ASongofSwordsUtopiaofUsurersI。ArtandAdvertisementII。LettersandtheNewLaureatesIII。UnbusinesslikeBusinessIV。TheWaronHolidaysV。TheChurchoftheServileStateVI。ScienceandtheEugenistsVII。TheEvolutionofthePrisonVIII。TheLashforLabourIX。TheMaskofSocialismTheEscapeTheNewRaidTheNewNameAWorkman\'sHistoryofEnglandTheFrenchRevolutionandtheIrishLiberalism:ASampleTheFatigueofFleetStreetTheAmnestyforAggressionRevivetheCourtJesterTheArtofMissingthePointTheServileStateAgainTheEmpireoftheIgnorantTheSymbolismofKruppTheTowerofBebelARealDancerTheDregsofPuritanismTheTyrannyofBadJournalismThePoetryoftheRevolutionASONGOFSWORDS
\"AdroveofcattlecameintoavillagecalledSwords；
andwasstoppedbytherioters。\"——DailyPaper。
IntheplacecalledSwordsontheIrishroadItistoldforanewrenownHowweheldthehornsofthecattle，andhowWewillholdthehornsofthedevilsnowErethelordofhellwiththehornonhisbrowIscrownedinDublintown。
LightintheEastandlightintheWest，Andlightonthecruellords，Onthesoulsthatsuddenlyallmenknew，Andthegreenflagflewandtheredflagflew，Andmanyawheeloftheworldstopped，too，WhenthecattlewerestoppedatSwords。
BetheysinnersorlessthansaintsThatsmiteinthestreetforrage，Weknowwheretheshameshinesbright；weknowYouthattheysmiteat，youtheirfoe，Lordsofthelawlesswageandlow，Thisisyourlawfulwage。
YoupinchedachildtoatorturepriceThatyoudarednotnameinwords；
SoblackajestwasthesilverbitThatyourownspeechshookfortheshameofit，AndthecowardwasplainasacowtheyhitWhenthecattlehavestrayedatSwords。
ThewheelofthetorrentofwiveswentroundTobreakmen\'sbrotherhood；
YougavethegoodIrishbloodtogreaseTheclubsofyourcountry\'senemies；
yousawthebravemanbeattotheknees:
Andyousawthatitwasgood。
Theropeoftherichislongandlong——
Thelongestofhangmen\'scords；
Butthekingsandcrowdsareholdingtheirbreath，Inagiantshadowo\'erallbeneathWhereGodstandsholdingthescalesofDeathBetweenthecattleandSwords。
HaplythelordsthathireandlendThelowestofallmen\'slords，Whoselltheirkindlikekineatafair，Willfindnoheadoftheircattlethere；
Butfacesofmenwherecattlewere:
Facesofmen——andSwords。
UTOPIAOFUSURERS
I。ArtandAdvertisementIpropose，subjecttothepatienceofthereader，todevotetwoorthreearticlestoprophecy。Likeallhealthy-mindedprophets，sacredandprofane，IcanonlyprophesywhenIaminarageandthinkthingslookuglyforeverybody。Andlikeallhealthy-mindedprophets，Iprophesyinthehopethatmyprophecymaynotcometrue。Forthepredictionmadebythetruesoothsayerislikethewarninggivenbyagooddoctor。Andthedoctorhasreallytriumphedwhenthepatienthecondemnedtodeathhasrevivedtolife。Thethreatisjustifiedattheverymomentwhenitisfalsified。NowIhavesaidagainandagain(andIshallcontinuetosayagainandagainonallthemostinappropriateoccasions)thatwemusthitCapitalism，andhitithard，fortheplainanddefinitereasonthatitisgrowingstronger。Mostoftheexcuseswhichservethecapitalistsasmasksare，ofcourse，theexcusesofhypocrites。Theyliewhentheyclaimphilanthropy；theynomorefeelanyparticularloveofmenthanAlbufeltanaffectionforChinamen。Theyliewhentheysaytheyhavereachedtheirpositionthroughtheirownorganisingability。Theygenerallyhavetopaymentoorganisethemine，exactlyastheypaymentogodownit。Theyoftenlieaboutthepresentwealth，astheygenerallylieabouttheirpastpoverty。Butwhentheysaythattheyaregoinginfora\"constructivesocialpolicy，\"theydonotlie。Theyreallyaregoinginforaconstructivesocialpolicy。Andwemustgoinforanequallydestructivesocialpolicy；anddestroy，whileitisstillhalf-constructed，theaccursedthingwhichtheyconstruct。
TheExampleoftheArtsNowIproposetotake，oneafteranother，certainaspectsanddepartmentsofmodernlife，anddescribewhatIthinktheywillbelikeinthisparadiseofplutocrats，thisUtopiaofgoldandbrassinwhichthegreatstoryofEnglandseemssolikelytoend。IproposetosaywhatIthinkournewmasters，themeremillionaires，willdowithcertainhumaninterestsandinstitutions，suchasart，science，jurisprudence，orreligion——unlesswestrikesoonenoughtopreventthem。AndforthesakeofargumentIwilltakeinthisarticletheexampleofthearts。
Mostpeoplehaveseenapicturecalled\"Bubbles，\"whichisusedfortheadvertisementofacelebratedsoap，asmallcakeofwhichisintroducedintothepictorialdesign。Andanybodywithaninstinctfordesign(thecaricaturistoftheDailyHerald，forinstance)，willguessthatitwasnotoriginallyapartofthedesign。Hewillseethatthecakeofsoapdestroysthepictureasapicture；asmuchasifthecakeofsoaphadbeenusedtoScruboffthepaint。Smallasitis，itbreaksandconfusesthewholebalanceofobjectsinthecomposition。IoffernojudgmenthereuponMillais\'sactioninthematter；infact，Idonotknowwhatitwas。
