Suchpersonsafterwards，whentheygointowomenandcannothaveconnectionwiththem，atfirstdonotthinkmuchaboutit，butremainquiet；butwhen，aftermakingtheattempttwo，three，ormoretimes，theysucceednobetter，fancyingtheyhavecommittedsomeoffenceagainstthegodwhomtheyblamefortheaffection，theyputonfemaleattire，reproachthemselvesforeffeminacy，playthepartofwomen，andperformthesameworkaswomendo。ThistherichamongtheScythiansendure，notthebasest，butthemostnobleandpowerful，owingtotheirridingonhorseback；forthepoorarelessaffected，astheydonotrideonhorses。Andyet，ifthisdiseasehadbeenmoredivinethantheothers，itoughtnottohavebefallenthemostnobleandtherichestoftheScythiansalone，butallalike，orratherthosewhohavelittle，asnotbeingabletopayhonorstothegods，if，indeed，theydelightinbeingthusrewardedbymen，andgrantfavorsinreturn；foritislikelythattherichsacrificemoretothegods，anddedicatemorevotiveofferings，inasmuchastheyhavewealth，andworshipthegods；whereasthepoor，fromwant，dolessinthisway，and，moreover，upbraidthegodsfornotgivingthemwealth，sothatthosewhohavefewpossessionsweremorelikelytobearthepunishmentsoftheseoffencesthantherich。But，asI
formerlysaid，theseaffectionsaredivinejustasmuchasothers，foreachspringsfromanaturalcause，andthisdiseasearisesamongtheScythiansfromsuchacauseasIhavestated。Butitattacksothermeninlikemanner，forwhenevermenridemuchandveryfrequentlyonhorseback，thenmanyareaffectedwithrheumsinthejoints，sciatica，andgout，andtheyareineptatvenery。ButthesecomplaintsbefalltheScythians，andtheyarethemostimpotentofmenfortheaforesaidcauses，andbecausetheyalwayswearbreeches，andspendthemostoftheirtimeonhorseback，soasnottotouchtheirprivypartswiththehands，andfromthecoldandfatiguetheyforgetthesexualdesire，anddonotmaketheattemptuntilaftertheyhavelosttheirvirility。
ThusitiswiththeraceoftheScythians。
23。TheotherracesinEuropedifferfromoneanother，bothastostatureandshape，owingtothechangesoftheseasons，whichareverygreatandfrequent，andbecausetheheatisstrong，thewinterssevere，andtherearefrequentrains，andagainprotracteddroughts，andwinds，fromwhichmanyanddiversifiedchangesareinduced。
Thesechangesarelikelytohaveaneffectupongenerationinthecoagulationofthesemen，asthisprocesscannotbethesameinsummerasinwinter，norinrainyasindryweather；wherefore，Ithink，thatthefiguresofEuropeansdiffermorethanthoseofAsiatics；andtheydifferverymuchfromoneanotherastostatureinthesamecity；
forvitiationsofthesemenoccurinitscoagulationmorefrequentlyduringfrequentchangesoftheseasons，thanwheretheyarealikeandequable。Andthesamemaybesaidoftheirdispositions，forthewild，andunsociable，andthepassionateoccurinsuchaconstitution；
forfrequentexcitementofthemindinduceswildness，andextinguishessociablenessandmildnessofdisposition，andthereforeIthinktheinhabitantsofEuropemorecourageousthanthoseofAsia；foraclimatewhichisalwaysthesameinducesindolence，butachangeableclimate，laboriousexertionsbothofbodyandmind；andfromrestandindolencecowardiceisengendered，andfromlaboriousexertionsandpains，courage。OnthisaccounttheinhabitantsofEuropearethantheAsiatics，andalsoowingtotheirinstitutions，becausetheyarenotgovernedbykingslikethelatter，forwheremenaregovernedbykingstheretheymustbeverycowardly，asIhavestatedbefore；fortheirsoulsareenslaved，andtheywillnotwillingly，orreadilyundergodangersinordertopromotethepowerofanother；butthosethatarefreeundertakedangersontheirownaccount，andnotforthesakeofothers；theycourthazardandgoouttomeetit，fortheythemselvesbearofftherewardsofvictory，andthustheirinstitutionscontributenotalittletotheircourage。
