudgmentofthethingcalledmetaphysics，thestandardhasyettobefound。Ihavemadeanattempttodetermineit，aswellasitsuse。Whatistobedone，then，untilitbefound，whenworksofthiskindhavetobejudgedof？Iftheyareofadogmaticcharacter，—onemaydowhatonelikes;noonewillplaythemasteroverothershereforlong，beforesomeoneelseappearstodealwithhiminthesamemanner。If，however，theyarecriticalintheircharacter，notindeedwithreferencetootherworks，buttoreasonitself，sothatthestandardofjudgmentcannotbeassumedbuthasfirstofalltobesoughtfor，then，thoughobjectionandblamemayindeedbepermitted，yetacertaindegreeofleniencyisindispensable，sincetheneediscommontousall，andthelackofthenecessaryinsightmakesthehigh—handedattitudeofjudgeunwarranted。Inorder，however，toconnectmydefensewiththeinterestofthephilosophicalcommonwealth，Iproposeatest，whichmustbedecisiveastothemode，wherebyallmetaphysicalinvestigationsmaybedirectedtotheircommonpurpose。Thisisnothingmorethanwhatformerlymathematicianshavedone，inestablishingtheadvantageoftheirmethodsbycompetition。Ichallengemycritictodemonstrate，asisonlyjust，onapriorigrounds，inhisway，asinglereallymetaphysicalprincipleassertedbyhim。Beingmetaphysicalitmustbesyntheticandknownapriorifromconceptions，butitmayalsobeanyoneofthemostindispensableprinciples，asforinstance，theprincipleofthepersistenceofsubstance，orofthenecessarydeterminationofeventsintheworldbytheircauses。Ifhecannotdothis（silencehoweverisconfession），hemustadmit，thatasmetaphysicswithoutapodicticcertaintyofpropositionsofthiskindisnothingatall，itspossibilityorimpossibilitymustbeforeallthingsbeestablishedinacritiqueofthepurereason。ThusheisboundeithertoconfessthatmyprinciplesintheCritiquearecorrect，orhemustprovetheirinvalidity。
ButasIcanalreadyforesee，that，confidentlyashehashithertoreliedonthecertaintyofhisprinciples，whenitcomestoastricttesthewillnotfindasingleoneinthewholerangeofmetaphysicshecanbringforward，Iwillconcedetohimanadvantageouscondition，whichcanonlybeexpectedinsuchacompetition，andwillrelievehimoftheonusprobandibylayingitonmyself。HefindsintheseProlegomenaandinmyCritique（chapteronthe\"ThesesandAntithesesAntinomies\"）eightpropositions，ofwhichtwoandtwocontradictoneanother，buteachofwhichnecessarilybelongstometaphysics，bywhichitmusteitherbeacceptedorrejected（althoughthereisnotonethathasnotinthistimebeenheldbysomephilosopher）。Nowhehasthelibertyofselectinganyoneoftheseeightpropositionsathispleasure，andacceptingitwithoutanyproof，ofwhichIshallmakehimapresent，butonlyone（forwasteoftimewillbejustaslittleserviceabletohimastome），andthenofattackingmyproofoftheoppositeproposition。IfIcansavethisone，andatthesametimeshow，thataccordingtoprincipleswhicheverydogmaticmetaphysicsmustnecessarilyrecognize，theoppositeofthepropositionadoptedbyhimcanbejustasclearlyproved，itistherebyestablishedthatmetaphysicshasanhereditaryfailing，nottobeexplained，muchlesssetaside，untilweascendtoitsbirth—place，purereasonitself，andthusmyCritiquemusteitherbeacceptedorabetteronetakeitsplace;
itmustatleastbestudied，whichistheonlythingInowrequire。If，ontheotherhand，Icannotsavemydemonstration，thenasyntheticpropositionapriorifromdogmaticprinciplesistobereckonedtothescoreofmyopponent，thenalsoIwilldeemmyimpeachmentofordinarymetaphysicsasunjust，andpledgemyselftorecognizehisstrictureonmyCritiqueasjustified（althoughthiswouldnotbetheconsequencebyalongway）。
