Contents：
HowweLiveandHowweMightLiveWhigs，Democrats，andSocialistsFeudalEnglandTheHopesofCivilizationTheAimsofArtUsefulWorkversusUselessToilDawnofaNewEpochHOWWELIVEANDHOWWEMIGHTLIVE
ThewordRevolution，whichweSocialistsaresooftenforcedtouse，hasaterriblesoundinmostpeople’sears，evenwhenwehaveexplainedtothemthatitdoesnotnecessarilymeanachangeaccompaniedbyriotandallkindsofviolence，andcannotmeanachangemademechanicallyandintheteethofopinionbyagroupofmenwhohavesomehowmanagedtoseizeontheexecutivepowerforthemoment。Evenwhenweexplainthatweusethewordrevolutioninitsetymologicalsense，andmeanbyitachangeinthebasisofsociety，peoplearescaredattheideaofsuchavastchange，andbegthatyouwillspeakofreformandnotrevolution。As，however，weSocialistsdonotatallmeanbyourwordrevolutionwhattheseworthypeoplemeanbytheirwordreform，Ican’thelpthinkingthatitwouldbeamistaketouseit，whateverprojectswemightconcealbeneathitsharmlessenvelope。Sowewillsticktoourword，whichmeansachangeofthebasisofsociety;itmayfrightenpeople，butitwillatleastwarnthemthatthereissomethingtobefrightenedabout，whichwillbenolessdangerousforbeingignored;andalsoitmayencouragesomepeople，andwillmeantothematleastnotafear，butahope。
FearandHope——thosearethenamesofthetwogreatpassionswhichruletheraceofman，andwithwhichrevolutionistshavetodeal;togivehopetothemanyoppressedandfeartothefewoppressors，thatisourbusiness;ifwedothefirstandgivehopetothemany，thefewMUSTbefrightenedbytheirhope;otherwisewedonotwanttofrightenthem;itisnotrevengewewantforpoorpeople，buthappiness;indeed，whatrevengecanbetakenforallthethousandsofyearsofthesufferingsofthepoor？
However，manyoftheoppressorsofthepoor，mostofthem，wewillsay，arenotconsciousoftheirbeingoppressors（weshallseewhypresently）;theyliveinanorderly，quietwaythemselves，asfaraspossibleremovedfromthefeelingsofaRomanslave—owneroraLegree;theyknowthatthepoorexist，buttheirsufferingsdonotpresentthemselvestotheminatrenchantanddramaticway;theythemselveshavetroublestobear，andtheythinkdoubtlessthattobeartroubleisthelotofhumanity，norhavetheyanymeansofcomparingthetroublesoftheirliveswiththoseofpeoplelowerinthesocialscale;andifeverthethoughtofthoseheaviertroublesobtrudesitselfuponthem，theyconsolethemselveswiththemaximthatpeopledogetusedtothetroublestheyhavetobear，whatevertheymaybe。
Indeed，asfarasregardsindividualsatleast，thatisbuttootrue，sothatwehaveassupportersofthepresentstateofthings，howeverbaditmaybe，firstthosecomfortableunconsciousoppressorswhothinkthattheyhaveeverythingtofearfromanychangewhichwouldinvolvemorethanthesoftestandmostgradualofreforms，andsecondlythosepoorpeoplewho，livinghardandanxiouslyastheydo，canhardlyconceiveofanychangeforthebetterhappeningtothem，anddarenotriskonetittleoftheirpoorpossessionsintakinganyactiontowardsapossiblebetteringoftheircondition;sothatwhilewecandolittlewiththerichsaveinspirethemwithfear，itishardindeedtogivethepooranyhope。Itis，then，nolessthanreasonablethatthosewhomwetrytoinvolveinthegreatstruggleforabetterformoflifethanthatwhichwenowleadshouldcallonustogivethematleastsomeideaofwhatthatlifemaybelike。
Areasonablerequest，buthardtosatisfy，sincewearelivingunderasystemthatmakesconsciousefforttowardsreconstructionalmostimpossible：itisnotunreasonableonourparttoanswer，\"Therearecertaindefiniteobstaclestotherealprogressofman;wecantellyouwhattheseare;takethemaway，andthenyoushallsee。\"
However，Ipurposenowtooffermyselfasavictimforthesatisfactionofthosewhoconsiderthatasthingsnowgowehaveatleastgotsomething，andareterrifiedattheideaoflosingtheirholdofthat，lesttheyshouldfindtheyareworseoffthanbefore，andhavenothing。Yetinthecourseofmyendeavourtoshowhowwemightlive，Imustmoreorlessdealinnegatives。ImeantosayI
mustpointoutwhereinmyopinionwefallshortinourpresentattemptsatdecentlife。Imustasktherichandwell—to—dowhatsortofapositionitiswhichtheyaresoanxioustopreserveatanycost？andif，afterall，itwillbesuchaterriblelosstothemtogiveitup？andImustpointouttothepoorthatthey，withcapacitiesforlivingadignifiedandgenerouslife，areinapositionwhichtheycannotendurewithoutcontinueddegradation。
Howdowelive，then，underourpresentsystem？Letuslookatitalittle。
Andfirst，pleasetounderstandthatourpresentsystemofSocietyisbasedonastateofperpetualwar。Doanyofyouthinkthatthisisasitshouldbe？Iknowthatyouhaveoftenbeentoldthatthecompetition，whichisatpresenttheruleofallproduction，isagoodthing，andstimulatestheprogressoftherace;butthepeoplewhotellyouthisshouldcallcompetitionbyitsshorternameofWAR
iftheywishtobehonest，andyouwouldthenbefreetoconsiderwhetherornowarstimulatesprogress，otherwisethanasamadbullchasingyouoveryourowngardenmaydo。Warorcompetition，whicheveryoupleasetocallit，meansatthebestpursuingyourownadvantageatthecostofsomeoneelse’sloss，andintheprocessofityoumustnotbesparingofdestructionevenofyourownpossessions，oryouwillcertainlycomebytheworseinthestruggle。
Youunderstandthatperfectlyastothekindofwarinwhichpeoplegoouttokillandbekilled;thatsortofwarinwhichshipsarecommissioned，forinstance，\"tosink，burn，anddestroy;\"butitappearsthatyouarenotsoconsciousofthiswasteofgoodswhenyouareonlycarryingonthatotherwarcalledCOMMERCE;observe，however，thatthewasteisthereallthesame。
Nowletuslookatthiskindofwaralittlecloser，runthroughsomeoftheformsofit，thatwemayseehowthe\"burn，sink，anddestroy\"
iscarriedoninit。
