Itmatterslittlewhetherourmastersstooptostatethematterintheformthateveryprisonshouldbeaschool；orinthemorecandidformthateveryschoolshouldbeaprison。Theyhavealreadyfulfilledtheirservileprincipleinthecaseoftheschools。EveryonegoestotheElementarySchoolsexceptthefewpeoplewhotellthemtogothere。I
prophesythat(unlessourrevoltsucceeds)nearlyeveryonewillbegoingtoPrison，withapreciselysimilarpatience。
VIII。THELASHFORLABOUR
IfIweretoprophesythattwohundredyearshenceagrocerwouldhavetherightandhabitofbeatingthegrocer\'sassistantwithastick，orthatshopgirlsmightbeflogged，astheyalreadycanbefined，manywouldregarditasratherarashremark。Itwouldbearashremark。Prophecyisalwaysunreliable；unlessweexceptthekindwhichisavowedlyirrational，mysticalandsupernaturalprophecy。Butrelativelytonearlyalltheotherpropheciesthatarebeingmadearoundmeto-day，Ishouldsaymypredictionstoodanexceptionallygoodchance。Inshort，IthinkthegrocerwiththestickisafigurewearefarmorelikelytoseethantheSupermanortheSamurai，ortheTrueModelEmployer，orthePerfectFabianOfficial，orthecitizenoftheCollectivistState。AnditisbestforustoseethefulluglinessofthetransformationwhichispassingoverourSocietyinsomesuchabruptandevengrotesqueimageattheendofit。Thebeginningsofadecline，ineveryageofhistory，havealwayshadtheappearanceofbeingreforms。NeronotonlyfiddledwhileRomewasburning，butheprobablyreallypaidmoreattentiontothefiddlethantothefire。TheRoiSoleil，likemanyothersoleils，wasmostsplendidtoallappearancealittlebeforesunset。AndifIaskmyselfwhatwillbetheultimateandfinalfruitofalloursocialreforms，gardencities，modelemployers，insurances，exchanges，arbitrationcourts，andsoon，then，Isay，quiteseriously，\"Ithinkitwillbelabourunderthelash。\"
TheSultanandtheSackLetusarrangeinsomeorderanumberofconvergingconsiderationsthatallpointinthisdirection。(1)Itisbroadlytrue，nodoubt，thattheweaponoftheemployerhashithertobeenthethreatofdismissal，thatis，thethreatofenforcedstarvation。HeisaSultanwhoneednotorderthebastinado，solongashecanorderthesack。Buttherearenotafewsignsthatthisweaponisnotquitesoconvenientandflexibleaoneashisincreasingrapacitiesrequire。Thefactoftheintroductionoffines，secretlyoropenly，inmanyshopsandfactories，provesthatitisconvenientforthecapitaliststohavesometemporaryandadjustableformofpunishmentbesidesthefinalpunishmentofpureruin。Norisitdifficulttoseethecommonsenseofthisfromtheirwhollyinhumanpointofview。Theactofsackingamanisattendedwiththesamedisadvantagesastheactofshootingaman:oneofwhichisthatyoucangetnomoreoutofhim。Itis，Iamtold，distinctlyannoyingtoblowafellowcreature\'sbrainsoutwitharevolverandthensuddenlyrememberthathewastheonlypersonwhoknewwheretogetthebestRussiancigarettes。SoourSultan，whoistheordererofthesack，isalsothebearerofthebow-string。A
schoolinwhichtherewasnopunishment，exceptexpulsion，wouldbeaschoolinwhichitwouldbeverydifficulttokeepproperdiscipline；andthesortofdisciplineonwhichthereformedcapitalismwillinsistwillbeallofthetypewhichinfreenationsisimposedonlyonchildren。
Suchaschoolwouldprobablybeinachronicconditionofbreakingupfortheholidays。Andthereasonsfortheinsufficiencyofthisextremeinstrumentarealsovariedandevident。ThematerialisticSociologists，whotalkaboutthesurvivalofthefittestandtheweakestgoingtothewall(andwhosewayoflookingattheworldistoputonthelatestandmostpowerfulscientificspectacles，andthenshuttheireyes)，frequentlytalkasifaworkmanweresimplyefficientornon-efficient，asifacriminalwerereclaimableorirreclaimable。Theemployershavesenseenoughatleasttoknowbetterthanthat。Theycanseethataservantmaybeusefulinonewayandexasperatinginanother；thathemaybebadinonepartofhisworkandgoodinanother；thathemaybeoccasionallydrunkandyetgenerallyindispensable。Justasapracticalschool-masterwouldknowthataschoolboycanbeatoncetheplagueandtheprideoftheschool。Underthesecircumstancessmallandvaryingpenaltiesareobviouslythemostconvenientthingsforthepersonkeepingorder；anunderlingcanbepunishedforcominglate，andyetdousefulworkwhenhecomes。Itwillbepossibletogivearapovertheknuckleswithoutwhollycuttingofftherighthandthathasoffended。Underthesecircumstancestheemployershavenaturallyresortedtofines。Butthereisafurthergroundforbelievingthattheprocesswillgobeyondfinesbeforeitiscompleted。
(2)ThefineisbasedontheoldEuropeanideathateverybodypossessesprivatepropertyinsomereasonabledegree；butnotonlyisthisnottrueto-day，butitisnotbeingmadeanytruer，evenbythosewhohonestlybelievethattheyaremendingmatters。Thegreatemployerswilloftendosomethingtowardsimprovingwhattheycallthe\"conditions\"oftheirworkers；butaworkermighthavehisconditionsascarefullyarrangedasaracehorsehas，andstillhavenomorepersonalpropertythanaracehorse。
Ifyoutakeanaveragepoorseamstressorfactorygirl，youwillfindthatthepowerofchastisingherthroughherpropertyhasveryconsiderablelimits；itisalmostashardfortheemployeroflabourtotaxherforpunishmentasitisfortheChancelloroftheExchequertotaxherforrevenue。Thenextmostobviousthingtothinkof，ofcourse，wouldbeimprisonment，andthatmightbeeffectiveenoughundersimplerconditions。