Tothisenditwouldbenecessary，itseemstome，thatheshouldstepoutofhisincognito。OtherwiseIdonotseehowitcouldbeavoided，thatinsteadofdealingwithone，Ishouldbehonoredbyseveralproblemscomingfromanonymousandunqualifiedopponents。ProposalsAsToAnInvestigationOfTheCritiqueUponWhichAJudgmentMayFollow。IfeelobligedtothehonoredpublicevenforthesilencewithwhichitforalongtimefavoredmyCritique，forthisprovesatleastapostponementofjudgment，andsomesuppositionthatinawork，leavingallbeatentracksandstrikingoutonanewpath，inwhichonecannotatonceperhapssoeasilyfindone’sway，somethingmayperchancelie，fromwhichanimportantbutatpresentdeadbranchofhumanknowledgemayderivenewlifeandproductiveness。
Hencemayhaveoriginatedasolicitudefortheasyettendershoot，lestitbedestroyedbyahastyjudgment。Atestofajudgment，delayedfortheabovereasons，isnowbeforemyeyeintheGothaischengelehrtenZeitung，thethoroughnessofwhicheveryreaderwillhimselfperceive，fromtheclearandunpervertedpresentationofafragmentofoneofthefirstprinciplesofmywork，withouttakingintoconsiderationmyownsuspiciouspraise。AndnowIpropose，sinceanextensivestructurecannotbejudgedofasawholefromahurriedglance，totestitpiecebypiecefromitsfoundations，sotherebythepresentProlegomenamayfitlybeusedasageneraloutlinewithwhichtheworkitselfmayoccasionallybecompared。Thisnotion，ifitwerefoundedonnothingmorethanmyconceitofimportance，suchasvanitycommonlyattributestoone’sownproductions，wouldbeimmodestandwoulddeservetoberepudiatedwithdisgust。Butnow，theinterestsofspeculativephilosophyhavearrivedatthepointoftotalextinction，whilehumanreasonhangsuponthemwithinextinguishableaffection，andonlyafterhavingbeenceaselesslydeceiveddoesitvainlyattempttochangethisintoindifference。Inourthinkingageitisnottobesupposedbutthatmanydeservingmenwoulduseanygoodopportunityofworkingforthecommoninterestofthemoreandmoreenlightenedreason，iftherewereonlysomehopeofattainingthegoal。Mathematics，naturalscience，laws，arts，evenmorality，etc。，donotcompletelyfillthesoul;thereisalwaysaspaceleftover，reservedforpureandspeculativereason，thevacuityofwhichpromptsustoseekinvagaries，buffooneries，andmysticismforwhatseemstobeemploymentandentertainment，butwhatactuallyismerepastime;inordertodeadenthetroublesomevoiceofreason，whichinaccordancewithitsnaturerequiressomethingthatcansatisfyit，andnotmerelysubserveotherendsortheinterestsofourinclinations。Aconsideration，therefore，whichisconcernedonlywithreasonasitexistsforititself，hasasImayreasonablysupposeagreatfascinationforeveryonewhohasattemptedthustoextendhisconceptions，andImayevensayagreaterthananyothertheoreticalbranchofknowledge，forwhichhewouldnotwillinglyexchangeit，becausehereallothercognitions，andevenpurposes，mustmeetandunitethemselvesinawhole。45Ioffer，therefore，theseProlegomenaasasketchandtext—bookforthisinvestigation，andnottheworkitself。AlthoughIamevennowperfectlysatisfiedwiththelatterasfarascontents，order，andmodeofpresentation，andthecarethatIhaveexpendedinweighingandtestingeverysentencebeforewritingitdown，areconcerned（forithastakenmeyearstosatisfymyselffully，notonlyasregardsthewholebutinsomecasesevenastothesourcesofoneparticularproposition）;yetIamnotquitesatisfiedwithmyexpositioninsomesectionsofthedoctrineofelements，asforinstanceinthedeductionoftheconceptionsoftheUnderstanding，orinthatontheparalogismsofpurereason，becauseacertaindiffusenesstakesawayfromtheirclearness，andinplaceofthem，whatisheresaidintheProlegomenarespectingthesesections，maybemadethebasisofthetest。ItistheboastoftheGermansthatwheresteadyandcontinuousindustryarerequisite，theycancarrythingsfartherthanothernations。Ifthisopinionbewellfounded，anopportunity，abusiness，presentsitself，thesuccessfulissueofwhichwecanscarcelydoubt，andinwhichallthinkingmencanequallytakepart，thoughtheyhavehithertobeenunsuccessfulinaccomplishingitandinthusconfirmingtheabovegoodopinion。