[ss.12—14arerepeatedinchap.XI.ss.52.]
15.Inwar，practicedissimulation，andyouwillsucceed.
[InthetacticsofTurenne，deceptionoftheenemy，especiallyastothenumericalstrengthofhistroops，tookaveryprominentposition.[2]]
16.Whethertoconcentrateortodivideyourtroops，mustbedecidedbycircumstances.
17.Letyourrapiditybethatofthewind，[Thesimileisdoublyappropriate，becausethewindisnotonlyswiftbut，asMeiYao—ch`enpointsout，\"invisibleandleavesnotracks.\"]
yourcompactnessthatoftheforest.
[MengShihcomesnearertothemarkinhisnote：\"Whenslowlymarching，orderandranksmustbepreserved\"——soastoguardagainstsurpriseattacks.Butnaturalforestdonotgrowinrows，whereastheydogenerallypossessthequalityofdensityorcompactness.]
18.Inraidingandplunderingbelikefire，[Cf.SHIHCHING，IV.3.iv.6：\"Fierceasablazingfirewhichnomancancheck.\"]
isimmovabilitylikeamountain.
[Thatis，whenholdingapositionfromwhichtheenemyistryingtodislodgeyou，orperhaps，asTuYusays，whenheistryingtoenticeyouintoatrap.]
19.Letyourplansbedarkandimpenetrableasnight，andwhenyoumove，falllikeathunderbolt.
[TuYuquotesasayingofT`aiKungwhichhaspassedintoaproverb：\"Youcannotshutyourearstothethunderoryoureyestothelighting——sorapidarethey.\"Likewise，anattackshouldbemadesoquicklythatitcannotbeparried.]
20.Whenyouplunderacountryside，letthespoilbedividedamongstyourmen;
[SunTzuwishestolessentheabusesofindiscriminateplunderingbyinsistingthatallbootyshallbethrownintoacommonstock，whichmayafterwardsbefairlydividedamongstall.]
whenyoucapturenewterritory，cutitupintoallotmentsforthebenefitofthesoldiery.
[Ch`enHaosays\"quarteryoursoldiersontheland，andletthemsowandplantit.\"Itisbyactingonthisprinciple，andharvestingthelandstheyinvaded，thattheChinesehavesucceededincarryingoutsomeoftheirmostmemorableandtriumphantexpeditions，suchasthatofPanCh`aowhopenetratedtotheCaspian，andinmorerecentyears，thoseofFu—k`ang—anandTsoTsung—t`ang.]
21.Ponderanddeliberatebeforeyoumakeamove.
[ChangYuquotesWeiLiaoTzuassayingthatwemustnotbreakcampuntilwehavegainedtheresistingpoweroftheenemyandtheclevernessoftheopposinggeneral.Cf.the\"sevencomparisons\"inI.ss.13.]
22.Hewillconquerwhohaslearnttheartificeofdeviation.
[Seesupra，SS.3，4.]
Suchistheartofmaneuvering.
[Withthesewords，thechapterwouldnaturallycometoanend.ButtherenowfollowsalongappendixintheshapeofanextractfromanearlierbookonWar，nowlost，butapparentlyextantatthetimewhenSunTzuwrote.ThestyleofthisfragmentisnotnoticeabledifferentfromthatofSunTzuhimself，butnocommentatorraisesadoubtastoitsgenuineness.]
23.TheBookofArmyManagementsays：
[Itisperhapssignificantthatnoneoftheearliercommentatorsgiveusanyinformationaboutthiswork.MeiYao—
Ch`encallsit\"anancientmilitaryclassic，\"andWangHsi，\"anoldbookonwar.\"ConsideringtheenormousamountoffightingthathadgoneonforcenturiesbeforeSunTzu’stimebetweenthevariouskingdomsandprincipalitiesofChina，itisnotinitselfimprobablethatacollectionofmilitarymaximsshouldhavebeenmadeandwrittendownatsomeearlierperiod.]
Onthefieldofbattle，[Implied，thoughnotactuallyintheChinese.]
thespokenworddoesnotcarryfarenough：hencetheinstitutionofgongsanddrums.Norcanordinaryobjectsbeseenclearlyenough：hencetheinstitutionofbannersandflags.
24.Gongsanddrums，bannersandflags，aremeanswherebytheearsandeyesofthehostmaybefocusedononeparticularpoint.
[ChangYusays：\"Ifsightandhearingconvergesimultaneouslyonthesameobject，theevolutionsofasmanyasamillionsoldierswillbelikethoseofasingleman.\"！]
25.Thehostthusformingasingleunitedbody，isitimpossibleeitherforthebravetoadvancealone，orforthecowardlytoretreatalone.
[ChuangYuquotesasaying：\"Equallyguiltyarethosewhoadvanceagainstordersandthosewhoretreatagainstorders.\"TuMutellsastoryinthisconnectionofWuCh`i，whenhewasfightingagainsttheCh`inState.Beforethebattlehadbegun，oneofhissoldiers，amanofmatchlessdaring，salliedforthbyhimself，capturedtwoheadsfromtheenemy，andreturnedtocamp.
WuCh`ihadthemaninstantlyexecuted，whereuponanofficerventuredtoremonstrate，saying：\"Thismanwasagoodsoldier，andoughtnottohavebeenbeheaded.\"WuCh`ireplied：\"Ifullybelievehewasagoodsoldier，butIhadhimbeheadedbecauseheactedwithoutorders.\"]
Thisistheartofhandlinglargemassesofmen.
26.Innight—fighting，then，makemuchuseofsignal—firesanddrums，andinfightingbyday，offlagsandbanners，asameansofinfluencingtheearsandeyesofyourarmy.
[Ch`enHaoalludestoLiKuang—pi’snightridetoHo—yangattheheadof500mountedmen;theymadesuchanimposingdisplaywithtorches，thatthoughtherebelleaderShihSsu—minghadalargearmy，hedidnotdaretodisputetheirpassage.]