Anold-fashionedshopkeepermighthavelockeduphisapprenticeinhiscoal-cellar；buthiscoal-cellarwouldbeareal，pitchdarkcoal-cellar，andtherestofhishousewouldbearealhumanhouse。Everybody(especiallytheapprentice)wouldseeamostperceptibledifferencebetweenthetwo。But，asIpointedoutinthearticlebeforethis，thewholetendencyofthecapitalistlegislationandexperimentistomakeimprisonmentmuchmoregeneralandautomatic，whilemakingit，orprofessingtomakeit，morehumane。Inotherwords，thehygienicprisonandtheservilefactorywillbecomesouncommonlylikeeachotherthatthepoormanwillhardlyknoworcarewhetherheisatthemomentexpiatinganoffenceormerelyswellingadividend。Inbothplacestherewillbethesamesortofshinytiles。Inneitherplacewilltherebeanycellsounwholesomeasacoal-cellarorsowholesomeasahome。Theweaponoftheprison，therefore，liketheweaponofthefine，willbefoundtohaveconsiderablelimitationstoitseffectivenesswhenemployedagainstthewretchedreducedcitizenofourday。Whetheritbepropertyorlibertyyoucannottakefromhimwhathehasnotgot。Youcannotimprisonaslave，becauseyoucannotenslaveaslave。
TheBarbarousRevival(3)Mostpeople，onhearingthesuggestionthatitmaycometocorporalpunishmentatlast(asitdidineveryslavesystemIeverheardof，includingsomethatweregenerallykindly，andevensuccessful)，willmerelybestruckwithhorrorandincredulity，andfeelthatsuchabarbarousrevivalisunthinkableinthemodernatmosphere。Howfaritwillbe，orneedbe，arevivaloftheactualimagesandmethodsofrudertimesIwilldiscussinamoment。Butfirst，asanotheroftheconverginglinestendingtocorporalpunishment，considerthis:thatforsomereasonorothertheoldfull-bloodedandmasculinehumanitarianisminthismatterhasweakenedandfallensilent；ithasweakenedandfallensilentinaverycuriousmanner，theprecisereasonforwhichIdonotaltogetherunderstand。IknewtheaverageLiberal，theaverageNonconformistminister，theaverageLabourMember，theaveragemiddle-classSocialist，were，withalltheirgoodqualities，verydeficientinwhatIconsiderarespectforthehumansoul。ButIdidimaginethattheyhadtheordinarymodernrespectforthehumanbody。Thefact，however，isclearandincontrovertible。Inspiteofthehorrorofallhumanepeople，inspiteofthehesitationevenofourcorruptandpanic-strickenParliament，measurescannowbetriumphantlypassedforspreadingorincreasingtheuseofphysicaltorture，andforapplyingittothenewestandvaguestcategoriesofcrime。Thirtyorfortyyearsago，nay，twentyyearsago，whenMr。F。HughO\'DonnellandothersforcedaLiberalGovernmenttodropthecat-\'o-nine-tailslikeascorpion，wecouldhavecountedonamassofhonesthatredofsuchthings。Wecannotcountonitnow。
(4)Butlastly，itisnotnecessarythatinthefactoriesofthefuturetheinstitutionofphysicalpunishmentshouldactuallyremindpeopleofthejambokortheknout。Itcouldeasilybedevelopedoutofthemanyformsofphysicaldisciplinewhicharealreadyusedbyemployersontheexcusesofeducationorhygiene。Alreadyinsomefactoriesgirlsareobligedtoswimwhethertheylikeitornot，ordogymnasticswhethertheylikeitornot。ByasimpleextensionofhoursorcomplicationofexercisesapairofSwedishclubscouldeasilybesousedastoleavetheirvictimasexhaustedasonewhohadcomeofftherack。Ithinkitextremelylikelythattheywillbe。
IX。THEMASKOFSOCIALISM
ThechiefaimofallhonestSocialistsjustnowistopreventthecomingofSocialism。Idonotsayitasasneer，but，onthecontrary，asacompliment；acomplimenttotheirpoliticalinstinctandpublicspirit。I
admititmaybecalledanexaggeration；buttherereallyisasortofshamSocialismthatthemodrnpoliticiansmayquitepossiblyagreetosetup；
iftheydosucceedinsettingitup，thebattleforthepoorislost。
Wemustnote，firstofall，ageneraltruthaboutthecurioustimewelivein。ItwillnotbesodifficultassomepeoplemaysupposetomaketheServileStatelookratherlikeSocialism，especiallytothemorepedantickindofSocialist。Thereasonisthis。TheoldlucidandtrenchantexpounderofSocialism，suchasBlatchfordorFredHenderson，alwaysdescribestheeconomicpoweroftheplutocratsasconsistinginprivateproperty。Ofcourse，inasense，thisisquitetrue；thoughtheytoooftenmissthepointthatprivateproperty，assuch，isnotthesameaspropertyconfinedtothefew。Butthetruthisthatthesituationhasgrownmuchmoresubtle；perhapstoosubtle，nottosaytooinsane，forstraight-thinkingtheoristslikeBlatchford。Therichmanto-daydoesnotonlyrulebyusingprivateproperty；healsorulesbytreatingpublicpropertyasifitwereprivateproperty。AmanlikeLordMurraypulledthestrings，especiallythepursestrings；butthewholepointofhispositionwasthatallsortsofstringshadgotentangled。Thesecretstrengthofthemoneyhehelddidnotliemerelyinthefactthatitwashismoney。Itlaypreciselyinthefactthatnobodyhadanyclearideaofwhetheritwashismoney，orhissuccessor\'smoney，orhisbrother\'smoney，ortheMarconiCompany\'smoney，ortheLiberalParty\'smoney，ortheEnglishNation\'smoney。Itwasburiedtreasure；butitwasnotprivateproperty。Itwastheacmeofplutocracybecauseitwasnotprivateproperty。