Butthisischieflybecausethescienceinquestionisofsopeculiarakind，thatitcanbeatoncebroughttocompletionandtothatenduringstatethatitwillneverbeabletobebroughtintheleastdegreefartherorincreasedbylaterdiscoveries，orevenchanged（leavinghereoutofaccountadornmentbygreaterclearnessinsomeplaces，oradditionaluses），andthisisanadvantagenoothersciencehasorcanhave，becausethereisnonesofullyisolatedandindependentofothers，andwhichisconcernedwiththefacultyofcognitionpureandsimple。Andthepresentmomentseems，moreover，nottobeunfavorabletomyexpectation，forjustnow，inGermany，nooneseemstoknowwherewithtooccupyhimself，apartfromtheso—calledusefulsciences，soastopursuenotmereplay，butabusinesspossessinganenduringpurpose。Todiscoverthemeanshowtheendeavorsofthelearnedmaybeunitedinsuchapurpose，Imustleavetoothers。Inthemeantime，itismyintentiontopersuadeanyonemerelytofollowmypropositions，oreventoflattermewiththehopethathewilldoso;butattacks，repetitions，limitations，orconfirmation，completion，andextension，asthecasemaybe，shouldbeappended。Ifthematterbebutinvestigatedfromitsfoundation，itcannotfailthatasystem，albeitnotmyown，shallbeerected，thatshallbeapossessionforfuturegenerationsforwhichtheymayhavereasontobegrateful。Itwouldleadustoofarheretoshowwhatkindofmetaphysicsmaybeexpected，whenonlytheprinciplesofcriticismhavebeenperfected，andhow，becausetheoldfalsefeathershavebeenpulledout，sheneedbynomeansappearpoorandreducedtoaninsignificantfigure，butmaybeinotherrespectsrichlyandrespectablyadorned。Butotherandgreatuseswhichwouldresultfromsuchareform，strikeoneimmediately。Theordinarymetaphysicshaditsuses，inthatitsoughtouttheelementaryconceptionsofthepureunderstandinginordertomakethemclearthroughanalysis，anddefinitebyexplanation。Inthiswayitwasatrainingforreason，inwhateverdirectionitmightbeturned;butthiswasallthegooditdid;servicewassubsequentlyeffacedwhenitfavoredconceitbyventuresomeassertions，sophistrybysubtledistinctionsandadornment，andshallownessbytheeasewithwhichitdecidedthemostdifficultproblemsbymeansofalittleschool—wisdom，whichisonlythemoreseductivethemoreithasthechoice，ontheonehand，oftakingsomethingfromthelanguageofscience，andontheotherfromthatofpopulardiscourse，thusbeingeverythingtoeverybody，butinrealitynothingatall。Bycriticism，however，astandardisgiventoourjudgment，wherebyknowledgemaybewithcertaintydistinguishedfrompseudo—science，andfirmlyfounded，beingbroughtintofulloperationinmetaphysics;amodeofthoughtextendingbydegreesitsbeneficialinfluenceovereveryotheruseofreason，atonceinfusingintoitthetruephilosophicalspirit。Buttheservicealsothatmetaphysicsperformsfortheology，bymakingitindependentofthejudgmentofdogmaticspeculation，therebyassuringitcompletelyagainsttheattacksofallsuchopponents，iscertainlynottobevaluedlightly。Forordinarymetaphysics，althoughitpromisedthelattermuchadvantage，couldnotkeepthispromise，andmoreover，bysummoningspeculativedogmaticstoitsassistance，didnothingbutarmenemiesagainstitself。Mysticism，whichcanprosperinarationalisticageonlywhenithidesitselfbehindasystemofschool—metaphysics，undertheprotectionofwhichitmayventuretoravewithasemblanceofrationality，isdrivenfromthis，itslasthiding—place，bycriticalphilosophy。Last，butnotleast，itcannotbeotherwisethanimportanttoateacherofmetaphysics，tobeabletosaywithuniversalassent，thatwhatheexpoundsisScience，andthattherebygenuineserviceswillberenderedtothecommonweal。Kant’s\"Prolegomena\"—Notes（InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy）Notes2SaysHorace：\"Rusticusexpectat，dumdefluatamnis，atilleLabituretlabeturinomnevolubilisaevum;\"ArusticfellowwaitethontheshoreFortherivertoflowaway，Buttheriverflows，andflowsonasbefore，Anditflowsforeverandaye。\"3NeverthelessHumecalledthisverydestructivesciencemetaphysicsandattachedtoitgreatvalue。\"Metaphysicsandmorals\"hedeclares\"arethemostimportantbranchesofscience;mathematicsandphysicsarenotnearlysoimportant\"[\"OntheRiseandProgressofArtsandSciences，\"