27.Awholearmymayberobbedofitsspirit;
[\"Inwar，\"saysChangYu，\"ifaspiritofangercanbemadetopervadeallranksofanarmyatoneandthesametime，itsonsetwillbeirresistible.Nowthespiritoftheenemy’ssoldierswillbekeenestwhentheyhavenewlyarrivedonthescene，anditisthereforeourcuenottofightatonce，buttowaituntiltheirardorandenthusiasmhavewornoff，andthenstrike.Itisinthiswaythattheymayberobbedoftheirkeenspirit.\"LiCh`uanandotherstellananecdote（tobefoundintheTSOCHUAN，year10，ss.1）ofTs`aoKuei，aprotegeofDukeChuangofLu.ThelatterStatewasattackedbyCh`i，andthedukewasabouttojoinbattleatCh`ang—cho，afterthefirstrolloftheenemy’sdrums，whenTs`aosaid：\"Notjustyet.\"Onlyaftertheirdrumshadbeatenforthethirdtime，didhegivethewordforattack.Thentheyfought，andthemenofCh`iwereutterlydefeated.QuestionedafterwardsbytheDukeastothemeaningofhisdelay，Ts`aoKueireplied：\"Inbattle，acourageousspiritiseverything.Nowthefirstrollofthedrumtendstocreatethisspirit，butwiththeseconditisalreadyonthewane，andafterthethirditisgonealtogether.Iattackedwhentheirspiritwasgoneandourswasatitsheight.Henceourvictory.\"WuTzu（chap.4）puts\"spirit\"firstamongthe\"fourimportantinfluences\"inwar，andcontinues：\"Thevalueofawholearmy——amightyhostofamillionmen——isdependentononemanalone：suchistheinfluenceofspirit！\"]
acommander—in—chiefmayberobbedofhispresenceofmind.
[ChangYusays：\"Presenceofmindisthegeneral’smostimportantasset.Itisthequalitywhichenableshimtodisciplinedisorderandtoinspirecourageintothepanic—
stricken.\"ThegreatgeneralLiChing（A.D.571—649）hasasaying：\"Attackingdoesnotmerelyconsistinassaultingwalledcitiesorstrikingatanarmyinbattlearray;itmustincludetheartofassailingtheenemy’smentalequilibrium.\"]
28.Nowasolider’sspiritiskeenestinthemorning;
[Alwaysprovided，Isuppose，thathehashadbreakfast.AtthebattleoftheTrebia，theRomanswerefoolishlyallowedtofightfasting，whereasHannibal’smenhadbreakfastedattheirleisure.SeeLivy，XXI，liv.8，lv.1and8.]
bynoondayithasbeguntoflag;andintheevening，hismindisbentonlyonreturningtocamp.
29.Aclevergeneral，therefore，avoidsanarmywhenitsspiritiskeen，butattacksitwhenitissluggishandinclinedtoreturn.Thisistheartofstudyingmoods.
30.Disciplinedandcalm，toawaittheappearanceofdisorderandhubbubamongsttheenemy：——thisistheartofretainingself—possession.
31.Tobenearthegoalwhiletheenemyisstillfarfromit，towaitateasewhiletheenemyistoilingandstruggling，tobewell—fedwhiletheenemyisfamished：——thisistheartofhusbandingone’sstrength.
32.Torefrainfrominterceptinganenemywhosebannersareinperfectorder，torefrainfromattackinganarmydrawnupincalmandconfidentarray：——thisistheartofstudyingcircumstances.
33.Itisamilitaryaxiomnottoadvanceuphillagainsttheenemy，nortoopposehimwhenhecomesdownhill.
34.Donotpursueanenemywhosimulatesflight;donotattacksoldierswhosetemperiskeen.
35.Donotswallowbaitofferedbytheenemy.
[LiCh`uanandTuMu，withextraordinaryinabilitytoseeametaphor，takethesewordsquiteliterallyoffoodanddrinkthathavebeenpoisonedbytheenemy.Ch`enHaoandChangYucarefullypointoutthatthesayinghasawiderapplication.]
Donotinterferewithanarmythatisreturninghome.
[Thecommentatorsexplainthisrathersingularpieceofadvicebysayingthatamanwhoseheartissetonreturninghomewillfighttothedeathagainstanyattempttobarhisway，andisthereforetoodangerousanopponenttobetackled.ChangYuquotesthewordsofHanHsin：\"Invincibleisthesoldierwhohathhisdesireandreturnethhomewards.\"AmarveloustaleistoldofTs`aoTs`ao’scourageandresourceinch.1oftheSAN
KUOCHI：In198A.D.，hewasbesiegingChangHsiuinJang，whenLiuPiaosentreinforcementswithaviewtocuttingoffTs`ao’sretreat.Thelatterwasobligbedtodrawoffhistroops，onlytofindhimselfhemmedinbetweentwoenemies，whowereguardingeachoutletofanarrowpassinwhichhehadengagedhimself.InthisdesperateplightTs`aowaiteduntilnightfall，whenheboredatunnelintothemountainsideandlaidanambushinit.Assoonasthewholearmyhadpassedby，thehiddentroopsfellonhisrear，whileTs`aohimselfturnedandmethispursuersinfront，sothattheywerethrownintoconfusionandannihilated.
Ts`aoTs`aosaidafterwards：\"Thebrigandstriedtocheckmyarmyinitsretreatandbroughtmetobattleinadesperateposition：henceIknewhowtoovercomethem.\"]
36.Whenyousurroundanarmy，leaveanoutletfree.
[Thisdoesnotmeanthattheenemyistobeallowedtoescape.Theobject，asTuMuputsit，is\"tomakehimbelievethatthereisaroadtosafety，andthuspreventhisfightingwiththecourageofdespair.\"TuMuaddspleasantly：\"Afterthat，youmaycrushhim.\"]
Donotpressadesperatefoetoohard.
[Ch`enHaoquotesthesaying：\"Birdsandbeastswhenbroughttobaywillusetheirclawsandteeth.\"ChangYusays：
\"Ifyouradversaryhasburnedhisboatsanddestroyedhiscooking—pots，andisreadytostakeallontheissueofabattle，hemustnotbepushedtoextremities.\"HoShihillustratesthemeaningbyastorytakenfromthelifeofYen—ch`ing.Thatgeneral，togetherwithhiscolleagueTuChung—weiwassurroundedbyavastlysuperiorarmyofKhitansintheyear945A.D.Thecountrywasbareanddesert—like，andthelittleChineseforcewassoonindirestraitsforwantofwater.Thewellstheyboredrandry，andthemenwerereducedtosqueezinglumpsofmudandsuckingoutthemoisture.Theirranksthinnedrapidly，untilatlastFuYen—ch`ingexclaimed：\"Wearedesperatemen.Farbettertodieforourcountrythantogowithfetteredhandsintocaptivity！\"Astronggalehappenedtobeblowingfromthenortheastanddarkeningtheairwithdensecloudsofsandydust.
ToChung—weiwasforwaitinguntilthishadabatedbeforedecidingonafinalattack;butluckilyanotherofficer，LiShou—
chengbyname，wasquickertoseeanopportunity，andsaid：
\"Theyaremanyandwearefew，butinthemidstofthissandstormournumberswillnotbediscernible;victorywillgotothestrenuousfighter，andthewindwillbeourbestally.\"
Accordingly，FuYen—ch`ingmadeasuddenandwhollyunexpectedonslaughtwithhiscavalry，routedthebarbariansandsucceededinbreakingthroughtosafety.]
37.Suchistheartofwarfare.
[1]SeeCol.Henderson，op.cit.vol.I.p.426.
[2]Foranumberofmaximsonthishead，see\"MarshalTurenne\"
（Longmans，1907），p.29.