Now，byfollowingthisprecedent，thisunprincipledvaguenessaboutofficialandunofficialmoneysbythecheerfulhabitofalwaysmixingupthemoneyinthepocketwiththemoneyinthetill，itwouldbequitepossibletokeeptherichasrichaseverinpractice，thoughtheymighthavesufferedconfiscationintheory。Mr。LloydGeorgehasfourhundredayearasanM。P。；buthenotonlygetsmuchmoreasaMinister，buthemightatanytimegetimmeasurablymorebyspeculatingonStatesecretsthatarenecessarilyknowntohim。Somesaythathehasevenattemptedsomethingofthekind。Now，itwouldbequitepossibletocutMr。Georgedown，nottofourhundredayear，buttofourpenceaday；andstillleavehimalltheseotherandenormousfinancialsuperiorities。ItmustberememberedthataSocialistState，inanywayresemblingamodernState，must，howeveregalitarianitmaybe，havethehandlingofhugesums，andtheenjoymentoflargeconveniences；itisnotimprobablethatthesamemenwillhandleandenjoyinmuchthesamemanner，thoughintheorytheyaredoingitasinstruments，andnotasindividuals。Forinstance，thePrimeMinisterhasaprivatehouse，whichisalso(IgrievetoinformthateminentPuritan)apublichouse。ItissupposedtobeasortofGovernmentoffice；thoughpeopledonotgenerallygivechildren\'sparties，orgotobedinaGovernmentoffice。IdonotknowwhereMr。HerbertSamuellives；butIhavenodoubthedoeshimselfwellinthematterofdecorationandfurniture。OntheexistingofficialparallelthereisnoneedtomoveanyofthesethingsinordertoSocialisethem。Thereisnoneedtowithdrawonediamond-headednailfromthecarpet；oronegoldenteaspoonfromthetray。Itisonlynecessarytocallitanofficialresidence，like10Downing-street。IthinkitisnotatallimprobablethatthisPlutocracy，pretendingtobeaBureaucracy，willbeattemptedorachieved。Ourwealthyrulerswillbeinthepositionwhichgrumblersintheworldofsportsometimesattributetosomeofthe\"gentlemen\"players。
Theyassertthatsomeofthesearepaidlikeanyprofessional；onlytheirpayiscalledtheirexpenses。Thissystemmightrunsidebysidewithatheoryofequalwages，asabsoluteasthatoncelaiddownbyMr。BernardShaw。BythetheoryoftheState，Mr。HerbertSamuelandMr。LloydGeorgemightbehumblecitizens，drudgingfortheirfourpenceaday；andnobetteroffthanportersandcoal-heavers。IftherewerepresentedtoourmeresenseswhatappearedtobetheformofMr。HerbertSamuelinanastrakhancoatandamotor-car，weshouldfindtherecordoftheexpenditure(ifwecouldfinditatall)undertheheadingof\"SpeedLimitExtensionEnquiryCommission。\"Ifitfelltoourlottobehold(withtheeyeofflesh)whatseemedtobeMr。LloydGeorgelyinginahammockandsmokingacostlycigar，weshouldknowthattheexpenditurewouldbedividedbetweenthe\"ConditionofRopeandNettingInvestigationDepartment，\"andthe\"StateofCubanTobaccoTrade:ImperialInspector\'sReport。\"
SuchisthesocietyIthinktheywillbuildunlesswecanknockitdownasfastastheybuildit。Everythinginit，tolerableorintolerable，willhavebutoneuse；andthatusewhatourancestorsusedtocallusanceorusury。Itsartmaybegoodorbad，butitwillbeanadvertisementforusurers；itsliteraturemaybegoodorbad，butitwillappealtothepatronageofusurers；itsscientificselectionwillselectaccordingtotheneedsofusurers；itsreligionwillbejustcharitableenoughtopardonusurers；itspenalsystemwillbejustcruelenoughtocrushallthecriticsofusurers:thetruthofitwillbeSlavery:andthetitleofitmayquitepossiblybeSocialism。
THEESCAPE
Wewatchedyoubuilding，stonebystone，Thewell-washedcellsandwell-washedgravesWeshallinhabitbutnotownWhenBritonsevershallbeslaves；
Thewater\'swaitinginthetrough，Thetameoatssownareportionedfree，ThereisEnough，andjustEnough，Andallisreadynowbutwe。
Butyouhavenotcaughtusyet，mylords，Youhaveusstilltoget。
Asorryarmyyou\'dhavegot，Itsflagsareragsthatfloatandrot，Itsdrumsareemptypanandpot，Itsbaggageis——anemptycot；
Butyouhavenotcaughtusyet。
Alittle；andwemighthaveslippedWhencameyourrumoursandyoursalesAndthefoiledrichmen，feeble-lipped，Saidandunsaidtheirsorrytales；
GreatGod!ItneedsabolderbrowTokeeptensheepinsideapen，Andwearesheepnolongernow；
YouarebutMasters。WeareMen。
Wegiveyouallgoodthanks，mylords，Webuyateasyprice；
Thanksforthethousandsthatyoustole，Thebribesbywire，thebetsoncoal，TheknowledgeofthatnakedwholeThathathdeliveredourfleshandsoulOutofyourParadise。
Wehadheldsafeyourparks；butwhenMentauntedyouwithbribeandfee，WeonlysawtheLordofMenGrinlikeanApeandclimbatree；
AndhumblyhadwestoodwithoutYourprincelybarns；didwenotseeInpointedfacespeeringoutWhatRatsnowownthegranary。
Itistoolate，toolate，mylords，Wegiveyoubackyourgrace:
YoucannotwithallcajolingMakethewetditch，orwindsthatsting，Lostpride，orthepawnedweddingrings，OrdrinkorDeathablackerthingThanasmileuponyourface。
THENEWRAID
