Ihavetakenthismiddlecourseinordertosatisfybothsides；
foritwouldbedifficulttoinduceParliamenttoabolishoralterwhathasbeensorecentlyfixedbythem。TheChinesedress，asiswellknownallovertheworld，issuperiortothatwornbycivilizedpeopleintheWest，andtherecentchangefavoredbytheChineseisdeploredbymostforeignersinChina。Thefollowingparagraph，writtenbyaforeignmerchantandpublishedinoneoftheShanghaipapers，expressestheopinionofalmostallintelligentforeignersonthissubject:
\"SometimebacktheworldwasjubilantoverthenewsthatamongthegreatreformsadoptedinChinawasthediscardingoftheChinesetunic，thatgreattypicalnationalcostume。`Theyareindeedgettingcivilized，\'
saidthegossip；andoneandalladmiredtheenergydisplayedbytheresoluteYoungChinaincomingintolinewiththeCIVILIZEDworld，adoptingevenouruncomfortable，anti-hygienicandanti-estheticcostume。
\"Foreign`fashioned\'tailorshops，hatstores，shoemakers，etc。，sprangupalloverthecountry。WhenIpassedthroughCantoninSeptemberlast，Icouldnothelpnoticingalsothatthosetypicalstreetslinedwithboat-shaped，high-soledshoes，hadbeenreplacedbyforeign-stylebootandshoemakers。
\"UndoubtedlythereformwasgaininggroundandtheChinesewouldhavetobeinthefuturedepicteddressedupasaCaucasian。
\"InmysimplicityIsincerelyconfessIcouldnotbutdeplorethepassingawayofthecentury-oldtunic，soesthetic，socomfortable，sorich，sotypicaloftherace。InmyheartIwassorryforthechange，astomyconceptionitwasnotinthedresswheretheChinesehadtoseekreform……\"
IagreewiththiswriterthatitisnotinthedomainofdressthatweChineseshouldlearnfromtheWesternpeoples。
TherearemanythingsinChinawhichcouldbeverywellimprovedbutcertainlynotdress。
Chapter12。AmericanversusChineseCivilization(Continued)
Thequestionhasoftenbeenasked\"Whicharethecivilizednations？\"
Andtheanswerhasbeen，\"AllEuropeandAmerica。\"Tothequery，\"WhataboutthenationsintheEast？\"theanswerhasbeenmadethatwiththeexceptionofJapan，whohasnowbecomeagreatcivilizedpower，theothernationsaremoreorlesscivilized。Whenthematterisfurtherpressedanditisasked，\"WhataboutChina？\"thegeneralreplyis，\"Sheissemi-civilized，\"orinotherwords，notsocivilizedasthenationsintheWest。
Beforepronouncingsuchanopinionjustifiable，letusconsidertheplainfacts。Itakeitthatcivilizationinculcatesculture，refinement，humaneconduct，fairdealingandjusttreatment。
Amielsays，\"Civilizationisfirstandforemostamoralthing。\"
Thereisnodoubtthatthehumanrace，especiallyintheWest，hasimprovedwonderfullywithinthelastcentury。Manyinventionsanddiscoverieshavebeenmade，andmenarenowabletoenjoycomfortswhichcouldnothavebeenobtainedbefore。
Fromamaterialpointofviewwehavecertainlyprogressed，butdothe\"civilized\"peopleintheWestlivelongerthantheso-calledsemi-civilizedraces？Havetheysucceededinprolongingtheirlives？Aretheyhappierthanothers？
Ishouldliketoheartheiranswers。IsitnotafactthatAmericansaremoreliabletocatchcoldthanAsiatics；
withtheleastchangeofair，andwiththeslightestappearanceofanepidemicaretheynotmoreeasilyinfectedthanAsiatics？Ifso，why？
Withtheirgeniusforinventionwhyhavetheynotdiscoveredmeanstosafeguardthemselvessothattheycanlivelongeronthisearth？
Again，canAmericanssaythattheyarehappierthantheChinese？
FrompersonalobservationIhaveformedtheopinionthattheChinesearemorecontentedthanAmericans，andonthewholehappier；
andcertainlyonemeetsmoreoldpeopleinChinathaninAmerica。
SincetheUnitedStatesofAmericaisrich，wellgoverned，andprovidedwithmorematerialcomfortsthanChina，Americans，onewouldthink，shouldbehappierthanweare，butarethey？
Aretherenotmanyintheirmidstwhoarefriendlessandpenurious？
InChinanomaniswithoutfriends，orifheis，itishisownfault。
\"Virtueisneverfriendless，\"saidConfucius，and，associetyisconstitutedinChina，thisisliterallytrue。IfthisisnotsoinAmericaIfearthereissomethingwrongwiththatboastedcivilization，andthattheirmaterialtriumphsoverthephysicalforcesofnaturehavebeenpaiddearlyforbyalossofinsightintoherprofoundspiritualities。
