seas。\"
Whoismeantby\"overseas\"?IsthereleftanyhonestAmericanbrainsofondandsofeebleastosupposethatwearenotincludedinthathighlysuggestiveandsignificantterm?Ifearthatsomesuchbrainsareleft。
GermansremainGerman。IwastalkingwithanAmericanofficerjustreturnedfromCoblenz。HedescribedthesurpriseoftheGermanswhentheysawourtroopsmarchintooccupythatregionoftheircountry。Theysaidtohim:\"Butthisisextraordinary。Wheredothesesoldiersofyourscomefrom?Youhaveonly150，000troopsinEurope。Alltheothertransportsweresunkbyoursubmarines。\"\"WehavetwomilliontroopsinEurope，\"
repliedtheofficer，\"andlostbyexplosionaveryfewhundred。Notransportwassunk。\"\"Butthatisimpossible，\"returnedtheburgher，\"weknowfromourGovernmentatBerlinthatyouhaveonly150，000troopsinEurope。\"
GermansremainGerman。AtCoblenztheywereservile，cringing，fawning，readytolickthebootsoftheAmericans，loadingthemwithoffersofeveryfoodanddrinkandjoytheyhad。Thustheybegan。Soon，findingthattheAmericansdidnotcuttheirthroats，burntheirhouses，rapetheirdaughters，orbayonettheirbabies，butwerequiet，civil，disciplined，andapparentlyharmless，theychanged。Theirfawningfadedaway，theyscowledandmuttered。OnedaytheBurgomasteratacertainplacerepliedtosomeordinaryrequisitionswithanarrogantrefusal。Itwasquiteoutofthequestion，hesaid，tocomplywithanysuchridiculousdemands。ThentheAmericansceasedtoseemharmless。Certainstepsweretakenbythecommandingofficer，someleadingcitizenswerecollectedandenlightenedthroughtheonlychannelwherebylightpenetratesaGermanskull。Thus，byaveryslighttasteofthemethodsbywhichtheythoughttheywouldcowtherestoftheworld，theseburgherswerecowedinstantly。TheyhadthoughttheAmericansafraidofthem。Theyhadtakencivilityforfear。Suddenlytheyencounteredwhatwecalltheswiftkick。Iteducatedthem。Italwayswill。Nothingelsewill。
MathiasErzbergerwill，ofcourse，disclaimhisletter。Hewillsayitisaforgery。HewillpointtotheprotestationsofGermanrepentanceandreformwithwhichhesweatedduringApril，1919，andthroughouttheweeksprecedingthedeliveryoftheTreatyatVersailles。Perhapshehasdonethisalready。AllGermanswillbelievehim——andsomeAmericans。
TheGermanmethod，theGermanmadness——whatamixture!ThemethodjustgrazedmakingGermanyowneroftheearth，themadnesssavedtheearth。
WithperfectrecognitionofBelgium\'sshare，ofRussia\'sshare，ofFrance\'s，Italy\'s，England\'s，ourown，inwinningthewar，IbelievethatthegreatestandmastefficientAllyofallwhocontributedtoGermany\'sdefeatwasherownconstantblunderingmadness。Americansmustneverforgeteithertheoneortheother，andtoomanyaretryingtoforgetboth。
GermansremainGerman。AnAmericanladyofmyacquaintancewasabouttoclimbfromAmalfitoRavelloincompanywithaGermanladyofheracquaintance。TheGermanladyhadaGermanBaedeker，theAmericanaBaedekerinEnglish，publishedseveralyearsapart。TheBaedekerinGermanrecommendedapaththatwentstraightuptheascent，theBaedekerinEnglishapaththatwentupmoregraduallyaroundit。\"Minesaysthisisthebestway，\"saidtheAmerican。\"Minesaysstraightupisthebest，\"saidtheGerman。\"Butmineisalateredition，\"saidtheAmerican。
\"Thatisnotit，\"explainedtheGerman。\"ItisthatweGermansaresomuchmorecleverandagile，thattousisrecommendedthemoredangerouswaywhileAmericansareshownthesafepath。\"
Thathappenedin1910。ThatisKultur。ThistooisKultur:
\"IfSilesiabecomePolishThen，ohGod，maychildrenperish，likebeasts，intheirmothers\'womb。
ThenlametheirPolishfeetandtheirhands，ohGod!
Letthembecrippledandblindtheireyes。
Smitethemwithdumbnessandmadness，bothmenandwomen。\"
FromaHymnofGermanhateforthePoles。
GermanyremainsGerman；butwhennextshesprings，shewillmakenoblunders。
ChapterV:TheAncientGrudgeItwasinBroadStreet，Philadelphia，beforewewenttowar，thatI
overheardthefoolish——orpropagandist——sluruponEnglandinfrontofthebulletinboard。AfterwewerefightingbyEngland\'ssideforourexistence，youmighthavesupposedsuchtalkwouldcease。Itdidnot。AndaftertheArmistice，itcontinued。Onthedaywecelebratedas\"BritishDay，\"amanwentthroughthecrowdinWanamaker\'sshop，asking，WhathadEnglanddoneintheWar，anyhow?WasheaGerman，oranIrishman，oranAmericaninpayofBerlin?，Idonotknow。ButthisIknow:perfectlygoodAmericansstilltalklikethat。Cowboysincampdoit。MenandwomeninEasterncities，personswithatleasttheexternaltrappingsofeducatedintelligence，playintothehandsoftheGermanyofto-morrow，dotheirunconsciouslittlebitofharmtothefutureoffreedomandcivilization，byrepeatingthatEngland\"hasalwaysbeenourenemy。\"ThentheymentiontheRevolution，theWarof1812，andEngland\'sattitudeduringourCivilWar，justastheyinvariablymentionedthesethingsin1917and1918，whenEnglandwasourallyinastruggle[orlife，andastheywillbementioningthemin1940，Ipresume，iftheyarestillaliveatthattime。
Now，theCivilWarendedfifty-fiveyearsago，theWarof1812onehundredandfive，andtheRevolutiononehundredandthirty-seven。
Suppose，whiletheKaiserwasbutcheringBelgiumbecauseshebarredhiswaytothatdinnerhewasgoingtoeatinParisinOctober，1914，thatFrancehadsaid，\"Englandismyhereditaryenemy。HenrytheFifthandtheDukeofWellingtonandsundryPlantagenetsfoughtme\"；andsupposeEnglandhadsaid，\"Idon\'tcaremuchforFrance。JoanofArcandNapoleonandsundryotherFrenchfoughtme\"——supposetheyhadsatnursingtheirancientgrudgeslikethat?Well，theKaiserwouldhavedinedinParisaccordingtohisplan。Andnext，accordingtohisplan，withtheChannelportstakenhewouldhavedinedinLondon。Andfinally，accordingtohisplan，andwiththehelpofhis\"armyofspies\"overseas，hewouldhavedinedinNewYorkandtheWhiteHouse。ForGermanmadnesscouldnothavedefeatedGermany\'splanofWorlddominion，ifvariousnationshadnotgottogetherandassisted。OtherAmericansthereare，whodonotresorttotheRevolutionfortheirgrudge，butareinacommercialrageoverthisorthat:wool，forinstance。LetsuchAmericansreflectthatcommercialgrievancesagainstEnglandcanbemorereadilyadjustedthananabsorptionofallcommercebyGermanycanbeadjusted。WoolandeverythingelsewillbelongtoMathiasErzbergerandhisbreed，iftheycarryouttheirintention。AndthewaytoinsuretheircarryingitoutistoletthemsplitusandEnglandandalltheircompetitorsasunderbytheirceaselessandingeniouspropaganda，whichplaysuponeveryinternationalprejudice，historic，commercial，orother，whichisavailable。AfterAugust，1914，EnglandbarredtheKaiser\'swaytoNewYork，andin1917，wefounditusefultoforgetaboutGeorgetheThirdandtheAlabama。In1853Prussiapossessedoneshipofwar——herfirst。
In1918hersubmarineswereprowlingalongourcoast。Forthemomenttheyarenolongerthere。Forawhiletheymaynotbe。ButdoyouthinkGermanyintendsthatscrapsofpapershallbeabolishedbyanyTreaty，eventhoughitcontain80，000wordsandaLeagueofNations?ShewillmakeofthatTreatyawholebasketofscraps，ifshecan，andassoonasshecan。Shehassaidso。Herworkingmenareatwork，industriousandcontentwithaquarterthepayforalongerdaythananywhereelse。LetthosepersonswhocannotgetoverGeorgetheThirdandtheAlabamaponderuponthisforaminuteortwo。
ChapterVI:WhoIsWithoutSin?
