InVolumeIofthesamehistory，atpage439，youwillseethementionwhichPichonmadetoTalleyrandoftheovertureswhichEnglandwasincessantlymakingtous。Atsometimeduringallthis，rumorgotabroadofBonaparte\'sprojectsregardingLouisiana。InthesecondvolumeofHenryAdams，atpages23and24，youwillfindAddingtonremarkingtoourministertoGreatBritain，RufusKing，thatitwouldnotdotoletBonaparteestablishhimselfinLouisiana。AddingtonveryplainlyhintsthatGreatBritainwouldbackusinanysuchevent。ThisbackingofusbyGreatBritainfoundverycordialacceptanceinthemindofThomasJefferson。AyearbeforetheLouisianaPurchasewasconsummated，andwhenthethreatofBonapartewasintheair，ThomasJeffersonwrotetoLivingston，onApril18，1802，that\"thedayFrancetakespossessionofNewOrleans，wemustmarryourselvestotheBritishfleetandnation。\"
InoneofhismanymemorandatoTalleyrand，LivingstonalludestotheBritishfleet。HealsopointsoutthatFrancemaybytakingacertaincourseestrangetheUnitedStatesforeverandbinditcloselytoFrance\'sgreatenemy。ThisparticularaddresstoTalleyrandisdatedFebruary1，1803，andmaybefoundintheAnnalsofCongress，1802-1803，atpages1078to1083。Iquoteasentence:\"ThecriticalmomenthasarrivedwhichrivetstheconnexionoftheUnitedStatestoFrance，orbindsayoungandgrowingpeopleforageshereaftertohermortalandinveterateenemy。\"Afterthis，hintsfollowconcerningtherelativemaritimepowerofFranceandGreatBritain。LivingstonsuggeststhatifGreatBritaininvadeLouisiana，whocanopposeher?OncemorehereferstoGreatBritain\'ssuperiorfleet。ThisinterestingaddressconcludeswiththefollowingexordiumtoFrance:\"ShewillcheaplypurchasetheesteemofmenandthefavorofHeavenbythesurrenderofadistantwilderness，whichcanneitheraddtoherwealthnortoherstrength。\"
This，asyouwillperceive，isquiteapointedremark。ThroughouttheLouisianadiplomacy，andnegotiationstowhichthisdiplomacyled，Livingston\'swouldseemtobethemasterAmericanmindandpropheticvision。ButImustkeeptomyjackstraws。OnApril17，1803，Bonaparte\'sbrother，Lucien，reportsaconversationheldwithhimbyBonaparte。Whatpurposes，whatoscillations，mayhavebeengoingondeepinBonaparte\'ssecretmind，noonecantell。WemayguessthathedidnotrelinquishhisplanaboutLouisianadefinitelyforsometimeafterthethoughthaddawneduponhimthatitwouldbebetterifhedidrelinquishit。ButunlesshewaslyingtohisbrotherLucienonApril17，1803，wegetnomereglimpse，butaperfectlyclearsightofwhathehadcomefinallytothink。Itwascertainlyworthwhile，hesaidtoLucien，tosellwhenyoucouldwhatyouwerecertaintolose；\"fortheEnglish……areachingforachancetocaptureit……Ournavy，soinferiortoourneighbor\'sacrosstheChannel，willalwayscauseourcoloniestobeexposedtogreatrisks……Astothesea，mydearfellow，youmustknowthattherewehavetolowertheflag……TheEnglishnavyis，andlongwillbe，toodominant。\"
ThatwasonApril17。OnMay2，theTreatyofCessionwassignedbytheexultantLivingston。Bonaparte，insteadofestablishinganoutpostofautocracyatNewOrleans，soldtousnotonlythesmallpieceoflandwhichwehadoriginallyinmind，butthehugepieceoflandwhosedimensionsIhavegivenabove。Wepaidhimfifteenmillionsfornearlyamillionsquaremiles。TheformaltransferwasmadeonDecember17ofthatsameyear，1803。Thereismysecondjackstraw。
Thus，twentyyearsafterthefirsttimein1783，GreatBritainstoodbetweenusandthedesignsofanothernation。Tothatothernationherfleetwasthedecidingobstacle。Englanddidnotloveussomuch，butshelovedFrancesomuchless。ForthesamereasonswhichIhavesuggestedbefore，self-interest，behindwhichlayherdemocratickinshipwithourideals，rangedherwithus。
Toplacemythirdjackstraw，whichfollowstwentyyearsafterthesecond，uninterruptedlyinthisgroup，IpassoverforthemomentourWarof1812。
TothatIwillreturnafterIhavedealtwiththethirdjackstraw，namely，theMonroeDoctrine。ItwasEnglandthatsuggestedtheMonroeDoctrinetous。FromtheoriginofthisinthemindofCanningtoitspublicannouncementuponoursideofthewater，thepatterntowhichI
havealludedisforthethirdtimeveryclearlytobeseen。
HowmuchdidyourschoolhistoriestellyouabouttheMonroeDoctrine?I
confessthatmynotionofitcametothis:PresidentMonroeinformedthekingsofEuropethattheymustkeepawayfromthishemisphere。Whereuponthekingsobeyedhimandhaveremainedobedienteversince。OfGeorgeCanningIknewnothing。AnotherlargegameofjackstrawswasbeingplayedinEuropein1823。CertainpeopletherehadformedtheHolyAlliance。
Amongthese，PrinceMetternichtheAustrianwasundoubtedlythemastermind。HesawthatbyEngland\'svictoryatWaterlooathreattoallmonarchicalanddynasticsystemsofgovernmenthadbeencreated。Healsosawthatoursteadygrowthwasapartofthesamethreat。Withthisinmind，in1822，hebroughtabouttheHolyAlliance。ThefirstArticleoftheHolyAlliancereads:\"ThehighcontractingPowers，beingconvincedthatthesystemofrepresentativegovernmentisasequallyincompatiblewiththemonarchicalprincipleasthemaximofsovereigntyofthepeoplewiththeDivineright，engagemutually，inthemostsolemnmanner，tousealltheireffortstoputanendtothesystemofrepresentativegovernments，inwhatevercountryitmayexistinEurope，andtopreventitsbeingintroducedinthosecountrieswhereitisnotyetknown。\"
Behindthesewordslayadesign，hardlyveiled，notonlyagainstSouthAmerica，butagainstourselves。InavolumeentitledWiththeFathers，byJohnBachMcMaster，andalsointhefifthvolumeofMr。McMaster\'shistory，chapter41，youwillfindmoreamplywhatIabbreviatehere。