First，youhavethatformofitcallednationalrivalry，whichingoodtruthisnowadaysthecauseofallgunpowderandbayonetwarswhichcivilizednationswage。ForyearspastweEnglishhavebeenrathershyofthem，exceptonthosehappyoccasionswhenwecouldcarrythemonatnosortofrisktoourselves，whenthekillingwasallononeside，oratalleventswhenwehopeditwouldbe。Wehavebeenshyofgunpowderwarwitharespectableenemyforalongwhile，andIwilltellyouwhy：Itisbecausewehavehadthelion’s—shareoftheworld—market;wedidn’twanttofightforitasanation，forwehadgotit;butnowthisischanginginamostsignificant，and，toaSocialist，amostcheeringway;wearelosingorhavelostthatlion’sshare;itisnowadesperate\"competition\"betweenthegreatnationsofcivilizationfortheworld—market，andto—morrowitmaybeadesperatewarforthatend。Asaresult，thefurtheringofwar（ifitbenotontoolargeascale）isnolongerconfinedtothehonour—
and—glorykindofoldTories，whoiftheymeantanythingatallbyitmeantthataTorywarwouldbeagoodoccasionfordampingdowndemocracy;wehavechangedallthat，andnowitisquiteanotherkindofpoliticianthatiswonttourgeusonto\"patriotism\"as’tiscalled。TheleadersoftheProgressiveLiberals，astheywouldcallthemselves，long—headedpersonswhoknowwellenoughthatsocialmovementsaregoingon，whoarenotblindtothefactthattheworldwillmovewiththeirhelporwithoutit;thesehavebeentheJingoesoftheselaterdays。Idon’tmeantosaytheyknowwhattheyaredoing：politicians，asyouwellknow，takegoodcaretoshuttheireyestoeverythingthatmayhappensixmonthsahead;butwhatisbeingdoneisthis：thatthepresentsystem，whichalwaysmustincludenationalrivalry，ispushingusintoadesperatescrambleforthemarketsonmoreorlessequaltermswithothernations，because，oncemore，wehavelostthatcommandofthemwhichweoncehad。
Desperateisnottoostrongaword。Weshallletthisimpulsetosnatchmarketscarryuswhitheritwill，whitheritmust。To—dayitissuccessfulburglaryanddisgrace，to—morrowitmaybemeredefeatanddisgrace。
Nowthisisnotadigression，althoughinsayingthisIamnearertowhatisgenerallycalledpoliticsthanIshallbeagain。Ionlywanttoshowyouwhatcommercialwarcomestowhenithastodowithforeignnations，andthateventhedullestcanseehowmerewastemustgowithit。Thatishowwelivenowwithforeignnations，preparedtoruinthemwithoutwarifpossible，withitifnecessary，letalonemeantimethedisgracefulexploitingofsavagetribesandbarbarouspeoples，onwhomweforceatonceourshoddywaresandourhypocrisyatthecannon’smouth。
Well，surelySocialismcanofferyousomethingintheplaceofallthat。Itcan;itcanofferyoupeaceandfriendshipinsteadofwar。
Wemightliveutterlywithoutnationalrivalries，acknowledgingthatwhileitisbestforthosewhofeelthattheynaturallyformacommunityunderonenametogovernthemselves，yetthatnocommunityincivilizationshouldfeelthatithadinterestsopposedanyother，theireconomicalconditionbeingatanyratesimilar;sothatanycitizenofonecommunitycouldfalltoworkandlivewithoutdisturbanceofhislifewhenhewasinaforeigncountry，andwouldfitintohisplacequitenaturally;sothatallcivilizednationswouldformonegreatcommunity，agreeingtogetherastothekindandamountofproductionanddistributionneeded;workingatsuchandsuchproductionwhereitcouldbebestproduced;avoidingwastebyallmeans。Pleasetothinkoftheamountofwastewhichtheywouldavoid，howmuchsucharevolutionwouldaddtothewealthoftheworld！Whatcreatureonearthwouldbeharmedbysucharevolution？
Nay，wouldnoteverybodybethebetterforit？Andwhathindersit？
Iwilltellyoupresently。
Meantimeletuspassfromthis\"competition\"betweennationstothatbetween\"theorganizersoflabour，\"greatfirms，joint—stockcompanies;capitalistsinshort，andseehowcompetition\"stimulatesproduction\"amongthem：indeeditdoesdothat;butwhatkindofproduction？Well，productionofsomethingtosellataprofit，orsayproductionofprofits：andnotehowwarcommercialstimulatesthat：acertainmarketisdemandinggoods;thereare，say，ahundredmanufacturerswhomakethatkindofgoods，andeveryoneofthemwouldifhecouldkeepthatmarkettohimself;andstrugglesdesperatelytogetasmuchofitashecan，withtheobviousresultthatpresentlythethingisoverdone，andthemarketisglutted，andallthatfuryofmanufacturehastosinkintocoldashes。Doesn’tthatseemsomethinglikewartoyou？Can’tyouseethewasteofit——
wasteoflabour，skill，cunning，wasteoflifeinshort？Well，youmaysay，butitcheapensthegoods。Inasenseitdoes;andyetonlyapparently，aswageshaveatendencytosinkfortheordinaryworkerinproportionaspricessink;andatwhatacostdowegainthisappearanceofcheapness！Plainlyspeaking，atthecostofcheatingtheconsumerandstarvingtherealproducerforthebenefitofthegambler，whousesbothconsumerandproducerashismilchcows。I
needn’tgoatlengthintothesubjectofadulteration，foreveryoneknowswhatkindofapartitplaysinthissortofcommerce;butrememberthatitisanabsolutelynecessaryincidenttotheproductionofprofitoutofwares，whichisthebusinessoftheso—
calledmanufacturer;andthisyoumustunderstand，that，takinghiminthelump，theconsumerisperfectlyhelplessagainstthegambler;
thegoodsareforcedonhimbytheircheapness，andwiththemacertainkindoflifewhichthatenergetic，thataggressivecheapnessdeterminesforhim：forsofar—reachingisthiscurseofcommercialwarthatnocountryissafefromitsravages;thetraditionsofathousandyearsfallbeforeitinamonth;itoverrunsaweakorsemi—
barbarouscountry，andwhateverromanceorpleasureorartexistedthere，istroddendownintoamireofsordidnessandugliness;theIndianorJavanesecraftsmanmaynolongerplyhiscraftleisurely，workingafewhoursaday，inproducingamazeofstrangebeautyonapieceofcloth：asteam—engineisseta—goingatManchester，andthatvictoryovernatureandathousandstubborndifficultiesisusedforthebaseworkofproducingasortofplasterofchina—clayandshoddy，andtheAsiaticworker，ifheisnotstarvedtodeathoutright，asplentifullyhappens，isdrivenhimselfintoafactorytolowerthewagesofhisManchesterbrotherworker，andnothingofcharacterislefthimexcept，mostlike，anaccumulationoffearandhatredofthattohimmostunaccountableevil，hisEnglishmaster。
TheSouthSeaIslandermustleavehiscanoe—carving，hissweetrest，andhisgracefuldances，andbecometheslaveofaslave：trousers，shoddy，rum，missionary，andfataldisease——hemustswallowallthiscivilizationinthelump，andneitherhimselfnorwecanhelphimnowtillsocialorderdisplacesthehideoustyrannyofgamblingthathasruinedhim。