Muchelseistherethatitwerewelltheyshouldponder，andIamcomingtoitpresently；butfirst，onesuggestion。Mostofus，ifwedigbackonlyfiftyorsixtyorseventyyears，candisintervariousrelativesoverwhosedoingsweshouldprefertoglidelightlyandinsilence。
Doyoumeantosaythatyouhavenone?Nobodystainedwithanyshadeofdishonor?Nograndfather，great-grandfather，great-great-etc。grandfatherorgrandmotherwhoevermadeascandal，brokeaheart，orbetrayedatrust?EverymanJackandwomanJillofthelotrightbacktoAdamandEvewhollygood，honorable，andcourageous?Howfortunatetobesprungexclusivelyfromtheloinsofcenturiesofangels——andtoknowallaboutthem!Considerthehoardofvirtuetowhichyouhavefallenheir!
Butyouknowverywellthatthisisnotso；thateveryoneofushaseverykindofpersonforanancestor；thatallsortsofvirtueandvice，ofheroismanddisgrace，aremingledinourblood；thatinevitablyamidstthehugeherdofourgrandsiresblacksheepaswellaswhitearetobefound。
Asitiswithmen，soitiswithnations。Doyouimaginethatanynationhasaspotlesshistory?Doyouthinkthatyoucanpeerintoourpast，turnoverthebackpagesofourrecord，andnevercomeuponasingleblot?Indeedyoucannot。Anditisbetter——agreatdealbetter——thatyoushouldbeawareoftheseblots。Suchknowledgemayenlightenyou，maymakeyouabetterAmerican。Whatweneedistobecriticsofourselves，andthisisexactlywhatwehavebeentaughtnottobe。
Wearequitegoodenoughtolookstraightatourselves。Owingtoonethingandanotherwearecleaner，honester，humaner，andwhiterthananypeopleonthecontinentofEurope。IfanynationonthecontinentofEuropehaseverbehavedwiththegenerosityandmagnanimitythatwehaveshowntoCuba，Ihaveyettolearnofit。TheyjeeredatusaboutCuba，didtheEuropeansofthecontinent。Theirpapersstucktheirtonguesintheircheeks。Ofcourseourfinesentimentswereallsham，theysaid。OfcourseweintendedtoswallowCuba，andneverhadintendedanythingelse。
AndwhenGeneralLeonardWoodcameawayfromCuba，havingmadeHavanahealthy，havingbroughtorderoutofchaosontheisland，andweleftCubaindependent，Europejeeredon。ThatdearoldEurope!
Again，in1909，itwasnotanyEuropeannationthatreturnedtoChinatheirshareoftheindemnityexactedinconsequenceoftheBoxertroubles；wealonereturnedoursharetoChina——sixteenmillions。ItwaswewhopreventedlevyingapunitiveindemnityonChina。Readthewholestory；thereismuchmore。Weplayedthegentleman，Europeplayedthebully。ButEuropecallsus\"dollarchasers。\"ThatdearoldEurope!Again，ifanyconqueringGeneralonthecontinentofEuropeeverbehavedasGrantdidtoLeeatAppomattox，hisnamehasescapedme。
Again，andlastly——thoughIamnotattemptingtotellyouherethewholetaleofourdecencies:WhosehandscameawaycleanestfromthatPeaceConferenceinParislately?Whatdidweaskforourselves?Everythingweasked，savesomerepairsofdamage，wasforotherpeople。Oh，yes!wearequitegoodenoughtokeepquietaboutthesethings。Noneedwhatevertobrag。Bragging，moreover，inclinesthelistenertosuspectyou\'renotsoremarkableasyousound。
Butallthisvirtuedoesn\'tintheleastalterthefactthatwe\'relikeeverybodyelseinhavingsomedirtypagesinourHistory。Thesepagesitisafoolishmistaketoconceal。Isupposethattheschoolhistoriesofeverynationarepartlybad。Iimaginethatmostofthemimplantthegermofinternationalhatredintheboysandgirlswhohavetostudythem。
Nationsdonotlikeeachother，neverhavelikedeachother；anditmayverywellbethatschooltextbookshelpthisinclinationtodislike。
CertainlyweknowwhatcontemptandhatredforothernationstheGermanshavebeensedulouslytaughtintheirschools，andhowutterlytheybelievedtheirteaching。Howmuchbetterandwiserforthewholeworldifalltheboysandgirlsinalltheschoolseverywherewerehenceforthtobestartedinlifewithajustandtruenotionofallflagsandthepeoplesoverwhomtheyfly!TheLeagueofNationsmightnotthenrestuponthequicksandofdistrustandantagonismwhichitrestsupontoday。
Butitisourownschoolhistoriesthataremypresentconcern，andI
repeatmyopinion——orrathermyconviction——thatthewayinwhichtheyhaveconcealedthetruthfromusisworsethansilly，itisharmful。Iamnotgoingtotakeupthewholelistoftheirmisrepresentations，Iwillputbutoneortwoquestionstoyou。
Whenyoufinishedschool，whatideahadyouabouttheWarof1812?Iwilltellyouwhatminewas。IthoughtwehadgonetowarbecauseEnglandwasstoppingAmericanshipsandtakingAmericansailorsoutofthemforherownservice。IcouldrefertoPerry\'svictoryonLakeErieandJackson\'ssmashingoftheBritishatNewOrleans；thenameofthefrigateConstitutionsentthrillsthroughme。AndwehadpoundedoldJohnBullandsenthimtotherightaboutasecondtime!Suchwasmygloriousidea，andthereitstopped。Didyouknowmuchmorethanthataboutitwhenyourschoolingwasdone?DidyouknowthatourreasonsfordeclaringwaragainstGreatBritainin1812werenotsostrongastheyhadbeenthreeandfouryearsearlier?ThatduringthoseyearsEnglandhadmoderatedherarrogance，wasreadytomoderatefurther，hadplacatedusforherbrutalperformanceconcerningtheChesapeake，wantedpeace；whilewe，whohadbeennearlyunanimousforwar，andwithafullerpursein1808，werenow，byourowncongressionalfuddlingandmessing，withoutanyadequatearmy，andsodividedincounselthatonlyonenorthernstatewaswhollyinfavorofwar?DidyouknowthatourGeneralHullbeganbyinvadingCanadafromDetroitandsurrenderedhiswholearmywithoutfiringashot?ThattheBritishoverranMichiganandpartsofOhio，andwesternNewYork，whileweretreateddisgracefully?ThatthoughweshoneinvictoriesofsinglecombatontheseaandshowedtheEnglishthatwetooknewhowtosailandfightonthewavesashardilyasBritannia(wewonelevenoutofthirteenofthefrigateandsloopactions)，neverthelessshecaughtusorblockedusup，andrioteduncheckedalongourcoasts?YouprobablydidknowthattheBritishburnedWashington，andyouaccordinglyhatedthemforthisbarbarousvandalism——butdidyouknowthatwehadburnedTorontoayearearlier?