Theimportantpointformeatthemomentisthatthepicturewasnotpaintedforthesoap，butthesoapaddedtothepicture。AndthespiritofthecorruptingchangewhichhasseparatedusfromthatVictorianepochcanbebestseeninthis:thattheVictorianatmosphere，withallitsfaults，didnotpermitsuchastyleofpatronagetopassasamatterofcourse。MichaelAngelomayhavebeenproudtohavehelpedanemperororapope；though，indeed，Ithinkhewasprouderthantheywereonhisownaccount。IdonotbelieveSirJohnMillaiswasproudofhavinghelpedasoap-boiler。Idonotsayhethoughtitwrong；buthewasnotproudofit。
Andthatmarkspreciselythechangefromhistimetoourown。Ourmerchantshavereallyadoptedthestyleofmerchantprinces。TheyhavebegunopenlytodominatethecivilisationoftheState，astheemperorsandpopesopenlydominatedinItaly。InMillais\'stime，broadlyspeaking，artwassupposedtomeangoodart；advertisementwassupposedtomeaninferiorart。Theheadofablackman，paintedtoadvertisesomebody\'sblacking，couldbearoughsymbol，likeaninnsign。Theblackmanhadonlytobeblackenough。Anartistexhibitingthepictureofanegrowasexpectedtoknowthatablackmanisnotsoblackasheispainted。Hewasexpectedtorenderathousandtintsofgreyandbrownandviolet:forthereisnosuchthingasablackmanjustasthereisnosuchthingasawhiteman。Afairlyclearlineseparatedadvertisementfromart。
TheFirstEffectIshouldsaythefirsteffectofthetriumphofthecapitalist(ifweallowhimtotriumph)willbethatthatlineofdemarcationwillentirelydisappear。Therewillbenoartthatmightnotjustaswellbeadvertisement。Idonotnecessarilymeanthattherewillbenogoodart；
muchofitmightbe，muchofitalreadyis，verygoodart。Youmayputit，ifyouplease，intheformthattherehasbeenavastimprovementinadvertisements。CertainlytherewouldbenothingsurprisingiftheheadofanegroadvertisingSomebody\'sBlackingnowadays`werefinishedwithascarefulandsubtlecoloursasoneoftheoldandsuperstitiouspainterswouldhavewastedonthenegrokingwhobroughtgiftstoChrist。Buttheimprovementofadvertisementsisthedegradationofartists。Itistheirdegradationforthisclearandvitalreason:thattheartistwillwork，notonlytopleasetherich，butonlytoincreasetheirriches；whichisaconsiderablesteplower。Afterall，itwasasahumanbeingthatapopetookpleasureinacartoonofRaphaeloraprincetookpleasureinastatuetteofCellini。Theprincepaidforthestatuette；buthedidnotexpectthestatuettetopayhim。ItismyimpressionthatnocakeofsoapcanbefoundanywhereinthecartoonswhichthePopeorderedofRaphael。
Andnoonewhoknowsthesmall-mindedcynicismofourplutocracy，itssecrecy，itsgamblingspirit，itscontemptofconscience，candoubtthattheartist-advertiserwilloftenbeassistingenterprisesoverwhichhewillhavenomoralcontrol，andofwhichhecouldfeelnomoralapproval。
Hewillbeworkingtospreadquackmedicines，queerinvestments；andwillworkforMarconiinsteadofMedici。Andtothisbaseingenuityhewillhavetobendtheproudestandpurestofthevirtuesoftheintellect，thepowertoattracthisbrethren，andthenobledutyofpraise。ForthatpicturebyMillaisisaveryallegoricalpicture。Itisalmostaprophecyofwhatusesareawaitingthebeautyofthechildunborn。Thepraisewillbeofakindthatmaycorrectlybecalledsoap；andtheenterprisesofakindthatmaytrulybedescribedasBubbles。
II。LettersandtheNewLaureatesInthesearticlesIonlytaketwoorthreeexamplesofthefirstandfundamentalfactofourtime。Imeanthefactthatthecapitalistsofourcommunityarebecomingquiteopenlythekingsofit。Inmylast(andfirst)article，ItookthecaseofArtandadvertisement。IpointedoutthatArtmustbegrowingworse——merelybecauseadvertisementisgrowingbetter。InthosedaysMillaiscondescendedtoPears\'soap，InthesedaysIreallythinkitwouldbePearswhocondescendedtoMillais。ButhereI
turntoanartIknowmoreabout，thatofjournalism。Onlyinmyeasetheartvergesonartlessness。
ThegreatdifficultywiththeEnglishliesintheabsenceofsomethingonemaycalldemocraticimagination。Wefinditeasytorealiseanindividual，butveryhardtorealisethatthegreatmassesconsistofindividuals。
Oursystemhasbeenaristocratic:inthespecialsenseoftherebeingonlyafewactorsonthestage。Andthebacksceneiskeptquitedark，thoughitisreallyathrongoffaces。HomeRuletendedtobenotsomuchtheIrishastheGrandOldMan。TheBoerWartendednottobesomuchSouthAfricaassimply\"Joe。\"Anditistheamusingbutdistressingfactthateveryclassofpoliticalleadership，asitcomestothefrontinitsturn，catchestheraysofthisisolatinglime-light；andbecomesasmallaristocracy。CertainlynoonehasthearistocraticcomplaintsobadlyastheLabourParty。AttherecentCongress，therealdifferencebetweenLarkinandtheEnglishLabourleaderswasnotsomuchinanythingrightorwronginwhathesaid，asinsomethingelementalandevenmysticalinthewayhesuggestedamob。Butitmustbeplain，eventothosewhoagreewiththemoreofficialpolicy，thatforMr。HavelockWilsontheprincipalquestionwasMr。HavelockWilson；andthatMr。SextonwasmainlyconsideringthedignityandfinefeelingsofMr。Sexton。Youmaysaytheywereassensitiveasaristocrats，orassulkyasbabies；thepointisthatthefeelingwaspersonal。ButLarkin，likeDanton，notonlytalksliketenthousandmentalking，buthealsohassomeofthecarelessnessofthecolossusofArcis；\"Quemonnomsoitfletri，quelaFrancesoitlibre。\"
