Aregularattackordefence，therefore，isnottobeexpectedfromsuchapeople，andtheirsoldiersmustbeasignorantandunskilfulastheirfarmersandmanufacturers。
Everythingintheworldispurchasedbylabour;andourpassionsaretheonlycausesoflabour。Whenanationaboundsinmanufacturesandmechanicarts，theproprietorsofland，aswellasthefarmers，studyagricultureasascience，andredoubletheirindustryandattention。Thesuperfluity，whicharisesfromtheirlabour，isnotlost;butisexchangedwithmanufacturesforthosecommodities，whichmen’sluxurynowmakesthemcovet。Bythismeans，landfurnishesagreatdealmoreofthenecessariesoflife，thanwhatsufficesforthosewhocultivateit。Intimesofpeaceandtranquillity，thissuperfluitygoestothemaintenanceofmanufacturers，andtheimproversofliberalarts。
Butitiseasyforthepublictoconvertmanyofthesemanufacturersintosoldiers，andmaintainthembythatsuperfluity，whicharisesfromthelabourofthefarmers。
Accordinglywefind，thatthisisthecaseinallcivilizedgovernments。Whenthesovereignraisesanarmy，whatistheconsequence？Heimposesatax。Thistaxobligesallthepeopletoretrenchwhatisleastnecessarytotheirsubsistence。Those，wholabourinsuchcommodities，musteitherenlistinthetroops，orturnthemselvestoagriculture，andtherebyobligesomelabourerstoenlistforwantofbusiness。Andtoconsiderthematterabstractedly，manufacturesencreasethepowerofthestateonlyastheystoreupsomuchlabour，andthatofakindtowhichthepublicmaylayclaim，withoutdeprivinganyoneofthenecessariesoflife。Themorelabour，therefore，isemployedbeyondmerenecessaries，themorepowerfulisanystate;sincethepersonsengagedinthatlabourmayeasilybeconvertedtothepublicservice。Inastatewithoutmanufactures，theremaybethesamenumberofhands;butthereisnotthesamequantityoflabour，norofthesamekind。Allthelabouristherebestoweduponnecessaries，whichcanadmitoflittleornoabatement。
Thusthegreatnessofthesovereignandthehappinessofthestateare，inagreatmeasure，unitedwithregardtotradeandmanufactures。Itisaviolentmethod，andinmostcasesimpracticable，toobligethelabourertotoil，inordertoraisefromthelandmorethanwhatsubsistshimselfandfamily。Furnishhimwithmanufacturesandcommodities，andhewilldoitofhimself。Afterwardsyouwillfinditeasytoseizesomepartofhissuperfluouslabour，andemployitinthepublicservice，withoutgivinghimhiswontedreturn。Beingaccustomedtoindustry，hewillthinkthislessgrievous，thanif，atonce，youobligedhimtoanaugmentationoflabourwithoutanyreward。Thecaseisthesamewithregardtotheothermembersofthestate。
Thegreateristhestockoflabourofallkinds，thegreaterquantitymaybetakenfromtheheap，withoutmakinganysensiblealterationinit。
Apublicgranaryofcorn，astorehouseofcloth，amagazineofarms;allthesemustbeallowedrealrichesandstrengthinanystate。Tradeandindustryarereallynothingbutastockoflabour，which，intimesofpeaceandtranquillity，isemployedfortheeaseandsatisfactionofindividuals;butintheexigenciesofstate，may，inpart，beturnedtopublicadvantage。
Couldweconvertacityintoakindoffortifiedcamp，andinfuseintoeachbreastsomartialagenius，andsuchapassionforpublicgood，astomakeeveryonewillingtoundergothegreatesthardshipsforthesakeofthepublic;theseaffectionsmightnow，asinancienttimes，provealoneasufficientspurtoindustry，andsupportthecommunity。Itwouldthenbeadvantageous，asincamps，tobanishallartsandluxury;and，byrestrictionsonequipageandtables，maketheprovisionsandforagelastlongerthanifthearmywereloadedwithanumberofsuperfluousretainers。Butastheseprinciplesaretoodisinterestedandtoodifficulttosupport，itisrequisitetogovernmenbyotherpassions，andanimatethemwithaspiritofavariceandindustry，artandluxury。Thecampis，inthiscase，loadedwithasuperfluousretinue;buttheprovisionsflowinproportionablylarger。Theharmonyofthewholeisstillsupported;andthenaturalbentofthemindbeingmorecompliedwith，individuals，aswellasthepublic，findtheiraccountintheobservanceofthosemaxims。
Thesamemethodofreasoningwillletusseetheadvantageofforeigncommerce，inaugmentingthepowerofthestate，aswellastherichesandhappinessofthesubject。Itencreasesthestockoflabourinthenation;andthesovereignmayconvertwhatshareofithefindsnecessarytotheserviceofthepublic。