Ileftschoolknowingnoneofthis——itwasn\'tinmyschoolbook，andI
learneditinmatureyearswithamazement。IthenlearnedalsothatEngland，whileshewasfightingwithus，hadherhandsfullfightingBonaparte，thatherwarwithuswasasideshow，andthatthiswasuncommonlyluckyforus——asluckyquiteasthoseshipsfromFranceunderAdmiraldeGrasse，withoutwhosehelpWashingtoncouldneverhavecaughtCornwallisandcompelledhissurrenderatYorktown，October19，1781。DidyouknowthatthereweremoreFrenchsoldiersandsailorsthanAmericansatYorktown?Isitwelltokeepthesethingsfromtheyoung?IhavenotdonewiththeWarof1812。ThereisapoliticalaspectofitthatIshalllatertouchupon——somethingthatmyschoolbooksnevermentioned。
Mynextquestionis，whatdidyouknowabouttheMexicanWarof1846-1847，whenyoucameoutofschool?Thenamesofourvictories，Ipresume，andofZacharyTaylorandWinfieldScott；andpossiblythetreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo，wherebyMexicocededtousthewholeofTexas，NewMexico，andUpperCalifornia，andwepaidherfifteenmillions。NodoubtyouknowthatSantaAnna，theMexicanGeneral，hadawoodenleg。Well，thereismoretoknowthanthat，andIfounditoutmuchlater。IfoundoutthatGeneralGrant，whohadfoughtwithcreditasalieutenantintheMexicanWar，brieflysummarizeditas\"iniquitous。\"Igradually，throughmyreadingasaman，learnedthetruthabouttheMexicanWarwhichhadnotbeentaughtmeasaboy——thatinthatwarwebulliedaweakerpower，thatwemadeherourvictim，thatthewholediscreditablebusinesshadtheextensionofslaveryatthebottomofit，andthatmoreAmericanswereagainstitthanhadbeenagainsttheWarof1812。ButhowmanyAmericanseverlearnthesethings?Donotmostofthem，uponleavingschool，leavehistoryalsobehindthem，andbecomefarmers，ormerchants，orplumbers，orfiremen，orcarpenters，orwhatever，andreadlittlebutthemorningpaperfortherestoftheirlives?
Theblackestpageinourhistorywouldtakealongwhiletoread。NotawordofitdidIeverseeinmyschooltextbooks。TheywerewrittenontheplanthatAmericacoulddonowrong。Irepeatthat，justasweloveourfriendsinspiteoftheirfaults，andallthemoreintelligentlybecauseweknowthesefaults，soourloveofourcountrywouldbejustasstrong，andfarmoreintelligent，werewehonestlyandwiselytaughtinourearlyyearsthoseactsandpoliciesofherswhereinshefellbelowherloftyandhumaneideals。Hercharacterandherrecordonthewholefromthebeginningarefineenoughtoallowtheshadowstothrowthesunlightintorelief。TohaveproducedatthreestagesofourgrowththreesuchmenasWashington，Lincoln，andRoosevelt，isquitesufficientjustificationforourexistenceChapterVII:TarredwiththeSameStickTheblackestpageinourhistoryisourtreatmentoftheIndian。Tospeakofitisathanklesstask——thankless，andnecessary。
ThislandwastheIndian\'shouse，notours。Hewasherefirst，nobodyknowshowmanycenturiesfirst。Wearrived，andweshovedhim，andshovedhim，andshovedhim，back，andback，andback。Treatyaftertreatywemadewithhim，andbroke。Wedrewcirclesroundhisfreedom，smallerandsmaller。Weallowedhimsuchandsuchterritory，thentookitawayandgavehimlessandworseinexchange。Throughoutacenturyourpromisestohimwereawholebasketofscrapsofpaper。TheotherdayIsawsomeIndiansinCalifornia。Ithadoncebeentheirplace。Alloverthatregiontheyhadhuntedandfishedandlivedaccordingtotheirdesires，enjoyinglife，liberty，andthepursuitofhappiness。Wecame。To-daythehuntingandfishingarerestrictedbyourlaws——nottheIndian\'s——becausewewastedandalmostexterminatedinaveryshortwhilewhathadamplyprovidedtheIndianwithsportandfoodforaverylongwhile。
Inthatregionwehavetaken，asusual，thefertilelandandtherunningwater，andhaveallottedlandtotheIndianwhereneitherwoodnorwaterexist，nocropswillgrow，nohumanlifecanbesupported。Ihaveseentheland。IhaveseentheIndianbeggingatthebackdoor。Oh，yes，theywerean\"inferiorrace。\"Oh，yes，theydidn\'tandcouldn\'tusethelandtothebestadvantage，couldn\'tbuildBroadwayandtheUnionPacificRailroad，couldn\'timproverealestate。Ifyouchoosetocallthewholething\"manifestdestiny，\"Iamwithyou。I\'llnotdisputethatwhatwehavemadethiscontinentisofgreaterservicetomankindthanthewildernessoftheIndianevercouldpossiblyhavebeen——onceconceding，asyouhavetoconcede，theinevitablenessofcivilization。Neitheryou，norI，noranyman，canremoldthesorryschemeofthingsentire。ButwecouldhavebehavedbettertotheIndian。Thatwasinourpower。
Andwegavehimarawdealinstead，notonce，butagainandagain。Wediditbecausewecoulddoitwithoutrisk，becausehewasweakerandwecouldalwaysbeathimintheend。Andallthewhileweweredoingit，therewasourBillofRights，ourDeclarationofIndependence，foundedonanewthingintheworld，proclaimingtomankindthefairesthopeyetborn，that\"AllmenareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertaininalienablerights，\"andthatthesewerenowtobeprotectedbylaw。Ah，no，lookatitasyouwill，itisablackpage，arawdeal。Theofficersofourfrontierarmyknowallaboutit，becausetheysawithappen。Theysawthetreatiesbroken，thethievingagents，thetrespassingsettlers，theoutragesthatgoadedthedeceivedIndiantodespairandviolence，andwhentheywereorderedouttokillhim，theyknewthathehadstruckinself-defenseandwastherealvictim。
Itistoolatetodomuchaboutitnow。ThegoodpeopleoftheIndianRightsAssociationtrytodosomething；butinspiteofthem，whatlittleharmcanstillbedoneisbeingdonethroughdishonestIndianagentsandthemeanmachineryofpolitics。Ifyoucaretoknowmoreofthelong，badstory，thereisabookbyHelenHuntJackson，ACenturyofDishonor；itisnotnew。Itassemblesandsetsforthwhathadbeenperpetrateduptothetimewhenitwaswritten。Asecondvolumecouldbeaddednow。
Ihavedweltuponthismatterhereforaverydefinitereason，closelyconnectedwithmymainpurpose。It\'safavoritetrickofouranti-BritishfriendstocallEnglanda\"land-grabber。\"ThewayinwhichEnglandhasgrabbedlandrightalong，allovertheworld，ismonstrous，theysay。