PerhapssomewillunderstandwhenIquoteLaoTsze\'saddresstoConfuciuson\"Simplicity\"。\"Thechafffromwinnowingwillblindaman。
Mosquitoeswillbiteamanandkeephimawakeallnight，andsoitiswithallthetalkofyoursaboutcharityanddutytoone\'sneighbor，itdrivesonecrazy。Sir，strivetokeeptheworldinitsoriginalsimplicity——whysomuchfuss？Thewindblowsasitlisteth，soletvirtueestablishitself。Theswaniswhitewithoutadailybath，andtheravenisblackwithoutdyeingitself。Whenthepondisdryandthefishesaregaspingforbreathitisofnousetomoistenthemwithalittlewateroralittlesprinkling。Comparedtotheiroriginalandsimpleconditioninthepondandtheriversitisnothing。\"
HenryWardBeechersays，\"Wealthmaynotproducecivilization，butcivilizationproducesmoney，\"andinmyopinionwhilewealthmaybeusedtopromotehappinessandhealthitasofteninjuresboth。
Happinessistheproductofliberality，intelligenceandservicetoothers，andthereflexofhappinessishealth。Mycontentionisthatthepeoplewhopossessthesegoodqualitiesinthegreatestdegreearethemostcivilized。
Nowcivilization，asmentionedinthepreviouschapter，wasbornintheEastandtravelledwestward。Thelawofnatureisspiral，andinasmuchasEasterncivilizationtaughtthepeopleoftheWest，soWesterncivilization，whichisbaseduponprinciplesnativetotheEast，willreturntoitsoriginalsource。Nonationcannowremainshutupwithinitselfwithoutintercoursewithothernations；
theEastandtheWestcannolongerexistseparateandapart。
Thenewfacilitiesfortransportationandtravelbylandandwaterbringallnations，European，American，AsiaticandAfrican，nextdoortoeachother，andwhentheartofaviationismoreadvancedandpeopletravelintheairassafelyastheynowcrossoceans，therelationshipsofnationswillbecomestillcloser。
Whateffectwillthishaveonmankind？Thefirsteffectwillbe，Ishouldsay，greaterstability。Asinterestsbecomecommon，destructivecombatswillvanish。Allalikewillbeinterestedinpeace。
ItisagratifyingsignthatwithinrecentyearsthepeopleofAmericahavetakenaprominentpartinpeacemovements，andhaveinauguratedpeacecongresses，themembersofwhichrepresentdifferentsectionsofthecountry。Annualgatheringsofthisordermustdomuchtopreventwarandtoperpetuatepeace，byturningpeople\'sthoughtsintherightdirection。
Take，forinstance，theLakeMohonkConferenceonInternationalArbitration，whichwasstartedbyaprivategentleman，Mr。A。K。Smiley，whowaswonteveryyeartoinviteprominentofficialsandotherstohisbeautifulsummerplaceatLakeMohonkforaconference。
Hehaspassedaway，totheregretofhismanyfriends，butthegoodmovementstillcontinues，andthenineteenthannualconferencewasheldundertheauspicesofhisbrother，Mr。DanielSmiley。
Amongthosepresent，therewerenotonlyeminentAmericans，suchasDr。C。W。Eliot，PresidentEmeritusofHarvardUniversity，Ex-AmericanAmbassadorC。Tower，Dr。J。Taylor，PresidentofVassarCollege，andDr。LymanAbbott，butdistinguishedforeignerssuchasJ。A。Baker，M。P。，ofEngland，HerrHeinrichYorkSteiner，ofVienna，andmanyothers。
Amongthelargenumberofpeoplewhosupportthiskindofmovement，andthenumberisincreasingeveryday，thenameofMr。AndrewCarnegiestandsoutveryprominently。ThisbenevolentgentlemanisamostvigorousadvocateofInternationalPeace，andhasspentmostofhistimeandmoneyforthatpurpose。Hehasgiventenmilliondollars(gold)
forthepurposeofestablishingtheCarnegiePeaceFund；thefirstparagraphinhislonglettertothetrusteesisworthyofreproduction，asitexpresseshisstrongconvictions:
\"Ihavetransferredtoyou，\"hesays，\"asTrusteesoftheCarnegiePeaceFund，tenmilliondollarsoffivepercent。mortgagebonds，therevenueofwhichistobeadministeredbyyoutohastentheabolitionofinternationalwar，thefoulestblotuponourcivilization。Althoughwenolongereatourfellowmennortortureourprisoners，norsackcities，killingtheirinhabitants，westillkilleachotherinwarlikebarbarians。