ADanceofDegradationItisneedlesstosaythatthisrespectingofpersonshasledalltheotherpartiesadanceofdegradation。WeruinSouthAfricabecauseitwouldbeaslightonLordGladstonetosaveSouthAfrica。Wehaveabadarmy，becauseitwouldbeasnubtoLordHaldanetohaveagoodarmy。AndnoToryisallowedtosay\"Marconi\"forfearMr。Georgeshouldsay\"Kynoch。\"
Butthiscuriouspersonalelement，withitsappallinglackofpatriotism，hasappearedinanewandcuriousforminanotherdepartmentoflife；thedepartmentofliterature，especiallyperiodicalliterature。
AndtheformittakesisthenextexampleIshallgiveofthewayinwhichthecapitalistsarenowappearing，moreandmoreopenly，asthemastersandprincesofthecommunity。
IwilltakeaVictorianinstancetomarkthechange；asIdidinthecaseoftheadvertisementof\"Bubbles。\"Itwassaidinmychildhood，bythemoreapoplecticandelderlysortofTory，thatW。E。GladstonewasonlyaFreeTraderbecausehehadapartnershipinGilbey\'sforeignwines。Thiswas，nodoubt，nonsense；butithadadimsymbolic，ormainlyprophetic，truthinit。Itwastrue，tosomeextenteventhen，andithasbeenincreasinglytruesince，thatthestatesmanwasoftenanallyofthesalesman；andrepresentednotonlyanationofshopkeepers，butoneparticularshop。ButinGladstone\'stime，evenifthiswastrue，itwasneverthewholetruth；andnoonewouldhaveendureditbeingtheadmittedtruth。Thepoliticianwasnotsolelyaneloquentandpersuasivebagmantravellingforcertainbusinessmen；hewasboundtomixevenhiscorruptionwithsomeintelligibleidealsandrulesofpolicy。Andtheproofofitisthis:thatatleastitwasthestatesmanwhobulkedlargeinthepubliceye；andhisfinancialbackerwasentirelyinthebackground。
Oldgentlemenmightchokeovertheirport，withthemoralcertaintythatthePrimeMinisterhadsharesinawinemerchant\'s。ButtheoldgentlemanwouldhavediedonthespotifthewinemerchanthadreallybeenmadeasimportantasthePrimeMinister。IfithadbeenSirWalterGilbeywhomDisraelidenounced，orPunchcaricatured；ifSirWalterGilbey\'sfavouritecollars(withthedesignofwhichIamunacquainted)hadgrownaslargeasthewingsofanarchangel；ifSirWalterGilbeyhadbeencreditedwithsuccessfullyeliminatingtheBritishOakwithhislittlehatchet；if，neartheTempleandtheCourtsofJustice，oursightwasstruckbyamajesticstatueofawinemerchant；oriftheearnestConservativeladywhothrewagingerbread-nutatthePremierhaddirectedittowardsthewinemerchantinstead，theshocktoVictorianEnglandwouldhavebeenverygreatindeed。
HaloesforEmployersNowsomethingverylikethatishappening；themerewealthyemployerisbeginningtohavenotonlythepowerbutsomeoftheglory。Ihaveseeninseveralmagazineslately，andmagazinesofahighclass，theappearanceofanewkindofarticle。Literarymenarebeingemployedtopraiseabigbusinessmanpersonally，asmenusedtopraiseaking。Theynotonlyfindpoliticalreasonsforthecommercialschemes——thattheyhavedoneforsometimepast——theyalsofindmoraldefencesforthecommercialschemers。
Theydescribethecapitalist\'sbrainofsteelandheartofgoldinawaythatEnglishmenhithertohavebeenatleastinthehabitofreservingforromanticfigureslikeGaribaldiorGordon。InoneexcellentmagazineMr。
T。P。O\'Connor，who，whenhelikes，canwriteonletterslikeamanofletters，hassomepurplepagesofpraiseofSirJosephLyons——themanwhorunsthoseteashopplaces。HeincidentallybroughtinadelightfulpassageaboutthebeautifulsoulspossessedbysomepeoplecalledSalmonandGluckstein。IthinkIlikebestthepassagewherehesaidthatLyons\'scharmingsocialacaccomplishmentsincludedatalentfor\"imitatingaJew。\"Thearticleisaccompaniedwithalargeandsomewhatleeringportraitofthatshopkeeper，whichmakestheparlour-trickinquestionparticularlyastonishing。Anotherliteraryman，whocertainlyoughttoknowbetter，wroteinanotherpaperapieceofhero-worshipaboutMr。
Selfridge。Nodoubtthefashionwillspread，andtheartofwords，aspolishedandpointedbyRuskinorMeredith，willbeperfectedyetfurthertoexplorethelabyrinthineheartofHarrod；orcomparethesimplestoicismofMarshallwiththesaintlycharmofSnelgrove。
Anymancanbepraised——andrightlypraised。Ifheonlystandsontwolegshedoessomethingacowcannotdo。Ifarichmancanmanagetostandontwolegsforareasonabletime，itiscalledself-control。Ifhehasonlyoneleg，itiscalled(withsometruth)self-sacrifice。Icouldsaysomethingnice(andtrue)abouteverymanIhaveevermet。Therefore，I
donotdoubtIcouldfindsomethingniceaboutLyonsorSelfridgeifI
searchedforit。ButIshallnot。Thenearestpostmanorcab-manwillprovidemewithjustthesamebrainofsteelandheartofgoldastheseunluckyluckymen。ButIdoresentthewholeageofpatronagebeingrevivedundersuchabsurdpatrons；andallpoetsbecomingcourtpoets，underkingsthathavetakennooath，norledusintoanybattle。