Englandhasstolenwhatbelongedtowhites，andblacks，andbronzes，andyellows，wherevershecouldlayherhandsuponit，theysay。Englandisacriminal。Theyrepeatthiswithgreatsatisfaction，thisland-grabbingindictment。Mostofthemknowlittleornothingofthefacts，couldn\'ttellyouthehistoryofasinglecase。Butwhatarethefactstothemanwhoasks，\"WhathasEnglanddoneinthiswar，anyway?\"Theword\"land-grabber\"hasbeenpassedtohimbyGermanandSinnFeinpropaganda，andhemerelyparrotsitforth。Hecouldn\'tdiscussitatall。\"LookattheBoers，\"hemayknowenoughtoreply，ifyouremindhimthatEngland\'sland-grabbingwasdoneagoodwhileago。Well，weshallcertainlylookattheBoersinduetime，butjustnowwemustlookatourselves。IsupposethattheAmericanwhodenouncesEnglandforherland-grabbinghasforgotten，orelsehasneverknown，howwegrabbedFloridafromSpain。
ThepittancethatwepaidSpaininoneoftheFloridatransactionsneverwenttoher。Thestoryisaplaintaleofland-grabbing；andthereareseveralotherplaintalesthatshowustohavebeenland-grabbers，ifyouwillreadthefactswithanhonestmind。Ishallnottellthemhere。ThecaseoftheIndianisenoughinthewayofaninstance。Ourownhandsarebynomeansclean。ItisnotforustodenounceEnglandasaland-
grabber。
YoucannothatestatisticsmorethanIdo。Butattimesthereisnododgingthem，andthisisoneofthetimes。In1803wepaidNapoleonBonapartefifteenmillionsforwhatwasthencalledLouisiana。NapoleonhadhistitletothislandfromSpain。SpainhaditfromFrance。Francehadit——how?ShehaditbecauseLaSalle，aFrenchman，saileddowntheMississippiRiver。Thisgavehimtitletotheland。Therewerepeopleonthebankalready，longbeforeLaSallecameby。
Itwouldhavesurprisedthemtobetoldthatthelandwasnolongertheirsbecauseamanhadcomebyonthewater。Butnobodydidtellthem。
TheywereIndians。Theyhadwivesandchildrenandwigwamsandotherpossessionsinthelandwheretheyhadalwayslived；buttheywerered，andthemanintheboatwaswhite，andthereforetheywereturnedintotrespassersbecausehehadsailedbyinaboat。ThatwasthetitletoLouisianawhichweboughtfromNapoleonBonaparte。
TheLouisianaPurchasewasapieceoflandrunninguptheMississippi，uptheMissouri，overtheDivide，anddowntheColumbiatothePacific。
Beforeweacquiredit，ourareawasoveraquarter，butnothalf，amillionsquaremiles。Thisaddednearlyamillionsquaremilesmore。Butwhathadwereallybought?Nothingbutstolengoods。TheIndiansweretherebeforeLaSalle，fromwhoseboat-sailingthetitleweboughtwasderived。\"But，\"youmayobject，\"whenwhitesrobredsorblacks，wecallitDiscovery；land-grabbingiswhenwhitesrobwhites——andthatiswhereIblameEngland。\"ForthesakeofargumentIconcedethis，andreferyoutoouracquisitionofTexas。ThisoperationfollowedsomeyearsaftertheFloridaoperation。\"Byrequest\"we\"annexed\"mostofpresentTexas——in1845。Thatwasatrickofourslaveholders。TheysentpeopleintoTexasandthesepeopleswungthedeal。ItwasvirtuallyatheftfromMexico。A
littlewhilelater，in1848，we\"paid\"MexicoforCalifornia，Arizona，andNevada。ButifyoureadthetruestoryofFremontinCalifornia，andoftheAmericanplotstherebeforetheMexicanWar，tounderminethegovernmentofafriendlynation，plotsconnivedatinWashingtonwithaviewtogettingCaliforniaforourselves，uponmywordyouwillfindithardtotalkofEnglandbeingaland-grabberandkeepastraightface。
And，wereacertainbooktofallintoyourhands，thenarrativeoftheAlcaldeofMonterey，whereinhesetsdownwhatofFremont\'sdoingsinCaliforniawentonbeforehiseyes，youwouldlearnastoryoftreachery，brutality，andgreed。Allthisacquisitionofterritory，togetherwiththeGadsdenPurchaseafewyearslater，broughtourcontinenttoitspresentarea——notcountingAlaskaorsomeislandslateracquired——
2，970，230squaremiles。
Pleaseunderstandmeveryclearly:Iamnotsayingthatithasnotbeenfarbetterfortheworldandforcivilizationthatweshouldhavebecometherulersofallthisland，insteadofitsbeingruledbytheIndiansorbySpain，orbyMexico。Thatisnotatallthepoint。Iammerelyremindingyouofthemeanswherebywegottheland。Wegotitmostlybyforceandfraud，bydrivingoutofitthroughfirearmsandplotspeoplewhocertainlyweretherefirstandwhowereweakerthanourselves。Ourreasonwassimplythatwewanteditandintendedtohaveit。ThatispreciselywhatEnglandhasdone。Shehasbyvariousmeansnotonewhitbetterorworsethanours，acquiredherpossessionsinvariouspartsoftheworldbecausetheywerenecessarytohersafetyandwelfare，justasthiscontinentwasnecessarytooursafetyandwelfare。Moreover，thepressureuponher，hernecessityforself-preservation，wasfarmoreurgentthanwasthepressureuponus。Tomakeyouseethis，Imustonceagainresorttosomestatistics。
England\'sarea——herselfandadjacentislands——is120，832squaremiles。
Herpopulationin1811waseighteenandonehalfmillions。Atthatsametimeourareawas408，895squaremiles，notcountingtherecentLouisianaPurchase。Andourpopulationwas7，239，881。Withanarealessthanonethirdofours(excludingthehugeLouisiana)Englandhadapopulationmorethantwiceasgreat。Thereforeshewasmorecrowdedthanwewere——
howmuchmoreIleaveyoutofigureoutforyourself。Iappealtothefair-mindedAmericanreaderwhoonly\"wantstobeshown，\"andIsaytohim，whensomeGermanoranti-BritishAmericantalkstohimaboutwhataland-grabberEnglandhasbeeninhertimetothinkofthesethingsandtorememberthatourownpastistarredwiththesamestick。LeteveryoneofusbearinmindthatlittlesentenceoftheKaiser\'s，\"EvennowI
rulesupremeintheUnitedStates；\"letusrememberthattheArmisticeandthePeaceTreatydonotseemtohavealteredGermannatureorGermanplansverynoticeably，anddon\'tletusmuddleourbrainsoverthequestionofthelandgrabbedbythegreat-grandfathersofpresentEngland。