Letthosebetypesoftheconsumer：butnowfortheproducer;Imeantherealproducer，theworker;howdoesthisscramblefortheplunderofthemarketaffecthim？Themanufacturer，intheeagernessofhiswar，hashadtocollectintooneneighbourhoodavastarmyofworkers，hehasdrilledthemtilltheyareasfitasmaybeforhisspecialbranchofproduction，thatis，formakingaprofitoutofit，andwiththeresultoftheirbeingfitfornothingelse：well，whentheglutcomesinthatmarketheissupplying，whathappenstothisarmy，everyprivateinwhichhasbeendependingonthesteadydemandinthatmarket，andacting，ashecouldnotchoosebutact，asifitweretogoonforever？Youknowwellwhathappenstothesemen：
thefactorydoorisshutonthem;onaverylargepartofthemoften，andatthebestonthereservearmyoflabour，sobusilyemployedinthetimeofinflation。Whatbecomesofthem？Nay，weknowthatwellenoughjustnow。Butwhatwedon’tknow，ordon’tchoosetoknow，is，thatthisreservearmyoflabourisanabsolutenecessityforcommercialwar;ifOURmanufacturershadnotgotthesepoordevilswhomtheycoulddraftontotheirmachineswhenthedemandswelled，othermanufacturersinFrance，orGermany，orAmerica，wouldstepinandtakethemarketfromthem。
Soyousee，aswelivenow，itisnecessarythatavastpartoftheindustrialpopulationshouldbeexposedtothedangerofperiodicalsemi—starvation，andthat，notfortheadvantageofthepeopleinanotherpartoftheworld，butfortheirdegradationandenslavement。
Justletyourmindsrunforamomentonthekindofwastewhichthismeans，thisopeningupofnewmarketsamongsavageandbarbarouscountrieswhichistheextremetypeoftheforceoftheprofit—marketontheworld，andyouwillsurelyseewhatahideousnightmarethatprofit—marketis：itkeepsussweatingandterrifiedforourlivelihood，unabletoreadabook，orlookatapicture，orhavepleasantfieldstowalkin，ortolieinthesun，ortoshareintheknowledgeofourtime，tohaveinshorteitheranimalorintellectualpleasure，andforwhat？thatwemaygoonlivingthesameslavishlifetillwedie，inordertoprovideforarichmanwhatiscalledalifeofeaseandluxury;thatistosay，alifesoempty，unwholesome，anddegraded，thatperhaps，onthewhole，heisworseoffthanwetheworkersare：andastotheresultofallthissuffering，itisluckiestwhenitisnothingatall，whenyoucansaythatthewareshavedonenobodyanygood;foroftenesttheyhavedonemanypeopleharm，andwehavetoiledandgroanedanddiedinmakingpoisonanddestructionforourfellow—men。
Well，Isayallthisiswar，andtheresultsofwar，thewarthistime，notofcompetingnations，butofcompetingfirmsorcapitalistunits：anditisthiswarofthefirmswhichhindersthepeacebetweennationswhichyousurelyhaveagreedwithmeinthinkingissonecessary;foryoumustknowthatwaristheverybreathofthenostrilsofthesefightingfirms，andtheyhavenow，inourtimes，gotintotheirhandsnearlyallthepoliticalpower，andtheybandtogetherineachcountryinordertomaketheirrespectivegovernmentsfulfiljusttwofunctions：thefirstisathometoactasastrongpoliceforce，tokeeptheringinwhichthestrongarebeatingdowntheweak;thesecondistoactasapiraticalbody—guardabroad，apetardtoexplodethedoorswhichleadtothemarketsoftheworld：marketsatanypriceabroad，uninterfered—withprivilege，falselycalledlaissez—faire，{1}atanypriceathome，toprovidetheseisthesolebusinessofagovernmentsuchasourindustrialcaptainshavebeenabletoconceiveof。Imustnowtrytoshowyouthereasonofallthis，andwhatitrestson，bytryingtoanswerthequestion，Whyhavetheprofit—makersgotallthispower，oratleastwhyaretheyabletokeepit？
Thattakesustothethirdformofwarcommercial：thelast，and，theonewhichalltherestisfoundedon。Wehavespokenfirstofthewarofrivalnations;nextofthatofrivalfirms：wehavenowtospeakofrivalmen。Asnationsunderthepresentsystemaredriventocompetewithoneanotherforthemarketsoftheworld，andasfirmsorthecaptainsofindustryhavetoscramblefortheirshareoftheprofitsofthemarkets，soalsohavetheworkerstocompetewitheachother——forlivelihood;anditisthisconstantcompetitionorwaramongstthemwhichenablestheprofit—grinderstomaketheirprofits，andbymeansofthewealthsoacquiredtotakealltheexecutivepowerofthecountryintotheirhands。Buthereisthedifferencebetweenthepositionoftheworkersandtheprofit—makers：
tothelatter，theprofit—grinders，warisnecessary;youcannothaveprofit—makingwithoutcompetition，individual，corporate，andnational;butyoumayworkforalivelihoodwithoutcompeting;youmaycombineinsteadofcompeting。
Ihavesaidwarwasthelife—breathoftheprofit—makers;inlikemanner，combinationisthelifeoftheworkers。Theworking—classesorproletariatcannotevenexistasaclasswithoutcombinationofsomesort。Thenecessitywhichforcedtheprofit—grinderstocollecttheirmenfirstintoworkshopsworkingbythedivisionoflabour，andnextintogreatfactoriesworkedbymachinery，andsograduallytodrawthemintothegreattownsandcentresofcivilization，gavebirthtoadistinctworking—classorproletariat：andthisitwaswhichgavethemtheirMECHANICALexistence，sotosay。Butnote，thattheyareindeedcombinedintosocialgroupsfortheproductionofwares，butonlyasyetmechanically;theydonotknowwhattheyareworkingat，norwhomtheyareworkingfor，becausetheyarecombiningtoproducewaresofwhichtheprofitofamasterformsanessentialpart，insteadofgoodsfortheirownuse：aslongastheydothis，andcompetewitheachotherforleavetodoit，theywillbe，andwillfeelthemselvestobe，simplyapartofthosecompetingfirmsIhavebeenspeakingof;theywillbeinfactjustapartofthemachineryfortheproductionofprofit;andsolongasthislastsitwillbetheaimofthemastersorprofit—makerstodecreasethemarketvalueofthishumanpartofthemachinery;thatistosay，sincetheyalreadyholdintheirhandsthelabourofdeadmenintheformofcapitalandmachinery，itistheirinterest，orwewillsaytheirnecessity，topayaslittleastheycanhelpforthelabouroflivingmenwhichtheyhavetobuyfromdaytoday：andsincetheworkmentheyemployhavenothingbuttheirlabour—power，theyarecompelledtounderbidoneanotherforemploymentandwages，andsoenablethecapitalisttoplayhisgame。