Foreigntrade，byitsimports，furnishesmaterialsfornewmanufactures;andbyitsexports，itproduceslabourinparticularcommodities，whichcouldnotbeconsumedathome。Inshort，akingdom，thathasalargeimportandexport，mustaboundmorewithindustry，andthatemployedupondelicaciesandluxuries，thanakingdomwhichrestscontentedwithitsnativecommodities。Itis，therefore，morepowerful，aswellasricherandhappier。Theindividualsreapthebenefitofthesecommodities，sofarastheygratifythesensesandappetites。Andthepublicisalsoagainer，whileagreaterstockoflabouris，bythismeans，storedupagainstanypublicexigency;thatis，agreaternumberoflaboriousmenaremaintained，whomaybedivertedtothepublicservice，withoutrobbinganyoneofthenecessaries，oreventhechiefconvenienciesoflife。
Ifweconsulthistory，weshallfind，that，inmostnations，foreigntradehasprecededanyrefinementinhomemanufactures，andgivenbirthtodomesticluxury。Thetemptationisstrongertomakeuseofforeigncommodities，whicharereadyforuse，andwhichareentirelynewtous，thantomakeimprovementsonanydomesticcommodity，whichalwaysadvancebyslowdegrees，andneveraffectusbytheirnovelty。Theprofitisalsoverygreat，inexportingwhatissuperfluousathome，andwhatbearsnoprice，toforeignnations，whosesoilorclimateisnotfavourabletothatcommodity。Thusmenbecomeacquaintedwiththepleasuresofluxuryandtheprofitsofcommerce;andtheirdelicacyandindustry，beingonceawakened，carrythemontofartherimprovements，ineverybranchofdomesticaswellasforeigntrade。Andthisperhapsisthechiefadvantagewhicharisesfromacommercewithstrangers。Itrousesmenfromtheirindolence;andpresentingthegayerandmoreopulentpartofthenationwithobjectsofluxury，whichtheyneverbeforedreamedof，raisesinthemadesireofamoresplendidwayoflifethanwhattheirancestorsenjoyed。Andatthesametime，thefewmerchants，whopossessthesecretofthisimportationandexportation，makegreatprofits;andbecomingrivalsinwealthtotheancientnobility，temptotheradventurerstobecometheirrivalsincommerce。Imitationsoondiffusesallthosearts;whiledomesticmanufacturesemulatetheforeignintheirimprovements，andworkupeveryhomecommoditytotheutmostperfectionofwhichitissusceptible。Theirownsteelandiron，insuchlaborioushands，becomeequaltothegoldandrubiesoftheINDIES。
Whentheaffairsofthesocietyareoncebroughttothissituation，anationmaylosemostofitsforeigntrade，andyetcontinueagreatandpowerfulpeople。Ifstrangerswillnottakeanyparticularcommodityofours，wemustceasetolabourinit。
Thesamehandswillturnthemselvestowardssomerefinementinothercommodities，whichmaybewantedathome。Andtheremustalwaysbematerialsforthemtoworkupon;tilleverypersoninthestate，whopossessesriches，enjoysasgreatplentyofhomecommodities，andthoseinasgreatperfection，ashedesires;
whichcanneverpossiblyhappen。CHINAisrepresentedasoneofthemostflourishingempiresintheworld;thoughithasverylittlecommercebeyonditsownterritories。
Itwillnot，Ihope，beconsideredasasuperfluousdigression，ifIhereobserve，that，asthemultitudeofmechanicalartsisadvantageous，soisthegreatnumberofpersonstowhosesharetheproductionsoftheseartsfall。Atoogreatdisproportionamongthecitizensweakensanystate。Everyperson，ifpossible，oughttoenjoythefruitsofhislabour，inafullpossessionofallthenecessaries，andmanyoftheconvenienciesoflife。Noonecandoubt，butsuchanequalityismostsuitabletohumannature，anddiminishesmuchlessfromthehappinessoftherichthanitaddstothatofthepoor。Italsoaugmentsthepowerofthestate，andmakesanyextraordinarytaxesorimpositionsbepaidwithmorechearfulness。Wheretherichesareengrossedbyafew，thesemustcontributeverylargelytothesupplyingofthepublicnecessities。Butwhentherichesaredispersedamongmultitudes，theburthenfeelslightoneveryshoulder，andthetaxesmakenotaverysensibledifferenceonanyone’swayofliving。
Addtothis，that，wheretherichesareinfewhands，thesemustenjoyallthepower，andwillreadilyconspiretolaythewholeburthenonthepoor，andoppressthemstillfarther，tothediscouragementofallindustry。