AnyAmericanwhoisanti-Britishto-dayisbyjustsomuchpro-German，ishelpingthetroubleoftheworld，iskeepingdiscordalight，isdoinghisbitagainsthumanpeaceandhumanhappiness。
TherearesomeotherlittlesentencesoftheKaiserandhisHunsofwhichIshallspeakbeforeIfinish:wemustnowtakeupthecontroversyofthosemeninfrontofthebulletinboard；wemustinvestigatewhatliesbehindthatcontroversy。Thosetwomenaretypes。Onehadlearnednothingsinceheleftschool，theotherhad。
ChapterVIII:HistoryAstigmaticSofarasIknow，itwasMr。SydneyGentFisher，anAmerican，whowasthefirsttogobacktotheoriginaldocuments，andtowritefromstudyofthesedocumentsthecompletetruthaboutEnglandandourselvesduringtheRevolution。Hisadmirablebooktoreoffthecloakwhichourschoolhistorieshadwrappedroundthefables。HelaysbarethepoliticalstateofBritainatthattime。Whatdidyoulearnatyourschoolofthatpoliticalstate?DidyoueverwonderableGeneralHoweandhismanneroffightingus?Diditeverstrikeyouthat，althoughweweremoreoftendefeatedthanvictoriousinthoseengagementswithhim(andsometimesheevenseemedtoavoidpitchedbattleswithuswhentheoddswereallinhisfavor)，yetsomehowEnglanddidseemtoreaptheadvantagesheshouldbereapedfromthosecontests，didn\'tfollowthem，letusgetaway，didn\'tinshortmakeanyprogresstospeakofinreallyconqueringus?PerhapsyouattributedthistoourbravetroopsandourgreatWashington。Well，ourtroopswerebraveandWashingtonwasgreat；buttherewasmorebehind——morethanyourschoolteachingeverledyoutosuspect，ifyourschoolingwaslikemine。IimaginedEnglandasbeingjustonewholeunitoffuryandtyrannydirectedagainstusanddeterminedtostampoutthesparkoflibertywehadkindled。Nosuchthing!Englandwasviolentlydividedinsentimentaboutus。Twoparties，almostasopposedasourNorthandSouthhavebeen——onlyitwasnotsectionalinEngland——heldverydifferentviewsaboutlibertyandtherightsofEnglishmen。TheKing\'sparty，GeorgetheThirdandhisupholders，werefightingtosaddleautocracyuponEngland；theotherparty，thatofPittandBurke，wereresistingthis，andtheirsentimentsandpoliticalbeliefsledthemtosympathizewithourrevoltagainstGeorgeIII。\"Irejoice，\"writesHoraceWalpole，Dec。5，1777，totheCountessofUpperOssory，\"thattheAmericansaretobefree，astheyhadarighttobe，andasIamsuretheyhaveshowntheydeservetobe……IownthereareveryableEnglishmenleft，buttheyhappentobeont\'othersideoftheAtlantic。\"
ItwasthroughWhiginfluencethatGeneralHowedidnotfollowuphisvictoriesoverus，becausetheydidn\'twishustobeconquered，theywishedustobeabletovindicatetherightstowhichtheyheldallEnglishmenwereentitled。ThesemenconsideredusthechampionsofthatBritishlibertywhichGeorgeIIIwasattemptingtocrush。TheydisputedtherightfulnessoftheStampAct。WhenwerefusedtosubmittotheStampTaxin1766，itwasthenthatPittexclaimedinParliament:\"IrejoicethatAmericahasresisted……IfeverthisnationshouldhaveatyrantforaKing，sixmillionsoffreemen，sodeadtoallthefeelingsoflibertyasvoluntarilytosubmittobeslaves，wouldbefitinstrumentstomakeslavesoftherest。\"Buttheywerenotwilling。Whenthehourstruckandthewarcame，somanyEnglishmenwereonoursidethattheywouldnotenlistagainstus，refusedtofightus，andGeorgeIIIhadtogotoGermanyandobtainHessianstohelphimout。Hiswaragainstuswaslostathome，onEnglishsoil，throughEnglishdisapprovalofhiscourse，almostasmuchasitwaslostherethroughtheindomitableWashingtonandthehelpofFrance。Thatistheactualstateofthecase，thereisthetruth。Didyouhearmuchaboutthisatschool?DidyoueverlearntherethatGeorgeIIIhadafakeParliament，largelyelectedbyfakevotes，whichdidnotrepresenttheEnglishpeople；thatthisfakeParliamentwasautocracy\'slastditchinEngland；thatitchokedforatimetheEnglishdemocracywhich，afterthesetbackgivenitbytheexcessesoftheFrenchRevolution，wentforwardagainuntilto-daytheKingofEnglandhaslesspowerthanthePresidentoftheUnitedStates?Isupposeeverybodyintheworldwhoknowstheimportantstepsofhistoryknowsthis——excepttheaverageAmerican。Fromhimithasbeenconcealedbyhisschoolhistories；
andgenerallyheneverlearnsanythingaboutitatall，becauseonceoutofschool，heseldomstudiesanyhistoryagain。Butwhy，youmaypossiblywonder，haveourschoolhistoriesdonethis?Ithinktheirvariousau-
thorsmayconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhavefeltthatourcaseagainstEnglandwasnotintruthverystrong，thatinfactshehadbeenveryeasywithus，fareasierthananyothercountrywasbeingwithitscoloniesatthattime。TheKingofFrancetaxedhiscolonies，theKingofSpainfilledhispurse，unhampered，fromthepocketsofMexicoandPeruandCubaandPortoRico——fromwhateverpocketintowhichhecouldputhishand，andtheDutchweredoingthesamewithouttheslightestquestionoftheirrighttodoit。Ourquarrelwiththemothercountryandourbreakingawayfromherinspiteoftheextremelylightreinshewasdrivinguswith，restedinrealityuponveryslenderjustification。IfeverourauthorsreadofthemeetingbetweenFranklin，Rutledge，andAdamswithGeneralHowe，aftertheBattleofLongIsland，Ithinktheymayhavefeltthatwehadalmostnogrievanceatall。Theplaintruthofitwas，wehadbeenallowedforsolongtobesonearlyfreethatwedeterminedtobefreeentirely，nomatterwhatEnglandconceded。
Thereforetheseauthorsofourschooltextbooksfeltthattheyneededtobolsterourcauseupforthebenefitoftheyoung。Accordinglyourboys\'
andgirls\'senseofindependenceandpatriotismmustbenourishedbymakingEnglandoutafargreateroppressorthanevershereallyhadbeen。
ThesehistoriansdweltasheavilyastheycoulduponGeorgeIIIandhisun-Englishautocracy，andaslightlyastheycouldupontheEnglishPittanduponalltheEnglishsympathywehad。Indeed，aboutthismostofthemdidn\'tsayaword。