VIII.VARIATIONINTACTICS
[Theheadingmeansliterally\"TheNineVariations，\"butasSunTzudoesnotappeartoenumeratethese，andas，indeed，hehasalreadytoldus（VSS.6—11）thatsuchdeflectionsfromtheordinarycoursearepracticallyinnumerable，wehavelittleoptionbuttofollowWangHsi，whosaysthat\"Nine\"standsforanindefinitelylargenumber.\"AllitmeansisthatinwarfareweoughttoveryourtacticstotheutmostdegreeIdonotknowwhatTs`aoKungmakestheseNineVariationsouttobe，butithasbeensuggestedthattheyareconnectedwiththeNineSituations\"
—ofchapt.XI.ThisistheviewadoptedbyChangYu.Theonlyotheralternativeistosupposethatsomethinghasbeenlost——asuppositiontowhichtheunusualshortnessofthechapterlendssomeweight.]
1.SunTzusaid：Inwar，thegeneralreceiveshiscommandsfromthesovereign，collectshisarmyandconcentrateshisforces.
[RepeatedfromVII.ss.1，whereitiscertainlymoreinplace.Itmayhavebeeninterpolatedheremerelyinordertosupplyabeginningtothechapter.]
2.Whenindifficultcountry，donotencamp.Incountrywherehighroadsintersect，joinhandswithyourallies.Donotlingerindangerouslyisolatedpositions.
[ThelastsituationisnotoneoftheNineSituationsasgiveninthebeginningofchap.XI，butoccurslateron（ibid.
ss.43.q.v.）.ChangYudefinesthissituationasbeingsituatedacrossthefrontier，inhostileterritory.LiCh`uansaysitis\"countryinwhichtherearenospringsorwells，flocksorherds，vegetablesorfirewood;\"ChiaLin，\"oneofgorges，chasmsandprecipices，withoutaroadbywhichtoadvance.\"]
Inhemmed—insituations，youmustresorttostratagem.Indesperateposition，youmustfight.
3.Thereareroadswhichmustnotbefollowed，[\"Especiallythoseleadingthroughnarrowdefiles，\"saysLiCh`uan，\"whereanambushistobefeared.\"]
armieswhichmustbenotattacked，[Morecorrectly，perhaps，\"therearetimeswhenanarmymustnotbeattacked.\"Ch`enHaosays：\"Whenyouseeyourwaytoobtainarivaladvantage，butarepowerlesstoinflictarealdefeat，refrainfromattacking，forfearofovertaxingyourmen’sstrength.\"]
townswhichmustbebesieged，[Cf.III.ss.4Ts`aoKunggivesaninterestingillustrationfromhisownexperience.WheninvadingtheterritoryofHsu—chou，heignoredthecityofHua—pi，whichlaydirectlyinhispath，andpressedonintotheheartofthecountry.Thisexcellentstrategywasrewardedbythesubsequentcaptureofnofewerthanfourteenimportantdistrictcities.
ChangYusays：\"Notownshouldbeattackedwhich，iftaken，cannotbeheld，orifleftalone，willnotcauseanytrouble.\"
HsunYing，whenurgedtoattackPi—yang，replied：\"Thecityissmallandwell—fortified;evenifIsucceedintakingit，itwillbenogreatfeatofarms;whereasifIfail，Ishallmakemyselfalaughing—stock.\"Intheseventeenthcentury，siegesstillformedalargeproportionofwar.ItwasTurennewhodirectedattentiontotheimportanceofmarches，countermarchesandmaneuvers.Hesaid：\"Itisagreatmistaketowastemenintakingatownwhenthesameexpenditureofsoldierswillgainaprovince.\"[1]]
positionswhichmustnotbecontested，commandsofthesovereignwhichmustnotbeobeyed.
[ThisisahardsayingfortheChinese，withtheirreverenceforauthority，andWeiLiaoTzu（quotedbyTuMu）ismovedtoexclaim：\"Weaponsarebalefulinstruments，strifeisantagonistictovirtue，amilitarycommanderisthenegationofcivilorder！\"Theunpalatablefactremains，however，thatevenImperialwishesmustbesubordinatedtomilitarynecessity.]
4.Thegeneralwhothoroughlyunderstandstheadvantagesthataccompanyvariationoftacticsknowshowtohandlehistroops.
5.Thegeneralwhodoesnotunderstandthese，maybewellacquaintedwiththeconfigurationofthecountry，yethewillnotbeabletoturnhisknowledgetopracticalaccount.
[Literally，\"gettheadvantageoftheground，\"whichmeansnotonlysecuringgoodpositions，butavailingoneselfofnaturaladvantagesineverypossibleway.ChangYusays：\"Everykindofgroundischaracterizedbycertainnaturalfeatures，andalsogivesscopeforacertainvariabilityofplan.Howitispossibletoturnthesenaturalfeaturestoaccountunlesstopographicalknowledgeissupplementedbyversatilityofmind？\"]
6.So，thestudentofwarwhoisunversedintheartofwarofvaryinghisplans，eventhoughhebeacquaintedwiththeFiveAdvantages，willfailtomakethebestuseofhismen.
[ChiaLintellsusthattheseimplyfiveobviousandgenerallyadvantageouslinesofaction，namely：\"ifacertainroadisshort，itmustbefollowed;ifanarmyisisolated，itmustbeattacked;ifatownisinaparlouscondition，itmustbebesieged;ifapositioncanbestormed，itmustbeattempted;andifconsistentwithmilitaryoperations，theruler’scommandsmustbeobeyed.\"Buttherearecircumstanceswhichsometimesforbidageneraltousetheseadvantages.Forinstance，\"acertainroadmaybetheshortestwayforhim，butifheknowsthatitaboundsinnaturalobstacles，orthattheenemyhaslaidanambushonit，hewillnotfollowthatroad.Ahostileforcemaybeopentoattack，butifheknowsthatitishard—pressedandlikelytofightwithdesperation，hewillrefrainfromstriking，\"andsoon.]
7.Henceinthewiseleader’splans，considerationsofadvantageandofdisadvantagewillbeblendedtogether.
[\"Whetherinanadvantageouspositionoradisadvantageousone，\"saysTs`aoKung，\"theoppositestateshouldbealwayspresenttoyourmind.\"]
8.Ifourexpectationofadvantagebetemperedinthisway，wemaysucceedinaccomplishingtheessentialpartofourschemes.
[TuMusays：\"Ifwewishtowrestanadvantagefromtheenemy，wemustnotfixourmindsonthatalone，butallowforthepossibilityoftheenemyalsodoingsomeharmtous，andletthisenterasafactorintoourcalculations.\"]
9.If，ontheotherhand，inthemidstofdifficultieswearealwaysreadytoseizeanadvantage，wemayextricateourselvesfrommisfortune.