CanningunderstoodthethreattouscontainedintheHolyAlliance。HemadeasuggestiontoRichardRush，ourministertoEngland。Thesuggestionwasofsuchmoment，andtheultimatedangertousfromtheHolyAlliancewasofsuchmoment，thatRushmadehastetoputthematterintothehandsofPresidentMonroe。PresidentMonroelikewisefoundthematterverygrave，andhethereforeconsultedThomasJefferson。AtthattimeJeffersonhadretiredfrompubliclifeandwaslivingquietlyathisplaceinVirginia。ThatPresidentMonroe\'scommunicationdeeplystirredhimistobeseeninhisreply，writtenOctober24，1823。Jeffersonsaysinpart:\"Thequestionpresentedbythelettersyouhavesentmeisthemostmomentouswhichhaseverbeenofferedtomycontemplationsincethatofindependence……Onenationmostofallcoulddisturbus……Shenowofferstolead，aidandaccompanyus……Withheronoursideweneednotfearthewholeworld。Withher，then，weshouldmostseriouslycherishacordialfriendship，andnothingwouldtendmoretouniteouraffectionsthantobefightingoncemore，sidebyside，inthesamecause。\"
Thusforthesecondtime，ThomasJeffersonadvisesafriendshipwithGreatBritain。HerealizesasfullyasdidBonapartethepowerofhernavy，anditsvaluetous。ItisstrikingandstrangetofindThomasJefferson，whowrotetheDeclarationofIndependencein1776，writingin1823aboutunitingouraffectionsandaboutfightingoncemoresidebysidewithEngland。
ItwastherevoltoftheSpanishColoniesfromSpaininSouthAmerica，andCanning\'sfearthatFrancemightobtaindominioninAmerica，whichledhimtomakehissuggestiontoRush。Thegistofthesuggestionwas，thatweshouldjoinwithGreatBritaininsayingthatbothcountrieswereopposedtoanyinterventionbyEuropeinthewesternhemisphere。OverourannouncementtherewasmuchdelightinEngland。IntheLondonCourieroccursasentence，\"TheSouthAmericanRepublics——protectedbythetwonationsthatpossesstheinstitutionsandspeakthelanguageoffreedom。\"
InthisfragmentfromtheLondonCourier，thekinshipatwhichIhavehintedasbeingfeltbyEnglandin1783，andin1803，isdefinitelyexpressed。FromtheHolyAlliance，fromthegeneralEuropeandiplomaticgame，andfromEngland\'spreferenceforuswhospokeherlanguageandthoughtherthoughtsaboutliberty，law，whatamanshouldbe，whatawomanshouldbe，issuedtheMonroeDoctrine。AndyouwillfindthatnomatterwhatdynasticorministerialinterruptionshaveoccurredtoobscurethisrecognitionofkinshipwithusandpreferenceforusuponthepartoftheEnglishpeople，suchinterruptionsarealwaystemporaryandliealwaysuponthesurfaceofEnglishsentiment。Beneaththesurfacetherecognitionofkinshippersistsunchangedandinvariablyreassertsitself。
Thatismythirdjackstraw。CanningspoketoRush，RushconsultedMonroe，MonroeconsultedJefferson，andJeffersonwrotewhatwehaveseen。That，strippedofeveryencumberingcircumstance，isthestoryoftheMonroeDoctrine。EversincethatdaytheMonroeDoctrinehasresteduponthebroadbackoftheBritishNavy。Thishasbeennosecrettoourleadinghistorians，ourauthoritativewritersondiplomacy，andoureducatedandthinkingpublicmen。Buttheyhavenotgenerallybeeneagertomentionit；andastoourschooltextbooks，nonethatIstudiedmentioneditatall。
ChapterXI:SomeFamilyScrapsDonotsupposebecauseIamremindingyouofthesethingsandshallremindyouofsomemore，thatIamtryingtomakeyouhateFrance。IamonlytryingtopersuadeyoutostophatingEngland。Iwishtoshowyouhowmuchreasonyouhavenottohateher，whichyourschoolhistoriespasslightlyover，orpasswhollyby。Iwanttomakeitplainthatyouranti-Englishcomplexandyourpro-FrenchcomplexenticeyourmemoryintoretainingonlyevilaboutEnglandandonlygoodaboutFrance。ThatiswhyIpulloutfromtherecorded，certified，andperfectlyascertainablepast，thesefewlargefacts。Theyamplyjustify，asitseemstome，andasIthinkitmustseemtoanyreaderwithanopenmind，whatIsaidaboutthepattern。
WemustnowtouchupontheWarof1812。Thereisapoliticalaspectofthiswarwhichcastsuponitalightnotgenerallyshedbyourschoolhistories。Bonaparteisagainthepoint。NineyearsafterourLouisianaPurchasefromhim，wedeclaredwaruponEngland。AtthatmomentEnglandwasheavilyabsorbedinherstrugglewithBonaparte。Itistruethatwehadagenuinegrievanceagainsther。InsearchingforBritishsailorsuponourships，sheimpressedourown。Thiswasourjustification。
Wemadeaprettylameshowing，inspiteofthevictoriesofourfrigatesandsloops。OuronesignaltriumphonlandcameaftertheTreatyofPeacehadbeensignedatGhent。Duringtheyearsofwar，itwasluckyforusthatEnglandhadBonaparteuponherhands。Shecouldnotgiveusmuchattention。ShewasbattlingwiththegreatAutocrat。We，bydeclaringwaruponheratsuchatime，playedintoBonaparte\'shands，andvirtually，byembarrassingEngland，struckablowonthesideofautocracyandagainstourownpoliticalfaith。Itwasafeebleblow，itdidbutslightharm。
AndregardlessofitEnglandstruckBonapartedown。Hishopethatwemightdamageandlessenthepowerofherfleetthathesomuchrespectedandfeared，wasnotrealized。WemadetheTreatyofGhent。Theimpressingofsailorsfromourvesselswastacitlyabandoned。Thenexttimethatpeoplewereremovedfromvessels，itwasnotEnglandwhoremovedthem，itwasweourselves，whohaddeclaredwaronEnglandfordoingso，weourselveswhoremovedthemfromCanadianvesselsintheBehringSea，andfromtheBritishshipTrent。Theseincidentsweshallreachintheirproperplace。AsaresultoftheWarof1812，someEnglishfeltjustifiedintakingfromusalargesliceofland，butWellingtonsaid，\"Ithinkyouhavenoright，fromthestateofthewar，todemandanyconcessionofterritoryfromAmerica。\"ThisisallthatneedbesaidaboutourWarof1812。
BecauseIamtryingtogiveonlythelargeincidents，IhaveintentionallymadebutamereallusiontoFloridaandouracquisitionofthatterritory。