Nowthatpolicymaypossiblyhavebeendesirableonce——ifitcaneverbedesirabletosuppresshistorictruthfromawholenation。Butto-day，whenwehavelongstoodonourownpowerfullegsandneednobolsteringupofsuchakind，thatpolicyisnotonlysilly，itispernicious。Itisperniciousbecausetheworldisheavingwithfrightfulmenacestoallthegoodthatmanknows。Theywouldstriplifeofeveryresourcegatheredthroughcenturiesofstruggle。Madmobs，wholeracesofpeoplewhohaveneverthoughtatall，orwhohavenowhurledawayallpretenseofthought，aimatmeredestructionofeverythingthatis。Theydon\'tattempttoofferanysubstitute。Downwithreligion，downwitheducation，downwithmarriage，downwithlaw，downwithproperty:Suchistheircry。
Wipetheslateblank，theysay，andthenwe\'llseewhatwe\'llwriteonit。AmidthisstandsGermanywithherunchangedpurposetoowntheearth；
andJapanisdoingsomethinking。AmidthisalsoistheAnglo-Saxonrace，theracethathasbroughtourlaw，ourorder，oursafety，ourfreedomintothemodernworld。Thatanyschoolhistoriesshouldhinderthemembersofthisracefromunderstandingeachothertrulyandbeingfriends，shouldnotbetolerated。
ManyyearslaterthanMr。SydneyGeorgeFisher\'sanalysisofEnglandunderGeorgeIII，Mr。CharlesAltschulhasmadeanexaminationandgivenananalysisofagreatnumberofthoseschooltextbookswhereinourboysandgirlshavebeenandarestillbeingtaughtahistoryofourRevolutioninthedistortedformthatIhavebrieflysummarized。Hisbookwaspublishedin1917，bytheGeorgeH。DoranCompany，NewYork，andisentitledTheAmericanRevolutioninourSchoolTextbooks。Herefollowingaresomeofhisdiscoveries:
Offortyschoolhistoriesusedtwentyyearsagoinsixty-eightcities，andinmanymoreunreported，fourtellthetruthaboutKingGeorge\'spocketParliament，andthirty-twosuppressit。To-dayourbooksarenotquitesobad，butitisnotverymuchbetter；and-to-day，beitadded，anyreformingofthesetextbooksbyBoardsofEducationislikelytobeprevented，whereverobstructionispossible，byeveryinfluencevisibleandinvisiblethatpro-Germanandpro-Irishpropagandacanexert。
ThousandsofourAmericanschoolchildrenalloverourcountryarestillbeinggivenaversionofourRevolutionandthepoliticalstateofEnglandthen，whichisasfaultyaswasGeorgeIII\'sgovernment，withitsfakeparliament，its\"rottenboroughs，\"itsLittleSarum。Meanwhilethat\"armyofspies\"throughwhichtheKaiserboastedthatheruled\"supreme\"
here，andwhich，thoughheisgone，isbynomeansademobilizedarmy，butaverybusyandwell-drilledandwell-conductedarmy，isverygladthatourboysandgirlsshouldbetaughtfalsehistory，andwilldoitsbesttoseethattheyarenottaughttruehistory。
Mr。CharlesAltschul，inhisadmirableenterprise，addressedhimselftothosewhopresideoverourschoolworldalloverthecountry；hereceivedanswersfromeverystateintheUnion，andheexaminedninety-threehistorytextbooksinthosepassagesandpageswhichtheydevotedtoourRevolution。ThesebookshegroupedaccordingtotheamountofinformationtheygaveaboutPittandBurkeandEnglishsympathywithusinourquarrelwithGeorgeIII。Thesegroupsarefiveinnumber，anddwindledownfromgroupone，\"Textbookswhichdealfullywiththegrievancesofthecolonists，giveanaccountofgeneralpoliticalconditionsinEnglandpriortotheAmericanRevolution，andgivecredittoprominentEnglishmenfortheservicestheyrenderedtheAmericans，\"togroupfive，\"Textbookswhichdealfullywiththegrievancesofthecolonists，makenoreferencetogeneralpoliticalconditionsinEnglandpriortotheAmericanRevolution，nortoanyprominentEnglishmenwhodevotedthemselvestothecauseoftheAmericans。\"Ofcourse，whatdwindlesistheamountsaidaboutourEnglishsympathizers。IngroupsthreeandfourthisissoscantyastodistortthetruthandsendanyboyorgirlwhostudiedbooksofthesegroupsoutofschoolintolifewithaveryimperfectideaindeedofthesizeandimportanceofEnglishoppositiontothepolicyofGeorgeIII；ingroupfivenothingissaidaboutthisatall。TheboysandgirlswhostudiedbooksingroupfivewouldgrowupbelievingthatEnglandwasundividedlyautocratic，tyrannical，andhostiletoourliberty。Inhiscarefulandconscientiousclassification，Mr。Altschulgivesusthebooksinusetwentyyearsago(andhenceresponsiblefortheopinionofAmericansnowbetweenthirtyandfortyyearsold)andbooksinuseto-day，andhenceresponsiblefortheopinionofthoseAmericanmenandwomenwhowillpresentlybegrownupandwillprolongforanothergenerationtheschool-taughtignoranceandprejudiceoftheirfathersandmothers。IselectfromMr。Altschul\'scatalogueonlythosebooksinusein1917，whenhepublishedhisvolume，andoftheseonlygroupfive，wherethefactsaboutEnglishsympathywithusaretotallysuppressed。
Barnes\'SchoolHistoryoftheUnitedStates，bySteele。ChandlerandChitword\'sMakersofAmericanHistory。Chambers\'(Hansell\'s)ASchoolHistoryoftheUnitedStates。Eggleston\'sAFirstBookinAmericanHistory。Eggleston\'sHistoryoftheUnitedStatesandItsPeople。Eg-
gleston\'sNewCenturyHistoryoftheUnitedStates。Evans\'FirstLessonsinGeorgiaHistory。Evans\'TheEssentialFactsofAmericanHistory。
Estill\'sBeginner\'sHistoryofOurCountry。Forman\'sHistoryoftheUnitedStates。Montgomery\'sAnElementaryAmericanHistory。Montgomery\'sTheBeginner\'sAmericanHistory。White\'sBeginner\'sHistoryoftheUnitedStates。
Ifthereaderhasfollowedmefromthebeginning，hewillrecollectaletter，partsofwhichIquoted，fromacorrespondentwhospokeofMont-
gomery\'shistory，givingpassagesinwhichafairandadequaterecognitionofPittandourEnglishsympathizersandtheiroppositiontoGeorgeIIIismade。ThiswouldseemtoindicatearevisionoftheworksinceMr。Altschulpublishedhislists，andtosubstantiatethehopeI
expressedinmyoriginalarticle，andwhichIhererepeat。Surelythepublishersofthesebookswillrevisethem!SurelyanypatrioticAmericanpublisherandanypatrioticboardofeducation，schoolprincipal，oreducator，willwatchandresistallpropagandaandothersinisterinfluencetendingtoperpetuatethiserroroftheseschoolhistories!