[TuMusays：\"IfIwishtoextricatemyselffromadangerousposition，Imustconsidernotonlytheenemy’sabilitytoinjureme，butalsomyownabilitytogainanadvantageovertheenemy.Ifinmycounselsthesetwoconsiderationsareproperlyblended，IshallsucceedinliberatingmyselfForinstance;ifIamsurroundedbytheenemyandonlythinkofeffectinganescape，thenervelessnessofmypolicywillincitemyadversarytopursueandcrushme;itwouldbefarbettertoencouragemymentodeliveraboldcounter—attack，andusetheadvantagethusgainedtofreemyselffromtheenemy’stoils.\"
SeethestoryofTs`aoTs`ao，VII.ss.35，note.]
10.Reducethehostilechiefsbyinflictingdamageonthem;
[ChiaLinenumeratesseveralwaysofinflictingthisinjury，someofwhichwouldonlyoccurtotheOrientalmind：——\"Enticeawaytheenemy’sbestandwisestmen，sothathemaybeleftwithoutcounselors.Introducetraitorsintohiscountry，thatthegovernmentpolicymayberenderedfutile.Fomentintrigueanddeceit，andthussowdissensionbetweentherulerandhisministers.Bymeansofeveryartfulcontrivance，causedeteriorationamongsthismenandwasteofhistreasure.Corrupthismoralsbyinsidiousgiftsleadinghimintoexcess.Disturbandunsettlehismindbypresentinghimwithlovelywomen.\"
ChangYu（afterWangHsi）makesadifferentinterpretationofSunTzuhere：\"Gettheenemyintoapositionwherehemustsufferinjury，andhewillsubmitofhisownaccord.\"]
andmaketroubleforthem，[TuMu，inthisphrase，inhisinterpretationindicatesthattroubleshouldbemakefortheenemyaffectingtheir\"possessions，\"or，aswemightsay，\"assets，\"whichheconsiderstobe\"alargearmy，arichexchequer，harmonyamongstthesoldiers，punctualfulfillmentofcommands.\"Thesegiveusawhip—handovertheenemy.]
andkeepthemconstantlyengaged;
[Literally，\"makeservantsofthem.\"TuYusays\"preventthefromhavinganyrest.\"]
holdoutspeciousallurements，andmakethemrushtoanygivenpoint.
[MengShih’snotecontainsanexcellentexampleoftheidiomaticuseof：\"causethemtoforgetPIEN（thereasonsforactingotherwisethanontheirfirstimpulse），andhasteninourdirection.\"]
11.Theartofwarteachesustorelynotonthelikelihoodoftheenemy’snotcoming，butonourownreadinesstoreceivehim;notonthechanceofhisnotattacking，butratheronthefactthatwehavemadeourpositionunassailable.
12.Therearefivedangerousfaultswhichmayaffectageneral：（1）Recklessness，whichleadstodestruction;
[\"Braverywithoutforethought，\"asTs`aoKunganalyzesit，whichcausesamantofightblindlyanddesperatelylikeamadbull.Suchanopponent，saysChangYu，\"mustnotbeencounteredwithbruteforce，butmaybeluredintoanambushandslain.\"
Cf.WuTzu，chap.IV.adinit.：\"Inestimatingthecharacterofageneral，menarewonttopayexclusiveattentiontohiscourage，forgettingthatcourageisonlyoneoutofmanyqualitieswhichageneralshouldpossess.Themerelybravemanispronetofightrecklessly;andhewhofightsrecklessly，withoutanyperceptionofwhatisexpedient，mustbecondemned.\"
Ssu—maFa，too，maketheincisiveremark：\"Simplygoingtoone’sdeathdoesnotbringaboutvictory.\"]
（2）cowardice，whichleadstocapture;
[Ts`aoKungdefinestheChinesewordtranslatedhereas\"cowardice\"asbeingoftheman\"whomtimiditypreventsfromadvancingtoseizeanadvantage，\"andWangHsiadds\"whoisquicktofleeatthesightofdanger.\"MengShihgivesthecloserparaphrase\"hewhoisbentonreturningalive，\"thisis，themanwhowillnevertakearisk.But，asSunTzuknew，nothingistobeachievedinwarunlessyouarewillingtotakerisks.T`aiKungsaid：\"Hewholetsanadvantageslipwillsubsequentlybringuponhimselfrealdisaster.\"In404A.D.，LiuYupursuedtherebelHuanHsuanuptheYangtszeandfoughtanavalbattlewithhimattheislandofCh`eng—hung.Theloyaltroopsnumberedonlyafewthousands，whiletheiropponentswereingreatforce.
ButHuanHsuan，fearingthefatewhichwasinstoreforhimshouldbebeovercome，hadalightboatmadefasttothesideofhiswar—junk，sothathemightescape，ifnecessary，atamoment’snotice.Thenaturalresultwasthatthefightingspiritofhissoldierswasutterlyquenched，andwhentheloyalistsmadeanattackfromwindwardwithfireships，allstrivingwiththeutmostardortobefirstinthefray，HuanHsuan’sforceswererouted，hadtoburnalltheirbaggageandfledfortwodaysandnightswithoutstopping.ChangYutellsasomewhatsimilarstoryofChaoYing—ch`i，ageneraloftheChinStatewhoduringabattlewiththearmyofCh`uin597B.C.hadaboatkeptinreadinessforhimontheriver，wishingincaseofdefeattobethefirsttogetacross.]
（3）ahastytemper，whichcanbeprovokedbyinsults;
[TuMutellsusthatYaoHsing，whenopposedin357A.D.byHuangMei，TengCh`iangandothersshuthimselfupbehindhiswallsandrefusedtofight.TengCh`iangsaid：\"Ouradversaryisofacholerictemperandeasilyprovoked;letusmakeconstantsalliesandbreakdownhiswalls，thenhewillgrowangryandcomeout.Oncewecanbringhisforcetobattle，itisdoomedtobeourprey.\"Thisplanwasactedupon，YaoHsiangcameouttofight，wasluredasfarasSan—yuanbytheenemy’spretendedflight，andfinallyattackedandslain.]
（4）adelicacyofhonorwhichissensitivetoshame;
[Thisneednotbetakentomeanthatasenseofhonorisreallyadefectinageneral.WhatSunTzucondemnsisratheranexaggeratedsensitivenesstoslanderousreports，thethin—skinnedmanwhoisstungbyopprobrium，howeverundeserved.MeiYao—
ch`entrulyobserves，thoughsomewhatparadoxically：\"Theseekaftergloryshouldbecarelessofpublicopinion.\"]
（5）over—solicitudeforhismen，whichexposeshimtoworryandtrouble.