OnlywildbeastsareexcusablefordoingthatinthistheTwentiethCenturyoftheChristianera，forthecrimeofwarisinherent，sinceitdecidesnotinfavoroftheright，butalwaysofthestrong。
Thenationiscriminalwhichrefusesarbitrationanddrivesitsadversarytoatribunalwhichknowsnothingofrighteousjudgment。\"
IamgladtosaythatIamfamiliarwithmanyAmericanmagazinesandjournalswhichareregularlypublishedtoadvocatepeace，andIhavenodoubtthatineverycountrysimilarmovementsarestirring，forthenationsarebeginningtorealizethedisastrouseffectsofwar。
IfIamnotmistaken，however，Americansarethemostactiveinthismatter。
ThePermanentCourtofArbitrationatTheHague，whosemembersbelongtonearlyeverynation，isasignificantindexofthespiritofthetimes。
Yetwhatanironyoffatethatwhilepeoplearesoactiveinperpetuatingpeacetheycannotpreserveit。LookattherecentwarsinEurope，firstbetweenItalyandTurkey，andafterwardintheBalkans，tosaynothingofdisturbancesinChinaandotherpartsoftheworld。
Itisjustlikewarningachildnottotakepoisonandthenallowinghimtoswallowitanddie。Sensiblemenshouldconsiderthisquestioncalmlyandseriously。Weallagreeastothewickednessofwarandyetwewarwithoneanother；wedonotlikewaryetwecannothelpwar。
Thereissurelysomehiddendefectinthewaywehavebeenbroughtup。
Isnotthesloganofnationality，toagreatextent，therootoftheevil？
Everyschoolboyandschoolgirlistaughtthedutyofdevotion，orstrongattachment，tohisorherowncountry，andeverystatesmanorpublicmanpreachesthedoctrineofloyaltytoone\'snativeland；
whilethemanwhodarestorenderservicetoanothercountry，theinterestsofwhichareopposedtotheinterestsofhisownland，isdenouncedatraitor。Insuchcasestheindividualisneverallowedanopinionastotherightorwrongofthedispute。Heisexpectedtosupporthisowncountryandtocryatalltimes，\"Ourcountry，rightorwrong。\"Apolitician\'sbestchancetosecurevotesistoglossoverthefaultsofhisownpartyornation，todilateonthewickednessofhisneighborsandtoexhorthiscompatriotstobeloyaltotheirnationalflag。Canitbewonderedatthatmenwhoareimbuedwithsuchdoctrinesbecomeselfishandnarrow-mindedandareeasilyinvolvedinquarrelswithothernations？
Patriotismis，ofcourse，thenationallife。Twenty-fourcenturiesago，speakingintheGreekColonyofNaxos，Pythagorasdescribedthisemotioninthefollowingeloquentpassage:\"Listen，mychildren，towhattheStateshouldbetothegoodcitizen。Itismorethanfatherormother，itismorethanhusbandorwife，itismorethanchildorfriend。
TheStateisthefatherandmotherofall，isthewifeofthehusbandandthehusbandofthewife。Thefamilyisgood，andgoodisthejoyofthemaninwifeandinson。ButgreateristheState，whichistheprotectorofall，withoutwhichthehomewouldberavagedanddestroyed。
Deartothegoodmanisthehonorofthewomanwhoborehim，dearthehonorofthewifewhosechildrenclingtohisknees；
butdearershouldbethehonoroftheStatethatkeepssafethewifeandthechild。ItistheStatefromwhichcomesallthatmakesyourlifeprosperous，andgivesyoubeautyandsafety。
WithintheStatearebuiltupthearts，whichmakethedifferencebetweenthebarbarianandtheman。Ifthebravemandiesgladlyforthehearthstone，farmoregladlyshouldhediefortheState。\"
ButonlywhentheStateseeksthegoodofthegoverned，forsaidPythagorasonanotheroccasion:\"Organizedsocietyexistsforthehappinessandwelfareofitsmembers；andwhereitfailstosecuretheseitstandsipsofactocondemned。\"
Butto-dayshouldtheStatebeatwarwithanother，andanycitizenorsectionofcitizensbelievetheirowncountrywrongandtheopposingnationwronged，theydarenotsayso，oriftheydotheyrungreatriskofbeingpunishedfortreason。
Menandwomenthoughnolongerboughtandsoldinthemarketplacearesubjectedtosubtlerformsofserfdom。InmostEuropeancountriestheyareobligedtofightwhethertheywillornot，andirrespectiveoftheirprivateconvictionsaboutthedispute；eventhough，asisthecaseinsomeEuropeancountries，theymaybecitizensfromcompulsionratherthanchoice，theyarenotfreetoabstainfromactiveparticipationinthequarrel。Chineserebellionsaresaidto\"liveonloot\"，i。e。，ontheforcibleconfiscationofprivateproperty，butisthatworsethanwinningbattlesontheforcibledeprivationofpersonalliberty？