Thetwokindsofsocialreform，oneofwhichmightconceivablyfreeusatlastwhiletheotherwouldcertainlyenslaveusforever，areexhibitedinaneasyworkingmodelinthetwoeffortsthathavebeenmadeforthesoldiers\'wives——Imeantheefforttoincreasetheirallowanceandtheefforttocurtailtheirallegeddrinking。Inthepreliminaryconsideration，atanyrate，wemustseethesecondquestionasquitedetachedfromourownsympathiesonthespecialsubjectoffermentedliquor。Itcouldbeappliedtoanyotherpleasureorornamentoflife；itwillbeappliedtoeveryotherpleasureandornamentoflifeiftheCapitalistcampaigncansucceed。Theargumentweknow；butitcannotbetoooftenmadeclear。Anemployer，letussay，paysaseamstresstwopenceaday，andshedoesnotseemtothriveonit。Solittle，perhaps，doesshethriveonitthattheemployerhasevensomedifficultyinthrivinguponher。Thereareonlytwothingsthathecando，andthedistinctionbetweenthemcutsthewholesocialandpoliticalworldintwo。Itisatouchstonebywhichwecan——notsometimes，butalways——distinguisheconomicequalityfromservilesocialreform。Hecangivethegirlsomemagnificentsum，suchassixpenceaday，todoasshelikeswith，andtrustthatherimprovedhealthandtemperwillworkforthebenefitofhisbusiness。Orhemaykeephertotheoriginalsumofashillingaweek，butearmarkeachofthepenniestobeusedornottobeusedforaparticularpurpose。Ifshemustnotspendthispennyonabunchofviolets，orthatpennyonanovelette，ortheotherpennyonatoyforsomebaby，itispossiblethatshewillconcentrateherexpendituremoreuponphysicalnecessities，andsobecome，fromtheemployer\'spointofview，amoreefficientperson。Withoutthetroubleofaddingtwopencetoherwages，hehasaddedtwopenny-worthtoherfood。Inshort，shehastheholysatisfactionofbeingworthmorewithoutbeingpaidmore。
ThisCapitalistisaningeniousperson，andhasmanypolishedcharacteristics；butIthinkthemostsingularthingabouthimishisstaggeringlackofshame。Neitherthehourofdeathnorthedayofreckoning，neitherthetentofexilenorthehouseofmourning，neitherchivalrynorpatriotism，neitherwomanhoodnorwidowhood，issafeatthissuprememomentfromhisdirtylittleexpedientofdietingtheslave。Assimilarbullies，whentheycollecttheslumrents，putafootintheopendoor，thesearealwaysreadytopushinamuddywedgewhereverthereisaslitinasunderedhouseholdoracrackinabrokenheart。Toamanofanymanhoodnothingcanbeconceivedmoreloathsomeandsacrilegiousthanevensomuchasaskingwhetherawomanwhohasgivenupallshelovedtodeathandthefatherlandhasorhasnotshownsomeweaknessinherseekingforself-comfort。IknownotinwhichofthetwocasesIshouldcountmyselfthebaserforinquiring——acasewherethechargewasfalseoracasewhereitwastrue。ButthephilanthropicemployerofthesortI
describeisnotamanofanymanhood；inasenseheisnotamanatall。
Heshowssomeconsciousnessofthefactwhenhecallshisworkers\"men\"asdistinctfrommasters。Hecannotcomprehendthegallantryofcostermongersorthedelicacythatisquitecommonamongcabmen。Hefindsthissocialreformbyhalf-rationsonthewholetohismercantileprofit，anditwillbehardtogethimtothinkofanythingelse。
Buttherearepeopleassistinghim，peopleliketheDuchessofMarlborough，whoknownottheirrighthandfromtheirleft，andtothesewemaylegitimatelyaddressourremonstranceandaresumeofsomeofthefactstheydonotknow。TheDuchessofMarlboroughis，Ibelieve，anAmerican，andthisseparatesherfromtheprobleminaspecialway，becausethedrinkquestioninAmericaisentirelydifferentfromthedrinkquestioninEngland。ButIwishtheDuchessofMarlboroughwouldpinupinherprivatestudy，sidebysidewiththeDeclarationofIndependence，adocumentrecordingthefollowingsimpletruths:(1)Beer，whichislargelydrunkinpublic-houses，isnotaspiritoragrogoracocktailoradrug。
ItisthecommonEnglishliquidforquenchingthethirst；itissostillamonginnumerablegentlemen，and，untilverylately，wassoamonginnumerableladies。MostofusrememberdamesofthelastgenerationwhosemannerswerefitforVersailles，andwhodrankaleorStoutasamatterofcourse。Schoolboysdrankaleasamatterofcourse，andtheirschoolmastersgaveittothemasamatterofcourse。Totellapoorwomanthatshemustnothaveanyuntilhalfthedayisoverissimplycracked，liketellingadogorachildthathemustnothavewater。(2)Thepublic-houseisnotasecretrendezvousofbadcharacters。Itistheopenandobviousplaceforacertainpurpose，whichallmenusedforthatpurposeuntiltherichbegantobesnobsandthepoortobecomeslaves。
OnemightaswellwarnpeopleagainstWillesdenJunction。(3)Manypoorpeopleliveinhouseswheretheycannot，withoutgreatpreparation，offerhospitality。(4)Theclimateofthesepicturesqueislandsdoesnotfavourconductinglongconversationswithone\'soldestfriendsonanironseatinthepark。(5)Halfpastelevena。m。isnotearlyinthedayforawomanwhogetsupbeforesix。(6)ThebodiesandmindsofthesewomenbelongtoGodandtothemselves。
THENEWNAME
Somethinghascomeintoourcommunity，whichisstrongenoughtosaveourcommunity；butwhichhasnotyetgotaname。LetnoonefancyIconfessanyunrealitywhenIconfessthenamelessness。ThemoralitycalledPuritanism，thetendencycalledLiberalism，thereactioncalledToryDemocracy，hadnotonlylongbeenpowerful，buthadpracticallydonemostoftheirwork，beforetheseactualnameswereattachedtothem。
Nevertheless，Ithinkitwouldbeagoodthingtohavesomeportableandpracticablewayofreferringtothosewhothinkaswedoinourmainconcern。Whichis，thatmeninEnglandareruled，atthisminutebytheclock，bybruteswhorefusethembread，byliarswhorefusethemnews，andbyfoolswhocannotgovern，andthereforewishtoenslave。