ItwasacaseagainofEngland\'ssidingwithusagainstathirdpower，Spain，inthisinstance。IhavealsoomittedanyaccountofouracquisitionofTexas，whenEnglandwasnotfriendly——Iamnotsurewhy:probablybecauseofthefrictionbetweenusoverOregon。Butcertainotherminoreventsthereare，whichdorequireabriefreference——theboundariesofMaine，ofOregon，theIsthmianCanal，ClevelandandVenezuela，RooseveltandAlaska；andthesedisputesweshallnowtakeuptogether，beforewedealwiththeverylargematterofourtroublewithEnglandduringtheCivilWar。Chronologically，ofcourse，VenezuelaandAlaskafallaftertheCivilWar；buttheybelongtothesameclasstowhichMaineandOregonbelong。Together，alloftheseincidentsandcontroversiesformagroupinwhichtheunderlyingpermanenceofBritishgood-willtowardsusisdistinctlytobediscerned。Sometimes，asIhavesaidbefore，Britishangerwithusobscuresthefriendlysentiment。Butthiswasonthesurface，anditalwayspassed。Asusual，itisonlytheangerthathasstuckinourminds。OftheoutcomeofthesecontroversiesandtheBritishtemperanceandrestraintwhichbroughtaboutsuchoutcomethepopularmindretainsnoimpression。
TheboundaryofMainewasfoundtobeundefinedtotheextentof12，000
squaremiles。BothMaineandNewBrunswickclaimedthis，ofcourse。Mainetookhercoatofftofight，sodidNewBrunswick。Now，webackedMaine，andvotedsuppliesandmentoher。NotsoEngland。Moresoberly，shesaid，\"Letusarbitrate。\"Weagreed，itwasdone。BytheumpireMainewasawardedmorethanhalfwhatsheclaimed。Andthenwedisputedtheumpire\'sdecisiononthegroundhehadn\'tgivenusthewholething!Doesnotthisremindyouofsomeofourbaseballbadmanners?Itwassettledlater，andwegot，differentlylocated，abouttheoriginalaward。
Didyoulearninschoolabout\"fifty-fourforty，orfight\"?Wewerereadytotakeoffourcoatagain。Oratleast，thatwastheplatformin1844onwhichPresidentPolkwaselected。Atthattime，whatlaybetweenthenorthlineofCaliforniaandthesouthlineofAlaska，whichthenbelongedtoRussia，wascalledOregon。Wesaiditwasours。Englanddisputedthis。Eachnationbaseditstitleondiscovery。Itwasn\'treallyfarfromanevenclaim。SoPolkwaselected，whichapparentlymeantwar；
hiswordswerebellicose。Weblusteredrudely。FeelingranhighinEngland；butshedidn\'ttakeoffhercoat。Herambassador，Pakenham，stiffatfirst，unbentlater。Undersundrymissionaryimpulses，moreAmericansthanBritishhadrecentlysettledalongtheColumbiaRiverandintheWillametteValley。PeoplefromMissourifollowed。YoumayreadofourimpatientviolenceinProfessorDunning\'sbook，TheBritishEmpireandtheUnitedStates。Indeed，thisvolumetellsatlengtheverythingI
amtellingyoubrieflyabouttheseboundarydisputes。ThesettlerswishedtobeunderourGovernment。Virtuallyupontheirpreferencethematterwasfinallyadjusted。Englandmetuswithacompromise，advantageoustousandreasonableforherself。Thus，again，washerconductmoderateandpacific。Ifyouthinkthatthiswasthroughfearofus，Icanonlyleaveyoutoourwesternblow-hardsof1845，ortoyouranti-Britishcomplex。WhatIseeinit，isanothersignofthatfundamentalsenseofkinship，thatpersistingunwillingnesstohavearealscrapwithus，thatstaresplainlyoutofourwholefirstcentury——thesamefeelingwhichpreventedsomanyEnglishfromenlistingagainstusintheRevolutionthatGeorgeIIIwasobligedtogetHessians。
Nicaraguacomesnext。Thereagaintheywerequiteangrywithusontop，butcontrolledintheendbythepersistingdispositionofkinship。TheyhadlandinNicaraguawiththeideaofanIsthmianCanal。Thiswedidnotlike。Theythoughtweshouldmindourownbusiness。ButtheyagreedwithusintheClayton-BulwerTreatythatbothshouldbuildandrunthecanal。
Vaguenessaboutterritorynearbyraisedfurthertrouble，andtherewewereintheright。Englandyielded。Theyearswentonandwegrew，untilthetimecamewhenwedecidedthatiftherewastobeanycanal，noonebutourselvesshouldhaveit。Weaskedtobeletofftheoldtreaty。
Englandletusoff，stipulatingthecanalshouldbeunfortified，andan\"opendoor\"toall。Ourrepresentativeagreedtothis，muchtoourdispleasure。Indeed，Idonotthinkheshouldhaveagreedtoit。DidEnglandholdustoit?Allthishappenedinthelifetimeofmanyofus，andweknowthatshedidnotholdustoit。Shegaveuswhatweasked，andshedidsobecauseshefeltitsjustice，andthatitinnowaymenacedherwithinjury。Allthisbeganin1850andended，asweknow，inthetimeofRoosevelt。
About1887ourseal-fishingintheBehringSeabroughtonanacutesituation。Intothemanyandintricatedetailsofthis，Ineednotgo；
youcanfindtheminanygoodencyclopedia，andalsoinHarper\'sMagazineforApril，1891，andinotherplaces。OurfishingclashedwithCanada\'s。
Weassumedjurisdictionoverthewholeofthesea，whichisathirdasbigastheMediterranean，onthequitefantasticgroundthatitwasaninlandsea。Ignoringthelawthatnobodyhasjurisdictionoutsidethethree-milelimitfromtheirshores，weseizedCanadianvesselssixtymilesfromland。Infact，wedidvirtuallywhatwehadgonetowarwithEnglandfordoingin1812。ButEnglanddidnotgotowar。Sheaskedforarbitration。Throughoutthis，ourtonewasrawandindiscreet，whileherswasconspicuouslytheopposite；wehaddoneanunwarrantableandhigh-handedthing；ourclaimthatBehringSeawasan\"inclosed\"seawasabandoned；thearbitrationwentagainstus，andwepaiddamagesfortheCanadianvessels。
In1895，inthecourseofacentury\'sdisputeovertheboundarybetweenVenezuelaandBritishGuiana，VenezuelatookprisonersomeBritishsubjects，andaskedustoprotectherfromtheconsequences。RichardOlney，GroverCleveland\'sSecretaryofState，informedLordSalisbury，PrimeMinisterofEngland，that\"inaccordancewiththeMonroeDoctrine，theUnitedStatesmustinsistonarbitration\"——thatis，ofthedisputedboundary。ItwasanabruptextensionoftheMonroeDoctrine。ItwasdictatingtoEnglandthemannerinwhichsheshouldsettleadifferencewithanothercountry。Salisburydeclined。OnDecember17thClevelandannouncedtoEnglandthattheMonroeDoctrineappliedtoeverystageofournationalLife，andthatasGreatBritainhadformanyyearsrefusedtosubmitthedisputetoimpartialarbitration，nothingremainedtousbuttoacceptthesituation。Moreover，ifthedisputedterritorywasfoundtobelongtoVenezuela，itwouldbethedutyoftheUnitedStatestoresist，byeverymeansinitspower，theaggressionsofGreatBritain。