Thisisnationalismgonemad!ItfostersthedesireforterritorygrabbingandillustratesafundamentaldifferencebetweentheOrientandtheOccident。
WithusgovernmentisbasedontheconsentofthegovernedinawaythattheWesternercanhardlyunderstand，forhispassiontoexpandischronic。Smallnationswhichareover-populatedwantterritoryfortheirsurpluspopulation；greatnationsdesireterritorytoextendtheirtrade，andwhenthereareseveralgreatpowerstodividethespoiltheydistributeitamongthemselvesandcallit\"spheresofinfluence\"，andallinhonorofthegodCommerce。InChinathefundamentalsofoursocialsystemarebrotherhoodandthedignityoflabor。
What，Iask，istheadvantageofaddingtonationalterritory？
Letusexaminethequestioncalmly。Ifatownoraprovinceisseizedtheconquerorhastokeepalargearmytomaintainpeaceandorder，andunlessthepeoplearewelldisposedtothenewauthoritytherewillbeconstanttroubleandfriction。Allthis，Imaysay，inpassing，isopposedtoourConfuciancodewhichbaseseverythingonreasonandabhorsviolence。Wewouldratherarguewithamobandfindout，ifpossible，itspointofview，thanfireonit。Wehaveyettobeconvincedthatgoodresultsflowfromtheuseoftheswordandthecannon。
Westernnationsknownoothercompulsion。
If，however，theacquisitionofnewterritoryarisesfromadesiretodevelopthecountryandtointroducethemostmodernandimprovedsystemsofgovernment，withoutulteriorintentions，thenitisbeyondpraise，butIfearthatsuchdisinterestedactionsarerare。
ThenearestapproachtosuchhighprincipleisthepurchaseofthePhilippineIslandsbytheUnitedStates。Icallit\"purchase\"
becausetheUnitedStatesGovernmentpaidagoodpricefortheIslandsafterhavingseizedtheterritory。TheintentionsoftheGovernmentwerewellknownatthetime。SinceheracquisitionofthoseIslands，Americahasbeendoingherbesttodeveloptheirresourcesandexpandtheirtrade。Administrativeandjudicialreformshavebeenintroduced，liberaleducationhasbeengiventothenatives，whoarebeingtrainedforself-government。IthasbeenrepeatedlyandauthoritativelydeclaredbytheUnitedStatesthatassoonastheyarecompetenttogovernthemselveswithoutdangerofdisturbances，andareabletoestablishastablegovernment，Americawillgrantindependencetothoseislands。Ibelievethatwhenthepropertimecomesshewillfulfillherword，andthussetanobleexampletotheworld。
TheBritishinHongkongaffordanillustrationofadifferentorder，provingthetruthofmycontentionthat，exceptingasaspherefortheexerciseofaltruism，theacquisitionofnewterritoriesisanillusivegain。WhenHongkongwascededtoGreatBritainattheconclusionofawarinwhichChinawasdefeated，itwasabareislandcontainingonlyafewfishermen\'shuts。
Inordertomakeitatradingportandencouragepeopletolivethere，theBritishGovernmentspentlargesumsofmoneyyearafteryearforitsimprovementanddevelopment，andthroughthewiseadministrationofthelocalGovernmenteveryfacilitywasaffordedforfreetrade。
ItisnowaprosperousBritishcolonywithapopulationofnearlyhalfamillion。ButwhathavebeentheadvantagestoGreatBritain？
Financiallyshehasbeenagreatloser，fortheIslandwhichshereceivedatthecloseofherwarwithChinawasformanyyearsagreatdrainonhernationaltreasury。NowHongkongisaself-supportingcolony，butwhatbenefitsdotheBritishenjoytherethatdonotbelongtoeveryoneelse？Thecolonyisopentoallforeigners，andeveryrightwhichaBritishmerchanthasisequallysharedwitheveryoneelse。
Accordingtothecensusof1911，outofapopulationof456，739
only12，075werenon-Chinese，ofwhomasmallportionwereBritish；
therestwereChinese。ThustheprosperityofthatcolonydependsupontheChinesewho，itisneedlesstosay，areinpossessionofalltheprivilegesthatareenjoyedbyBritishresidents。