Ihavesaidthat，asthingsgo，theworkersareapartofthecompetingfirms，anadjunctofcapital。Nevertheless，theyareonlysobycompulsion;and，evenwithouttheirbeingconsciousofit，theystruggleagainstthatcompulsionanditsimmediateresults，theloweringoftheirwages，oftheirstandardoflife;andthistheydo，andmustdo，bothasaclassandindividually：justastheslaveofthegreatRomanlord，thoughhedistinctlyfelthimselftobeapartofthehousehold，yetcollectivelywasaforceinreserveforitsdestruction，andindividuallystolefromhislordwheneverhecouldsafelydoso。So，here，yousee，isanotherformofwarnecessarytothewaywelivenow，thewarofclassagainstclass，which，whenitrisestoitsheight，anditseemstoberisingatpresent，willdestroythoseotherformsofwarwehavebeenspeakingof;willmakethepositionoftheprofit—makers，ofperpetualcommercialwar，untenable;willdestroythepresentsystemofcompetitiveprivilege，orcommercialwar。
Nowobserve，Isaidthattotheexistenceoftheworkersitwascombination，notcompetition，thatwasnecessary，whiletothatoftheprofit—makerscombinationwasimpossible，andwarnecessary。Thepresentpositionoftheworkersisthatofthemachineryofcommerce，orinplainerwordsitsslaves;whentheychangethatpositionandbecomefree，theclassofprofit—makersmustceasetoexist;andwhatwillthenbethepositionoftheworkers？Evenasitistheyaretheonenecessarypartofsociety，thelife—givingpart;theotherclassesarebuthangers—onwholiveonthem。Butwhatshouldtheybe，whatwilltheybe，whenthey，onceforall，cometoknowtheirrealpower，andceasecompetingwithoneanotherforlivelihood？I
willtellyou：theywillbesociety，theywillbethecommunity。
Andbeingsociety——thatis，therebeingnoclassoutsidethemtocontendwith——theycanthenregulatetheirlabourinaccordancewiththeirownrealneeds。
Thereismuchtalkaboutsupplyanddemand，butthesupplyanddemandusuallymeantisanartificialone;itisundertheswayofthegamblingmarket;thedemandisforced，asIhintedabove，beforeitissupplied;nor，aseachproducerisworkingagainstalltherest，cantheproducersholdtheirhands，tillthemarketisgluttedandtheworkers，thrownoutonthestreets，hearthattherehasbeenover—production，amidstwhichover—plusofunsaleablegoodstheygoill—suppliedwithevennecessaries，becausethewealthwhichtheythemselveshavecreatedis\"ill—distributed，\"aswecallit——thatis，unjustlytakenawayfromthem。
Whentheworkersaresocietytheywillregulatetheirlabour，sothatthesupplyanddemandshallbegenuine，notgambling;thetwowillthenbecommensurate，foritisthesamesocietywhichdemandsthatalsosupplies;therewillbenomoreartificialfaminesthen，nomorepovertyamidstover—production，amidsttoogreatastockoftheverythingswhichshouldsupplypovertyandturnitintowell—being。Inshort，therewillbenowasteandthereforenotyranny。
Well，now，whatSocialismoffersyouinplaceoftheseartificialfamines，withtheirso—calledover—production，is，oncemore，regulationofthemarkets;supplyanddemandcommensurate;nogambling，andconsequently（oncemore）nowaste;notoverworkandwearinessfortheworkeronemonth，andthenextnoworkandterrorofstarvation，butsteadyworkandplentyofleisureeverymonth;notcheapmarketwares，thatistosay，adulteratedwares，withscarcelyanyGOODinthem，merescaffold—polesforbuildingupprofits;nolabourwouldbespentonsuchthingsasthese，whichpeoplewouldceasetowantwhentheyceasedtobeslaves。Notthese，butsuchgoodsasbestfulfilledtherealusesoftheconsumers，wouldlabourbesettomake;forprofitbeingabolished，peoplecouldhavewhattheywanted，insteadofwhattheprofit—grindersathomeandabroadforcedthemtotake。
ForwhatIwantyoutounderstandisthis：thatineverycivilizedcountryatleastthereisplentyforall——is，oratanyratemightbe。Evenwithlaboursomisdirectedasitisatpresent，anequitabledistributionofthewealthwehavewouldmakeallpeoplecomparativelycomfortable;butthatisnothingtothewealthwemighthaveiflabourwerenotmisdirected。
Observe，intheearlydaysofthehistoryofmanhewastheslaveofhismostimmediatenecessities;Naturewasmightyandhewasfeeble，andhehadtowageconstantwarwithherforhisdailyfoodandsuchshelterashecouldget。Hislifewasbounddownandlimitedbythisconstantstruggle;allhismorals，laws，religion，areinfacttheoutcomeandthereflectionofthisceaselesstoilofearninghislivelihood。Timepassed，andlittlebylittle，stepbystep，hegrewstronger，tillnowafteralltheseageshehasalmostcompletelyconqueredNature，andonewouldthinkshouldnowhaveleisuretoturnhisthoughtstowardshigherthingsthanprocuringto—morrow’sdinner。
But，alas！hisprogresshasbeenbrokenandhalting;andthoughhehasindeedconqueredNatureandhasherforcesunderhiscontroltodowhathewillwith，hestillhashimselftoconquer，hestillhastothinkhowhewillbestusethoseforceswhichhehasmastered。Atpresentheusesthemblindly，foolishly，asonedrivenbymerefate。
Itwouldalmostseemasifsomephantomoftheceaselesspursuitoffoodwhichwasoncethemasterofthesavagewasstillhuntingthecivilizedman;whotoilsinadream，asitwere，hauntedbymeredimunrealhopes，borneofvaguerecollectionsofthedaysgoneby。Outofthatdreamhemustwake，andfacethingsastheyreallyare。TheconquestofNatureiscomplete，maywenotsay？andnowourbusinessis，andhasforlongbeen，theorganizationofman，whowieldstheforcesofNature。Nortillthisisattemptedatleastshallweeverbefreeofthatterriblephantomoffearofstarvationwhich，withitsbrotherdevil，desireofdomination，drivesusintoinjustice，cruelty，anddastardlinessofallkinds：toceasetofearourfellowsandlearntodependonthem，todoawaywithcompetitionandbuildupco—operation，isouronenecessity。
