Soc。Doyouknowthatthespectatoristhelastoftherings
which,asIamsaying,receivethepoweroftheoriginalmagnetfrom
oneanother?Therhapsodelikeyourselfandtheactorareintermediate
links,andthepoethimselfisthefirstofthem。Throughallthese
theGodswaysthesoulsofmeninanydirectionwhichhepleases,
andmakesonemanhangdownfromanother。Thusthereisavastchain
ofdancersandmastersandundermastersofchoruses,whoare
suspended,asiffromthestone,atthesideoftheringswhichhang
downfromtheMuse。AndeverypoethassomeMusefromwhomheis
suspended,andbywhomheissaidtobepossessed,whichisnearlythe
samething;forheistakenholdof。Andfromthesefirstrings,which
arethepoets,dependothers,somederivingtheirinspirationfrom
Orpheus,othersfromMusaeus;butthegreaternumberarepossessedand
heldbyHomer。Ofwhom,Ion,youareone,andarepossessedby
Homer;andwhenanyonerepeatsthewordsofanotherpoetyougoto
sleep,andknownotwhattosay;butwhenanyonerecitesastrain
ofHomeryouwakeupinamoment,andyoursoulleapswithinyou,
andyouhaveplentytosay;fornotbyartorknowledgeaboutHomerdo
yousaywhatyousay,butbydivineinspirationandbypossession;
justastheCorybantianrevellerstoohaveaquickperceptionof
thatstrainonlywhichisappropriatedtotheGodbywhomtheyare
possessed,andhaveplentyofdancesandwordsforthat,buttakeno
heedofanyother。Andyou,Ion,whenthenameofHomerismentioned
haveplentytosay,andhavenothingtosayofothers。Youask,\"Why
isthis?\"TheansweristhatyoupraiseHomernotbyartbutbydivine
inspiration。
Ion。Thatisgood,Socrates;andyetIdoubtwhetheryouwillever
haveeloquenceenoughtopersuademethatIpraiseHomeronlywhenI
ammadandpossessed;andifyoucouldhearmespeakofhimIam
sureyouwouldneverthinkthistobethecase。
Soc。Ishouldlikeverymuchtohearyou,butnotuntilyouhave
answeredaquestionwhichIhavetoask。OnwhatpartofHomerdo
youspeakwell?—notsurelyabouteverypart。
Ion。Thereisnopart,Socrates,aboutwhichIdonotspeakwell
ofthatIcanassureyou。
Soc。SurelynotaboutthingsinHomerofwhichyouhaveno
knowledge?
Ion。AndwhatisthereinHomerofwhichIhavenoknowledge?
Soc。Why,doesnotHomerspeakinmanypassagesaboutarts?For
example,aboutdriving;ifIcanonlyrememberthelinesIwillrepeat
them。
Ion。Iremember,andwillrepeatthem。
Soc。Tellmethen,whatNestorsaystoAntilochus,hisson,wherehe
bidshimbecarefuloftheturnatthehorse—raceinhonourof
Patroclus。
Ion。Hesays:
Bendgentlyinthepolishedchariottotheleftofthem,andurge
thehorseontherighthandwithwhipandvoice;andslackentherein。
Andwhenyouareatthegoal,letthelefthorsedrawnear,yetso
thatthenaveofthewell—wroughtwheelmaynotevenseemtotouchthe
extremity;andavoidcatchingthestone。
Soc。Enough。Now,Ion,willthecharioteerorthephysicianbethe
betterjudgeoftheproprietyoftheselines?
Ion。Thecharioteer,clearly。
Soc。Andwillthereasonbethatthisishisart,orwilltherebe
anyotherreason?
Ion。No,thatwillbethereason。
Soc。AndeveryartisappointedbyGodtohaveknowledgeofa
certainwork;forthatwhichweknowbytheartofthepilotwedonot
knowbytheartofmedicine?
Ion。Certainlynot。
Soc。Nordoweknowbytheartofthecarpenterthatwhichweknow
bytheartofmedicine?
Ion。Certainlynot。
Soc。Andthisistrueofallthearts;—thatwhichweknowwith
oneartwedonotknowwiththeother?Butletmeaskaprior
question:Youadmitthattherearedifferencesofarts?
Ion。Yes。
Soc。Youwouldargue,asIshould,thatwhenoneartisofone
kindofknowledgeandanotherofanother,theyaredifferent?
Ion。Yes。
Soc。Yes,surely;forifthesubjectofknowledgewerethesame,
therewouldbenomeaninginsayingthattheartsweredifferent,—
iftheybothgavethesameknowledge。Forexample,Iknowthathere
arefivefingers,andyouknowthesame。AndifIweretoask
whetherIandyoubecameacquaintedwiththisfactbythehelpof
thesameartofarithmetic,youwouldacknowledgethatwedid?
Ion。Yes。
Soc。Tellme,then,whatIwasintendingtoaskyou—whetherthis
holdsuniversally?Mustthesamearthavethesamesubjectof
knowledge,anddifferentartsothersubjectsofknowledge?