[Hereagain，SunTzudoesnotmeanthatthegeneralistobecarelessofthewelfareofhistroops.Allhewishestoemphasizeisthedangerofsacrificinganyimportantmilitaryadvantagetotheimmediatecomfortofhismen.Thisisashortsightedpolicy，becauseinthelongrunthetroopswillsuffermorefromthedefeat，or，atbest，theprolongationofthewar，whichwillbetheconsequence.Amistakenfeelingofpitywillofteninduceageneraltorelieveabeleagueredcity，ortoreinforceahard—presseddetachment，contrarytohismilitaryinstincts.ItisnowgenerallyadmittedthatourrepeatedeffortstorelieveLadysmithintheSouthAfricanWarweresomanystrategicalblunderswhichdefeatedtheirownpurpose.Andintheend，reliefcamethroughtheverymanwhostartedoutwiththedistinctresolvenolongertosubordinatetheinterestsofthewholetosentimentinfavorofapart.Anoldsoldierofoneofourgeneralswhofailedmostconspicuouslyinthiswar，triedonce，Iremember，todefendhimtomeonthegroundthathewasalways\"sogoodtohismen.\"Bythisplea，hadhebutknownit，hewasonlycondemninghimoutofSunTzu’smouth.]
13.Thesearethefivebesettingsinsofageneral，ruinoustotheconductofwar.
14.Whenanarmyisoverthrownanditsleaderslain，thecausewillsurelybefoundamongthesefivedangerousfaults.
Letthembeasubjectofmeditation.
[1]\"MarshalTurenne，\"p.50.
IX.THEARMYONTHEMARCH
[Thecontentsofthisinterestingchapterarebetterindicatedinss.1thanbythisheading.]
1.SunTzusaid：Wecomenowtothequestionofencampingthearmy，andobservingsignsoftheenemy.Passquicklyovermountains，andkeepintheneighborhoodofvalleys.
[Theideais，nottolingeramongbarrenuplands，buttokeepclosetosuppliesofwaterandgrass.Cf.WuTzu，ch.3：
\"Abidenotinnaturalovens，\"i.e.\"theopeningsofvalleys.\"
ChangYutellsthefollowinganecdote：Wu—tuCh`iangwasarobbercaptaininthetimeoftheLaterHan，andMaYuanwassenttoexterminatehisgang.Ch`ianghavingfoundarefugeinthehills，MaYuanmadenoattempttoforceabattle，butseizedallthefavorablepositionscommandingsuppliesofwaterandforage.
Ch`iangwassooninsuchadesperateplightforwantofprovisionsthathewasforcedtomakeatotalsurrender.Hedidnotknowtheadvantageofkeepingintheneighborhoodofvalleys.\"]
2.Campinhighplaces，[Notonhighhills，butonknollsorhillockselevatedabovethesurroundingcountry.]
facingthesun.
[TuMutakesthistomean\"facingsouth，\"andCh`enHao\"facingeast.\"Cf.infra，SS.11，13.
Donotclimbheightsinordertofight.Somuchformountainwarfare.
3.Aftercrossingariver，youshouldgetfarawayfromit.
[\"Inordertotempttheenemytocrossafteryou，\"accordingtoTs`aoKung，andalso，saysChangYu，\"inordernottobeimpededinyourevolutions.\"TheT`UNGTIENreads，\"IfTHEENEMY
crossesariver，\"etc.Butinviewofthenextsentence，thisisalmostcertainlyaninterpolation.]
4.Whenaninvadingforcecrossesariverinitsonwardmarch，donotadvancetomeetitinmid—stream.Itwillbebesttolethalfthearmygetacross，andthendeliveryourattack.
[LiCh`uanalludestothegreatvictorywonbyHanHsinoverLungChuattheWeiRiver.TurningtotheCH`IENHANSHU，ch.
34，fol.6verso，wefindthebattledescribedasfollows：\"Thetwoarmiesweredrawnuponoppositesidesoftheriver.Inthenight，HanHsinorderedhismentotakesometenthousandsacksfilledwithsandandconstructadamhigherup.Then，leadinghalfhisarmyacross，heattackedLungChu;butafteratime，pretendingtohavefailedinhisattempt，hehastilywithdrewtotheotherbank.LungChuwasmuchelatedbythisunlooked—forsuccess，andexclaiming：\"IfeltsurethatHanHsinwasreallyacoward！\"hepursuedhimandbegancrossingtheriverinhisturn.
HanHsinnowsentapartytocutopenthesandbags，thusreleasingagreatvolumeofwater，whichsweptdownandpreventedthegreaterportionofLungChu’sarmyfromgettingacross.Hethenturnedupontheforcewhichhadbeencutoff，andannihilatedit，LungChuhimselfbeingamongsttheslain.Therestofthearmy，onthefurtherbank，alsoscatteredandfledinalldirections.]
5.Ifyouareanxioustofight，youshouldnotgotomeettheinvadernearariverwhichhehastocross.
[Forfearofpreventinghiscrossing.]
6.Mooryourcrafthigherupthantheenemy，andfacingthesun.
[Seesupra，ss.2.Therepetitionofthesewordsinconnectionwithwaterisveryawkward.ChangYuhasthenote：
\"Saideitheroftroopsmarshaledontheriver—bank，orofboatsanchoredinthestreamitself;ineithercaseitisessentialtobehigherthantheenemyandfacingthesun.\"Theothercommentatorsarenotatallexplicit.]
Donotmoveup—streamtomeettheenemy.
[TuMusays：\"Aswaterflowsdownwards，wemustnotpitchourcamponthelowerreachesofariver，forfeartheenemyshouldopenthesluicesandsweepusawayinaflood.Chu—koWu—
houhasremarkedthat’inriverwarfarewemustnotadvanceagainstthestream，’whichisasmuchastosaythatourfleetmustnotbeanchoredbelowthatoftheenemy，forthentheywouldbeabletotakeadvantageofthecurrentandmakeshortworkofus.\"Thereisalsothedanger，notedbyothercommentators，thattheenemymaythrowpoisononthewatertobecarrieddowntous.]
Somuchforriverwarfare.
7.Incrossingsalt—marshes，yoursoleconcernshouldbetogetoverthemquickly，withoutanydelay.
[Becauseofthelackoffreshwater，thepoorqualityoftheherbage，andlastbutnotleast，becausetheyarelow，flat，andexposedtoattack.]
8.Ifforcedtofightinasalt—marsh，youshouldhavewaterandgrassnearyou，andgetyourbacktoaclumpoftrees.
[LiCh`uanremarksthatthegroundislesslikelytobetreacherouswheretherearetrees，whileTuMusaysthattheywillservetoprotecttherear.]
Somuchforoperationsinsalt—marches.
9.Indry，levelcountry，takeupaneasilyaccessiblepositionwithrisinggroundtoyourrightandonyourrear，[TuMuquotesT`aiKungassaying：\"Anarmyshouldhaveastreamoramarshonitsleft，andahillortumulusonitsright.\"]
sothatthedangermaybeinfront，andsafetyliebehind.Somuchforcampaigninginflatcountry.