Now，togetclosertodetails;youprobablyknowthateverymanincivilizationisworth，sotosay，morethanhisskin;working，ashemustwork，socially，hecanproducemorethanwillkeephimselfaliveandinfaircondition;andthishasbeensoformanycenturies，fromthetime，infact，whenwarringtribesbegantomaketheirconqueredenemiesslavesinsteadofkillingthem;andofcoursehiscapacityofproducingtheseextrashasgoneonincreasingfasterandfaster，tillto—dayonemanwillweave，forinstance，asmuchclothinaweekaswillclotheawholevillageforyears：andtherealquestionofcivilizationhasalwaysbeenwhatarewetodowiththisextraproduceoflabour——aquestionwhichthephantom，fearofstarvation，anditsfellow，desireofdomination，hasdrivenmentoanswerprettybadlyalways，andworstofallperhapsinthesepresentdays，whentheextraproducehasgrownwithsuchprodigiousspeed。Thepracticalanswerhasalwaysbeenformantostrugglewithhisfellowforprivatepossessionofunduesharesoftheseextras，andallkindsofdeviceshavebeenemployedbythosewhofoundthemselvesinpossessionofthepoweroftakingthemfromotherstokeepthosewhomtheyhadrobbedinperpetualsubjection;andtheselatter，asIhavealreadyhinted，hadnochanceofresistingthisfleecingaslongastheywerefewandscattered，andconsequentlycouldhavelittlesenseoftheircommonoppression。Butnowthat，owingtotheverypursuitoftheseunduesharesofprofit，orextraearnings，menhavebecomemoredependentoneachotherforproduction，andhavebeendriven，asIsaidbefore，tocombinetogetherforthatendmorecompletely，thepoweroftheworkers——thatistosay，oftherobbedorfleecedclass—
—hasenormouslyincreased，anditonlyremainsforthemtounderstandthattheyhavethispower。Whentheydothattheywillbeabletogivetherightanswertothequestionwhatistobedonewiththeextraproductsoflabouroverandabovewhatwillkeepthelaboureralivetolabour：whichansweris，thattheworkerwillhaveallthatheproduces，andnotbefleecedatall：andrememberthatheproducescollectively，andthereforehewilldoeffectivelywhatworkisrequiredofhimaccordingtohiscapacity，andoftheproduceofthatworkhewillhavewhatheneeds;because，yousee，hecannotUSE
morethanheneeds——hecanonlyWASTEit。
Ifthisarrangementseemstoyoupreposterouslyideal，asitwellmay，lookingatourpresentcondition，Imustbackitupbysayingthatwhenmenareorganizedsothattheirlabourisnotwasted，theywillberelievedfromthefearofstarvationandthedesireofdomination，andwillhavefreedomandleisuretolookroundandseewhattheyreallydoneed。
NowsomethingofthatIcanconceiveformyownself，andIwilllaymyideasbeforeyou，sothatyoumaycomparethemwithyourown，askingyoualwaystorememberthattheverydifferencesinmen’scapacitiesanddesires，afterthecommonneedoffoodandshelterissatisfied，willmakeiteasiertodealwiththeirdesiresinacommunalstateofthings。
WhatisitthatIneed，therefore，whichmysurroundingcircumstancescangiveme——mydealingswithmyfellow—men——settingasideinevitableaccidentswhichco—operationandforethoughtcannotcontrol，iftherebesuch？
Well，firstofallIclaimgoodhealth;andIsaythatavastproportionofpeopleincivilizationscarcelyevenknowwhatthatmeans。Tofeelmerelifeapleasure;toenjoythemovingone’slimbsandexercisingone’sbodilypowers;toplay，asitwere，withsunandwindandrain;torejoiceinsatisfyingtheduebodilyappetitesofahumananimalwithoutfearofdegradationorsenseofwrong—doing：
yes，andtherewithaltobewellformed，straight—limbed，stronglyknit，expressiveofcountenance——tobe，inaword，beautiful——thatalsoIclaim。Ifwecannothavethisclaimsatisfied，wearebutpoorcreaturesafterall;andIclaimitintheteethofthoseterribledoctrinesofasceticism，which，bornofthedespairoftheoppressedanddegraded，havebeenforsomanyagesusedasinstrumentsforthecontinuanceofthatoppressionanddegradation。
AndIbelievethatthisclaimforahealthybodyforallofuscarrieswithitallotherdueclaims：forwhoknowswheretheseedsofdiseasewhichevenrichpeoplesufferfromwerefirstsown：fromtheluxuryofanancestor，perhaps;yetoften，Isuspect，fromhispoverty。Andforthepoor：adistinguishedphysicisthassaidthatthepoorsufferalwaysfromonedisease——hunger;andatleastIknowthis，thatifamanisoverworkedinanydegreehecannotenjoythesortofhealthIamspeakingof;norcanheifheiscontinuallychainedtoonedullroundofmechanicalwork，withnohopeattheotherendofit;norifhelivesincontinualsordidanxietyforhislivelihood，norifheisill—housed，norifheisdeprivedofallenjoymentofthenaturalbeautyoftheworld，norifhehasnoamusementtoquickentheflowofhisspiritsfromtimetotime：allthesethings，whichtouchmoreorlessdirectlyonhisbodilycondition，arebornoftheclaimImaketoliveingoodhealth;
indeed，Isuspectthatthesegoodconditionsmusthavebeeninforceforseveralgenerationsbeforeapopulationingeneralwillbereallyhealthy，asIhavehintedabove;butalsoIdoubtnotthatinthecourseoftimetheywould，joinedtootherconditions，ofwhichmorehereafter，graduallybreedsuchapopulation，livinginenjoymentofanimallifeatleast，happytherefore，andbeautifulaccordingtothebeautyoftheirrace。OnthispointImaynotethattheveryvariationsintheracesofmenarecausedbytheconditionsunderwhichtheylive，andthoughintheserougherpartsoftheworldwelacksomeoftheadvantagesofclimateandsurroundings，yet，ifwewereworkingforlivelihoodandnotforprofit，wemighteasilyneutralizemanyofthedisadvantagesofourclimate，atleastenoughgiveduescopetothefulldevelopmentofourrace。
NowthenextthingIclaimiseducation。AndyoumustnotsaythateveryEnglishchildiseducatednow;thatsortofeducationwillnotanswermyclaim，thoughIcheerfullyadmititissomething：
something，andyetafterallonlyclasseducation。WhatIclaimisliberaleducation;opportunity，thatis，tohavemyshareofwhateverknowledgethereisintheworldaccordingtomycapacityorbentofmind，historicalorscientific;andalsotohavemyshareofskillofhandwhichisaboutintheworld，eitherintheindustrialhandicraftsorinthefinearts;picture—painting，sculpture，music，acting，orthelike：Iclaimtobetaught，ifIcanbetaught，morethanonecrafttoexerciseforthebenefitofthecommunity。Youmaythinkthisalargeclaim，butIamclearitisnottoolargeaclaimifthecommunityistohaveanygainoutofmyspecialcapacities，ifwearenotalltobebeatendowntoadulllevelofmediocrityaswearenow，allbuttheverystrongestandtoughestofus。
ButalsoIknowthatthisclaimforeducationinvolvesoneforpublicadvantagesintheshapeofpubliclibraries，schools，andthelike，suchasnoprivateperson，noteventherichest，couldcommand：buttheseIclaimveryconfidently，beingsurethatnoreasonablecommunitycouldbeartobewithoutsuchhelpstoadecentlife。