Ion。Thatismyopinion,Socrates。
Soc。Thenhewhohasnoknowledgeofaparticularartwillhaveno
rightjudgmentofthesayingsanddoingsofthatart?
Ion。Verytrue。
Soc。Thenwhichwillbeabetterjudgeofthelineswhichyouwere
recitingfromHomer,youorthecharioteer?
Ion。Thecharioteer。
Soc。Why,yes,becauseyouarearhapsodeandnotacharioteer。
Ion。Yes。
Soc。Andtheartoftherhapsodeisdifferentfromthatofthe
charioteer?
Ion。Yes。
Soc。Andifadifferentknowledge,thenaknowledgeofdifferent
matters?
Ion。True。
Soc。YouknowthepassageinwhichHecamede,theconcubineof
Nestor,isdescribedasgivingtothewoundedMachaonaposset,as
hesays,
MadewithPramnianwine;andshegratedcheeseofgoat’smilkwitha
graterofbronze,andathissideplacedanonionwhichgivesarelish
todrink。
Nowwouldyousaythattheartoftherhapsodeortheartof
medicinewasbetterabletojudgeoftheproprietyoftheselines?
Ion。Theartofmedicine。
Soc。AndwhenHomersays,
Andshedescendedintothedeeplikealeadenplummet,which,setin
thehornofoxthatrangesinthefields,rushesalongcarrying
deathamongtheravenousfishes,—
willtheartofthefishermanoroftherhapsodebebetterableto
judgewhethertheselinesarerightlyexpressedornot?
Ion。Clearly,Socrates,theartofthefisherman。
Soc。Comenow,supposethatyouweretosaytome:\"Sinceyou,
Socrates,areabletoassigndifferentpassagesinHomertotheir
correspondingarts,Iwishthatyouwouldtellmewhatarethe
passagesofwhichtheexcellenceoughttobejudgedbytheprophetand
propheticart\";andyouwillseehowreadilyandtrulyIshall
answeryou。Fortherearemanysuchpassages,particularlyinthe
Odyssey;as,forexample,thepassageinwhichTheoclymenusthe
prophetofthehouseofMelampussaystothesuitors:—
Wretchedmen!whatishappeningtoyou?Yourheadsandyourfaces
andyourlimbsunderneathareshroudedinnight;andthevoiceof
lamentationburstsforth,andyourcheeksarewetwithtears。And
thevestibuleisfull,andthecourtisfull,ofghostsdescending
intothedarknessofErebus,andthesunhasperishedoutofheaven,
andanevilmistisspreadabroad。
AndtherearemanysuchpassagesintheIliadalso;asforexample
inthedescriptionofthebattleneartherampart,wherehesays:—
Astheywereeagertopasstheditch,therecametothemanomen:
asoaringeagle,holdingbackthepeopleontheleft,boreahuge
bloodydragoninhistalons,stilllivingandpanting;norhadhe
yetresignedthestrife,forhebentbackandsmotethebirdwhich
carriedhimonthebreastbytheneck,andheinpainlethimfall
fromhimtothegroundintothemidstofthemultitude。Andtheeagle,
withacry,wasborneafaronthewingsofthewind。
ThesearethesortofthingswhichIshouldsaythattheprophet
oughttoconsideranddetermine。
Ion。Andyouarequiteright,Socrates,insayingso。
Soc。Yes,Ion,andyouarerightalso。AndasIhaveselectedfrom
theIliadandOdysseyforyoupassageswhichdescribetheofficeof
theprophetandthephysicianandthefisherman,doyou,whoknow
HomersomuchbetterthanIdo,Ion,selectformepassageswhich
relatetotherhapsodeandtherhapsode’sart,andwhichthe
rhapsodeoughttoexamineandjudgeofbetterthanothermen。
Ion。Allpassages,Ishouldsay,Socrates。
Soc。Notall,Ion,surely。Haveyoualreadyforgottenwhatyou
weresaying?Arhapsodeoughttohaveabettermemory。
Ion。Why,whatamIforgetting?
Soc。Doyounotrememberthatyoudeclaredtheartoftherhapsode
tobedifferentfromtheartofthecharioteer?
Ion。Yes,Iremember。
Soc。Andyouadmittedthatbeingdifferenttheywouldhavedifferent
subjectsofknowledge?
Ion。Yes。
Soc。Thenuponyourownshowingtherhapsode,andtheartofthe
rhapsode,willnotknoweverything?
Ion。Ishouldexcludecertainthings,Socrates。
Soc。Youmeantosaythatyouwouldexcludeprettymuchthesubjects
oftheotherarts。Ashedoesnotknowallofthem,whichofthemwill
heknow?
Ion。Hewillknowwhatamanandwhatawomanoughttosay,andwhat
afreemanandwhataslaveoughttosay,andwhatarulerandwhata
subject。
Soc。Doyoumeanthatarhapsodewillknowbetterthanthepilot
whattherulerofasea—tossedvesseloughttosay?
Ion。No;thepilotwillknowbest。
Soc。Orwilltherhapsodeknowbetterthanthephysicianwhatthe
rulerofasickmanoughttosay?
Ion。Hewillnot。
Soc。Buthewillknowwhataslaveoughttosay?