Essays，Moral，Political，andLiterary]。Buttheacutemanmerelyregardedthenegativeusearisingfromthemoderationofextravagantclaimsofspeculativereason，andthecompletesettlementofthemanyendlessandtroublesomecontroversiesthatmisleadmankind。Heoverlookedthepositiveinjurywhichresults，ifreasonbedeprivedofitsmostimportantprospects，whichcanalonesupplytothewillthehighestaimforallitsendeavor。4[ThetermAnschauunghereusedmeanssense—perception。
ItisthatwhichisgiventothesensesandapprehendedImmediately，asanobjectisseenbymerelylookingatit。Thetranslationintuiition，thoughetymologicallycorrect，ismisleading。Inthepresentpassagethetermisnotusedinitstechnicalsignificancebutmeans\"practicalexperience。\"—Ed。]5[ThetermapodicticisborrowedbyKantfromAristotlewhousesitinthesenseof\"certainbeyonddispute。\"Thewordisderivedfrom[Greek]（=Ishow）andiscontrastedtodialecticpropositions，i。e。，suchstatements\"admitofcontroversy。——Ed。]6Itisunavoidablethatasknowledgeadvances，certainexpressionswhichhavebecomeclassical，afterhavingbeenusedsincetheinfancy：
ofscience，willbefoundinadequateandunsuitable，andanewerandmoreappropriateapplicationofthetermswillgiverisetoconfusion。[Thisisthecasewiththeterm\"analytical。\"]Theanalyticalmethod，sofarasitisopposedtothesynthetical，isverydifferentfromthatwhichconstitutestheessenceofanalyticalpropositions：itsignifiesonlythatwestartfromwhatissought，asifitweregiven，andascendtotheonlyconditionsunderwhichitispossible。Inthismethodweoftenusenothingbutsyntheticalpropositions，asinmathematicalanalysis，anditwerebettertotermittheregressivemethod，incontradistinctiontothesyntheticorprogressive。AprincipalpartofLogictooisdistinguishedbythenameofAnalytics，whichheresignifiesthelogicoftruthincontrasttoDialectics，withoutconsideringwhetherthecognitionsbelongingtoitareanalyticalorsynthetical。7[Thiswholeparagraph（Sect。9）willbebetterunderstoodwhencomparedwithRemarkI。，followingthissection。—Ed。]8[Empiricaljudgments（emfiirischeUrtheile）areeithermerestatementsoffact，viz……recordsofaperception，orstatementsofanaturallaw，implyingacausalconnectionbetweentwofacts。TheformerKantcalls\"
judgmentsofperception\"（Wahrnehmungsurtheile），thelatter\"judgmentsofexperience\"（Erfahrungsurtheile）。—Ed。]9Ifreelygrantthattheseexamplesdonotrepresentsuchjudgmentsofperceptionasevercouldbecomejudgmentsofexperience，eventhoughaconceptoftheunderstandingweresuperadded，becausetheyrefermerelytofeeling，whicheverybodyknowstobemerelysubjective，andwhichofcoursecanneverbeattributedtotheobject，andconsequentlyneverbecomeobjective。Ionlywishedtogivehereanexampleofajudgmentthatismerelysubjectivelyvalid，containingnogroundforuniversalvalidity，andtherebyforarelationtotheobject。Anexampleofthejudgmentsofperception，whichbecomejudgmentsofexperiencebysuperaddedconceptsoftheunderstanding，willbegiveninthenextnote。10Asaneasierexample，wemaytakethefollowing：\"Whenthesunshinesonthestone，itgrowswarm。\"Thisjudgment，howeveroftenI
andothersmayhaveperceivedit，isamerejudgmentofperception，andcontainsnonecessity;perceptionsareonlyusuallyconjoinedinthismanner。
ButifIsay，\"Thesunwarmsthestone，\"Iaddtotheperceptionaconceptoftheunderstanding，viz。，thatofcause，whichconnectswiththeconceptofsunshinethatofheatasanecessaryconsequence，andthesyntheticaljudgmentbecomesofnecessityuniversallyvalid，viz。，objective，andisconvertedfromaperceptionintoexperience。11Thisnameseemspreferabletothetermparticularia，whichisusedforthesejudgmentsinlogic。Forthelatterimpliestheideathattheyarenotuniversal。ButwhenIstartfromunity（insinglejudgments）