Again，theclaimforeducationinvolvesaclaimforabundantleisure，whichoncemoreImakewithconfidence;becausewhenoncewehaveshakenofftheslaveryofprofit，labourwouldbeorganizedsounwastefullythatnoheavyburdenwouldbelaidontheindividualcitizens;everyoneofwhomasamatterofcoursewouldhavetopayhistollofsomeobviouslyusefulwork。Atpresentyoumustnotethatalltheamazingmachinerywhichwehaveinventedhasservedonlytoincreasetheamountofprofit—bearingwares;inotherwords，toincreasetheamountofprofitpouchedbyindividualsfortheirownadvantage，partofwhichprofittheyuseascapitalfortheproductionofmoreprofit，witheverthesamewasteattachedtoit;
andpartasprivaterichesormeansforluxuriousliving，whichagainissheerwaste——isinfacttobelookedonasakindofbonfireonwhichrichmenburnuptheproductofthelabourtheyhavefleecedfromtheworkersbeyondwhattheythemselvescanuse。SoIsaythat，inspiteofourinventions，noworkerworksunderthepresentsystemanhourthelessonaccountofthoselabour—savingmachines，so—
called。Butunderahappierstateofthingstheywouldbeusedsimplyforsavinglabour，withtheresultofavastamountofleisuregainedforthecommunitytobeaddedtothatgainedbytheavoidanceofthewasteofuselessluxury，andtheabolitionoftheserviceofcommercialwar。
AndImaysaythatastothatleisure，asIshouldinnocasedoanyharmtoanyonewithit，soIshouldoftendosomedirectgoodtothecommunitywithit，bypractisingartsoroccupationsformyhandsorbrainwhichwouldgivepleasuretomanyofthecitizens;inotherwords，agreatdealofthebestworkdonewouldbedoneintheleisuretimeofmenrelievedfromanyanxietyastotheirlivelihood，andeagertoexercisetheirspecialtalent，asallmen，nay，allanimalsare。
Now，again，thisleisurewouldenablemetopleasemyselfandexpandmymindbytravellingifIhadamindtoit：because，say，forinstance，thatIwereashoemaker;ifduesocialorderwereestablished，itbynomeansfollowsthatIshouldalwaysbeobligedtomakeshoesinoneplace;adueamountofeasilyconceivablearrangementwouldenablemetomakeshoesinRome，say，forthreemonths，andtocomebackwithnewideasofbuilding，gatheredfromthesightoftheworksofpastages，amongstotherthingswhichwouldperhapsbeofserviceinLondon。
Butnow，inorderthatmyleisuremightnotdegenerateintoidlenessandaimlessness，Imustsetupaclaimfordueworktodo。Nothingtomymindismoreimportantthanthisdemand，andImustaskyourleavetosaysomethingaboutit。IhavementionedthatIshouldprobablyusemyleisurefordoingagooddealofwhatisnowcalledwork;butitisclearthatifIamamemberofaSocialistCommunityImustdomydueshareofrougherworkthanthis——mydueshareofwhatmycapacityenablesmetodo，thatis;nofittingofmetoaProcrusteanbed;buteventhatshareofworknecessarytotheexistenceofthesimplestsociallifemust，inthefirstplace，whateverelseitis，bereasonablework;thatis，itmustbesuchworkasagoodcitizencanseethenecessityfor;asamemberofthecommunity，Imusthaveagreedtodoit。
Totaketwostronginstancesofthecontrary，Iwon’tsubmittobedressedupinredandmarchedofftoshootatmyFrenchorGermanorArabfriendinaquarrelthatIdon’tunderstand;Iwillrebelsoonerthandothat。
NorwillIsubmittowastemytimeandenergiesinmakingsometriflingtoywhichIknowonlyafoolcandesire;Iwillrebelsoonerthandothat。
However，youmaybesurethatinastateofsocialorderIshallhavenoneedtorebelagainstanysuchpiecesofunreason;onlyIamforcedtospeakfromthewaywelivetothewaywemightlive。
Again，ifthenecessaryreasonableworkbeofamechanicalkind，I
mustbehelpedtodoitbyamachine，nottocheapenmylabour，butsothataslittletimeaspossiblemaybespentuponit，andthatI
maybeabletothinkofotherthingswhileamtendingthemachine。
Andiftheworkbespeciallyroughorexhausting，youwill，Iamsure，agreewithmeinsayingthatImusttaketurnsindoingitwithotherpeople;ImeanImustn’t，forinstance，beexpectedtospendmyworkinghoursalwaysatthebottomofacoal—pit。Ithinksuchworkasthatoughttobelargelyvolunteerwork，anddone，asIsay，inspells。AndwhatIsayofveryroughworkIsayalsoofnastywork。
Ontheotherhand，Ishouldthinkverylittleofthemanhoodofastoutandhealthymanwhodidnotfeelapleasureindoingroughwork;alwayssupposinghimtoworkundertheconditionsIhavebeenspeakingof——namely，feelingthatitwasuseful（andconsequentlyhonoured），andthatitwasnotcontinuousorhopeless，andthathewasreallydoingitofhisownfreewill。
ThelastclaimImakeformyworkisthattheplacesIworkedin，factoriesorworkshops，shouldbepleasant，justasthefieldswhereourmostnecessaryworkisdonearepleasant。Believemethereisnothingintheworldtopreventthisbeingdone，savethenecessityofmakingprofitsonallwares;inotherwords，thewaresarecheapenedattheexpenseofpeoplebeingforcedtoworkincrowded，unwholesome，squalid，noisydens：thatistosay，theyarecheapenedattheexpenseoftheworkman’slife。
Well，somuchformyclaimsastomyNECESSARYwork，mytributetothecommunity。Ibelievepeoplewouldfind，astheyadvancedintheircapacityforcarryingonsocialorder，thatlifesolivedwasmuchlessexpensivethanwenowcanhaveanyideaof;andthat，afteralittle，peoplewouldratherbeanxioustoseekworkthantoavoidit;thatourworkinghourswouldratherbemerrypartiesofmenandmaids，youngmenandoldenjoyingthemselvesovertheirwork，thanthegrumpywearinessitmostlyisnow。Thenwouldcomethetimeforthenewbirthofart，somuchtalkedof，solongdeferred;peoplecouldnothelpshowingtheirmirthandpleasureintheirwork，andwouldbealwayswishingtoexpressitinatangibleandmoreorlessenduringform，andtheworkshopwouldoncemorebeaschoolofart，whoseinfluencenoonecouldescapefrom。
And，again，thatwordartleadsmetomylastclaim，whichisthatthematerialsurroundingsofmylifeshouldbepleasant，generous，andbeautiful;thatIknowisalargeclaim，butthisIwillsayaboutit，thatifitcannotbesatisfied，ifeverycivilizedcommunitycannotprovidesuchsurroundingsforallitsmembers，Idonotwanttheworldtogoon;itisameremiserythatmanhaseverexisted。Idonotthinkitpossibleunderthepresentcircumstancestospeaktoostronglyonthispoint。Ifeelsurethatthetimewillcomewhenpeoplewillfinditdifficulttobelievethatarichcommunitysuchasours，havingsuchcommandoverexternalNature，couldhavesubmittedtolivesuchamean，shabby，dirtylifeaswedo。