Thiswas，ineffect，anultimatum。Thestockmarketwenttopieces。IngeneralAmericanopinion，warwascoming。Thesituationwasindeedgrave。
First，weowedtheMonroeDoctrine\'sveryexistencetoEnglishbacking。
Second，theDoctrineitselfhadbeenadeclarationagainstautocracyintheshapeoftheHolyAlliance，andEnglandwasnotautocracy。Lastly，asanation，Venezuelaseldomconductedherselforhergovernmentonthesteadyplanofdemocracy。Englandwasexasperated。AndyetEnglandyielded。Ittookalittletime，butarbitrationsettleditintheend——
ataboutthesametimethatweflatlydeclinedtoarbitrateourquarrelwithSpain。Historywillnotacquitusofgroundlessmeddlingandarroganceinthismatter，whileEnglandcomesoutofithavingagainshownintheendbothforbearanceandgoodmanners。BeforeanotherVenezuelanincidentin1902，Itakeupaburningdisputeof1903。
AsOregonhadformerlybeen，soAlaskahadlaterbecome，agravesourceoffrictionbetweenEnglandandourselves。CanadaclaimedboundariesinAlaskawhichwedisputed。ThishadsmoulderedalongthroughanumberofyearsuntilthediscoveryofgoldintheKlondikeregionfannedittoasomewhatmenacingflame。Inthisinstance，historyisasunlikelytoapprovetheconductoftheCanadiansastoapproveourbadmannerstowardsthemuponmanyotheroccasions。ThemattercametoaheadinRoosevelt\'sfirstadministration。YouwillfinditallintheLifeofJohnHaybyWilliamR。Thayer，VolumeII。Acommissiontosettlethematterhaddawdledandfailed。Rooseveltwastiredofdelays。
Commissionersagainwereappointed，threeAmericans，twoCanadians，andAlverstone，LordChiefJustice，torepresentEngland。TohisfriendJusticeOliverWendellHolmes，abouttosailforanEnglishholiday，RooseveltwroteaprivateletterprivatelytobeshowntoMr。Balfour，Mr。Chamberlain，andcertainotherEnglishmenofmark。Hesaid:\"TheclaimoftheCanadiansforaccesstodeepwateralonganypartoftheAlaskancoastisjustexactlyasindefensibleasiftheyshouldnowsuddenlyclaimtheIslandofNantucket。\"CanadahadobjectedtoourCommissionersasbeingnot\"impartialjuristsofrepute。\"Astothis，Roosevelt\'slettertoHolmesranon:\"IbelievethatnothreemenintheUnitedStatescouldbefoundwhowouldbemoreanxiousthanourowndelegatestodojusticetotheBritishclaimonallpointswherethereisevenacolorofrightontheBritishside。ButtheobjectionraisedbycertainBritishauthoritiestoLodge，Root，andTurner，especiallytoLodgeandRoot，wasthattheyhadcommittedthemselvesonthegeneralproposition。Nomaninpubliclifeinanypositionofprominencecouldhavepossiblyavoidedcommittinghimselfontheproposition，anymorethanMr。ChamberlaincouldavoidcommittinghimselfontheownershipoftheOrkneysifsomeScandinaviancountrysuddenlyclaimedthem。Ifthisembodiedotherpointstowhichtherewaslegitimatedoubt，IbelieveMr。
Chamberlainwouldactfairlyandsquarelyindecidingthematter；butifheappointedacommissiontosettleupallthesequestions，Icertainlyshouldnotexpecthimtoappointthreemen，ifhecouldfindthem，whobelievedthatastotheOrkneysthequestionwasanopenone。IwishtomakeonelastefforttobringaboutanagreementthroughtheCom-
mission……Butifthereisadisagreement……Ishalltakeapositionwhichwillpreventanypossibilityofarbitrationhereafter；……willrenderitnecessaryforCongresstogivemetheauthoritytorunthelineasweclaimit，byourownpeople，withoutanyfurtherregardtotheattitudeofEnglandandCanada。IfIpaidattentiontomereabstractrights，thatisthepositionIoughttotakeanyhow。IhavenottakenitbecauseIwishtoexhausteveryefforttohavetheaffairsettledpeacefullyandwithdueregardtoEngland\'shonor。\"
Thatisthewaytodothesethings:notbyaperemptorypublicletter，likeOlney\'stoSalisbury，whichenragesawholepeopleandmakestemperateactiondoublydifficult，butthus，byaprivatelettertotheproperpersons，veryplain，veryunmistakable，butwhichremainsprivate，asufficientwordtothewise，andnotaredragtothemob。\"TohavetheaffairsettledpeacefullyandwithdueregardtoEngland\'shonor。\"ThusRoosevelt。Englanddesirednowarwithusthistime，anymorethanattheothertime。TheCommissionwenttowork，and，afterinvestigatingthefacts，decidedinourfavor。
Ourlistofboundaryepisodesfinished，ImusttouchupontheaffairwiththeKaiserregardingVenezuela\'sdebts。SheowedmoneytoGermany，Italy，andEngland。TheKaisergottheearoftheTorygovernmentunderSalisbury，andbetweenthethreecountriesasecretpactwasmadetorepaythemselves。Venezuelaisnotseldomreluctanttosettleherobligations，andshewasslowuponthisoccasion。ItwastheKaiser\'schance——hehadbeentryingitalreadyatotherpoints——toslideintoafootholdoverhereunderthecamouflageofcollectingfromVenezuelaherjustdebttohim。SowithwarshipsheandhisalliesestablishedwhathecalledapacificblockadeonVenezuelanports。
ImustskipthecomedythatnowwentoninWashington(youwillfinditonpages287-288ofMr。Thayer\'sJohnHay，VolumeII)andcomeatoncetoMr。Roosevelt\'sfinalwordtotheKaiser，thatiftherewasnotanoffertoarbitratewithinforty-eighthours，AdmiralDeweywouldsailforVenezuela。Inthirty-sixhoursarbitrationwasagreedto。Englandwithdrewfromhershareinthesecretpact。Hadshewantedwarwithus，herfleetandtheKaiser\'scouldhaveoutmatchedourown。Shedidnot；
andtheKaiserhadstillveryclearlyandsorelyinremembrancewhatchoiceshehadmadebetweenstandingwithhimandstandingwithusafewyearsbeforethis，uponanoccasionthatwasalsoconnectedwithAdmiralDewey。ThisIshallfullyconsideraftersummarizingthoseinternationalepisodesofourCivilWarwhereinEnglandwasconcerned。
ThiscompletesmylistofminortroubleswithEnglandthatwehavehadsinceCanningsuggestedourMonroeDoctrinein1823。Minortroubles，I
callthem，becausetheyareallsmallerthanthoseduringourCivilWar。