III。UnbusinesslikeBusinessThefairytaleswewerealltaughtdidnot，likethehistorywewerealltaught，consistentirelyoflies。Partsofthetaleof\"PussinBoots\"or\"JackandtheBeanstalk\"maystriketherealisticeyeasalittleunlikelyandoutofthecommonway，sotospeak；buttheycontainsomeverysolidandverypracticaltruths。Forinstance，itmaybenotedthatbothin\"PussinBoots\"and\"JackandtheBeanstalk\"ifIrememberaright，theogrewasnotonlyanogrebutalsoamagician。Anditwillgenerallybefoundthatinallsuchpopularnarratives，theking，ifheisawickedking，isgenerallyalsoawizard。Nowthereisaveryvitalhumantruthenshrinedinthis。Badgovernment，likegoodgovernment，isaspiritualthing。Eventhetyrantneverrulesbyforcealone；butmostlybyfairytales。Andsoitiswiththemoderntyrant，thegreatemployer。Thesightofamillionaireisseldom，intheordinarysense，anenchantingsight:nevertheless，heisinhiswayanenchanter。Astheysayinthegushingarticlesabouthiminthemagazines，heisafascinatingpersonality。Soisasnake。Atleastheisfascinatingtorabbits；andsoisthemillionairetotherabbit-wittedsortofpeoplethatladiesandgentlemenhaveallowedthemselvestobecome。Hedoes，inamanner，castaspell，suchasthatwhichimprisonedprincesandprincessesundertheshapesoffalconsorstags。Hehastrulyturnedmenintosheep，asCirceturnedthemintoswine。
Now，thechiefofthefairytales，bywhichhegainsthisgloryandglamour，isacertainhazyassociationhehasmanagedtocreatebetweentheideaofbignessandtheideaofpracticality。Numbersoftherabbit-wittedladiesandgentlemendoreallythink，inspiteofthemselvesandtheirexperience，thatsolongasashophashundredsofdifferentdoorsandagreatmanyhotandunhealthyundergrounddepartments(theymustbehot；thisisveryimportant)，andmorepeoplethanwouldbeneededforaman-of-war，orcrowdedcathedral，tosay:\"Thisway，madam，\"and\"Thenextarticle，sir，\"itfollowsthatthegoodsaregood。Inshort，theyholdthatthebigbusinessesarebusinesslike。Theyarenot。Anyhousekeeperinatruthfulmood，thatistosay，anyhousekeeperinabadtemper，willtellyouthattheyarenot。Buthousekeepers，too，arehuman，andthereforeinconsistentandcomplex；andtheydonotalwayssticktotruthandbadtemper。Theyarealsoaffectedbythisqueeridolatryoftheenormousandelaborate；andcannothelpfeelingthatanythingsocomplicatedmustgolikeclockwork。Butcomplexityisnoguaranteeofaccuracy——inclockworkorinanythingelse。Aclockcanbeaswrongasthehumanhead；andaclockcanstop，assuddenlyasthehumanheart。
Butthisstrangepoetryofplutocracyprevailsoverpeopleagainsttheirverysenses。YouwritetooneofthegreatLondonstoresoremporia，asking，letussay，foranumbrella。Amonthortwoafterwardsyoureceiveaveryelaboratelyconstructedparcel，containingabrokenparasol。
Youareverypleased。Youaregratifiedtoreflectonwhatavastnumberofassistantsandemployeeshadcombinedtobreakthatparasol。
Youluxuriateinthememoryofallthoselongroomsanddepartmentsandwonderinwhichofthemtheparasolthatyouneverorderedwasbroken。OryouwantatoyelephantforyourchildonChristmasDay；aschildren，likeallniceandhealthypeople，areveryritualistic。SomeweekorsoafterTwelfthNight，letussay，youhavethepleasureofremovingthreelayersofpasteboards，fivelayersofbrownpaper，andfifteenlayersoftissuepaperanddiscoveringthefragmentsofanartificialcrocodile。Yousmileinanexpansivespirit。Youfeelthatyoursoulhasbeenbroadenedbythevisionofincompetenceconductedonsolargeascale。YouadmireallthemorethecolossalandOmnipresentBrainoftheOrganiserofIndustry，whoamidallhismultitudinouscaresdidnotdisdaintorememberhisdutyofsmashingeventhesmallesttoyofthesmallestchild。Or，supposingyouhaveaskedhimtosendyousometworollsofcocoa-nutmatting:andsupposing(afteradueintervalforreflection)hedulydeliverstoyouthefiverollsofwirenetting。Youtakepleasureintheconsiderationofamystery:whichcoarsemindsmighthavecalledamistake。Itconsolesyoutoknowhowbigthebusinessis:andwhatanenormousnumberofpeoplewereneededtomakesuchamistake。
Thatistheromancethathasbeentoldaboutthebigshops；intheliteratureandartwhichtheyhavebought，andwhich(asIsaidinmyrecentarticles)willsoonbequiteindistinguishablefromtheirordinaryadvertisements。Theliteratureiscommercial；anditisonlyfairtosaythatthecommerceisoftenreallyliterary。Itisnoromance，butonlyrubbish。
Thebigcommercialconcernsofto-dayarequiteexceptionallyincompetent。
Theywillbeevenmoreincompetentwhentheyareomnipotent。Indeed，thatis，andalwayshasbeen，thewholepointofamonopoly；theoldandsoundargumentagainstamonopoly。Itisonlybecauseitisincompetentthatithastobeomnipotent。Whenonelargeshopoccupiesthewholeofonesideofastreet(orsometimesbothsides)，itdoessoinorderthatmenmaybeunabletogetwhattheywant；andmaybeforcedtobuywhattheydon\'twant。ThattherapidlyapproachingkingdomoftheCapitalistswillruinartandletters，Ihavealreadysaid。Isayherethatintheonlysensethatcanbecalledhuman，itwillruintrade，too。
IwillnotletChristmasgoby，evenwhenwritingforarevolutionarypapernecessarilyappealingtomanywithnoneofmyreligioussympathies，withoutappealingtothosesympathies。IknewamanwhosenttoagreatrichshopforafigureforagroupofBethlehem。Itarrivedbroken。I