andsoproceedtouniversality，Imustnot[evenindirectlyandnegatively]
implyanyreferencetouniversality。Ithinkpluralitymerelywithoutuniversality，andnottheexceptionfromuniversality。Thisisnecessary，iflogicalconsiderationsshallformthebasisofthepureconceptsoftheunderstanding。
However，thereisnoneedofmakingchangesinlogic。12Buthowdoesthisproposition，11thatjudgmentsofexperiencecontainnecessityinthesynthesisofperceptions，\"agreewithmystatementsooftenbeforeinculcated，that\"experienceascognitionaposterioricanaffordcontingentjudgmentsonly？\"WhenIsaythatexperienceteachesmesomething，Imeanonlytheperceptionthatliesinexperience，—forexample，thatheatalwaysfollowstheshiningofthesunonastone;consequentlythepropositionofexperienceisalwayssofaraccidental。Thatthisheatnecessarilyfollowstheshiningofthesuniscontainedindeedinthejudgmentofexperience（bymeansoftheconceptofcause），yetisafactnotlearnedbyexperience;forconversely，experienceisfirstofallgeneratedbythisadditionoftheconceptoftheunderstanding（ofcause）toperception。
HowperceptionattainsthisadditionmaybeseenbyreferringintheCritiqueitselftothesectionontheTranscendentalfacultyofJudgmentLviz—，inthefirstedition，VexdemSchematismxsderTaxesVerstandsbegrirel。13[Kantusesthetermphysiologicalinitsetymologicalmeaningas\"pertainingtothescienceofphysics，\"i。e。，natureingeneral，notasweusethetermnowas\"pertainingtothefunctionsofthelivingbody。\"
Accordinglyithasbeentranslated\"physical。\"——Ed。]14ThethreefollowingparagraphswillhardlybeunderstoodunlessreferencebemadetowhattheCitiqueitselfsaysonthesubjectofthePrinciples;theywill，however，beofserviceingivingageneralviewofthePrinciples，andinfixingtheattentionofthemainpoints。15[KantusesheretheequivocaltermWechsetwirkung。——Ed。]16Heatandlightareinasmallspacejustaslargeastodegreeasinalargeone;inlikemannertheinternalrepresentations，pain，consciousnessingeneral，whethertheylastashortoralongtime，neednotvaryastothedegree。Hencethequantityishereinapointandinamomentjustasgreatasinanyspaceortimehowevergreat。Degreesarethereforecapableofincrease，butnotinintuition，ratherinmeresensation（orthequantityofthedegreeofanintuition）。Hencetheycanonlybeestimatedquantitativelybytherelationof1to0，viz，bytheircapabilityofdecreasingbyinfiniteintermediatedegreestodisappearance，orofincreasingfromnaughtthroughinfinitegradationstoadeterminatesensationinacertaintime。Quantitasqualitatisestgradus[i。e。，thedegreesofqualitymustbemeasuredbyequality。]17Wespeakofthe\"intelligibleworld，\"not（astheusualexpressionis）\"intellectualworld。\"Forcognitionsareintellectualthroughtheunderstanding，andrefertoourworldofsensealso;butobjects，sofarastheycanberepresentedmerelybytheunderstanding，andtowhichnoneofoursensibleintuitionscanrefer，aretermed\"intelligible。\"Butassomepossibleintuitionmustcorrespondtoeveryobject，wewouldhavetoassumeanunderstandingthatintuitsthingsimmediately;butofsuchwehavenottheleastnotion，norhaveweofthethingsoftheunderstanding[Verstandeswasen]，towhichitshouldbeapplied。18Crusiusalonethoughtofacompromise：thataSpirit，whocanneithererrnordeceive，implantedtheselawsinusoriginally。Butsincefalseprinciplesoftenintrudethemselves，asindeedtheverysystemofthismanshowsinnotafewexamples，weareinvolvedilldifficultiesastotheuseofsuchaprincipleintheabsenceofsurecriteriatodistinguishthegenuineoriginfromthespuriousaswenevercanknowcertainlywhattheSpiritoftruthorthefatherofliesmayhaveinstilledintous。19ThedefinitionofnatureisgiveninthebeginningoftheSecondPartofthe\"TranscendentalProblem，\"inSect。