Thefullrecordofeachisanopenpageofhistoryforyoutoreadatleisureinanygoodlibrary。Youwillfindthattheanti-Englishcomplexhasitsinfluencesometimesinthepagesofourhistorians，butProfessorDunningisfreefromit。Youwillfind，whatevertransitorygustsofanger，jealousy，hostility，orpetulancemayhavesweptovertheEnglishpeopleintheirrelationswithus，thesegustsendinacalm；andthiscalmisduetothecommon-senseoftherace。ItrevealeditselfinthetreatyatthecloseofourRevolution，andithasbeentheultimatecontrollingfactorinEnglishdealingswithuseversince。AndnowI
reachthelastofmylargehistoricmatters，theCivilWar，andourwarwithSpain。
ChapterXII:OntheRaggedEdgeOnNovember6，1860，Lincoln，nomineeoftheRepublicanparty，whichwasopposedtotheextensionofslavery，waselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStates。Forty-onedayslater，thelegislatureofSouthCarolina，determinedtoperpetuateslavery，metatColumbia，but，onaccountofalocalepidemic，movedtoCharleston。There，aboutnoon，December20th，itunanimouslydeclared\"thattheUnionnowsubsistingbetweenSouthCarolinaandotherStates，underthenameoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，isherebydissolved。\"Soonotherslavestatesfollowedthislead，andamongthemall，duringthosefinalmonthsofBuchanan\'spresidency，preparednesswenton，uncheckedbythehalf-feeble，half-treacherousFederalGovernment。Lincoln，inhisinauguraladdress，March4，1861，declaredthathehadnopurpose，directlyorindirectly，tointerferewiththeinstitutionofslaveryinthestateswhereitexisted。Tothesecededslavestateshesaid:\"Inyourhands，mydissatisfiedfellow-countrymen，andnotmine，isthemomentousissueofcivilwar。TheGovernmentwillnotassailyou。Youcanhavenoconflictwithoutbeingyourselvestheaggressors。YoucanhavenooathregisteredinheaventodestroytheGovernment；whileIshallhavethemostsolemnonetopreserve，protectanddefendit。\"Thischangednothingintheslavestates。Itwasnotenoughforthemthatslaverycouldkeeponwhereitwas。Tospreaditwhereitwasnot，hadbeentheiraimforaverylongwhile。Thenextday，March5th，LincolnhadlettersfromFortSumter，inCharlestonharbor。MajorAndersonwasbesiegedtherebythebatteriesofsecession，wasbeingstarvedout，mightholdonamonthlonger，neededhelp。Throughstaggeringcomplicationsandembarrassments，whichwerepresentlytobeoutstaggeredbyworseones，LincolnbytheendofMarchsawhispathclear。\"Inyourhands，mydissatisfiedfellow-countrymen，andnotmine，isthemomentousissueofcivilwar。\"Theclewtothepathhadbeeninthosewordsfromthefirst。TheflagoftheUnion，thelittleislandofloyaltyamidthewatersofsecession，wascoveredbytheCharlestonbatteries。\"BatteriesreadytoopenWednesdayorThursday。
Whatinstructions?\"Thus，onApril1st，GeneralBeauregard，atCharleston，telegraphedtoJeffersonDavis。TheyhadallbeenhopingthatLincolnwouldgiveFortSumtertothemandsosavetheirhavingtotakeit。Notatall。ThePresidentoftheUnitedStateswasnotgoingtogiveawaypropertyoftheUnitedStates。Instead，theGovernorofSouthCaro-
linareceivedapolitemessagethatanattemptwouldbemadetosupplyFortSumterwithfoodonly，andthatifthiswerenotinterferedwith，noarmsorammunitionshouldbesenttherewithoutfurthernotice，orincasethefortwereattacked。Lincolnwasleaningbackwards，youmightsay，inhispatientefforttoconciliate。AndaccordinglyourtransportssailedfromNewYorkforCharlestonwithinstructionstosupplySumterwithfoodalone，unlesstheyshouldbeopposedinattemptingtocarryouttheirerrand。ThisdidnotsuitJeffersonDavisatall；and，tocutitshort，athalf-pastfour，onthemorningofApril12，1861，therearoseintotheairfromthemortarbatterynearoldFortJohnson，onthesouthsideoftheharbor，abomb-shell，whichcurvedhighandslowthroughthedawn，andfelluponFortSumter，thusstartingfouryearsofcivilwar。
OneweeklatertheUnionproclaimedablockadeontheportsofSlaveLand。
Beareachandallofthesefactsinmind，Ibeg，beartheminmindwell，forinthelightofthemyoucanseeEnglandclearly，andwillhavenotroubleinfollowingthedifferentthreadsofherconducttowardsusduringthisstruggle。Whatshedidthengavetoourancientgrudgeagainstherthereddestcoatoffreshpaintwhichithadreceivedyet——
thereddestandthemostenduringsinceGeorgeIII。
Englandrantruetoform。Itisveryinterestingtomarkthis；veryinterestingtowatchinhergovernmentandherpeoplethepersistentandconflictingcurrentsofsympathyandantipathyboilupagain，justastheyhadboiledin1776。Itisequallyinterestingtowatchourancientgrudgeatwork，causingustorememberandhugalltheillwillsheboreus，alltheharmshedidus，andtoforgetallthegood。Roughlycomparing1776with1861，itwasoncemoretheTories，thearistocrats，theLordNorths，whohopedforouroverthrow，whilethepeopleofEngland，withcertainliberalleadersinParliament，stoodourfriends。
JustasPittandBurkehadspokenforusinourRevolution，soBrightandCobdenbefriendedusnow。TheparallelceaseswhenyoucometotheSovereign。QueenVictoriadeclinedtosupportorrecognizeSlaveLand。
ShestoppedtheGovernmentandaristocraticEnglandfromforcingwaruponus，shepreventedtheFrenchEmperor，NapoleonIII，fromrecognizingtheSouthernConfederacy。Weshallcometothisinitsturn。OurCivilWarsetupinEnglandahugevibration，subjectedEnglandtoasearchingtestofherself。NothingdescribesthisbetterthanaletterofHenryWardBeecher\'s，writtenduringtheWar，afterhisreturnfromaddressingthepeopleofEngland。
\"MyownfeelingsandjudgmentunderwentagreatchangewhileIwasinEngland……IwaschilledandshockedatthecoldnesstowardstheNorthwhichIeverywheremet，andthesympatheticprejudicesinfavoroftheSouth。Andyeteverybodywasalikecondemningslaveryandpraisingliberty!\"
HowcouldEnglanddothis，howwiththesamebreathblowcoldandhot，howbeagainsttheNorththatwasfightingtheextensionofslaveryandyetbeagainstslaverytoo?Confusingatthetime，itisclearto-day。
ImbeddedinLincoln\'sfirstinauguraladdressliestheclew:hesaid，\"I