Itshouldbenoticedthatthenumberofforeignfirmsandstores(i。e。，non-British)havebeenandareincreasing，whilebigBritishhongsarelessnumerousthanbefore。Financially，theBritishpeoplehavecertainlynotbeengainersbytheacquisitionofthatcolony。
OfcourseIshallbetoldthatitaddstotheprestigeofGreatBritain，butthisisanempty，bumptiousboastdearlypaidforbytheBritishtax-payer。
Fromaneconomicandmoralpointofview，however，ImustadmitthatagreatdealofgoodhasbeendonebytheBritishGovernmentinHongkong。
IthasprovidedtheChinesewithanactualworkingmodelofaWesternsystemofgovernmentwhich，notwithstandingmanydifficulties，hassucceededintransformingabarrenislandintoaprosperoustown，whichisnowthelargestshippingportinChina。Theimpartialadministrationoflawandthehumanetreatmentofcriminalscannotbutexciteadmirationandgaintheconfidenceofthenatives。
IftheBritishGovernment，inacquiringthedesertisland，hadforitspurposetheinstructionofthenativesinamodernsystemofgovernment，sheistobesincerelycongratulated，butitisfearedthathermotiveswerelessaltruistic。
Theseremarksapplyequally，ifnotwithgreaterforce，totheothercoloniesorpossessionsinChinaunderthecontrolofEuropeanPowers，aswellastotheothercoloniesoftheBritishEmpire，suchasAustralia，NewZealand，Canada，andotherswhicharecalled\"self-governingdominions\"。
TheImperialGovernmentfeelsverytendertowardthesecolonists，andpracticallytheyareallowedtomanagetheiraffairsastheylike。
Sincetheyaresogenerouslytreatedandenjoytheprotectionofsogreatapower，thereisnofearthattheseself-governingdominionswilleverbecomeindependentoftheirmothercountry；butiftheyevershoulddoso，itismostimprobablethatshewoulddeclarewaragainstthem，astheBritishpeoplehavegrownwisersincetheirexperiencewiththeAmericancolonists。Britishstatesmenhavebeenawakenedtothenecessityofwinningthegood-willoftheircolonists，andwithinrecentyearshaveadoptedthepolicyofinvitingtheColonialpremierstoLondontodiscussquestionsaffectingImperialandColonialinterests。
ImperialfederationseemstobegrowingpopularwiththeBritishanditisprobablethatinthefutureEngland，Scotland，Wales，andIrelandwilleachhaveitsownparliament，withanImperialParliament，sittingatWestminster，containingrepresentativesfromallpartsoftheBritishEmpire，butAmericaistheonlynationwhichhasaddedtoherresponsibilitieswiththeavowedpurposeofmakingsemi-civilizedtribesindependent，self-governingcolonies，andAmericaisalmosttheonlygreatpowerthathasneveroccupiedorheldterritoryinChina。
Letmeaskagainwhatistheobjectofnationsseekingnewpossessions？
Isitforthepurposeoftrade？Ifso，theobjectcanbeobtainedwithoutacquiringterritory。Inthesedaysofenlightenmentanyonecangotoanycountryandtradewithoutrestriction，andintheBritishcoloniesthealienisinthesamepositionasthenative。
Heisnothamperedby\"permits\"orother\"red-tape\"methods。Isitforthepurposeofemigration？InEurope，AmericaandalltheBritishcolonies，sofarasIknow，whitepeople，unlesstheyarepaupersorundesirables，canemigratetoanycountryandafterashortperiodbecomenaturalized。
Somestatesmenwouldsaythatitisnecessaryforagreatpowertohavenavalbasesorcoalingstationsinseveralpartsoftheworld。
Thispresupposespreparationsforwar；butifinternationalpeaceweremaintained，suchpossessionswouldbeuselessandthemoneyspentonthemwasted。Inanycaseitisunproductiveexpenditure。
Itisthefashionforpoliticians(andIamsorrytofindthemsupportedbyeminentstatesmen)topreachthedoctrineofarmaments；theyallegethatinordertopreservepeaceitisnecessarytobepreparedforwar，thatanationwithalargearmyornavycommandsrespect，andthatherwordcarriesweight。Thisargumentcutsbothways，foranationoccupyingsuchacommandingpositionmaybeunreasonableandaterrortoweakernations。Ifthishigh-toneddoctrinecontinueswherewillitend？Weshallsoonseeeverynationarmingtotheteethforthesakeofhernationalhonorandsafety，anddraininghertreasuryforthepurposeofbuildingdreadnaughtsandprovidingarmaments。