14。201。Substantia，2。Qualitas3，Quamtitas，4。Relatio，5。Actio，6。Passio，7。Quando，8。Ubi，9。Situs，10。Habitus。21Oppositum，Prius，Simul，Motus，Habere。22SeethetwotablesinthechaptersVondenParalogismenderreinenVerunftandthefirstdivisionoftheAntinomyofPureReason，SystemderkosmologischenIdeen。23Onthetableofthecategoriesmanyneatobservationsmaybemade，forinstance（1）thatthethirdarisesfromthefirstandthesecondjoinedinoneconcept（2）thatinthoseofQuantityandofQualitythereismerelyaprogressfromunitytototalityorfromsomethingtonothing（forthispurposethecategoriesofQualitymuststandthus：reality，limitation，totalnegation），withoutcorrelataoropposita，whereasthoseofRelationandofModalityhavethem;（3）that，asinLogiccategoricaljudgmentsarethebasisofallothers，sothecategoryofSubstanceisthebasisofallconceptsofactualthings;（4）thatasModalityinthejudgmentisnotaparticularpredicate，sobythemodalconceptsadeterminationisnotsuperaddedtothings，etc。，etc。Suchobservationsareofgreatuse。Ifwebesidesenumerateallthepredicables，whichwecanfindprettycompletelyinanygoodontology（forexample，Baumgarten’s），andarrangetheminclassesunderthecategories，inwhichoperationwemustnotneglecttoaddascompleteadissectionofalltheseconceptsaspossible，therewillthenariseamerelyanalyticalpartofmetaphysics，whichdoesnotcontainasinglesyntheticalproposition。whichmightprecedethesecond（thesynthetical），andwouldbyitsprecisionandcompletenessbenotonlyuseful，but，invirtueofitssystem，beeventosomeextentelegant。24SeeCritiqueofPureReason，VonderAmphiboliederReflexbergriffe。25Ifwecansay，thatascienceisactualatleastintheideaofallmen，assoonasitappearsthattheproblemswhichleadtoitareproposedtoeverybodybythenatureofhumanreason，andthatthereforemany（thoughfaulty）endeavorsareunavoidablymadeinitsbehalf，thenweareboundtoFaythatmetaphysicsissubjectively（andindeednecessarily）
actual，andthereforewejustlyask，howisit（objectively）possible。26Indisjunctivejudgmentsweconsiderallpossibilityasdividedinrespecttoaparticularconcept。Bytheontologicalprincipleoftheuniversaldeterminationofathingingeneral，Iunderstandtheprinciplethateithertheoneortheotherofallpossiblecontradictorypredicatesmustbeassignedtoanyobject。Thisisatthesametimetheprincipleofalldisjunctivejudgments，constitutingthefoundationofourconceptionofpossibility，andinitthepossibilityofeveryobjectingeneralisconsideredasdetermined。Thismayserveasaslightexplanationoftheaboveproposition：thattheactivityofreasonindisjunctivesyllogismsisformallythesameasthatbywhichitfashionstheideaofauniversalconceptionofallreality，containinginitselfthatwhichispositiveinallcontradictorypredicates。27SeeCritiqueofPureReason，VondedParalogismenderreinenVerunft。28Weretherepresentationoftheapperception（theEgo）aconcept，bywhichanythingcouldbethought，itcouldbeusedasapredicate’ofotherthingsorcontainpredicatesinitself。Butitisnothingmorethanthefeelingofanexistencewithouttheleastdefiniteconceptionandisonlytherepresentationofthattowhichallthinkingstandsinrelation（relativeaccidentis）。29Cf。Critique，VondenAnalogienderErfahrung。30Itisindeedveryremarkablehowcarelesslymetaphysicianshavealwayspassedovertheprincipleofthepermanentsofsubstanceswithouteverattemptingaproofofit;doubtlessbecausetheyfoundthemselvesabandonedbyallproofsassoonastheybegantodealwiththeconceptofsubstance。Commonsense，whichfeltdistinctlythatwithoutthispresuppositionnounionofperceptionsinexperienceispossible，suppliedthewantbyapostulate。Fromexperienceitselfitnevercouldderivesuchaprinciple，partlybecausesubstancescannotbesotracedinalltheiralterationsanddissolutions，thatthemattercanalwaysbefoundundiminished，partlybecausetheprinciplecontainsNecessity。