LetmeexplainfirstwhyIamnotsatisfiedwiththewordcommonlyused，WhichIhaveoftenusedmyself；andwhich，insomecontexts，isquitetherightwordtouse。Imeantheword\"rebel。\"Passingoverthefactthatmanywhounderstandthejusticeofourcause(asagreatmanyattheUniversities)wouldstillusetheword\"rebel\"initsoldandstrictsenseasmeaningonlyadisturberofjustrule。Ipasstoamuchmorepracticalpoint。Theword\"rebel\"understatesourcause。Itismuchtoomild；itletsourenemiesoffmuchtooeasily。ThereisatraditioninallwesternlifeandlettersofPrometheusdefyingthestars，ofmanatwarwiththeUniverse，anddreamingwhatnaturehadneverdaredtodream。Allthisisvaluableinitsplaceandproportion。Butithasnothingwhatevertodowithourease；orratheritverymuchweakensit。Theplutocratswillbeonlytoopleasedifweprofesstopreachanewmorality；fortheyknowjollywellthattheyhavebrokentheoldone。Theywillbeonlytoopleasedtobeabletosaythatwe，byourownconfession，aremerelyrestlessandnegative；thatweareonlywhatwecallrebelsandtheycallcranks。Butitisnottrue；andwemustnotconcedeittothemforamoment。ThemodelmillionaireismoreofacrankthantheSocialists；
justasNerowasmoreofacrankthantheChristians。Andavaricehasgonemadinthegoverningclassto-day，justaslustwentmadinthecircleofNero。Byalltheworkingandorthodoxstandardsofsanity，capitalismisinsane。IshouldnotsaytoMr。Rockefeller\"Iamarebel。\"
Ishouldsay\"Iamarespectableman:andyouarenot。\"
OurLawlessEnemiesButthevitalpointisthattheconfessionofmererebellionsoftensthestartlinglawlessnessofourenemies。Supposeapublisher\'sclerkpolitelyaskedhisemployerforariseinhissalary；and，onbeingrefused，saidhemustleavetheemploymont？Supposetheemployerknockedhimdownwitharuler，tiedhimupasabrownpaperparcel，addressedhim(inafinebusinesshand)totheGovernorofRioJaneiroandthenaskedthepolicemantopromisenevertoarresthimforwhathehaddone？Thatisaprecisecopy，ineverylegalandmoralprinciple，ofthe\"deportationofthestrikers。\"Theywereassaultedandkidnappedfornotacceptingacontract，andfornothingelse；andtheactwassoavowedlycriminalthatthelawhadtobealteredafterwardstocoverthecrime。Nowsupposesomepostalofficial，betweenhereandRioJaneiro，hadnoticedafaintkickinginsidethebrownpaperparcel，andhadattemptedtoascertainthecause。Andsupposetheclerkcouldonlyexplain，inamuffledvoicethroughthebrownpaper，thathewasbyconstitutionandtemperamentaRebel。Don\'tyouseethathewouldberatherunderstatinghiscase？
Don\'tyouseehewouldbebearinghisinjuriesmuchtoomeekly？Theymighttakehimoutoftheparcel；buttheywouldverypossiblyputhimintoamad-houseinstead。Symbolicallyspeaking，thatiswhattheywouldliketodowithus。Symbolicallyspeaking，thedirtymiserswhoruleuswillputusinamad-house——unlesswecanputthemthere。
Orsupposeabankcashierwereadmittedlyallowedtotakethemoneyoutofthetill，andputitlooseinhispocket，moreorlessmixedupwithhisownmoney；afterwardslayingsomeofboth(atdifferentodds)on\"BlueMurder\"fortheDerby。Supposewhensomedepositoraskedmildlywhatdaytheaccountantscame，hesmotethatastonishedinquireronthenose，crying:\"Slanderer!Mud-slinger!\"andsupposehethenresignedhisposition。Supposenobookswereshown。Supposewhenthenewcashiercametobeinitiatedintohisduties，theoldcashierdidnottellhimaboutthemoney，butconfidedittothehonouranddelicacyofhisownmaidenauntatCricklewood。SupposehethenwentoffinayachttovisitthewhalefisheriesoftheNorthSea。Well，ineverymoralandlegalprinciple，thatisapreciseaccountofthedealingswiththePartyFunds。
Butwhatwouldthebankersay？Whatwouldtheclientssay？Onething，I
think，Icanventuretopromise；thebankerwouldnotmarchupanddowntheofficeexclaiminginrapture，\"I\'marebel!That\'swhatIam，arebel!\"
Andifhesaidtothefirstindignantdepositor\"Youarearebel，\"I
fearthedepositormightanswer，\"Youarearobber。\"Wehavenoneedtoelaborateargumentsforbreakingthelaw。Thecapitalistshavebrokenthelaw。Wehavenoneedoffurthermoralities。Theyhavebrokentheirownmorality。Itisasifyouweretorundownthestreetshouting，\"Communism!Communism!Share!Share!\"afteramanwhohadrunawaywithyourwatch。
Wewantatermthatwilltelleverybodythatthereis，bythecommonstandard，frankfraudandcrueltypushedtotheirfierceextreme；andthatwearefightingTHEM。Wearenotinastateof\"divinediscontent\"；weareinanentirelyhumanandentirelyreasonablerage。Wesaywehavebeenswindledandoppressed，andwearequitereadyandabletoproveitbeforeanytribunalthatallowsustocallaswindleraswindler。Itistheprotectionofthepresentsystemthatmostofitstribunalsdonot。I
cannotatthemomentthinkofanypartynamethatwouldparticularlydistinguishusfromourmorepowerfulandprosperousopponents，unlessitwerethenametheoldJacobitesgavethemselves；theHonestParty。
CapturedOurStandardsIthinkitisplainthatforthepurposeoffacingthesenewandinfamousmodernfacts，wecannot，withanysafety，dependonanyoftheoldnineteenthcenturynames；Socialist，orCommunist，orRadical，orLiberal，orLabour。Theyareallhonourablenames；theyallstand，orstood，forthingsinwhichwemaystillbelieve；wecanstillapplythemtootherproblems；butnottothisone。Wehavenolongeramonopolyofthesenames。LetitbeunderstoodthatIamnotspeakinghereofthephilosophicalproblemoftheirmeaning，butofthepracticalproblemoftheiruse。WhenIcalledmyselfaRadicalIknewMr。BalfourwouldnotcallhimselfaRadical；thereforetherewassomeuseintheword。WhenI