Ion。Yes。
Soc。Supposetheslavetobeacowherd;therhapsodewillknow
betterthanthecowherdwhatheoughttosayinordertosoothethe
infuriatedcows?
Ion。No,hewillnot。
Soc。Buthewillknowwhataspinning—womanoughttosayaboutthe
workingofwool?
Ion。No。
Soc。Atanyratehewillknowwhatageneraloughttosaywhen
exhortinghissoldiers?
Ion。Yes,thatisthesortofthingwhichtherhapsodewillbe
suretoknow。
Soc。Well,butistheartoftherhapsodetheartofthegeneral?
Ion。IamsurethatIshouldknowwhatageneraloughttosay。
Soc。Why,yes,Ion,becauseyoumaypossiblyhaveaknowledgeofthe
artofthegeneralaswellasoftherhapsode;andyoumayalsohavea
knowledgeofhorsemanshipaswellasofthelyre:andthenyouwould
knowwhenhorseswerewellorillmanaged。ButsupposeIweretoask
you:Bythehelpofwhichart,Ion,doyouknowwhetherhorsesare
wellmanaged,byyourskillasahorsemanorasaperformeronthe
lyre—whatwouldyouanswer?
Ion。Ishouldreply,bymyskillasahorseman。
Soc。Andifyoujudgedofperformersonthelyre,youwouldadmit
thatyoujudgedofthemasaperformeronthelyre,andnotasa
horseman?
Ion。Yes。
Soc。Andinjudgingofthegeneral’sart,doyoujudgeofitasa
generalorarhapsode?
Ion。Tomethereappearstobenodifferencebetweenthem。
Soc。Whatdoyoumean?Doyoumeantosaythattheartofthe
rhapsodeandofthegeneralisthesame?
Ion。Yes,oneandthesame。
Soc。Thenhewhoisagoodrhapsodeisalsoagoodgeneral?
Ion。Certainly,Socrates。
Soc。Andhewhoisagoodgeneralisalsoagoodrhapsode?
Ion。No;Idonotsaythat。
Soc。Butyoudosaythathewhoisagoodrhapsodeisalsoagood
general。
Ion。Certainly。
Soc。AndyouarethebestofHellenicrhapsodes?
Ion。Farthebest,Socrates。
Soc。Andareyouthebestgeneral,Ion?
Ion。Tobesure,Socrates;andHomerwasmymaster。
Soc。Butthen,Ion,whatinthenameofgoodnesscanbethereason
whyyou,whoarethebestofgeneralsaswellasthebestofrhapsodes
inallHellas,goaboutasarhapsodewhenyoumightbeageneral?
DoyouthinkthattheHelleneswantarhapsodewithhisgolden
crown,anddonotwantageneral?
Ion。Why,Socrates,thereasonis,thatmycountrymen,the
Ephesians,aretheservantsandsoldiersofAthens,anddonotneed
ageneral;andyouandSpartaarenotlikelytohaveme,foryouthink
thatyouhaveenoughgeneralsofyourown。
Soc。MygoodIon,didyouneverhearofApollodorusofCyzicus?
Ion。Whomayhebe?
Soc。Onewho,thoughaforeigner,hasoftenbeenchosentheir
generalbytheAthenians:andthereisPhanosthenesofAndros,and
HeraclidesofClazomenae,whomtheyhavealsoappointedtothecommand
oftheirarmiesandtootheroffices,althoughaliens,afterthey
hadshowntheirmerit。AndwilltheynotchooseIontheEphesiantobe
theirgeneral,andhonourhim,ifheprovehimselfworthy?Werenot
theEphesiansoriginallyAthenians,andEphesusisnomeancity?
But,indeed,Ion,ifyouarecorrectinsayingthatbyartand
knowledgeyouareabletopraiseHomer,youdonotdealfairlywith
me,andafterallyourprofessionsofknowingmany,gloriousthings
aboutHomer,andpromisesthatyouwouldexhibitthem,youareonly
adeceiver,andsofarfromexhibitingtheartofwhichyouarea
master,willnot,evenaftermyrepeatedentreaties,explaintomethe
natureofit。YouhaveliterallyasmanyformsasProteus;andnowyou
goallmannerofways,twistingandturning,and,likeProteus,become
allmannerofpeopleatonce,andatlastslipawayfrommeinthe
disguiseofageneral,inorderthatyoumayescapeexhibitingyour
Homericlore。Andifyouhaveart,then,asIwassaying,in
falsifyingyourpromisethatyouwouldexhibitHomer,youarenot
dealingfairlywithme。Butif,asIbelieve,youhavenoart,but
speakallthesebeautifulwordsaboutHomerunconsciouslyunderhis
inspiringinfluence,thenIacquityouofdishonesty,andshallonly
saythatyouareinspired。Whichdoyouprefertobethought,
dishonestorinspired?
Ion。Thereisagreatdifference,Socrates,betweenthetwo
alternatives;andinspirationisbyfarthenobler。
Soc。Then,Ion,Ishallassumethenobleralternative;andattribute
toyouinyourpraisesofHomerinspiration,andnotart。