whichisalwaysthesignofanaprioriprinciple。Peoplethenboldlyappliedthispostulatetotheconceptofsoulasasubstance，andconcludedanecessarycontinuanceofthesoulafterthedeathofman（especiallyasthesimplicityofthissubstance，whichisinterredfromtheindivisibilityofconsciousness，secureditfromdestructionbydissolution）。Hadtheyfoundthegenuinesourceofthisprinciplesdiscoverywhichrequiresdeeperresearchesthantheywereeverinclinedtomake——theywouldhaveseen，thatthelawofthepermanenceofsubstanceshasplaceforthepurposesofexperienceonly，andhencecanholdgoodofthingssofarastheyaretobeknownandconjoinedwithothersinexperience，butneverindependentlyofallpossibleexperience，andconsequentlycannotholdgoodofthesoulafterdeath。31Cf。Critique，DieantinomiederreinenVernunft。32Ithereforewouldbepleasedtohavethecriticalreadertodevotetothisantinomyofpurereasonhischiefattention，becausenatureitselfseemstohaveestablisheditwithaviewtostaggerreasoninitsdaringpretensions，andtoforceittoself—examination。Foreveryproof，whichIhavegiven，aswellofthethesisasoftheantithesis，Iundertaketoberesponsible，andtherebytoshowthecertaintyoftheinevitableantinomyofreason。Whenthereaderisbroughtbythiscuriousphenomenontofallbackupontheproofofthepresumptionuponwhichitrests，hewillfeethimselfobligedtoinvestigatetheultimatefoundationofallthecognitionofpurereasonwithmemorethoroughly。33Theideaoffreedomoccursonlyintherelationoftheintellectual，ascause，totheappearance，aseffect。Hencewecannotattributefreedomtomatterinregardtotheincessantactionbywhichitfillsitsspace。
thoughthisactiontakesplacefromaninternalprinciple。Wedanlikewisefindnonotionoffreedomsuitabletopurelyrationalbeings，forinstance，toGod，sofarashisactionisimmanent。Forhisaction，thoughindependentofexternaldeterminingcauses，isdeterminedinhiseternalreason，thatis，inthedivinenature。Itisonly，ifsomething，istostartbyanaction，andsotheeffectoccursinthesequenceoftime，orintheworldofsense（e。g。，thebeginningoftheworld），thatwecanputthequestion，whetherthecausalityofthecausemustinitsturnhavebeenstarted，orwhetherthecausecanoriginateaneffectwithoutitscausalityitselfbeginning。
Intheformercasetheconceptofthiscausalityisaconceptofnaturalnecessity，inthelatter，thatoffreedom。Fromthisthereaderwillsee。
that，asIexplainedfreedomtobethefacultyofstartinganeventspontaneously，Ihaveexactlyhitthenotionwhichistheproblemofmetaphysics。34Cf。Critique，thechapteron\"TranscendentalIdeals。\"35HerrPlatnerinhisAphorismsacutelysays（Sects。728，729），\"Ifreasonbeacriterion，noconcept，whichisincomprehensibletohumanreason，canbepossible。Incomprehensibilityhasplaceinwhatisactualonly。Hereincomprehensibilityarisesfromtheinsufficiencyoftheacquiredideas。\"Itsoundsparadoxical，butisotherwisenotstrangetosay，thatinnaturethereismuchincomprehensible（e。g。，thefacultyofgeneration）
butifwemountstillhigher，andevengobeyondnature，everythingagainbecomescomprehensible;forwethenquitentirelytheobjects，whichcanbegivenus，andoccupyourselvesmerelyaboutideas，inwhichoccupationwecaneasilycomprehendthelawthatreasonprescribesbythemtotheunderstandingforitsuseinexperience，becausethelawisthereason’sownproduction。36DerdieGegenstandeanschaute。37[Theuseoftheword\"world\"withoutarticle，thoughodd，seemstobethecorrectreading，butitmaybeameremisprint。——Ed。]38Thereis，e。g。，ananalogybetweenthejuridicalrelationofhumanactionsandthemechanicalrelationofmotivepowers。Inevercandoanythingtoan。othermanwithoutgivinghimarighttodothesametomeonthesameconditions;justasnomasscanactwithitsmotivepoweronanothermasswithouttherebyoccasioningtheothertoreactequallyagainstit。Hererightandmotivepowerarequitedissimilarthings，butintheirrelationthereiscompletesimilarity。BymeansofsuchananalogyIcanobtainanotionoftherelationofthingswhichabsolutelyareunknowntome。Forinstance，asthepromotionofthewelfareofchildren（=a）