thinkthatisexactlyallthatbusinessmenhavenowthesensetodo。
IV。TheWaronHolidaysThegeneralproposition，notalwayseasytodefineexhaustively，thatthereignofthecapitalistwillbethereignofthecad——thatis，oftheunlickedtypethatisneitherthecitizennorthegentleman——canbeexcellentlystudiedinitsattitudetowardsholidays。ThespecialemblematicEmployerofto-day，especiallytheModelEmployer(whoistheworstsort)hasinhisstarvedandevilheartasincerehatredofholidays。
Idonotmeanthathenecessarilywantsallhisworkmentoworkuntiltheydrop；thatonlyoccurswhenhehappenstobestupidaswellaswicked。
Idonotmeantosaythatheisnecessarilyunwillingtograntwhathewouldcall\"decenthoursoflabour。\"Hemaytreatmenlikedirt；butifyouwanttomakemoney，evenoutofdirt，youmustletitliefallowbysomerotationofrest。Hemaytreatmenasdogs，butunlessheisalunatichewillforcertainperiodsletsleepingdogslie。
Buthumaneandreasonablehoursforlabourhavenothingwhatevertodowiththeideaofholidays。Itisnotevenaquestionoftenhoursdayandeight-hoursday；itisnotaquestionofcuttingdownleisuretothespacenecessaryforfood，sleepandexercise。Ifthemodernemployercametotheconclusion，forsomereasonorother，thathecouldgetmostoutofhismenbyworkingthemhardforonlytwohoursaday，hiswholementalattitudewouldstillbeforeignandhostiletoholidays。Forhiswholementalattitudeisthatthepassivetimeandtheactivetimearealikeusefulforhimandhisbusiness。Allis，indeed，gristthatcomestohismill，includingthemillers。Hisslavesstillservehiminunconsciousness，asdogsstillhuntinslumber。Hisgristisgroundnotonlybythesoundingwheelsofiron，butbythesoundlesswheelofbloodandbrain。Hissacksarestillfillingsilentlywhenthedoorsareshutonthestreetsandthesoundofthegrindingislow。
TheGreatHolidayNowaholidayhasnoconnectionwithusingamaneitherbybeatingorfeedinghim。Whenyougiveamanaholidayyougivehimbackhisbodyandsoul。Itisquitepossibleyoumaybedoinghimaninjury(thoughheseldomthinksso)，butthatdoesnotaffectthequestionforthosetowhomaholidayisholy。Immortalityisthegreatholiday；andaholiday，liketheimmortalityintheoldtheologies，isadouble-edgedprivilege。Butwhereveritisgenuineitissimplytherestorationandcompletionoftheman。Ifpeopleeverlookedattheprintedwordundertheireye，theword\"recreation\"wouldbeliketheword\"resurrection，\"theblastofatrumpet。
Aman，beingmerelyuseful，isnecessarilyincomplete，especiallyifhebeamodernmanandmeansbybeingusefulbeing\"utilitarian。\"Amangoingintoamodernclubgivesuphishat；amangoingintoamodernfactorygivesuphishead。Hethengoesinandworksloyallyfortheoldfirmtobuildupthegreatfabricofcommerce(whichcanbedonewithoutahead)，butwhenhehasdoneworkhegoestothecloak-room，likethemanattheclub，andgetshisheadbackagain；thatisthegermoftheholiday。Itmaybeurgedthattheclubmanwholeaveshishatoftengoesawaywithanotherhat；andperhapsitmaybethesamewiththefactoryhandwhohaslefthishead。Ahandthathaslostitsheadmayaffectthefastidiousasamixedmetaphor；but，Godpardonusall，whatanunmixedtruth!Wecouldalmostprovethewholeeasefromthehabitofcallinghumanbeingsmerely\"hands\"whiletheyareworking；asifthehandwerehorriblycutoff，likethehandthathasoffended；asif，whilethesinnerenteredheavenmaimed，hisunhappyhandstilllabouredlayinguprichesforthelordsofhell。
Buttoreturntothemanwhomwefoundwaitingforhisheadinthecloak-room。Itmaybeurged，wesay，thathemighttakethewronghead，likethewronghat；butherethesimilarityceases。Forithasbeenobservedbybenevolentonlookersatlife\'sdramathatthehattakenawaybymistakeisfrequentlybetterthantherealhat；whereastheheadtakenawayafterthehoursoftoiliscertainlyworse:stainedwiththecobwebsanddustofthisdustbinofallthecenturies。
TheSupremeAdventureAllthewordsdedicatedtoplacesofeatinganddrinkingarepureandpoeticwords。Eventheword\"hotel\"isthewordhospital。AndSt。Julien，whoseclaretIdrankthisChristmas，wasthepatronsaintofinnkeepers，because(asfarasIcanmakeout)hewashospitabletolepers。NowIdonotsaythattheordinaryhotel-keeperinPiccadillyortheAvenuedel\'Operawouldembracealeper，slaphimontheback，andaskhimtoorderwhatheliked；butIdosaythathospitalityishistradevirtue。AndI
doalsosayitiswelltokeepbeforeoureyesthesupremeadventureofavirtue。Ifyouarebrave，thinkofthemanwhowasbraverthanyou。Ifyouarekind，thinkofthemanwhowaskinderthanyou。
Thatiswhatwasmeantbyhavingapatronsaint。Thatisthelinkbetweenthepoorsaintwhoreceivedbodilylepersandthegreathotelproprietorwho(asarule)receivesspirituallepers。Butawordyetweakerthan\"hotel\"illustratesthesamepoint——theword\"restaurant。\"Thereagainyouhavetheadmissionthatthereisadefinitebuildingorstatueto\"restore\"；thatineffaceableimageofmanthatsomecalltheimageofGod。
Andthatistheholiday；itistherestaurantorrestoringthingthat，byablastofmagic，turnsamanintohimself。