10.Thesearethefourusefulbranchesofmilitaryknowledge[Those，namely，concernedwith（1）mountains，（2）rivers，（3）marshes，and（4）plains.CompareNapoleon’s\"MilitaryMaxims，\"no.1.]
whichenabledtheYellowEmperortovanquishfourseveralsovereigns.
[Regardingthe\"YellowEmperor\"：MeiYao—ch`enasks，withsomeplausibility，whetherthereisanerrorinthetextasnothingisknownofHuangTihavingconqueredfourotherEmperors.TheSHIHCHI（ch.1adinit.）speaksonlyofhisvictoriesoverYenTiandCh`ihYu.IntheLIUT`AOitismentionedthathe\"foughtseventybattlesandpacifiedtheEmpire.\"Ts`aoKung’sexplanationis，thattheYellowEmperorwasthefirsttoinstitutethefeudalsystemofvassalsprinces，eachofwhom（tothenumberoffour）originallyborethetitleofEmperor.LiCh`uantellsusthattheartofwaroriginatedunderHuangTi，whoreceiveditfromhisMinisterFengHou.]
11.Allarmiespreferhighgroundtolow.
[\"HighGround，\"saysMeiYao—ch`en，\"isnotonlymoreagreementandsalubrious，butmoreconvenientfromamilitarypointofview;lowgroundisnotonlydampandunhealthy，butalsodisadvantageousforfighting.\"]
andsunnyplacestodark.
12.Ifyouarecarefulofyourmen，[Ts`aoKungsays：\"Makeforfreshwaterandpasture，whereyoucanturnoutyouranimalstograze.\"]
andcamponhardground，thearmywillbefreefromdiseaseofeverykind，[ChangYusays：\"Thedrynessoftheclimatewillpreventtheoutbreakofillness.\"]
andthiswillspellvictory.
13.Whenyoucometoahillorabank，occupythesunnyside，withtheslopeonyourrightrear.Thusyouwillatonceactforthebenefitofyoursoldiersandutilizethenaturaladvantagesoftheground.
14.When，inconsequenceofheavyrainsup—country，ariverwhichyouwishtofordisswollenandfleckedwithfoam，youmustwaituntilitsubsides.
15.Countryinwhichthereareprecipitouscliffswithtorrentsrunningbetween，deepnaturalhollows，[Thelatterdefinedas\"placesenclosedoneverysidebysteepbanks，withpoolsofwateratthebottom.]
confinedplaces，[Definedas\"naturalpensorprisons\"or\"placessurroundedbyprecipicesonthreesides——easytogetinto，buthardtogetoutof.\"]
tangledthickets，[Definedas\"placescoveredwithsuchdenseundergrowththatspearscannotbeused.\"]
quagmires[Definedas\"low—lyingplaces，soheavywithmudastobeimpassableforchariotsandhorsemen.\"]
andcrevasses，[DefinedbyMeiYao—ch`enas\"anarrowdifficultwaybetweenbeetlingcliffs.\"TuMu’snoteis\"groundcoveredwithtreesandrocks，andintersectedbynumerousravinesandpitfalls.\"Thisisveryvague，butChiaLinexplainsitclearlyenoughasadefileornarrowpass，andChangYutakesmuchthesameview.Onthewhole，theweightofthecommentatorscertainlyinclinestotherendering\"defile.\"ButtheordinarymeaningoftheChineseinoneplaceis\"acrackorfissure\"andthefactthatthemeaningoftheChineseelsewhereinthesentenceindicatessomethinginthenatureofadefile，makemethinkthatSunTzuisherespeakingofcrevasses.]
shouldbeleftwithallpossiblespeedandnotapproached.
16.Whilewekeepawayfromsuchplaces，weshouldgettheenemytoapproachthem;whilewefacethem，weshouldlettheenemyhavethemonhisrear.
17.Ifintheneighborhoodofyourcampthereshouldbeanyhillycountry，pondssurroundedbyaquaticgrass，hollowbasinsfilledwithreeds，orwoodswiththickundergrowth，theymustbecarefullyroutedoutandsearched;fortheseareplaceswheremeninambushorinsidiousspiesarelikelytobelurking.
[ChangYuhasthenote：\"Wemustalsobeonourguardagainsttraitorswhomaylieinclosecovert，secretlyspyingoutourweaknessesandoverhearingourinstructions.\"]
18.Whentheenemyiscloseathandandremainsquiet，heisrelyingonthenaturalstrengthofhisposition.
[HerebeginSunTzu’sremarksonthereadingofsigns，muchofwhichissogoodthatitcouldalmostbeincludedinamodernmanuallikeGen.Baden—Powell’s\"AidstoScouting.\"]
19.Whenhekeepsaloofandtriestoprovokeabattle，heisanxiousfortheothersidetoadvance.
[Probablybecauseweareinastrongpositionfromwhichhewishestodislodgeus.\"Ifhecamecloseuptous，saysTuMu，\"andtriedtoforceabattle，hewouldseemtodespiseus，andtherewouldbelessprobabilityofourrespondingtothechallenge.\"]
20.Ifhisplaceofencampmentiseasyofaccess，heistenderingabait.
21.Movementamongstthetreesofaforestshowsthattheenemyisadvancing.
[Ts`aoKungexplainsthisas\"fellingtreestoclearapassage，\"andChangYusays：\"Everymansendsoutscoutstoclimbhighplacesandobservetheenemy.Ifascoutseesthatthetreesofaforestaremovingandshaking，hemayknowthattheyarebeingcutdowntoclearapassagefortheenemy’smarch.\"]
Theappearanceofanumberofscreensinthemidstofthickgrassmeansthattheenemywantstomakeussuspicious.
[TuYu’sexplanation，borrowedfromTs`aoKung’s，isasfollows：\"Thepresenceofanumberofscreensorshedsinthemidstofthickvegetationisasuresignthattheenemyhasfledand，fearingpursuit，hasconstructedthesehiding—placesinordertomakeussuspectanambush.\"Itappearsthatthese\"screens\"werehastilyknottedtogetheroutofanylonggrasswhichtheretreatingenemyhappenedtocomeacross.]
22.Therisingofbirdsintheirflightisthesignofanambuscade.
[ChangYu’sexplanationisdoubtlessright：\"Whenbirdsthatareflyingalonginastraightlinesuddenlyshootupwards，itmeansthatsoldiersareinambushatthespotbeneath.\"]
Startledbeastsindicatethatasuddenattackiscoming.
23.Whenthereisdustrisinginahighcolumn，itisthesignofchariotsadvancing;whenthedustislow，butspreadoverawidearea，itbetokenstheapproachofinfantry.