istotheloveofparents（=b），sothewelfareofthehumanspecies（=
c）istothatunknown[quantitywhichis]inGod（=x），whichwecalllove;
notasifithadtheleastsimilaritytoanyhumaninclination，butbecausewecansupposeitsrelationtotheworldtobesimilartothatwhichthingsoftheworldbearoneanother。Buttheconceptofrelationinthiscaseisamerecategory，viz。，theconceptofcause，whichhasnothingtodowithsensibility。39Imaysay，thatthecausalityoftheSupremeCauseholdsthesameplacewithregardtotheworldthathumanreasondoeswithregardtoitsworksofart。HerethenatureoftheSupremeCauseitselfremainsunknowntome：Ionlycompareitseffects（theorderoftheworld）whichIknow，andtheirconformitytoreason，totheeffectsofhumanreasonwhichIalsoknow;andhenceItermtheformerreason，withoutattributingtoitonthataccountwhatIunderstandinmanbythisterm，orattachingtoitanythingelseknowntome，asitsproperty。40CritiquePureReason，II。，chap。3，section7。41ThroughoutintheCritiqueIneverlostsightoftheplannottoneglectanything，wereiteversorecondite，thatcouldrendertheinquiryintothenatureofpurereasoncomplete。Everybodymayafterwardscarryhisresearchesasfarashepleases，whenhehasbeenmerelyshownwhatyetremainstobedone。Itisthisadutywhichmustreasonablybeexpectedofhimwhohasmadeithisbusinesstosurveythewholefield，inordertoconsignittoothersforfuturecultivationandallotment。
Andtothisbranchboththescholiabelong，whichwillhardlyrecommendthemselvesbytheirdrynesstoamateurs，andhenceareaddedhereforconnoisseursonly。42Bynomeans\"higher。\"Hightowers，andmetaphysically—greatmanresemblingthem，roundbothofwhichthereiscommonlymuchwind，arenotforme。Myplaceisthefruitfulbathos，thebottom—land，ofexperience;
andthewordtranscendental，themeaningofwhichissooftenexplainedbymebutnotoncegraspedbymyreviewer（socarelesslyhasheregardedeverything），doesnotsignifysomethingpassingbeyondallexperience，butsome。thingthatindeedprecedesitapriori，butthatisintendedsimplytomakecognitionofexperiencepossible。Iftheseconceptionsoverstepexperience，theiremploymentistermedtranscendent，awordwhichmustbedistinguishedfromtranscendental，thelatterbeinglimitedtotheimmanentuse，thatis，toexperience。Allmisunderstandingsofthiskindhavebeensufficientlyguardedagainstintheworkitself，butmyreviewerfoundhisadvantageinmisunderstandingme。43Idealismproperalwayshasamysticaltendency，andcanhavenoother，butmineissolelydesignedforthepurposeofcomprehendingthepossibilityofourcognitionaprioriastoobjectsofexperience，whichisaproblemneverhithertosolvedorevensuggested。Inthiswayallmysticalidealismfallstotheground，for（asmaybeseenalreadyinPlato）itinferredfromourcognitionsapriori（evenfromthoseofgeometry）anotherintuitiondifferentfromthatofthesenses（namely，anintellectualintuition），becauseitneveroccurredtoanyonethatthesensesthemselvesmightintuitapriori。44Therevieweroftenfightswithhisownshadow。WhenIopposethetruthofexperiencetodream，heneverthinksthatIamherespeakingsimplyofthewell—knownsomnioobjectivesumtooftheWolffianphilosophy，whichismerelyformal，andwithwhichthedistinctionbetweensleepingandwakingisinnowayconcerned，andinatranscendentalphilosophyindeedcanhavenoplace。Fortherest，hecallsmydeductionofthecategoriesandtableoftheprinciplesoftheunderstanding，\"commonwell—knownaxiomsoflogicandontology，expressedinanidealisticmanner。\"ThereaderneedonlyconsulttheseProlegomenauponthispoint，toconvincehimselfthatamoremiserableandhistoricallyincorrect，judgment，couldhardlybemade。45[KantrewrotethesesectionsinthesecondeditionoftheCritique。]