Andonceforall，thereisnothinginourcircumstancessavethehuntingofprofitthatdrivesusintoit。Itisprofitwhichdrawsmenintoenormousunmanageableaggregationscalledtowns，forinstance;profitwhichcrowdsthemupwhentheyarethereintoquarterswithoutgardensoropenspaces;profitwhichwon’ttakethemostordinaryprecautionsagainstwrappingawholedistrictinacloudofsulphuroussmoke;whichturnsbeautifulriversintofilthysewers;whichcondemnsallbuttherichtoliveinhousesidioticallycrampedandconfinedatthebest，andattheworstinhousesforwhosewretchednessthereisnoname。
Isayitisalmostincrediblethatweshouldbearsuchcrassstupidityasthis;norshouldweifwecouldhelpit。Weshallnotbearitwhentheworkersgetoutoftheirheadsthattheyarebutanappendagetoprofit—grinding，thatthemoreprofitsthataremadethemoreemploymentathighwagestherewillbeforthem，andthatthereforealltheincrediblefilth，disorder，anddegradationofmoderncivilizationaresignsoftheirprosperity。Sofarfromthat，theyaresignsoftheirslavery。Whentheyarenolongerslavestheywillclaimasamatterofcoursethateverymanandeveryfamilyshouldbegenerouslylodged;thateverychildshouldbeabletoplayinagardenclosetotheplacehisparentslivein;thatthehousesshouldbytheirobviousdecencyandorderbeornamentstoNature，notdisfigurementsofit;forthedecencyandorderabove—mentionedwhencarriedtotheduepitchwouldmostassuredlyleadtobeautyinbuilding。Allthis，ofcourse，wouldmeanthepeople——thatis，allsociety——dulyorganized，havinginitsownhandsthemeansofproduction，tobeOWNEDbynoindividual，butusedbyallasoccasioncalledforitsuse，andcanonlybedoneonthoseterms;onanyothertermspeoplewillbedriventoaccumulateprivatewealthforthemselves，andthus，aswehaveseen，towastethegoodsofthecommunityandperpetuatethedivisionintoclasses，whichmeanscontinualwarandwaste。
Astowhatextentitmaybenecessaryordesirableforpeopleundersocialordertoliveincommon，wemaydifferprettymuchaccordingtoourtendenciestowardssociallife。FormypartIcan’tseewhyweshouldthinkitahardshiptoeatwiththepeopleweworkwith;I
amsurethatastomanythings，suchasvaluablebooks，pictures，andsplendourofsurroundings，weshallfinditbettertoclubourmeanstogether;andImustsaythatoftenwhenIhavebeensickenedbythestupidityofthemeanidioticrabbitwarrensthatrichmenbuildforthemselvesinBayswaterandelsewhere，Iconsolemyselfwithvisionsofthenoblecommunalhallofthefuture，unsparingofmaterials，generousinworthyornament，alivewiththenoblestthoughtsofourtime，andthepast，embodiedinthebestartwhichafreeandmanlypeoplecouldproduce;suchanabodeofmanasnoprivateenterprisecouldcomeanywherenearforbeautyandfitness，becauseonlycollectivethoughtandcollectivelifecouldcherishtheaspirationswhichwouldgivebirthtoitsbeauty，orhavetheskillandleisuretocarrythemout。IformypartshouldthinkitmuchthereverseofahardshipifIhadtoreadmybooksandmeetmyfriendsinsuchaplace;nordoIthinkIambetterofftoliveinavulgarstuccoedhousecrowdedwithupholsterythatIdespise，inallrespectsdegradingtothemindandenervatingtothebodytolivein，simplybecauseIcallitmyown，ormyhouse。
Itisnotanoriginalremark，butImakeithere，thatmyhomeiswhereImeetpeoplewithwhomIsympathise，whomIlove。
Well，thatismyopinionasamiddle—classman。Whetheraworking—
classmanwouldthinkhisfamilypossessionofhiswretchedlittleroombetterthanhisshareofthepalaceofwhichIhavespoken，I
mustleavetohisopinion，andtotheimaginationsofthemiddleclass，whoperhapsmaysometimesconceivethefactthatthesaidworkeriscrampedforspaceandcomfort——sayonwashing—day。
BeforeIleavethismatterofthesurroundingsoflife，Iwishtomeetapossibleobjection。Ihavespokenofmachinerybeingusedfreelyforreleasingpeoplefromthemoremechanicalandrepulsivepartofnecessarylabour;andIknowthattosomecultivatedpeople，peopleoftheartisticturnofmind，machineryisparticularlydistasteful，andtheywillbeapttosayyouwillnevergetyoursurroundingspleasantsolongasyouaresurroundedbymachinery。I
don’tquiteadmitthat;itistheallowingmachinestobeourmastersandnotourservantsthatsoinjuresthebeautyoflifenowadays。Inotherwords，itisthetokenoftheterriblecrimewehavefallenintoofusingourcontrolofthepowersofNatureforthepurposeofenslavingpeople，wecarelessmeantimeofhowmuchhappinesswerobtheirlivesof。
YetfortheconsolationoftheartistsIwillsaythatIbelieveindeedthatastateofsocialorderwouldprobablyleadatfirsttoagreatdevelopmentofmachineryforreallyusefulpurposes，becausepeoplewillstillbeanxiousaboutgettingthroughtheworknecessarytoholdingsocietytogether;butthatafterawhiletheywillfindthatthereisnotsomuchworktodoastheyexpected，andthatthentheywillhaveleisuretoreconsiderthewholesubject;andifitseemstothemthatacertainindustrywouldbecarriedonmorepleasantlyasregardstheworker，andmoreeffectuallyasregardsthegoods，byusinghand—workratherthanmachinery，theywillcertainlygetridoftheirmachinery，becauseitwillbepossibleforthemtodoso。Itisn’tpossiblenow;wearenotatlibertytodoso;weareslavestothemonsterswhichwehavecreated。AndIhaveakindofhopethattheveryelaborationofmachineryinasocietywhosepurposeisnotthemultiplicationoflabour，asitnowis，butthecarryingonofapleasantlife，asitwouldbeundersocialorder——
thattheelaborationofmachinery，Isay，willleadthesimplificationoflife，andsooncemoretothelimitationofmachinery。
Well，IwillnowletmyclaimsfordecentlifestandasIhavemadethem。Tosumthemupinbrief，theyare：First，ahealthybody;
second，anactivemindinsympathywiththepast，thepresent，andthefuture;thirdly，occupationfitforahealthybodyandanactivemind;andfourthly，abeautifulworldtolivein。
Thesearetheconditionsoflifewhichtherefinedmanofallageshassetbeforehimasthethingaboveallotherstobeattained。Toooftenhehasbeensofoiledintheirpursuitthathehasturnedlongingeyesbackwardtothedaysbeforecivilization，whenman’ssolebusinesswasgettinghimselffoodfromdaytoday，andhopewasdormantinhim，oratleastcouldnotbeexpressedbyhim。