[\"Highandsharp，\"orrisingtoapeak，isofcoursesomewhatexaggeratedasappliedtodust.Thecommentatorsexplainthephenomenonbysayingthathorsesandchariots，beingheavierthanmen，raisemoredust，andalsofollowoneanotherinthesamewheel—track，whereasfoot—soldierswouldbemarchinginranks，manyabreast.AccordingtoChangYu，\"everyarmyonthemarchmusthavescoutssomewayinadvance，whoonsightingdustraisedbytheenemy，willgallopbackandreportittothecommander—in—chief.\"Cf.Gen.Baden—Powell：\"Asyoumovealong，say，inahostilecountry，youreyesshouldbelookingafarfortheenemyoranysignsofhim：figures，dustrising，birdsgettingup，glitterofarms，etc.\"[1]]
Whenitbranchesoutindifferentdirections，itshowsthatpartieshavebeensenttocollectfirewood.Afewcloudsofdustmovingtoandfrosignifythatthearmyisencamping.
[ChangYusays：\"Inapportioningthedefensesforacantonment，lighthorsewillbesentouttosurveythepositionandascertaintheweakandstrongpointsallalongitscircumference.Hencethesmallquantityofdustanditsmotion.\"]
24.Humblewordsandincreasedpreparationsaresignsthattheenemyisabouttoadvance.
[\"Asthoughtheystoodingreatfearofus，\"saysTuMu.
\"Theirobjectistomakeuscontemptuousandcareless，afterwhichtheywillattackus.\"ChangYualludestothestoryofT`ienTanoftheCh`i—moagainsttheYenforces，ledbyCh`iChieh.Inch.82oftheSHIHCHIweread：\"T`ienTanopenlysaid：’MyonlyfearisthattheYenarmymaycutoffthenosesoftheirCh`iprisonersandplacetheminthefrontranktofightagainstus;thatwouldbetheundoingofourcity.’Theothersidebeinginformedofthisspeech，atonceactedonthesuggestion;butthosewithinthecitywereenragedatseeingtheirfellow—countrymenthusmutilated，andfearingonlylesttheyshouldfallintotheenemy’shands，werenervedtodefendthemselvesmoreobstinatelythanever.OnceagainT`ienTansentbackconvertedspieswhoreportedthesewordstotheenemy：
\"WhatIdreadmostisthatthemenofYenmaydiguptheancestraltombsoutsidethetown，andbyinflictingthisindignityonourforefatherscauseustobecomefaint—hearted.’
Forthwiththebesiegersdugupallthegravesandburnedthecorpseslyinginthem.AndtheinhabitantsofChi—mo，witnessingtheoutragefromthecity—walls，weptpassionatelyandwereallimpatienttogooutandfight，theirfurybeingincreasedtenfold.T`ienTanknewthenthathissoldierswerereadyforanyenterprise.Butinsteadofasword，hehimselftooamattockinhishands，andorderedotherstobedistributedamongsthisbestwarriors，whiletherankswerefilledupwiththeirwivesandconcubines.Hethenservedoutalltheremainingrationsandbadehismeneattheirfill.Theregularsoldiersweretoldtokeepoutofsight，andthewallsweremannedwiththeoldandweakermenandwithwomen.Thisdone，envoysweredispatchedtotheenemy’scamptoarrangetermsofsurrender，whereupontheYenarmybeganshoutingforjoy.T`ienTanalsocollected20，000ouncesofsilverfromthepeople，andgotthewealthycitizensofChi—motosendittotheYengeneralwiththeprayerthat，whenthetowncapitulated，hewouldallowtheirhomestobeplunderedortheirwomentobemaltreated.Ch`iChieh，inhighgoodhumor，grantedtheirprayer;buthisarmynowbecameincreasinglyslackandcareless.Meanwhile，T`ienTangottogetherathousandoxen，deckedthemwithpiecesofredsilk，paintedtheirbodies，dragon—like，withcoloredstripes，andfastenedsharpbladesontheirhornsandwell—greasedrushesontheirtails.Whennightcameon，helightedtheendsoftherushes，anddrovetheoxenthroughanumberofholeswhichhehadpiercedinthewalls，backingthemupwithaforceof5000pickedwarriors.Theanimals，maddenedwithpain，dashedfuriouslyintotheenemy’scampwheretheycausedtheutmostconfusionanddismay;fortheirtailsactedastorches，showingupthehideouspatternontheirbodies，andtheweaponsontheirhornskilledorwoundedanywithwhomtheycameintocontact.Inthemeantime，thebandof5000hadcreptupwithgagsintheirmouths，andnowthrewthemselvesontheenemy.Atthesamemomentafrightfuldinaroseinthecityitself，allthosethatremainedbehindmakingasmuchnoiseaspossiblebybangingdrumsandhammeringonbronzevessels，untilheavenandearthwereconvulsedbytheuproar.Terror—stricken，theYenarmyfledindisorder，hotlypursuedbythemenofCh`i，whosucceededinslayingtheirgeneralCh`iChienTheresultofthebattlewastheultimaterecoveryofsomeseventycitieswhichhadbelongedtotheCh`iState.\"]
Violentlanguageanddrivingforwardasiftotheattackaresignsthathewillretreat.
25.Whenthelightchariotscomeoutfirstandtakeupapositiononthewings，itisasignthattheenemyisformingforbattle.
26.Peaceproposalsunaccompaniedbyasworncovenantindicateaplot.
[Thereadinghereisuncertain.LiCh`uanindicates\"atreatyconfirmedbyoathsandhostages.\"WangHsiandChangYu，ontheotherhand，simplysay\"withoutreason，\"\"onafrivolouspretext.\"]
27.Whenthereismuchrunningabout[Everymanhasteningtohisproperplaceunderhisownregimentalbanner.]
andthesoldiersfallintorank，itmeansthatthecriticalmomenthascome.
28.Whensomeareseenadvancingandsomeretreating，itisalure.
29.Whenthesoldiersstandleaningontheirspears，theyarefaintfromwantoffood.
30.Ifthosewhoaresenttodrawwaterbeginbydrinkingthemselves，thearmyissufferingfromthirst.
[AsTuMuremarks：\"Onemayknowtheconditionofawholearmyfromthebehaviorofasingleman.\"]
31.Iftheenemyseesanadvantagetobegainedandmakesnoefforttosecureit，thesoldiersareexhausted.
32.Ifbirdsgatheronanyspot，itisunoccupied.
[Ausefulfacttobearinmindwhen，forinstance，asCh`enHaosays，theenemyhassecretlyabandonedhiscamp.]
Clamorbynightbetokensnervousness.
33.Ifthereisdisturbanceinthecamp，thegeneral’sauthorityisweak.Ifthebannersandflagsareshiftedabout，seditionisafoot.Iftheofficersareangry，itmeansthatthemenareweary.