Whateverexcusetheyoncehad，beittheexplanationIhaveofferedabove，orsomeother，thereisnoexcuseto-day。ThesebookshavelaidthefoundationfromwhichhassprungthepopularprejudiceagainstEngland。Ithasdescendedfromfathertoson。Ithasbeenfurthersolidifiedbymanytalesforboysandgirls，writtenbymenandwomenwhoacquiredtheirinaccurateknowledgeatourschools。AnditplaysstraightintothehandsofourenemiesChapterIX:ConcerningaComplexAllofthesebooks，historyandfiction，dropintotheAmericanmindduringitsearlyspringtimetheseedofantagonism，establishinfactananti-English\"complex。\"Itisasprettyacaseofcomplexonthewholesaleascouldwellbefoundbyeitherhistorianorpsychologist。ItisnotsoviolentasthecomplexwhichhasbeenplantedintheGermanpeoplebyfortyyearsofveryadroitlyandcarefullyplannedtraining:
theyweretaughttodistrustandhateeverybodyandtoconsiderthemselvessosuperiortoanybodythattheirsacreddutyastheysawitin1914wastoenslavetheworldinordertoforceupontheworldthepricelessbenefitsoftheirKultur。Undertheshockofwarthatcomplexdilatedintoaformofrealhysteriaorinsanity。Ouranti-Englishcom-
plexisfortunatelymilderthanthat；butnonethelessdoesitsavorslightly，asanynervespecialistorpsychologicaldoctorwouldtellyou——itsavorsslightlyofhysteria，thathundredsofthousandsofAmericanmenandwomenofeverygradeofeducationandignoranceshouldautomaticallyexclaimwhenevertherightbuttonispressed，\"Englandisaland-grabber，\"and\"WhathasEnglanddoneintheWar?\"
Thewordcomplexhasbeeninourdictionaryforalongwhile。Thisfamiliaradjectivehasbeenmadebycertainscientificpeopleintoanoun，andforbrevityandconvenienceemployedtodenotesomethingthatalmostallofusharborinsomeformorother。Thesecomplexes，theselumpsofideasorimpressionsthatmatcheachother，thatareofthesamepattern，andthatarealsoinvariablytincturedwitheitherapleasurableorpainfulemotion，lieburiedinourminds，unthought-ofbutalive，andlurkalwaysreadytosetupaferment，wheneversomenewthingfromoutsidethatmatchesthementersthemindandhencestartsthemoff。The\"suppressedcomplex\"Ineednotdescribe，asourEnglishcomplexisbynomeanssuppressed。Knowntousall，probably，isthepoliticalcomplex。
Yearafteryearwehavebeenexcitedaboutelectionsandcandidatesandpolicies，preferringonepartytotheother。Ifthispreferencehasbeenverymarked，orevenviolent，youknowhowdisinclinedwearetogivecredittotheotherpartyforanyactorpolicy，nomatterhowexcellentinitself，which，hadourownpartybeenitssponsor，weshouldhavebeenheartandsoulfor。Youknowhoweasilyweforgetthegooddeedsoftheoppositepartyandhoweasilywerememberitsbaddeeds。That\'sagoodsimpleordinaryexampleofacomplex。Itsworkingscanbediscernedintheexperienceofusall。Inourpresentdiscussionitisverymuchtothepoint。
EstablishedinthesoftyoungmindsofourschoolboysandgirlsbyaseriesofreiteratedstatementsaboutthetyrannyandhostilityofEnglandtowardsusintheRevolution，statementswhichtheyhavetorememberandmasterbystudyfromdaytoday，tincturedbytheanxietyabouttheexaminationahead，whenthestudentsmustknowthemorfail，theseincidentsofschoolworkbeingalsotincturedbyanotheremotion，thatofpatriotism，enthusiasmforWashington，fortheDeclarationofIndependence，forValleyForge——thusestablishedintheregularwayofallcomplexes，thisanti-EnglishcomplexisfedandwateredbywhatwelearnoftheWarof1812，bywhatwelearnoftheCivilWarof1861，andbymanylessereventsinourhistorythusfar。AndjustasaRepublicanwilladmitnothinggoodofaDemocratandaDemocratnothinggoodofaRepublicanbecauseofthepoliticalcomplex，sodoesthegreat——thevast——majorityofAmericansautomaticallyandeasilyremembereverythingagainstEnglandandforgeteverythinginherfavor。Justtryitanydayyoulike。AskanyaverageAmericanyouaresittingnexttoinatrainwhatheknowsaboutEngland；andifhedoesrememberanythingandcantellittoyou，itwillbeunfavorableninetimesinten。Themereword\"England\"
startshiscomplexoff，andoutcomeseveryfactithasseizedthatmatcheshisschool-implantedprejudice，justasithasrejectedeveryfactthatdoesnotmatchit。ThereisabsolutelynootherwaytoexplaintheAmericanhabitofspeakingillofEnglandandwellofFrance。Severaltimesinthepast，Francehasbeenflagrantlyhostiletous。ButtherewasLafayette，therewasRochambeau，andthegreatserviceFrancedidusthenagainstEngland。Hencefromourschoolhistorieswehaveapro-Frenchcomplex。UnderitsworkingsweautomaticallyremembereverygoodturnFrancehasdoneusandautomaticallyforgettheevilturns。Againtrytheexperimentyourself。HowmanyAmericansdoyouthinkthatyouwillfindwhocanrecall，orwhoevenknowwhenyourecalltothemtheinsolentandmeddlesomeCitizenGenet，envoyoftheFrenchRepublic，andhowWashingtonrequestedhisrecall?OrtheFrenchprivateersthatalittlelater，about1797-98，preyeduponourcommerce?AndthehatredofFrancewhichmanyAmericansfeltandexpressedatthattime?HowmanyrememberthattheKingofFrance，directlyourRevolutionwasover，wasmorehostiletousthanEngland?