havenopurpose，directlyorindirectly，tointerferewiththeinstitutionofslaverywhereitexists。IbelieveIhavenolawfulrighttodoso，andIhavenoinclinationtodoso。ThosewhoelectedmedidsowithfullknowledgethatIhadmadethisandmanysimilardeclarations，andhadneverrecantedthem。\"ThusLincoln，March4，1861。Sixweekslater，whenwewent-towar，wewent，not\"tointerferewiththeinstitutionofslavery，\"but(againinLincoln\'swords)\"topreserve，protect，anddefend\"theUnion。Thiswasourslogan，thisourfight，thiswasrepeatedagainandagainbyoursoldiersandcivilians，byourpublicmenandourprivatecitizens。CanyouseethepositionofthoseEnglishmenwhocondemnedslaveryandpraisedliberty?Weourselvessaidwewerenotouttoabolishslavery，wedisclaimedanysuchobject，byourownwordswecutthegroundawayfromthem。
NotuntilSeptember22dof1862，totakeeffectuponJanuary1，1863，didLincolnproclaimemancipation——thusdoingwhathehadsaidtwenty-twomonthsbefore\"IbelieveIhavenolawfulrighttodo。\"
Thatinterimofanguishandmeditationhadclearedhissight。Slowlyhehadfelthisway，slowlyhehadcometoperceivethatthepreservationoftheUnionandtheabolitionofslaveryweresotightlywrappedtogetherastomergeandbeoneandthesamething。Butevenhadheknownthisfromthestart，knownthattheNorth\'sbottomcause，theendingofslavery，restedonmoralground，andthatmoralgroundoutweighsandmustforeveroutweighwhateveroflegalargumentmaybeontheotherside，hecouldhavedonenothing。\"IbelieveIhavenolawfulright。\"TherewerethousandsintheNorthwhoalsothusbelieved。ItwasonlyanextremistminoritywhodisregardedtheConstitution\'sacquiescenceinslaveryandwantedemancipationproclaimedatonce。HadLincolnproclaimedit，theNorthwouldhavesplitinpieces，theSouthwouldhavewon，theUnionwouldhaveperished，andslaverywouldhaveremained。Lincolnhadtowaituntiltheseasonofanguishandmeditationhadunblindedthousandsbesideshimself，andthushadplacedbehindhimenoughoftheNorthtostruggleontothatsavingoftheUnionandthatfreeingoftheslavewhichwasconsummatedmorethantwoyearslaterbyLee\'ssurrendertoGrantatAppomattox。
ButitwasduringthatinterimofanguishandmeditationthatEnglanddidusmostoftheharmwhichourmemoriesvaguelybutviolentlytreasure。
UntiltheEmancipation，wegaveourEnglishfriendsnopublic，officialgroundsfortheirsympathy，andconsequentlytheirinfluenceoverourEnglishenemieswashampered。InstantlyafterJanuary1，1863，thatsympathybecamethedecidingvoice。Ourenemiescouldnolongersaytoit，\"butLincolnsayshimselfthathedoesn\'tintendtoabolishslavery。\"
Hereareexamplesofwhatoccurred:ToWilliamLloydGarrison，theAbolitionist，anEnglishsympathizerwrotethatthreethousandmenofManchesterhadmetthereandadoptedbyacclamationanenthusiasticmessagetoLincoln。Thesemensaidthattheywouldratherremainunem-
ployedfortwentyyearsthangetcottonfromtheSouthattheexpenseoftheslave。AmonthlaterCobdenwritestoCharlesSumner:\"Iknownothinginmypoliticalexperiencesostriking，anadisplayofspontaneouspublicaction，asthatofthevastgatheringatExeterHall(inLondon)，when，withoutoneattractionintheformofapopularorator，thevastbuilding，itsminorroomsandpassages，andthestreetsadjoining，werecrowdedwithanenthusiasticaudience。Thatmeetinghashadapowerfuleffectonournewspapersandpoliticians。IthasclosedthemouthsofthosewhohavebeenadvocatingthesideoftheSouth。AndInowwritetoassureyouthatanyunfriendlyactonthepartofourGovernment——nomatterwhichofouraristocraticpartiesisinpower——towardsyourcauseisnottobeapprehended。IfanattemptweremadebytheGovernmentinanywaytocommitustotheSouth，aspiritwouldbeinstantlyarousedwhichwoulddrivethatGovernmentfrompower。\"
Ilayemphasisatthispointupontheseinstances(manymorecouldbegiven)becauseithasbeenthehabitofmostAmericanstosaythatEnglandstoppedbeinghostiletotheNorthassoonastheNorthbegantowin。InJanuary，1863，theNorthhadnotvisiblybeguntowin。Ithadsufferedalmostunvarieddefeatsofar；andthebattlesofGettysburgandVicksburg，wherethetideturnedatlastourway，werestillsixmonthsahead。ItwasfromJanuary1，1863，whenLincolnplantedourcausefirmlyandopenlyonabolitionground，thattheundercurrentofBritishsympathysurgedtothetop。Thetruewonderis，thatthisundercurrentshouldhavebeensostrongallalong，thatthoseEnglishsympathizerssomehowintheirheartsshouldhaveknownwhatwewerefightingformoreclearlythanwehadbeenabletoseeit；ourselves。ThekeytothisisgiveninBeecher\'sletter——itisnowherebettergiven——andtoitImustnowreturn。
\"IsoonperceivedthatmyfirsterrorwasinsupposingthatGreatBritainwasanimpartialspectator。Infact，shewasmorallyanactorintheconflict。Suchweretheantagonisticinfluencesatworkinherownmidst，andthedivisionofparties，that，injudgingAmericanaffairsshecouldnothelplendingsanctiontooneortheothersideofherowninternalconflicts。Englandwasnot，then，ajudge，sittingcalmlyonthebenchtodecidewithoutbias；thecasebroughtbeforeherwasherown，inprinciple，andininterest。IntakingsideswiththeNorth，thecommonpeopleofGreatBritainandthelaboringclasstooksideswiththemselvesintheirstruggleforreformation；whilethewealthyandtheprivilegedclassesfoundareasonintheirownpoliticalpartiesandphilosophieswhytheyshouldnotbetooeagerforthelegitimategovernmentandnationoftheUnitedStates。
\"Allclasseswho，athome，wereseekingtheelevationandpoliticalenfranchisementofthecommonpeople，werewithus。Allwhostudiedthepreservationofthestateinitspresentunequaldistributionofpoliticalprivileges，sidedwiththatsectioninAmericathatweredoingthesamething。
\"Weoughtnottobesurprisednorangrythatmenshouldmaintainaristocraticdoctrineswhichtheybelieveinfullyassincerely，andmoreconsistently，thanwe，ormanyamongstusdo，indemocraticdoctrines。