SuchisthegeneralcharacterofEuropeandAsia。
24。AndthereareinEuropeothertribes，differingfromoneanotherinstature，shape，andcourage:thedifferencesarethoseIformerlymentioned，andwillnowexplainmoreclearly。Suchasinhabitacountrywhichismountainous，rugged，elevated，andwellwatered，andwherethechangesoftheseasonsareverygreat，arelikelytohavegreatvarietyofshapesamongthem，andtobenaturallyofanenterprisingandwarlikedisposition；andsuchpersonsareapttohavenolittleofthesavageandferociousintheirnature；butsuchasdwellinplaceswhicharelow-lying，aboundinginmeadowsandillventilated，andwhohavealargerproportionofhotthanofcoldwinds，andwhomakeuseofwarmwaters-thesearenotlikelytobeoflargestaturenorwellproportioned，butareofabroadmake，fleshy，andhaveblackhair；andtheyareratherofadarkthanofalightcomplexion，andarelesslikelytobephlegmaticthanbilious；
courageandlaboriousenterprisearenotnaturallyinthem，butmaybeengenderedinthembymeansoftheirinstitutions。Andifthereberiversinthecountrywhichcarryoffthestagnantandrainwaterfromit，thesemaybewholesomeandclear；butiftherebenorivers，buttheinhabitantsdrinkthewatersoffountains，andsuchasarestagnantandmarshy，theymustnecessarilyhaveprominentbelliesandenlargedspleens。Butsuchasinhabitahighcountry，andonethatislevel，windy，andwell-watered，willbelargeofstature，andliketooneanother；buttheirmindswillberatherunmanlyandgentle。Thosewholiveonthin，ill-watered，andbaresoils，andnotwellattemperedinthechangesoftheseasons，insuchacountrytheyarelikelytobeintheirpersonsratherhardandwellbraced，ratherofablondthanadarkcomplexion，andindispositionandpassionshaughtyandself-willed。For，wherethechangesoftheseasonsaremostfrequent，andwheretheydiffermostfromoneanother，thereyouwillfindtheirforms，dispositions，andnaturethemostvaried。Thesearethestrongestofthenaturalcausesofdifference，andnextthecountryinwhichonelives，andthewaters；
for，ingeneral，youwillfindtheformsanddispositionsofmankindtocorrespondwiththenatureofthecountry；forwherethelandisfertile，soft，andwell-watered，andsuppliedwithwatersfromveryelevatedsituations，soastobehotinsummerandcoldinwinter，andwheretheseasonsarefine，therethemenarefleshy，haveill-formedjoints，andareofahumidtemperament；theyarenotdisposedtoendurelabor，and，forthemostpart，arebaseinspirit；indolenceandsluggishnessarevisibleinthem，andtotheartstheyaredull，andnotclevernoracute。Whenthecountryisbare，notfenced，andrugged，blastedbythewinterandscorchedbythesun，thereyoumayseethehardy，hardy，slender，withwell-shapedjoints，well-braced，andshaggy；sharp，industryandvigilanceaccompanysuchaconstitution；inmoralsandpassionstheyarehaughtyandopinionative，incliningrathertothefiercethantothemild；andyouwillfindthemacuteandingeniousasregardsthearts，andexcellinginmilitaryaffairs；andlikewisealltheotherproductionsoftheearthcorrespondingtotheearthitself。Thusitiswithregardtothemostoppositenaturesandshapes；drawingconclusionsfromthem，youmayjudgeoftherestwithoutanyriskoferror。