Thiscompleteandreconstructedmanisthenightmareofthemoderncapitalist。HiswholeschemewouldcrackacrosslikeamirrorofShallot，ifonceaplainmanwerereadyforhistwoplainduties——readytoliveandreadytodie。Andthathorrorofholidayswhichmarksthemoderncapitalistisverylargelyahorrorofthevisionofawholehumanbeing:
somethingthatisnota\"hand\"ora\"headforfigutes。\"Butanawfulcreaturewhohasmethimselfinthewilderness。Theemployerswillgivetimetoeat，timetosleep；theyareinterrorofatimetothink。
Toanyonewhoknowsanyhistoryitiswhollyneedlesstosaythatholidayshavebeendestroyed。AsMr。Belloc，whoknowsmuchmorehistorythanyouorI，recentlypointedoutinthe\"PallMallMagazine，\"Shakespeare\'stitleof\"TwelfthNight:orWhatYouWill\"simplymeantthatawintercarnivalforeverybodywentonwildlytillthetwelfthnightafterChristmas。Thoseofmyreaderswhoworkformodernofficesorfactoriesmightasktheiremployersfortwelvedays\'holidaysafterChristmas。Andtheymightletmeknowthereply。
V。THECHURCHOFTHESERVILESTATE
IconfessIcannotseewhymereblasphemybyitselfshouldbeanexcusefortyrannyandtreason；orhowthemereisolatedfactofamannotbelievinginGodshouldbeareasonformybelievinginHim。
ButtheratherspinsterishflutteramongsomeoftheoldFreethinkershasputonetinyrippleoftruthinit；andthataffectstheideawhichIwishtoemphasiseeventomonotonyinthesepages。Imeantheideathatthenewcommunitywhichthecapitalistsarenowconstructingwillbeaverycompleteandabsolutecommunity；andonewhichwilltoleratenothingreallyindependentofitself。Now，itistruethatanypositivecreed，trueorfalse，wouldtendtobeindependentofitself。ItmightbeRomanCatholicismorMahomedanismorMaterialism；but，ifstronglyheld，itwouldbeathorninthesideoftheServileState。TheMoslemthinksallmenimmortal:theMaterialistthinksallmenmortal。ButtheMoslemdoesnotthinktherichSinbadwillliveforever；butthepoorSinbadwilldieonhisdeathbed。TheMaterialistdoesnotthinkthatMr。Haeckelwillgotoheaven，whileallthepeasantswillgotopot，liketheirchickens。
Ineveryseriousdoctrineofthedestinyofmen，thereissometraceofthedoctrineoftheequalityofmen。Butthecapitalistreallydependsonsomereligionofinequality。Thecapitalistmustsomehowdistinguishhimselffromhumankind；hemustbeobviouslyaboveit——orhewouldbeobviouslybelowit。Takeeventheleastattractiveandpopularsideofthelargerreligionsto-day；takethemerevetoesimposedbyIslamonAtheismorCatholicism。TheMoslemvetouponintoxicantscutsacrossallclasses。Butitisabsolutelynecessaryforthecapitalist(whopresidesataLicensingCommittee，andalsoatalargedinner)，itisabsolutelynecessaryforhim，tomakeadistinctionbetweenginandchampagne。TheAtheistvetouponallmiraclescutsacrossallclasses。Butitisabsolutelynecessaryforthecapitalisttomakeadistinctionbetweenhiswife(whoisanaristocratandconsultscrystalgazersandstargazersintheWestEnd)，andvulgarmiraclesclaimedbygipsiesortravellingshowmen。TheCatholicvetouponusury，asdefinedindogmaticcouncils，cutsacrossallclasses。Butitisabsolutelynecessarytothecapitalisttodistinguishmoredelicatelybetweentwokindsofusury；thekindhefindsusefulandthekindhedoesnotfinduseful。ThereligionoftheServileStatemusthavenodogmasordefinitions。Itcannotaffordtohaveanydefinitions。Fordefinitionsareverydreadfulthings:theydothetwothingsthatmostmen，especiallycomfortablemen，cannotendure。
Theyfight；andtheyfightfair。
Everyreligion，apartfromopendevilworship，mustappealtoavirtueorthepretenceofavirtue。Butavirtue，generallyspeaking，doessomegoodtoeverybody。Itisthereforenecessarytodistinguishamongthepeopleitwasmeanttobenefitthosewhomitdoesbenefit。Modernbroad-mindednessbenefitstherich；andbenefitsnobodyelse。Itwasmeanttobenefittherich；andmeanttobenefitnobodyelse。Andifyouthinkthisunwarranted，Iwillputbeforeyouoneplainquestion。Therearesomepleasuresofthepoorthatmayalsomeanprofitsfortherich:
thereareotherpleasuresofthepoorwhichcannotmeanprofitsfortherich？Watchthisonecontrast，andyouwillwatchthewholecreationofacarefulslavery。
InthelastresortthetwothingscalledBeerandSoapendonlyinafroth。
Theyarebothbelowthehighnoticeofarealreligion。Butthereisjustthisdifference:thatthesoapmakesthefactorymoresatisfactory，whilethebeeronlymakestheworkmanmoresatisfied。WaitandseeiftheSoapdoesnotincreaseandtheBeerdecrease。WaitandseewhetherthereligionoftheServileStateisnotineverycasewhatIsay:theencouragementofsmallvirtuessupportingcapitalism，thediscouragementofthehugevirtuesthatdefyit。Manygreatreligions，PaganandChristian，haveinsistedonwine。Onlyone，Ithink，hasinsistedonSoap。
YouwillfinditintheNewTestamentattributedtothePharisees。
VI。SCIENCEANDTHEEUGENISTS
Thekeyfactinthenewdevelopmentofplutocracyisthatitwilluseitsownblunderasanexcuseforfurthercrimes。Everywheretheverycompletenessoftheimpoverishmentwillbemadeareasonfortheenslavement；thoughthemenwhoimpoverishedwerethesamewhoenslaved。