\"Weofallpeopleoughttounderstandhowagovernmentcanbecoldorsemi-hostile，whilethepeoplearefriendlywithus。ForthirtyyearstheAmericanGovernment，inthehands，orundertheinfluenceofSouthernstatesmen，hasbeeninathreateningattitudetoEurope，andactuallyindisgracefulconflictwithalltheweakneighboringPowers。Texas，Mexico，CentralGenerics，andCubaarewitnesses。YetthegreatbodyofourpeopleintheMiddleandNorthernStatesarestronglyopposedtoallsuchtendencies。\"
ItwasinaverybriefvisitthatBeechermanagedtoseeEnglandasshewas:aremarkableletterforitsinsight，andmoreremarkablestillforitsmoderation，whenyouconsiderthatitwaswritteninthemidstofourCivilWar，whileloyalAmericanswerenotonlyenragedwithEngland，butwoundedtothequickaswell。Whenamancandothis——canhavepassionateconvictionsinpassionatetimes，andyetkeephisjudgmentunclouded，wise，andcalm，heserveshiscountrywell。
Icanremembertherageandthewound。InthatatmosphereIbeganmyexistence。Mychildhoodwassteepedinit。InourhousetheLondonPunchwasstopped，becauseofitshostileridicule。IgrewtoboyhoodhearingfrommyeldershowEnglandhadforyearstaunteduswithourtoleranceofslaverywhileweboastedofbeingtheLandoftheFree——andthen，whenwearosetoabolishslavery，howshe\"jack-knived\"andgaveaidandcomforttotheslavepowerwhenithaditsfingersuponourthroat。Manyofthatgenerationofmyeldersneverwhollygotovertherageandthewound。
TheyhatedallEnglandforthesakeoflessthanhalfEngland。Theycountedtheirenemiesbutnevertheirfriends。There\'snothingunnaturalaboutthis，nothingrare。Onthecontrary，it\'stheusual，natural，unjustthingthathumannaturedoesintimesofagony。It\'stheHenryWardBeechersthatarerare。Intimesofagonytheaveragemanandwomanseenothingbuttheiragony。WhenIlookoversomeofthelettersthatI
receivedfromEnglandin1915——lettersfromstrangersevokedbyabookcalledThePentecostofCalamity，whereinIhadpublishedmyconvictionthatthecauseofEnglandwasrighteous，thecauseofGermanyhideous，andourownpersistentneutralityunworthy——I\'mgladIlostmytemperonlyonce，andrepliedcausticallyonlyonce。Howdreadful(wroteoneofmycorrespondents)mustitbetobelongtoanationthatwasbehavinglikemine!Iretorted(I\'msorryforitnow)thatIcouldallthemorereadilycomprehendEnglishfeelingaboutourneutrality，becauseIhadknownwhatwehadfeltwhenGladstonespokeatNewcastleandwhenEnglandlettheAlabamalooseuponusin1862。Wherewasthegoodinreplyingatall?Silenceisalmostalwaysthebestreplyinthesecases。NextcamealetterfromanotherEnglishstranger，inwhichthewriterannouncedhavingjustreadThePentecostofCalamity。NotawordoffriendlinessforwhatIhadsaidabouttherighteousnessofEngland\'scauseormyexpressedunhappinessoverthecoursewhichourGovernmenthadtaken——
nothingbutscornforusallandthehopethatweshouldreapourdesertswhenGermanydefeatedEnglandandinvadedus。Well?Whatofit?Herewasastrickenperson，writinginstress，inalandofdesolation，mourningforthedeadalready，waitingforthenextwhoshoulddie，apoor，unstrungaverageperson，whohadnotlongbeforereadthatremarkofourPresident\'smadeonthemorrowoftheLusitania:thatthereissuchathingasbeingtooproudtofight；hadreadduringtheensuingweeksthosenoteswhereinwestoodcommittedbyourChiefMagistratetoaverbalslinkingawayandsittingdownunderit。Canyouwonder?Ifthemerememoryofthosedaysofourhumiliationstabsmeevennow，Ineednoonetotellme(thoughIhavebeentold)whatEngland，whatFrance，feltaboutusthen，whatitmusthavebeenlikeforAmericanswhowereinEnglandandFranceatthattime。No:theaveragepersoningreattroublecannotriseabovethetroubleandsurveythetruthandbejust。InEnglisheyesourGovernment——andthereforeallofus——failedin1914——
1915——1916——failedagainandagain——insultedthecauseofhumanitywhenwesaidthroughourPresidentin1916，thethirdsummerofthewar，thatwewerenotconcernedwitheitherthecausesortheaimsofthatconflict。HowcouldtheyrememberHoover，orRobertBacon，orLeonardWood，orTheodoreRooseveltthen，anymorethanwecouldrememberJohnBright，orRichardCobden，ortheManchestermeninthedayswhentheAlabamawassinkingthemerchantvesselsoftheUnion?
WerememberedLordJohnRussellandLordPalmerstonintheBritishGovernment，andtheirfellowaristocratsinBritishsociety；werememberedthearistocraticBritishpress——TheTimesnotably，becausethemostpowerful——thesearewhatwesaw，felt，andremembered，becausetheywerenotwithus，andwereabletohurtusinthedayswhenourfriendswerenotyetabletohelpus。TheymadewelcometheSouthernerswhocameoverintheinterestsoftheSouth，theylistenedtotheSouthernpropaganda。Why?BecausetheSouthwastheAmericanversionoftheiraristocraticcreed。TothosewhocameoverintheinterestsoftheNorthandoftheUniontheyturnedacoldshoulder，becausetheyrepresentedDemocracy；moreover，aDis-UnitedStateswouldproveincommercealessformidablecompetitor。ToCaptainBullock，theableandenergeticSouthernerwhoputthroughinEnglandthebuildingandlaunchingofthoseConfederatecruiserswhichsankourshipsanddestroyedourmerchantmarine，andtoMasonandSlidell，thedoorsofdukesopenedpleasantly；
Beecherandourotheremissariesmostlyhadtodinebeneathuncoronetedroofs。
InthepagesofHenryAdams，andofCharlesFrancisAdamshisbrother，youcanreadofwhatthey，asyoungmen，encounteredinLondon，andwhattheysawtheirfatherhavetoputupwiththere，bothfromEnglishsocietyandtheEnglishGovernment。TheirfatherwasournewministertoEngland，appointedbyLincoln。HearrivedjustafterourCivilWarhadbegun。Ihaveheardhissonstalkaboutitfamiliarly，anditisalltobefoundintheirwritings。