calledmyselfaSocialistIknewLordPenrhynwouldnotcallhimselfaSocialist；thereforetherewassomeuseintheword。Butthecapitalists，inthataggressivemarchwhichisthemainfactofourtime，havecapturedourstandards，bothinthemilitaryandphilosophicsenseoftheword。
Anditisuselessforustomarchundercolourswhichtheycancarryaswellaswe。
DoyoubelieveinDemocracy？Thedevilsalsobelieveandtremble。DoyoubelieveinTradesUnionism？TheLabourMembersalsobelieve；andtremblelikeafallingteetotum。DoyoubelieveintheState？TheSamuelsalsobelieve，andgrin。DoyoubelieveinthecentralisationofEmpire？SodidBeit。DoyoubelieveinthedecentralisationofEmpire？SodoesAlbu。
Doyoubelieveinthebrotherhoodofmen:anddoyou，dearbrethren，believethatBrotherArthurHendersondoesnot？Doyoucry，\"Theworldfortheworkers!\"anddoyouimaginePhilipSnowdenwouldnot？Whatweneedisanamethatshalldeclare，notthatthemoderntreasonandtyrannyarebad，butthattheyarequiteliterally，intolerable:andthatwemeantoactaccordingly。Ireallythink\"theLimits\"wouldbeasgoodanameasany。But，anyhow，somethingisbornamongusthatisasstrongasaninfantHercules:anditispartofmyprejudicestowantitchristened。I
advertiseforgodfathersandgodmothers。
AWORKMAN\'SHISTORYOFENGLAND
Athingwhichdoesnotexistandwhichisverymuchwantedis\"A
Working-Man\'sHistoryofEngland。\"Idonotmeanahistorywrittenforworkingmen(therearewholedustbinsofthem)，Imeanahistory，writtenbyworkingmenorfromtheworkingmen\'sstandpoint。Iwishfivegenerationsofafisher\'soraminer\'sfamilycouldincarnatethemselvesinonemanandtellthestory。
ItisimpossibletoignorealtogetheranycommentcomingfromsoeminentaliteraryartistasMr。LaurenceHousman，butIdonotdealheresospeciallywithhiswellknownconvictionaboutVotesforWomen，aswithanotherideawhichis，Ithink，ratheratthebackofit，ifnotwithhimatleastwithothers；andwhichconcernsthismatterofthetruestoryofEngland。Forthetruestoryissoentirelydifferentfromthefalseofficialstorythattheofficialclassestellthatbythistimetheworkingclassitselfhaslargelyforgottenitsownexperience。EitherstorycanbequitelogicallylinkedupwithFemaleSuffrage，which，therefore，Ileavewhereitisforthemoment；merelyconfessingthat，solongaswegetholdoftherightstoryandnotthewrongstory，itseemstomeamatterofsecondaryimportancewhetherwelinkitupwithFemaleSuffrageornot。
NowtheordinaryversionofrecentEnglishhistorythatmostmoderatelyeducatedpeoplehaveabsorbedfromchildhoodissomethinglikethis。Thatweemergedslowlyfromasemi-barbarisminwhichallthepowerandwealthwereinthehandsofKingsandafewnobles；thattheKing\'spowerwasbrokenfirstandtheninduetimethatofthenobles，thatthispiece-mealimprovementwasbroughtaboutbyoneclassafteranotherwakinguptoasenseofcitizenshipanddemandingaplaceinthenationalcouncils，frequentlybyriotorviolence；andthatinconsequenceofsuchmenacingpopularaction，thefranchisewasgrantedtooneclassafteranotherandusedmoreandmoretoimprovethesocialconditionsofthoseclasses，untilwepracticallybecameademocracy，saveforsuchexceptionsasthatofthewomen。Idonotthinkanyonewilldenythatsomethinglikethatisthegeneralideaoftheeducatedmanwhoreadsanewspaperandofthenewspaperthathereads。Thatistheviewcurrentatpublicschoolsandcolleges；itispartofthecultureofalltheclassesthatcountformuchingovernment；andthereisnotonewordoftruthinitfrombeginningtoend。
ThatGreatReformBillWealthandpoliticalpowerwereverymuchmorepopularlydistributedintheMiddleAgesthantheyarenow；butwewillpassallthatandconsiderrecenthistory。ThefranchisehasneverbeenlargelyandliberallygrantedinEngland；halfthemaleshavenovoteandarenotlikelytogetone。Itwas_never_grantedinreplytopressurefromawakenedsectionsofthedemocracy；ineverycasetherewasaperfectlyclearmotiveforgrantingitsolelyfortheconvenienceofthearistocrats。TheGreatReformBillwasnotpassedinresponsetosuchriotsasthatwhichdestroyedaCastle；nordidthemenwhodestroyedtheCastlegetanyadvantagewhateveroutoftheGreatReformBill。TheGreatReformBillwaspassedinordertosealanalliancebetweenthelandedaristocratsandtherichmanufacturersofthenorth(analliancethatrulesusstill)；andthechiefobjectofthatalliancewasto_prevent_theEnglishpopulacegettinganypoliticalpowerinthegeneralexcitementaftertheFrenchRevolution。NoonecanreadMacaulay\'sspeechontheChartists，forinstance，andnotseethatthisisso。Disraeli\'sfurtherextensionofthesuffragewasnoteffectedbytheintellectualvivacityandpurerepublicantheoryofthemid-Victorianagriculturallabourer；itwaseffectedbyapoliticianwhosawanopportunitytodishtheWhigs，andguessedthatcertainorthodoxiesinthemoreprosperousartisanmightyetgivehimabalanceagainstthecommercialRadicals。Andwhilethisverythingameofwire-pullingwiththemereabstractionofthevotewasbeingworkedentirelybytheoligarchsandentirelyintheirinterests，thesolidandrealthingthatwasgoingonwasthesteadydespoilingofthepoorofallpowerorwealth，untiltheyfindthemselvesto-dayuponthethresholdofslavery。ThatisTheWorkingMan\'sHistoryofEngland。