Itisasifahighwaymannotonlytookawayagentleman\'shorseandallhismoney，butthenhandedhimovertothepolicefortrampingwithoutvisiblemeansofsubsistence。Andthemostmonstrousfeatureinthisenormousmeannessmaybenotedintheplutocraticappealtoscience，or，rather，tothepseudo-sciencethattheycallEugenics。
TheEugenistsgettheearofthehumanebutratherhazycliquesbysayingthatthepresent\"conditions\"underwhichpeopleworkandbreedarebadfortherace；butthemodernmindwillnotgenerallystretchbeyondonestepofreasoning，andtheconsequencewhichappearstofollowontheconsiderationofthese\"conditions\"isbynomeanswhatwouldoriginallyhavebeenexpected。Ifsomebodysays:\"Aricketycradlemaymeanaricketybaby，\"thenaturaldeduction，onewouldthink，wouldbetogivethepeopleagoodcradle，orgivethemmoneyenoughtobuyone。Butthatmeanshigherwagesandgreaterequalisationofwealth；andtheplutocraticscientist，withaslightlytroubledexpression，turnshiseyesandpince-nezinanotherdirection。Reducedtobrutaltermsoftruth，hisdifficultyisthisandsimplythis:Morefood，leisure，andmoneyfortheworkmanwouldmeanabetterworkman，betterevenfromthepointofviewofanyoneforwhomheworked。Butmorefood，leisure，andmoneywouldalsomeanamoreindependentworkman。Ahousewithadecentfireandafullpantrywouldbeabetterhousetomakeachairormendaclockin，evenfromthecustomer\'spointofview，thanahovelwithaleakyroofandacoldhearth。Butahousewithadecentfireandafullpantrywouldalsobeabetterhouseinwhichtorefusetomakeachairormendaclock——amuchbetterhousetodonothingin——anddoingnothingissometimesoneofthehighestofthedutiesofman。Allbutthehard-heartedmustbetornwithpityforthispatheticdilemmaoftherichman，whohastokeepthepoormanjuststoutenoughtodotheworkandjustthinenoughtohavetodoit。Ashestoodgazingattheleakyroofandthericketycradleinapensivemanner，thereonedaycameintohismindanewandcuriousidea——oneofthemoststrange，simple，andhorribleideasthathaveeverrisenfromthedeeppitoforiginalsin。
Theroofcouldnotbemended，or，atleast，itcouldnotbemendedmuch，withoutupsettingthecapitalistbalance，or，rather，disproportioninsociety；foramanwitharoofisamanwithahouse，andtothatextenthishouseishiscastle。Thecradlecouldnotbemadetorockeasier，or，atleast，notmucheasier，withoutstrengtheningthehandsofthepoorhousehold，forthehandthatrocksthecradlerulestheworld——tothatextent。Butitoccurredtothecapitalistthattherewasonesortoffurnitureinthehousethatcouldbealtered。Thehusbandandwifecouldbealtered。Birthcostsnothing，exceptinpainandvalourandsuchold-fashionedthings；andthemerchantneedpaynomoreformatingastrongminertoahealthyfishwifethanhepayswhentheminermateshimselfwithalessrobustfemalewhomhehasthesentimentalitytoprefer。
Thusitmightbepossible，bykeepingoncertainbroadlinesofheredity，tohavesomephysicalimprovementwithoutanymoral，political，orsocialimprovement。Itmightbepossibletokeepasupplyofstrongandhealthyslaveswithoutcoddlingthemwithdecentconditions。Asthemill-ownersusethewindandthewatertodrivetheirmills，theywouldusethisnaturalforceassomethingevencheaper；andturntheirwheelsbydivertingfromitschannelthebloodofamaninhisyouth。ThatiswhatEugenicsmeans；andthatisallthatitmeans。
Ofthemoralstateofthosewhothinkofsuchthingsitdoesnotbecomeustospeak。Thepracticalquestionisrathertheintellectualone:ofwhethertheircalculationsarewellfounded，andwhetherthemenofsciencecanorwillguaranteethemanysuchphysicalcertainties。
Fortunately，itbecomesclearereverydaythattheyare，scientificallyspeaking，buildingontheshiftingsand。Thetheoryofbreedingslavesbreaksdownthroughwhatademocratcallstheequalityofmen，butwhichevenanoligarchistwillfindhimselfforcedtocallthesimilarityofmen。
Thatis，thatthoughitisnottruethatallmenarenormal，itisoverwhelminglycertainthatmostmenarenormal。AllthecommonEugenicargumentsaredrawnfromextremecases，which，evenifhumanhonourandlaughterallowedoftheirbeingeliminated，wouldnotbytheireliminationgreatlyaffectthemass。Fortherest，thereremainstheenormousweaknessinEugenics，thatifordinarymen\'sjudgmentorlibertyistobediscountedinrelationtoheredity，thejudgmentofthejudgesmustbediscountedinrelationtotheirheredity。TheEugenicprofessormayormaynotsucceedinchoosingababy\'sparents；itisquitecertainthathecannotsucceedinchoosinghisownparents。Allhisthoughts，includinghisEugenicthoughts，are，bytheveryprincipleofthosethoughts，flowingfromadoubtfulortaintedsource。Inshort，weshouldneedaperfectlyWiseMantodothethingatall。AndifhewereaWiseManhewouldnotdoit。
VII。THEEVOLUTIONOFTHEPRISON
Ihaveneverunderstoodwhyitisthatthosewhotalkmostaboutevolution，andtalkitintheveryageoffashionableevolutionism，donotseetheonewayinwhichevolutionreallydoesapplytoourmoderndifficulty。
Thereis，ofcourse，anelementofevolutionismintheuniverse；andI