Whensuchastateofthingsexistscaninternationalpeacebeperpetuated？
Willnotoccasionbefoundtotestthosewarimplementsandtoutilizethenavalandmilitarymen？Whenyoupurchaseaknifedon\'tyouexpecttouseit？Mr。LloydGeorge，theEnglishChancelloroftheExchequer，inaspeechinwhichhelamentedtheever-increasingbutunnecessaryexpenditureonarmaments，saidinParliament:\"Ifeelconfidentthatitwillendinagreatdisaster——Iwon\'tsaytothiscountry，thoughitisjustpossiblethatitmayendinadisasterhere。\"
Amanwitharevolversometimesinvitesattack，lestwhatwasatfirstintendedonlyforadefenseshouldbecomeamenace。
WhendiscussingthecrazeoftheWesternnationsforaddingtotheirterritoriesIsaidthatwhitepeoplecanemigratetoanyforeigncountrythattheyplease，butitisnotsowiththeyellowrace。Ithasbeenassertedwithauthoritythatsomecountriesarereservedexclusivelyforthewhiteraces，andwiththisobjectinviewlawshavebeenenactedprohibitingthenativesofAsiafrombecomingnaturalizedcitizens，besidesimposingverystrictandalmostprohibitoryregulationsregardingtheiradmission。Thosewhosupportsuchapolicyholdthatthey，thewhitepeople，aresuperiortotheyellowpeopleinintellect，ineducation，intaste，andinhabits，andthattheyellowpeopleareunworthytoassociatewiththem。YetinChinawehavemanners，wehavearts，wehavemorals，andwehavemanagedafairlylargesocietyforthousandsofyearswithoutthebitterclasshatreds，classdivisions，andclassstrugglesthathavemarredthefairprogressoftheWest。
Wehavenotenslavedourlivestowealth。Welikeluxurybutwelikeotherthingsbetter。Welovelifemorethanchasingimitationsoflife。
Ourdifferencesofcolor，likeourdifferencesofspeech，areaccidental，theyareduetoclimaticandotherinfluences。Wecameoriginallyfromonestock。Weallstartedevenly，Heavenhasnofavorites。
Manalonehasmadedifferencesbetweenmanandman，andtheyellowmanisnowhitinferiortothewhitepeopleinintelligence。
DuringtheRusso-JapanWarwasitnottheyellowracethatdisplayedthesuperiorintelligence？IamsometimesalmosttemptedtosaythatAsiawillhavetocivilizetheWestoveragain。
Iamnotbitterorsarcastic，butIdocontendthatthereareyetmanythingsthatthewhiteraceshavetolearnfromtheircoloredbrethren。
InIndia，inChina，andinJapanthereareinstitutionswhichhaveastabilityunknownoutsideAsia。ReligionhasapparentlylittleinfluenceonWesterncivilization；itisthecorner-stoneofsocietyinallAsiaticcivilizations。Theresultisthatthecoloredracesplacemoralityintheplaceassignedbytheirmorepracticalwhiteconfrerestoeconomicpropositions。Wethink，aswecontemplatetheWest，thatwhitepeopledonotunderstandcomfortbecausetheyhavenoleisuretoenjoycontentment；THEYmeasurelifebyaccumulation，WEbymorality。
Familytiesarestrongerwiththeso-calledcoloredracesthantheyareamongthemoreirresponsiblewhiteraces；
consequentlythesocialsenseiskeeneramongtheformerandmuchindividualsufferingisavoided。Wehaveourvices，butthesearenotpeculiartoUS；and，atleast，wehavethemeritofbeingeasilygoverned。WhereverthereareChinesecoloniesthegeneralverdictis:\"TheChinesemakegoodcitizens。\"
ThisiswhatthelateSirRobertHart，towhomChinaowesherCustomsorganization，saidaboutus:
\"They(theChinese)arewell-behaved，law-abiding，intelligent，economical，andindustrious；theycanlearnanythinganddoanything；
theyarepunctiliouslypolite，theyworshiptalent，andtheybelieveinrightsofirmlythattheyscorntothinkitrequirestobesupportedorenforcedbymight；theydelightinliterature，andeverywheretheyhavetheirliteraryclubsandcoteriesforlearninganddiscussingeachother\'sessaysandverses；
theypossessandpractiseanadmirablesystemofethics，andtheyaregenerous，charitable，andfondofgoodwork；