Now，asIhavesaid，Icarecomparativelylittlewhatisdonewiththemerevotingpartofthematter，solongasitisnotcloneinsuchawayastoallowtheplutocrattoescapehisresponsibilityforhiscrimes，bypretendingtobemuchmoreprogressive，ormuchmoresusceptibletopopularprotest，thanheeverhasbeen。Andthereisthisdangerinmanyofthosewhohaveansweredme。Oneofthem，forinstance，saysthatwomenhavebeenforcedintotheirpresentindustrialsituationsbythesameironeconomiclawsthathavecompelledmen。Isaythatmenhavenotbeencompelledbyironeconomiclaws，butinthemainbythecoarseandChristlesscynicismofothermen。But，ofcourse，thiswayoftalkingisexactlyinaccordancewiththefashionableandofficialversionofEnglishhistory。Thus，youwillreadthatthemonasteries，placeswheremenofthepoorestorigincouldbepowerful，grewcorruptandgraduallydecayed。
Oryouwillreadthatthemediaevalguildsoffreeworkmenyieldedatlasttoaninevitableeconomiclaw。Youwillreadthis；andyouwillbereadinglies。TheymightaswellsaythatJuliusCaesargraduallydecayedatthefootofPompey\'sstatue。YoumightaswellsaythatAbrahamLincolnyieldedatlasttoaninevitableeconomiclaw。Thefreemediaevalguildsdidnotdecay；theyweremurdered。Solidmenwithsolidgunsandhalberds，armedwithlawfulwarrantsfromlivingstatesmenbrokeuptheircorporationsandtookawaytheirhardcashfromthem？InthesamewaythepeopleinCradleyHeatharenomorevictimsofanecessaryeconomiclawthanthepeopleinPutumayo。Theyarevictimsofaveryterriblecreature，ofwhosesinsmuchhasbeensaidsincethebeginningoftheworld；andofwhomitwassaidofold，\"LetusfallintothehandsofGod，forHismerciesaregreat；butletusnotfallintothehandsofMan。\"
TheCapitalistIsintheDockNowitisthisofferingofafalseeconomicexcuseforthesweaterthatisthedangerinperpetuallysayingthatthepoorwomanwillusethevoteandthatthepoormanhasnotusedit。Thepoormanispreventedfromusingit；preventedbytherichman，andthepoorwomanwouldbepreventedinexactlythesamegrossandstringentstyle。Idonotdeny，ofcourse，thatthereissomethingintheEnglishtemperament，andintheheritageofthelastfewcenturiesthatmakestheEnglishworkmanmoretolerantofwrongthanmostforeignworkmenwouldbe。Butthisonlyslightlymodifiesthemainfactofthemoralresponsibility。Totakeanimperfectparallel，ifwesaidthatnegroslaveswouldhaverebelledifnegroeshadbeenmoreintelligent，weshouldbesayingwhatisreasonable。Butifweweretosaythatitcouldbyanypossibilityberepresentedasbeingthenegro\'sfaultthathewasatthatmomentinAmericaandnotinAfrica，weshouldbesayingwhatisfranklyunreasonable。ItiseverybitasunreasonabletosaythemeresupinenessoftheEnglishworkmenhasputtheminthecapitalistslave-yard。Thecapitalisthasputtheminthecapitalistslaveyard；andverycunningsmithshavehammeredthechains。Itisjustthiscreativecriminalityintheauthorsofthesystemthatwemustnotallowtobeslurredover。Thecapitalistisinthedockto-day；andsofarasIatleastcanpreventhim，heshallnotgetoutofit。
THEFRENCHREVOLUTIONANDTHEIRISH
ItwillbelongbeforethepoisonofthePartySystemisworkedoutofthebodypolitic。Someofitsmostindirecteffectsarethemostdangerous。
Onethatisverydangerousjustnowisthis:thatformostEnglishmenthePartySystemfalsifieshistory，andespeciallythehistoryofrevolutions。
Itfalsifieshistorybecauseitsimplifieshistory。ItpaintseverythingeitherBlueorBuffinthestyleofitsownsillycircuspolitics:whilearealrevolutionhasasmanycoloursasthesunrise——ortheendoftheworld。Andifwedonotgetridofthiserrorweshallmakeverybadblundersabouttherealrevolutionwhichseemstogrowmoreandmoreprobable，especiallyamongtheIrish。Andanyhumanfamiliaritywithhistorywillteachamanthisfirstofall:thatPartypracticallydoesnotexistinarealrevolution。Itisagameforquiettimes。
IfyoutakeaboywhohasbeentooneofthosebigprivateschoolswhicharefalselycalledthePublicSchools，andanotherboywhohasbeentooneofthoselargepublicschoolswhicharefalselycalledtheBoardSchools，youwillfindsomedifferencesbetweenthetwo，chieflyadifferenceinthemanagementofthevoice。ButyouwillfindtheyarebothEnglishinaspecialway，andthattheireducationhasbeenessentiallythesame。Theyareignorantonthesamesubjects。Theyhaveneverheardofthesameplainfacts。Theyhavebeentaughtthewronganswertothesameconfusingquestion。ThereisonefundamentalelementintheattitudeoftheEtonmastertalkingabout\"playingthegame，\"andtheelementaryteachertraininggutter-snipestosing，\"WhatistheMeaningofEmpireDay？\"Andthenameofthatelementis\"unhistoric。\"ItknowsnothingreallyaboutEngland，stilllessaboutIrelandorFrance，and，leastofall，ofcourse，aboutanythingliketheFrenchRevolution。
RevolutionbySnapDivisionNowwhatgeneralnotiondoestheordinaryEnglishboy，thustaughttoutteroneignoranceinoneoftwoaccents，getandkeepthroughlifeabouttheFrenchRevolution？ItisthenotionoftheEnglishHouseofCommonswithanenormousRadicalmajorityononesideofthetableandasmallToryminorityontheother；themajorityvotingsolidforaRepublic，theminorityvotingsolidforaMonarchy；twoteamstrampingthroughtwolobbieswithnodifferencebetweentheirmethodsandours，exceptthat(owingtosomehabitpeculiartoGaul)thebriefintervalswerebrightenedbyariotoramassacre，insteadofbyawhiskyandsodaandaMarconitip。