NobodyknowshowtobedisagreeablequitesowellastheEnglishgentleman，excepttheEnglishlady。Theycandoitwiththenicetyofamedicinedropper。Theycanadministertheprecisequantumsuff。ineverycase。InthesocietyofEnglishgentlemenandladiesMr。Adamsbyhisofficialpositionwasobligedtomove。Theylefthimoutasmuchastheycould，but，beingtheAmericanMinister，hecouldn\'tbeleftoutaltogether。AttheirdinnersandfunctionshehadtohearopenexpressionsofjoyatthenewsofSouthernvictories，hehadtoreceiveslightsbothveiledandunveiled，andallthishehadtobearwithequanimity。Sometimeshedidleavetheroom；butwithdignityanddiscretion。Afalsestep，a\"break，\"mighthaveledtoarequestforhisrecall。Heknewthathisconstantpresence，closetotheEnglishGovernment，wasvitaltoourcause。RussellandPalmerstonwerebyturnsinsolentandshifty，andonceontheverybrinkofrecognizingtheSouthernConfederacyasanindependentnation。Gladstone，ChancelloroftheExchequer，inaspeechatNewcastle，virtuallydidrecognizeit。YouwillbeproudofMr。Adamsifyoureadhowheborehimselfandfulfilledhisappallinglydelicateanddifficultmission。HewasanAmericanwhoknewhowtobehavehimself，andhebehavedhimselfallthetime；whiletheEnglishhadawayofturningtheirbehavioronandoff，likethehotwater。Mr。Adamswasnoadmirerof\"shirt-sleeves\"diplomacy。Hisdiplomacyworeacoat。Ourexperimentsin\"shirt-sleeves\"diplomacyfailtoshowthatitaccomplishesanythingwhichdiplomacydecentlydressedwouldnotaccomplishmoresatisfactorily。UponMr。AdamsfellsomeconsequencesofpreviousAmericancrudities，ofwhichIshallspeaklater。
LincolnhaddeclaredablockadeonSouthernportsbeforeMr。AdamsarrivedinLondon。UponhisarrivalhefoundEnglandhadproclaimedherneutralityandrecognizedthebelligerencyoftheSouth。ThisdismayedMr。AdamsandexcitedthewholeNorth，becausefeelingrantoohightoperceivethisfirstactonEngland\'sparttobereallyfavorabletous；
shecouldnotrecognizeourblockade，whichstoppedhergettingSoutherncotton，unlesssherecognizedthattheSouthwasinastateofwarwithus。Lookedatquietly，thisactofEngland\'shelpedusandhurtherself，foritdeprivedherofcotton。
Itwasnotwiththis，butwiththereceptionandtreatmentofMr。Adamsthatthetruehostilitybegan。Slightstohimwereslapsatus，sympathywiththeSouthwasanactivemoralinjurytoourcause，evenifitwasmostlyanundertone，politically。Thenallofasudden，somethingthatwedidourselveschangedtheundertonetoaloudovertone，andwejustgrazedEngland\'sdeclaringwaronus。Hadshedoneso，thenindeedithadbeenallupwithus。Thisincidentisthecomicgoing-backonourowndoctrineof1812，towhichIhavealludedabove。
OnNovember8，1861，CaptainCharlesWilkesoftheAmericansteamsloopSanJacinto，firedashotacrossthebowoftheBritishvesselTrent，stoppedheronthehighseas，andtookfourpassengersoffher，andbroughtthemprisonerstoFortWarren，inBostonharbor。MasonandSlidellarethetwoweremember，ConfederateenvoystoFranceandGreatBritain。OverthisthewholeNorthburstintogloriousjoy。OurSecretaryoftheNavywrotetoWilkeshiscongratulations，Congressvoteditsthankstohim，governorsandjudgeslaureledhimwithoratoryatbanquets，hewasfeastedwithmeatanddrinkallovertheplace，and，thoughhisyearsweresixty-three，ardentfemalesprobablyrushedforthfromthrongsandkissedhimwiththepurestintentions:heroeshavenoage。ButpresentlytheTrentarrivedinEngland，andtheBritishlionwasaroused。Wehadviolatedinternationallaw，andinsultedtheBritishflag。Palmerstonwroteusaletter——orRussell，Iforgetwhichwroteit——
aletterthatwouldhaveleftusnochoicebuttofight。ButQueenVictoriahadtosignitbeforeitwent。\"Mylord，\"shesaid，\"youmustknowthatIwillagreetonopaperthatmeanswarwiththeUnitedStates。\"Sothisdidn\'tgo，butanotherinitsstead，prettystiff，naturally，yetstillpossibleforustoswallow。Somedidn\'twanttoswalloweventhis；butLincoln，humorousandwise，said，\"Gentlemen，onewaratatime；\"andsowemadeduerestitution，andMessrs。MasonandSlidellwenttheirwaytoFranceandEngland，freetobringaboutactionagainstusthereiftheycouldmanageit。CaptainWilkesmusthavebeenagoodfellow。Hispicturesuggeststhis。England，inherEnglishheart，reallylikedwhathehaddone，itwasinitsgallantflagrancysoremarkablylikeherowndoings——thoughshecouldn\'t，naturally，permitsuchaperformancetopass；andafewyearsafterwards，forhisservicesinthecauseofexploration，herRoyalGeographicalSocietygavehimagoldmedal!Yes；thewholethingiscomic——to-day；forus，to-day，thepointofitis，thattheEnglishQueensavedusfromawarwithEngland。
Withinayear，somethinghappenedthatwasnotcomic。LordJohnRussell，thoughwarnedandwarned，lettheAlabamaslipawaytosea，wheresheproceededtosendourmerchantshipstothebottom，untiltheKearsargesentherherselftothebottom。ShehadbeenbuiltatLiverpoolinthefaceofanEnglishlawwhichnoquibblingcoulddisguisetoanybodyexcepttoLordJohnRussellandtothosewho，likehim，leanedtotheSouth。Tenyearslater，thisleaningcostEnglandfifteenmilliondollarsindamages。
LetusnowlistentowhatourBritishfriendsweresayinginthoseyearsbeforeLincolnissuedhisEmancipationProclamation。HisblockadehadbroughtimmediateandheavydistressuponmanyEnglishworkmenandtheirfamilies。ThathadbeenApril19，1861。BySeptember，fivesixthsoftheLancashirecotton-spinnerswereoutofwork，orworkinghalftime。Theirstarvationandthatoftheirwivesandchildrencouldbestemmedbycharityalone。Ihavetalkedwithpeoplewhosawthosethousandsintheirsuffering。Yetthosethousandsboreit。TheysomehowlookedthroughLincoln\'sexpressdisavowalofanyintentiontointerferewithslavery，andsawthatatbottomourwarwasindeedagainstslavery，thatslaverywasbehindtheSoutherncamouflageaboutindependence，andbehindtheNorthernsloganaboutpreservingtheUnion。Theysawandtheystuck。
\"Rarely，\"writesCharlesFrancisAdams，\"inthehistoryofmankind，hastherebeenamorecreditableexhibitionofhumansympathy。\"Francewaslikewisedamagedbyourblockade；andNapoleonIIIwouldhavelikedtorecognizetheSouth。Heestablished，throughMaximilian，anempireinMexico，behindwhichlayhostilitytoourDemocracy。Hewishedusdefeat；