theyneverforgetafavor，theymakerichreturnforanykindness，andthoughtheyknowmoneywillbuyservice，amanmustbemorethanwealthytowinesteemandrespect；theyarepractical，teachable，andwonderfullygiftedwithcommonsense；theyareexcellentartisans，reliableworkmen，andofagoodfaiththateveryoneacknowledgesandadmiresintheircommercialdealings；innocountrythatisorwas，hasthecommandment`Honorthyfatherandthymother\'，beensoreligiouslyobeyed，orsofullyandwithoutexceptiongiveneffectto，anditisinfactthekeynoteoftheirfamily，social，officialandnationallife，andbecauseitissotheirdaysarelonginthelandGodhasgiventhem。\"
Thecryof\"AmericafortheAmericans\"or\"AustraliafortheAustralians\"
ismostillogical，forthosepeoplewerenottheoriginalownersofthesoil；
withfargreaterreasonweinthefarEastmightshout，\"ChinafortheChinese\"，\"JapanfortheJapanese\"。IwillquoteMr。T。S。Sutton，EnglishSecretaryoftheChinese-AmericanLeagueofJustice，onthispoint。\"Themostasininewhineintheworld，\"hesays，\"isthatof`AmericafortheAmericans\'or`ChinafortheChinese\'，etc。
Itisthehissingsloganofgreed，fear，envy，selfishness，ignoranceandprejudice。Noman，nohumanbeingwhocallshimselfaman，noChristian，nosaneorreasonableperson，shouldorcouldeverbeguiltyofutteringthatdespicablewail。Godmadetheworldforallmen，andifGodhasanypreference，ifGodisanyrespecterofpersons，HemustsurelyfavortheChinese，forHehasmademoreofthemthanofanyotherpeopleontheglobe。`AmericafortheaboriginalIndians\'
wasoncethecry。ThenwhentheEnglishcameoveritchangedto`AmericafortheEnglish\'，later`AmericaforthePuritans\'，andaroundNewOrleanstheycried`AmericafortheFrench\'。InPennsylvaniathesloganwas`AmericafortheDutch\'，etc。，butthetruthremainsthatGodhassetasideAmericaas`themeltingpot\'oftheworld，thelandtowhichallpeoplemaycome，andfromwhichtherehasarisen，andwillcontinuetorise，agreatmixedrace，acosmopolitannationthatmay，ifitisnotmisledbyprejudiceandignorance，yetleadtheworld。\"
AlthoughMr。Sutton\'sphraseologyissomewhatstrong，hisargumentsaresoundandunanswerable。
Inowpasstosomelesscontroversialaspectsofmytheme，andnoteapraiseworthycustomthatispracticallyunknownintheFarEast。
IrefertothehabitofinternationalmarriageswhicharenotonlycommonincosmopolitanAmericabutareofdailyoccurrenceinEuropealso，amongordinarypeopleaswellastheroyalfamiliesofEurope，sothatnearlyalltheEuropeancourtsarerelatedonetotheother。
Thisisagoodomenforapermanentworld-peace。TherehavebeensomemarriagesofAsiaticswithEuropeansandAmericans，andtheyshouldbeencouraged。EverythingthatbringstheEastandWesttogetherandhelpseachtounderstandtheotherbetter，isgood。Theoffspringfromsuchmixedunionsinheritthegoodpointsofbothsides。TheheadmasteroftheQueen\'sCollegeinHongkong，wheretherearehundredsofboysofdifferentnationalitiesstudyingtogether，oncetoldmethatformerlyattheyearlyexaminationtheprizeswerenearlyallwonbytheChinesestudents，butthatinlateryearswhenEurasianboyswereadmitted，theybeattheChineseandalltheothers，andgenerallycameoutthebest。
Notonlyinschoolbutinbusinessalsotheyhaveturnedoutwell。
ItiswellknownthattherichestmaninHongkongisaEurasian。
ItissaidthatthefatherofAguinaldo，thewell-knownPhilippineleader，wasaChinese。Thereisnodoubtthatmixedmarriagesofthewhitewiththeyellowraceswillbeproductiveofgoodtobothsides。
ButdoChinesereallymakegoodhusbands？myladyfriendsask。
IwillcitethecaseofanAmericanlady。SomeyearsagoaChinesecalledonmeatmyLegationinWashingtonaccompaniedbyanAmericanladyandagirl。Theladywasintroducedtomeashiswifeandthegirlashisdaughter；Inaturallysupposedthattheladywasthegirl\'smother，butshetoldmethatthegirlwasthedaughterofherlateintimatefriend，andthatafterherdeath，knowingthatthechild\'sfatherhadbeenagoodandaffectionatehusbandtoherfriend，shehadgladlybecomehissecondwife，andadoptedhisdaughter。
Thosewhobelieveinreincarnation(andIhopemostofmyreadersdo，asitisacluetomanymysteries)understandthatwhenpeoplearereincarnatedtheyarenotalwaysborninthesamecountryorcontinentasthatinwhichtheylivedintheirpreviouslife。IhaveanimpressionthatinoneofmyformerexistencesIwasbornandbroughtupintheUnitedStates。InsayingthisIdonotexpresstheslightestregretsathavingnowbeenborninAsia。IonlywishtogiveahinttothosewhitepeoplewhoadvocateanexclusivepolicythatintheirnextlifetheymaybeborninAsiaorAfrica，andthattheinjurytheyarenowinflictingontheyellowpeopletheymaythemselveshavetosufferinanotherlife。