ChapterX:JackstrawsJackstrawsisagamewhichmostofushaveplayedinouryouth。Youemptyonatableaboxofminiaturetoyrakes，shovels，picks，axes，allsortsoftoolsandimplements。Theselieundereachotherandaboveeachotherinintricateconfusion，notunlikecrosstimberinawesternforest，onlyinsteadofbeinglogs，theyareabouttwoincheslongandverylight。Theplayerssitroundthetableandwithlittlehookstryinturntoliftonejackstrawoutoftheheap，withoutmovinganyoftheothers。Yougoonuntilyoudomoveoneoftheothers，andthislosesyouyourturn。
Europeandiplomacyatanymomentofanyyearremindsyou，ifyouinspectitclosely，ofagameofjackstraws。Everysortandshapeofintrigueisinthegeneralheapandtangle，andthejealousnationssitround，eachtryingtoliftoutitsownjackstraw。Luckilyforus，wehavenotoftenbeeninvolvedinthesegamesofjackstrawhitherto；unluckilyforus，wemustbehenceforthinvolved。Ifwekeptout，ourluckwouldbestillworse。
ImmediatelyafterourRevolution，therewasoneoftheseheapsofintrigue，inwhichwewereconcerned。ThiswasatthetimeofthenegotiationsleadingtotheTreatyofParis，towhichImadereferenceatthecloseofthelastsection。Thiswasin1783。Twentyyearslater，in1803，occurredtheheapofjackstrawsthatledtotheLouisianaPurchase。
Twentyyearslater，in1823，occurredtheheapofjackstrawsfromwhichemergedtheMonroeDoctrine。Eachofthesedates，dottedalongthroughourearlydecades，marksaveryimportantcrisisinourhistory。Itiswellthattheyshouldbegroupedtogether，becausetogethertheydisclose，sotospeak，acoherentpattern。ThiscoherentpatternisEngland\'sattitudetowardsourselves。Itistobeperceived，faintlyyetdistinctly，in1783，anditgrowsclearerandevermoreclearuntilin1898，inthegameofjackstrawsplayedwhenwedeclaredwaruponSpain，thepatternissoclearthatitcouldnotbemistakenbyanyonewhowasnotwillfullyblindedbyananti-Englishcomplex。ThispatternrepresentsapreferenceonEngland\'spartforourselvestoothernations。IdonotaskyoutothinkEngland\'sreasonforthispreferenceisthatshehaslovedussomuch；thatshehaslovedotherssomuchless——thereisherreason。Shehaslovedherselfbetterthananybody。Somusteverynation。
Sodoeseverynation。
Letmebrieflyspeakofthefirstgameofjackstraws，playedatParisin1783。OurRevolutionwasover。Thetermsofpeacehadtobedrawn。
Franklin，Jay，Adams，andLaurenswereournegotiators。Thevariousimportantpointswereacknowledgmentofourindependence，settlementofboundaries，freedomoffishingintheneighborhoodoftheCanadiancoast。
WehadagreedtoreachnosettlementwithEnglandseparatelyfromFranceandSpain。Theywereourrecentfriends。England，ourrecentenemy，sentRichardOswaldasherpeacecommissioner。Thisprivategentlemanhadplacedhisfortuneatourdisposalduringthewar，andwasFranklin\'sfriend。LordShelburnewroteFranklinthatifthiswasnotsatisfactory，tosayso，andnameanyonehepreferred。ButOswaldwassatisfactory；
andDavidHartley，anotherfriendofFranklin\'sandalsoasympathizerwithourRevolution，wasadded；andinthesecircumstancesandbythesementheTreatywasmade。ToFrancewebrokeourpromisetoreachnoseparateagreementwithEngland。WenegotiateddirectlywiththeBritish，andtheArticlesweresignedwithoutconsultationwiththeFrenchGovernment。WhenVergennes，theFrenchMinister，sawtheterms，heremarkedindisgustthatEnglandwouldseemtohaveboughtapeaceratherthanmadeone。BythetreatywegottheNorthwestTerritoryandthebasinoftheOhioRivertotheMississippi。Ourrecentfriend，theFrenchKing，wasmuchopposedtoourhavingsomuchterritory。Itwasourrecentenemy，England，whoagreedthatweshouldhaveit。Thiswastheresultofthatgameofjackstraws。
Letusrememberseveralthings:inourRevolution，Francehadbefriendedus，notbecauseshelovedussomuch，butbecauseshelovedEnglandsolittle。IntheTreatyofParis，Englandstoodwithus，notbecauseshelovedussomuch，butbecauseshelovedFrancesolittle。Wemustcherishnoillusions。Everynationmustloveitselfmorethanitlovesitsneighbor。Nevertheless，inthispatternofEngland\'spolicyin1783，whereshetakesherstandwithusandagainstothernations，thereisadeepsignificance。Ournotionsoflaw，ournotionsoflife，ournotionsofreligion，ournotionsofliberty，ournotionsofwhatamanshouldbeandwhatawomanshouldbe，aresomuchmoreakintohernotionsthantothoseofanyothernation，thattheydrawhertowardusratherthantowardanyothernation。Thatisthelessonofthefirstgameofjackstraws。
Nextcomes1803。UpontheLouisianaPurchase，Ihavealreadytouched；butnotuponitsdiplomaticside。InthoseyearstheEuropeangameofdiplomacywastrulyportentous。Bonapartehadappeared，andBonapartewasthestormcentre。FromtheheapofjackstrawsIshallliftoutonlythatwhichdirectlyconcernsusandouracquisitionofthatenormousterritory，thencalledLouisiana。Bonapartehaddreamedandplannedanempireoverhere。Certainvicissitudesdisenchantedhim。AplantoinvadeEnglandalsohelpedtodeflecthismindfromestablishinganoutpostofhisempireuponourcontinent。Forushehadnolove。Ourprinciplesweredemocratic，hewasacolossalautocrat。Hecalledus\"thereignofchatter，\"andhewouldhavelikeddearlytoputoutourlight。AddingtonwasthentheBritishPrimeMinister。RobertR。LivingstonwasourministerinParis。InthehistoryofHenryAdams，inVolumeIIatpages52and53，youmayfindmoreconcerningBonaparte\'sdislikeoftheUnitedStates。YoumayalsofindthatTalleyrandexpressedtheviewthatsociallyandeconomicallyEnglandandAmericawereoneandindivisible。