Novelsaremuchmorereliablethanhistoriesinsuchmatters。ForthoughanEnglishnovelaboutFrancedoesnottellthetruthaboutFrance，itdoestellthetruthaboutEngland；andmorethanhalfthehistoriesnevertellthetruthaboutanything。Andpopularfiction，Ithink，bearswitnesstothegeneralEnglishimpression。TheFrenchRevolutionisasnapdivisionwithanunusualturnoverofvotes。Ontheonesidestandakingandqueenwhoaregoodbutweak，surroundedbynobleswithrapiersdrawn；someofwhomaregood，manyofwhomarewicked，allofwhomaregood-looking。Againstthesethereisaformlessmobofhumanbeings，wearingredcapsandseeminglyinsane，whoallblindlyfollowruffianswhoarealsorhetoricians；someofwhomdierepentantandothersunrepentanttowardstheendofthefourthact。TheleadersofthisboilingmassofallmenmeltedintoonearecalledMirabeau，Robespierre，Danton，Marat，andsoon。Anditisconcededthattheirunitedfrenzymayhavebeenforcedonthembytheevilsoftheoldregime。
That，Ithink，isthecommonestEnglishviewoftheFrenchRevolution；anditwillnotsurvivethereadingoftwopagesofanyrealspeechorletteroftheperiod。Thesehumanbeingswerehuman；varied，complexandinconsistent。ButtherichEnglishman，ignorantofrevolutions，wouldhardlybelieveyouifyoutoldhimsomeofthecommonhumansubtletiesofthecase。TellhimthatRobespierrethrewtheredcapinthedirtindisgust，whilethekinghadwornitwithabroadgrin，sotospeak；tellhimthatDanton，thefiercefounderoftheRepublicoftheTerror，saidquitesincerelytoanoble，\"Iammoremonarchistthanyou；\"tellhimthattheTerrorreallyseemstohavebeenbroughttoanendchieflybytheeffortsofpeoplewhoparticularlywantedtogoonwithit——andhewillnotbelievethesethings。Hewillnotbelievethembecausehehasnohumility，andthereforenorealism。Hehasneverbeeninsidehimself；andsocouldneverbeinsideanotherman。ThetruthisthatintheFrenchaffaireverybodyoccupiedanindividualposition。Everymantalkedsincerely，ifnotbecausehewassincere，thenbecausehewasangry。
RobespierretalkedevenmoreaboutGodthanabouttheRepublicbecausehecaredevenmoreaboutGodthanabouttheRepublic。DantontalkedevenmoreaboutFrancethanabouttheRepublicbecausehecaredevenmoreaboutFrancethanabouttheRepublic。MarattalkedmoreaboutHumanitythaneither，becausethatphysician(thoughhimselfsomewhatneedingaphysician)reallycaredaboutit。Thenoblesweredivided，eachmanfromthenext。Theattitudeofthekingwasquitedifferentfromtheattitudeofthequeen；certainlymuchmoredifferentthananydifferencesbetweenourLiberalsandToriesforthelasttwentyyears。Anditwillsadden_some_ofmyfriendstorememberthatitwasthekingwhowastheLiberalandthequeenwhowastheTory。Therewerenottwopeople，Ithink，inthatmostpracticalcrisiswhostoodinpreciselythesameattitudetowardsthesituation。Andthatiswhy，betweenthem，theysavedEurope。
Itiswhenyoureallyperceivetheunityofmankindthatyoureallyperceiveitsvariety。Itisnotaflippancy，itisaverysacredtruth，tosaythatwhenmenreallyunderstandthattheyarebrotherstheyinstantlybegintofight。
TheRevivalofRealityNowthesethingsarerepeatingthemselveswithanenormousrealityintheIrishRevolution。YouwillnotbeabletomakeaPartySystemoutofthematter。Everybodyisinrevolt；thereforeeverybodyistellingthetruth。
TheNationalistswillgooncaringmostforthenation，asDantonandthedefendersofthefrontierwentoncaringmostforthenation。Thepriestswillgooncaringmostforreligion，asRobespierrewentoncaringmostforreliggion。TheSocialistswillgooncaringmostforthecureofphysicalsuffering，asMaratwentoncaringmostforit。Itisoutoftheserealdifferencesthatrealthingscanbemade，suchasthemodernFrenchdemocracy。Forbysuchtenacityeveryoneseesatlastthatthereissomethingintheotherperson\'sposition。Andthosedrilledinpartydisciplineseenothingeitherpastorpresent。AndwherethereisnothingthereisSatan。
Foralongtimepastinourpoliticstherehasnotonlybeennorealbattle，butnorealbargain。NotwomenhavebargainedasGladstoneandParnellbargained——eachknowingtheothertobeapower。Butinrealrevolutionsmendiscoverthatnoonemancanreallyagreewithanothermanuntilhehasdisagreedwithhim。
LIBERALISM:ASAMPLE
ThereisacertaindailypaperinEnglandtowardswhichIfeelverymuchasTomPinchfelttowardsMr。Pecksniffimmediatelyafterhehadfoundhimout。ThewaruponDickenswaspartofthegeneralwaronalldemocrats，abouttheeightiesandnineties，whichusheredinthebrazenplutocracyofto-day。AndoneofthethingsthatitwasfashionabletosayofDickensindrawing-roomswasthathehadnosubtlety，andcouldnotdescribeacomplexframeofmind。Likemostotherthingsthataresaidindrawing-rooms，itwasalie。Dickenswasaveryunequalwriter，andhissuccessesalternatewithhisfailures；buthissuccessesaresubtlequiteasoftenastheyaresimple。Thus，totake\"MartinChuzzlewit\"alone，I
shouldcallthejokeabouttheLordNo-zooasimplejoke:butIshouldcallthejokeaboutMrs。Todgers\'svisionofawoodenlegasubtlejoke。