Indeed，ifcivilization（asmanythink）forbidstherealizationofthehopetoattainsuchconditionsoflife，thencivilizationforbidsmankindtobehappy;andifthatbethecase，thenletusstifleallaspirationstowardsprogress——nay，allfeelingsofmutualgood—willandaffectionbetweenmen——andsnatcheachoneofuswhatwecanfromtheheapofwealththatfoolscreateforroguestogrowfaton;orbetterstill，letusasspeedilyaspossiblefindsomemeansofdyinglikemen，sinceweareforbiddentolivelikemen。
Rather，however，takecourage，andbelievethatweofthisage，inspiteofallitstormentanddisorder，havebeenborntoawonderfulheritagefashionedoftheworkofthosethathavegonebeforeus;andthatthedayoftheorganizationofmanisdawning。Itisnotwewhocanbuildupthenewsocialorder;thepastageshavedonethemostofthatworkforus;butwecanclearoureyestothesignsofthetimes，andweshallthenseethattheattainmentofagoodconditionoflifeisbeingmadepossibleforus，andthatitisnowourbusinesstostretchoutourhandstotakeit。
Andhow？Chiefly，Ithink，byeducatingpeopletoasenseoftheirrealcapacitiesasmen，sothattheymaybeabletousetotheirowngoodthepoliticalpowerwhichisrapidlybeingthrustuponthem;togetthemtoseethattheoldsystemoforganizinglabourFOR
INDIVIDUALPROFITisbecomingunmanageable，andthatthewholepeoplehavenowgottochoosebetweentheconfusionresultingfromthebreakupofthatsystemandthedeterminationtotakeinhandthelabournoworganizedforprofit，anduseitsorganizationforthelivelihoodofthecommunity：togetpeopletoseethatindividualprofit—makersarenotanecessityforlabourbutanobstructiontoit，andthatnotonlyorchieflybecausetheyaretheperpetualpensionersoflabour，astheyare，butratherbecauseofthewastewhichtheirexistenceasaclassnecessitates。Allthiswehavetoteachpeople，whenwehavetaughtourselves;andIadmitthattheworkislongandburdensome;
asIbeganbysaying，peoplehavebeenmadesotimorousofchangebytheterrorofstarvationthateventheunluckiestofthemarestolidandhardtomove。Hardastheworkis，however，itsrewardisnotdoubtful。Themerefactthatabodyofmen，howeversmall，arebandedtogetherasSocialistmissionariesshowsthatthechangeisgoingon。Astheworking—classes，therealorganicpartofsociety，takeintheseideas，hopewillariseinthem，andtheywillclaimchangesinsociety，manyofwhichdoubtlesswillnottenddirectlytowardstheiremancipation，becausetheywillbeclaimedwithoutdueknowledgeoftheonethingnecessarytoclaim，EQUALITYOFCONDITION;
butwhichindirectlywillhelptobreakupourrottenshamsociety，whilethatclaimforequalityofconditionwillbemadeconstantlyandwithgrowingloudnesstillitMUSTbelistenedto，andthenatlastitwillonlybeastepovertheborderandthecivilizedworldwillbesocialized;and，lookingbackonwhathasbeen，weshallbeastonishedtothinkofhowlongwesubmittedtoliveaswelivenow。
WHIGS，DEMOCRATS，ANDSOCIALISTS。{2}
WhatisthestateofpartiesinEnglandto—day？Howshallweenumeratethem？TheWhigs，whostandfirstonthelistinmytitle，areconsideredgenerallytobethesurvivalofanoldhistoricalpartyoncelookedonashavingdemocratictendencies，butnowthehopeofallwhowouldstandsoberlyontheancientways。Besidesthese，thereareToriesalso，thedescendantsofthestoutdefendersofChurchandStateandthedivinerightofkings。
Now，Idon’tmeantosaybutthatatthebackofthisancientnameofTorythereliesagreatmassofgenuineConservativefeeling，heldbypeoplewho，iftheyhadtheirownway，wouldplaysomeratherfantastictricks，Ifancy;nay，evenmightinthecourseoftimebesomewhatroughwithsuchpeopleasareinthishallatpresent。{3}
Butthisfeeling，afterall，isonlyasentimentnow;allpracticalhopehasdiedoutofit，andtheseworthypeopleCANNOThavetheirownway。ItistruethattheyelectmembersofParliament，whotalkverybigtopleasethem，andsometimeseventheymanagetogetaGovernmentintopowerthatnominallyrepresentstheirsentiment，butwhenthathappensthesaidGovernmentisforced，evenwhenitspartyhasamajorityintheHouseofCommons，totakeamuchlowerstandpointthanthehighToryideal;theutmostthattherealTorypartycando，evenwhenbackedbythePrimroseLeagueanditsshamhierarchy，istodeludetheelectorstoreturnToriestoParliamenttopassmeasuresmoreakintoRadicalismthantheWhigsdurstattempt，sothat，thoughthereareTories，thereisnoTorypartyinEngland。
Ontheotherhand，thereisaparty，whichIcancallforthepresentbynoothernamethanWhig，whichisbothnumerousandverypowerful，andwhichdoes，infact，governEngland，andtomymindwillalwaysdosoaslongasthepresentconstitutionalParliamentlasts。Ofcourse，likeallpartiesitincludesmenofvariousshadesofopinion，fromtheTory—tintedWhiggeryofLordSalisburytotheRadical—tintedWhiggeryofMr。Chamberlain’spresenttail。NeitherdoImeantosaythattheyareconsciousofbeingaunitedparty;onthecontrary，thegroupswillsometimesopposeeachotherfuriouslyatelections，andperhapsthemoresimple—mindedofthemreallythinkthatitisamatterofimportancetothenationwhichsectionofthemmaybeinpower;buttheymayalwaysbereckonedupontobeintheirplacesandvoteagainstanymeasurewhichcarrieswithitarealattackonourconstitutionalsystem;surelyverynaturally，sincetheyaretherefornootherpurposethantodoso。Theyare，andalwaysmustbe，consciousdefendersofthepresentsystem，politicalandeconomical，aslongastheyhaveanycohesionasTories，Whigs，Liberals，orevenRadicals。NotoneofthemprobablywouldgosuchaveryshortjourneytowardsrevolutionastheabolitionoftheHouseofLords。Aone—chamberParliamentwouldseemtothemanimpioushorror，andtheabolitionofthemonarchytheywouldconsideraseriousinconveniencetotheLondontradesman。
NowthisistherealParliamentaryParty，atpresentdividedintojarringsectionsundertheinfluenceofthesurvivalofthepartywarfareofthelastfewgenerations，butwhichalreadyshowssignsofsinkingitsdifferencessoastoofferasolidfrontofresistancetothegrowinginstinctwhichonitssidewillbeforelongresultinapartyclaimingfulleconomicalaswellaspoliticalfreedomforthewholepeople。