WhileadmittingthatweChinesehaveourfaultsandthatinsomematterswehavemuchtolearn，especiallyfromtheAmericans，weatleastpossessonemoralquality，magnanimity，whiletheprimalvirtuesofindustry，economy，obedience，andloveofpeace，combinedwitha\"moderationinallthings\"，arealsocommonamongus。Ourpeoplehavefrequentlybeenslightedorill-treatedbutweentertainnorevengefulspirit，andarewillingtoforget。Webelievethatintheendrightwillconquermight。InnumerableashavebeenthedisputesbetweenChineseandforeignersitcanatleastbesaid，withoutgoingintodetails，thatwehavenot，inthefirstinstance，beentheaggressors。Letmesupplyalocalillustrationshowinghowourfaultsarealwaysexaggerated。Westernpeoplearefondofhorse-racing。
InShanghaitheyhavesecuredfromtheChinesealargepieceofgroundwheretheyholdracemeetingstwiceayear，butnoChineseareallowedonthegrand-standduringtheracedays。Theyareprovidedwithaseparateentrance，andaseparateenclosure，asthoughtheywerethevictimsofsomeinfectiousdisease。IhavebeentoldthatafewyearsagoaChinesegentlemantooksomeChineseladiesintothegrand-standandthattheymisbehaved；hencethisdiscriminatorytreatmentofChinese。
Itisproperthatstepsshouldbetakentopreserveorderanddecencyinpublicplaces，butisitfairtointerdictthepeopleofanationonaccountofthemisconductoftwoorthree？SupposeithadbeenGermanswhohadmisbehavedthemselves(whichisnotlikely)，wouldtheraceclubhavedaredtoexcludeGermansfromsharingwithothernationsthepleasuresoftheraces？
Incontrastwiththis，letusseewhattheChinesehavedone。
Havinglearnedthegameofhorse-racingfromtheforeignersinChina，andnotbeingallowedtoparticipate，theyhaveformedtheirownraceclub，and，withintention，havecalleditthe\"InternationalRecreationClub\"。
ThisClubhaspurchasedalargetractoflandatKiangwan，aboutfivemilesfromShanghai，andhasturneditintoarace-course，considerablylargerthanthatinShanghai。Whenaracemeetingisheldthere，ITISOPENTOFOREIGNERSASWELLASCHINESE，infactcomplimentaryticketshaveevenbeensenttothemembersoftheforeignraceclubinvitingtheirattendance。Halfofthemembersoftheracecommitteeareforeigners；
whileforeignersandChineseactjointlyasstewardsandjudges；
theponiesthatrunareownedbyforeignersaswellasbyChinese，andChinesejockeyscompetewithforeignjockeysinalltheevents。
Amostpleasingfeatureoftheseracesistheverymanifestcordialgoodfeelingwhichprevailsthroughouttheracesthere。
TheChinesehavebeendubbed\"semi-civilizedandheathenish\"，butthe\"InternationalRecreationClub\"andtheKiangwanrace-coursedisplayanabsenceofanydesiretoretaliateandsentimentsofinternationalfriendshipsuchasitwould，perhaps，bedifficulttoparallel。
ShouldsuchpeoplebedeniedadmissionintoAustralia，Canada，ortheUnitedStates？Wouldnottheexclusionistsinthosecountriesprofitbyassociationwiththem？
TheimmigrationlawsinforceinAustraliaare，Iaminformed，evenmorestrictandmoreseverethanthoseintheUnitedStates。
Theyamounttoalmosttotalprohibition；fortheyaredirectednotonlyagainstChineselaborersbutaresooperatedthattheChinesemerchantandstudentarealsopracticallyrefusedadmission。
InthecourseofalecturedeliveredinEnglandbyMrs。AnnieBesantin1912
on\"ThecitizenshipofcoloredracesintheBritishEmpire\"，whilecondemningtheraceprejudicesofherownpeople，shebroughtoutafactwhichwillbeinterestingtomyreaders，especiallytotheAustralians。
Shesays，\"InAustraliaaverycuriouschangeistakingplace。
Colorhasverymuchdeepenedinthatclime，andtheAustralianhasbecomeveryyellow；sothatitbecomesaproblemwhether，afteratime，thepeoplewouldbeallowedtoliveintheirowncountry。
ThewhitepeoplearefarmorecoloredthanaresomeIndians。\"