InthiscircumstanceconsiststhegreatadvantageofENGLAND
aboveanynationatpresentintheworld，orthatappearsintherecordsofanystory。Itistrue，theENGLISHfeelsomedisadvantagesinforeigntradebythehighpriceoflabour，whichisinparttheeffectoftherichesoftheirartisans，aswellasoftheplentyofmoney:Butasforeigntradeisnotthemostmaterialcircumstance，itisnottobeputincompetitionwiththehappinessofsomanymillions。Andiftherewerenomoretoendeartothemthatfreegovernmentunderwhichtheylive，thisaloneweresufficient。Thepovertyofthecommonpeopleisanatural，ifnotaninfallibleeffectofabsolutemonarchy;thoughIdoubt，whetheritbealwaystrue，ontheotherhand，thattheirrichesareaninfallibleresultofliberty。Libertymustbeattendedwithparticularaccidents，andacertainturnofthinking，inordertoproducethateffect。LordBACON，accountingforthegreatadvantagesobtainedbytheENGLISHintheirwarswithFRANCE，ascribesthemchieflytothesuperioreaseandplentyofthecommonpeopleamongsttheformer;yetthegovernmentofthetwokingdomswas，atthattime，prettymuchalike。Wherethelabourersandartisansareaccustomedtoworkforlowwages，andtoretainbutasmallpartofthefruitsoftheirlabour，itisdifficultforthem，eveninafreegovernment，tobettertheircondition，orconspireamongthemselvestoheightentheirwages。Butevenwheretheyareaccustomedtoamoreplentifulwayoflife，itiseasyfortherich，inanarbitrarygovernment，toconspireagainstthem，andthrowthewholeburthenofthetaxesontheirshoulders。
Itmayseemanoddposition，thatthepovertyofthecommonpeopleinFRANCE。ITALY，andSPAIN，is，insomemeasure，owingtothesuperiorrichesofthesoilandhappinessoftheclimate;yettherewantnotreasonstojustifythisparadox。Insuchafinemouldorsoilasthatofthosemoresouthernregions，agricultureisaneasyart;andoneman，withacoupleofsorryhorses，willbeable，inaseason，tocultivateasmuchlandaswillpayaprettyconsiderablerenttotheproprietor。Alltheart。whichthefarmerknows，istoleavehisgroundfallowforayear，assoonasitisexhausted;andthewarmthofthesunaloneandtemperatureoftheclimateenrichit，andrestoreitsfertility。
Suchpoorpeasants，therefore，requireonlyasimplemaintenancefortheirlabour。Theyhavenostockorriches，whichclaimmore;
andatthesametime，theyareforeverdependantontheirlandlord，whogivesnoleases，norfearsthathislandwillbespoiledbytheillmethodsofcultivation。InENGLAND，thelandisrich，butcoarse;mustbecultivatedatagreatexpence;andproducesslendercrops，whennotcarefullymanaged，andbyamethodwhichgivesnotthefullprofitbutinacourseofseveralyears。Afarmer，therefore，inENGLANDmusthaveaconsiderablestock，andalonglease;whichbegetproportionalprofits。ThefinevineyardsofCHAMPAGNEandBURGUNDYthatoftenyieldtothelandlordabovefivepoundsperacre，arecultivatedbypeasants，whohavescarcelybread:Thereasonis，thatsuchpeasantsneednostockbuttheirownlimbs，withinstrumentsofhusbandry，whichtheycanbuyfortwentyshillings。Thefarmersarecommonlyinsomebettercircumstancesinthosecountries。Butthegrasiersaremostattheireaseofallthosewhocultivatetheland。Thereasonisstillthesame。Menmusthaveprofitsproportionabletotheirexpenceandhazard。Wheresoconsiderableanumberofthelabouringpoorasthepeasantsandfarmersareinverylowcircumstances，alltherestmustpartakeoftheirpoverty，whetherthegovernmentofthatnationbemonarchicalorrepublican。
Wemayformasimilarremarkwithregardtothegeneralhistoryofmankind。Whatisthereason，whynopeople，livingbetweenthetropics，couldeveryetattaintoanyartorcivility，orreachevenanypoliceintheirgovernment，andanymilitarydiscipline;whilefewnationsinthetemperateclimateshavebeenaltogetherdeprivedoftheseadvantages？Itisprobablethatonecauseofthisphenomenonisthewarmthandequalityofweatherinthetorridzone，whichrenderclothesandhouseslessrequisitefortheinhabitants，andtherebyremove，inpart，thatnecessity，whichisthegreatspurtoindustryandinvention。
Curisacuensmortaliacorda。Nottomention，thatthefewergoodsorpossessionsofthiskindanypeopleenjoy，thefewerquarrelsarelikelytoariseamongstthem，andthelessnecessitywilltherebeforasettledpoliceorregularauthoritytoprotectanddefendthemfromforeignenemies，orfromeachother。