[TuMuunderstandsthesentencedifferently：\"Ifalltheofficersofanarmyareangrywiththeirgeneral，itmeansthattheyarebrokenwithfatigue\"owingtotheexertionswhichhehasdemandedfromthem.]
34.Whenanarmyfeedsitshorseswithgrainandkillsitscattleforfood，[Intheordinarycourseofthings，themenwouldbefedongrainandthehorseschieflyongrass.]
andwhenthemendonothangtheircooking—potsoverthecamp—
fires，showingthattheywillnotreturntotheirtents，youmayknowthattheyaredeterminedtofighttothedeath.
[ImayquoteheretheillustrativepassagefromtheHOUHAN
SHU，ch.71，giveninabbreviatedformbytheP`EIWENYUNFU：
\"TherebelWangKuoofLiangwasbesiegingthetownofCh`en—
ts`ang，andHuang—fuSung，whowasinsupremecommand，andTungChoweresentoutagainsthim.Thelatterpressedforhastymeasures，butSungturnedadeafeartohiscounsel.Atlasttherebelswereutterlywornout，andbegantothrowdowntheirweaponsoftheirownaccord.Sungwasnotadvancingtotheattack，butChosaid：’Itisaprincipleofwarnottopursuedesperatemenandnottopressaretreatinghost.’Sunganswered：’Thatdoesnotapplyhere.WhatIamabouttoattackisajadedarmy，notaretreatinghost;withdisciplinedtroopsI
amfallingonadisorganizedmultitude，notabandofdesperatemen.’Thereuponheadvancestotheattackunsupportedbyhiscolleague，androutedtheenemy，WangKuobeingslain.\"]
35.Thesightofmenwhisperingtogetherinsmallknotsorspeakinginsubduedtonespointstodisaffectionamongsttherankandfile.
36.Toofrequentrewardssignifythattheenemyisattheendofhisresources;
[Because，whenanarmyishardpressed，asTuMusays，thereisalwaysafearofmutiny，andlavishrewardsaregiventokeepthemeningoodtemper.]
toomanypunishmentsbetrayaconditionofdiredistress.
[Becauseinsuchcasedisciplinebecomesrelaxed，andunwontedseverityisnecessarytokeepthementotheirduty.]
37.Tobeginbybluster，butafterwardstotakefrightattheenemy’snumbers，showsasupremelackofintelligence.
[IfollowtheinterpretationofTs`aoKung，alsoadoptedbyLiCh`uan，TuMu，andChangYu.AnotherpossiblemeaningsetforthbyTuYu，ChiaLin，MeiTao—ch`enandWangHsi，is：\"Thegeneralwhoisfirsttyrannicaltowardshismen，andtheninterrorlesttheyshouldmutiny，etc.\"Thiswouldconnectthesentencewithwhatwentbeforeaboutrewardsandpunishments.]
38.Whenenvoysaresentwithcomplimentsintheirmouths，itisasignthattheenemywishesforatruce.
[TuMusays：\"Iftheenemyopenfriendlyrelationsbesendinghostages，itisasignthattheyareanxiousforanarmistice，eitherbecausetheirstrengthisexhaustedorforsomeotherreason.\"ButithardlyneedsaSunTzutodrawsuchanobviousinference.]
39.Iftheenemy’stroopsmarchupangrilyandremainfacingoursforalongtimewithouteitherjoiningbattleortakingthemselvesoffagain，thesituationisonethatdemandsgreatvigilanceandcircumspection.
[Ts`aoKungsaysamaneuverofthissortmaybeonlyarusetogaintimeforanunexpectedflankattackorthelayingofanambush.]
40.Ifourtroopsarenomoreinnumberthantheenemy，thatisamplysufficient;itonlymeansthatnodirectattackcanbemade.
[Literally，\"nomartialadvance.\"Thatistosay，CHENG
tacticsandfrontalattacksmustbeeschewed，andstratagemresortedtoinstead.]
Whatwecandoissimplytoconcentrateallouravailablestrength，keepaclosewatchontheenemy，andobtainreinforcements.
[Thisisanobscuresentence，andnoneofthecommentatorssucceedinsqueezingverygoodsenseoutofit.IfollowLiCh`uan，whoappearstoofferthesimplestexplanation：\"Onlythesidethatgetsmoremenwillwin.\"FortunatelywehaveChangYutoexpounditsmeaningtousinlanguagewhichislucidityitself：\"Whenthenumbersareeven，andnofavorableopeningpresentsitself，althoughwemaynotbestrongenoughtodeliverasustainedattack，wecanfindadditionalrecruitsamongstoursutlersandcamp—followers，andthen，concentratingourforcesandkeepingaclosewatchontheenemy，contrivetosnatchthevictory.Butwemustavoidborrowingforeignsoldierstohelpus.\"HethenquotesfromWeiLiaoTzu，ch.3：\"Thenominalstrengthofmercenarytroopsmaybe100，000，buttheirrealvaluewillbenotmorethanhalfthatfigure.\"]
41.Hewhoexercisesnoforethoughtbutmakeslightofhisopponentsissuretobecapturedbythem.
[Ch`enHao，quotingfromtheTSOCHUAN，says：\"Ifbeesandscorpionscarrypoison，howmuchmorewillahostilestate！Evenapunyopponent，then，shouldnotbetreatedwithcontempt.\"]
42.Ifsoldiersarepunishedbeforetheyhavegrownattachedtoyou，theywillnotprovesubmissive;and，unlesssubmissive，thenwillbepracticallyuseless.If，whenthesoldiershavebecomeattachedtoyou，punishmentsarenotenforced，theywillstillbeunless.
43.Thereforesoldiersmustbetreatedinthefirstinstancewithhumanity，butkeptundercontrolbymeansofirondiscipline.
[YenTzu[B.C.493]saidofSsu—maJang—chu：\"Hiscivilvirtuesendearedhimtothepeople;hismartialprowesskepthisenemiesinawe.\"Cf.WuTzu，ch.4init.：\"Theidealcommanderunitesculturewithawarliketemper;theprofessionofarmsrequiresacombinationofhardnessandtenderness.\"]
Thisisacertainroadtovictory.
44.Ifintrainingsoldierscommandsarehabituallyenforced，thearmywillbewell—disciplined;ifnot，itsdisciplinewillbebad.
45.Ifageneralshowsconfidenceinhismenbutalwaysinsistsonhisordersbeingobeyed，[TuMusays：\"Ageneraloughtintimeofpeacetoshowkindlyconfidenceinhismenandalsomakehisauthorityrespected，sothatwhentheycometofacetheenemy，ordersmaybeexecutedanddisciplinemaintained，becausetheyalltrustandlookuptohim.\"WhatSunTzuhassaidinss.44，however，wouldleadonerathertoexpectsomethinglikethis：\"Ifageneralisalwaysconfidentthathisorderswillbecarriedout，\"etc.\"]
thegainwillbemutual.