knownoreligionorphilosophythateverentirelyignoredit。Evolution，popularlyspeaking，isthatwhichhappenstounconsciousthings。Theygrowunconsciously；orfadeunconsciously；orrather，somepartsofthemgrowandsomepartsofthemfade；andatanygivenmomentthereisalmostalwayssomepresenceofthcfadingthing，andsomeincompletenessinthegrowingone。Thus，ifIwenttosleepforahundredyears，liketheSleepingBeauty(IwishIcould)，Ishouldgrowabeard——unliketheSleepingBeauty。AndjustasIshouldgrowhairifIwereasleep，I
shouldgrowgrassifIweredead。ThosewhosereligionitwasthatGodwasasleepwereperpetuallyimpressedandaffectedbythefactthathehadalongbeard。Andthosewhosephilosophyitisthattheuniverseisdeadfromthebeginning(beingthegraveofnobodyinparticular)thinkthatisthewaythatgrasscangrow。Inanycase，thesedevelopmentsonlyoccurwithdeadordreamingthings。WhathappenswheneveryoneisasleepiscalledEvolution。WhathappenswheneveryoneisawakeiscalledRevolution。
Therewasonceanhonestman，whosenameIneverknew，butwhosefaceI
canalmostsee(itisframedinVictorianwhiskersandfixedinaVictorianneck-cloth)，whowasbalancingtheachievementsofFranceandEnglandincivilisationandsocialefficiencies。AndwhenhecametothereligiousaspecthesaidthatthereweremorestoneandbrickchurchesusedinFrance；but，ontheotherhand，therearemoresectsinEngland。
WhethersuchalivelydisintegrationisaproofofvitalityinanyvaluablesenseIhavealwaysdoubted。Thesunmaybreedmaggotsinadeaddog；butitisessentialforsuchaliberationoflifethatthedogshouldbeunconsciousor(tosaytheleastofit)absent-minded。Broadlyspeaking，youmaycallthethingcorruption，ifyouhappentolikedogs。
Youmaycallitevolution，ifyouhappentolikemaggots。Ineithercase，itiswhathappenstothingsifyouleavethemalone。
TheEvolutionists\'ErrorNow，themodernEvolutionistshavemadenorealuseoftheideaofevolution，especiallyinthematterofsocialprediction。Theyalwaysfallintowhatis(fromtheirlogicalpointofview)theerrorofsupposingthatevolutionknowswhatitisdoing。TheypredicttheStateofthefutureasafruitroundedandpolished。Butthewholepointofevolution(theonlypointthereisinit)isthatnoStatewilleverberoundedandpolished，becauseitwillalwayscontainsomeorgansthatoutlivedtheiruse，andsomethathavenotyetfullyfoundtheirs。Ifwewishtoprophesywhatwillhappen，wemustimaginethingsnowmoderategrownenormous；thingsnowlocalgrownuniversal；thingsnowpromisinggrowntriumphant；primrosesbiggerthansunflowers，andsparrowsstalkingaboutlikeflamingoes。
Inotherwords，wemustaskwhatmoderninstitutionhasafuturebeforeit？Whatmodeminstitutionmayhaveswollentosixtimesitspresentsizeinthesocialheatandgrowthofthefuture？IdonotthinktheGardenCitywillgrow:butofthatImayspeakinmynextandlastarticleofthisseries。IdonotthinkeventheordinaryElementarySchool，withitscompulsoryeducation，willgrow。Toomanyunletteredpeoplehatetheteacherforteaching；andtoomanyletteredpeoplehatetheteacherfornotteaching。TheGardenCitywillnotbearmuchblossom；theyoungideawillnotshoot，unlessitshootstheteacher。Buttheonefloweringtreeontheestate，theonenaturalexpansionwhichIthinkwillexpand，istheinstitutionwecallthePrison。
PrisonsforAllIfthecapitalistsareallowedtoerecttheirconstructivecapitalistcommunity，IspeakquiteseriouslywhenIsaythatIthinkPrisonwillbecomeanalmostuniversalexperience。Itwillnotnecessarilybeacruelorshamefulexperience:onthesepoints(Iconcedecertainlyforthepresentpurposeofdebate)itmaybeavastlyimprovedexperience。Theconditionsintheprison，verypossibly，willbemademorehumane。Buttheprisonwillbemademorehumaneonlyinordertocontainmoreofhumanity。Ithinklittleofthejudgmentandsenseofhumourofanymanwhocanhavewatchedrecentpolicetrialswithoutrealisingthatitisnolongeraquestionofwhetherthelawhasbeenbrokenbyacrime；but，now，solelyaquestionofwhetherthesituationcouldbemendedbyanimprisonment。ItwassowithTomMann；itwassowithLarkin；itwassowiththepooratheistwhowaskeptingaolforsayingsomethinghehadbeenacquittedofsaying:itissoinsuchcasesdaybyday。Wenolongerlockamanupfordoingsomething；welockhimupinthehopeofhisdoingnothing。Giventhisprinciple，itisevidentlypossibletomakethemereconditionsofpunishmentmoremoderate，or——(moreprobably)moresecret。
TheremayreallybemoremercyinthePrison，onconditionthatthereislessjusticeintheCourt。Ishouldnotbesurprisedif，beforewearedonewithallthis，amanwasallowedtosmokeinprison，oncondition，ofcourse，thathehadbeenputinprisonforsmoking。
Nowthatistheprocesswhich，intheabsenceofdemocraticprotest，willcertainlyproceed，willincreaseandmultiplyandreplenishtheearthandsubdueit。Prisonmayevenloseitsdisgraceforalittletime:itwillbedifficulttomakeitdisgracefulwhenmenlikeLarkincanbeimprisonedfornoreasonatall，justashiscelebratedancestorwashangedfornoreasonatall。Butcapitalistsociety，whichnaturallydoesnotknowthemeaningofhonour，cannotknowthemeaningofdisgrace:anditwillstillgoonimprisoningfornoreasonatall。Orratherforthatrathersimplereasonthatmakesacatspringoraratrunaway。