[ChangYusays:\"Thegeneralhasconfidenceinthemenunderhiscommand,andthemenaredocile,havingconfidenceinhim.Thusthegainismutual\"HequotesapregnantsentencefromWeiLiaoTzu,ch.4:\"Theartofgivingordersisnottotrytorectifyminorblundersandnottobeswayedbypettydoubts.\"Vacillationandfussinessarethesurestmeansofsappingtheconfidenceofanarmy.]
[1]\"AidstoScouting,\"p.26.
X.TERRAIN
[Onlyaboutathirdofthechapter,comprisingss.ss.1—13,dealswith\"terrain,\"thesubjectbeingmorefullytreatedinch.
XI.The\"sixcalamities\"arediscussedinSS.14—20,andtherestofthechapterisagainamerestringofdesultoryremarks,thoughnotlessinteresting,perhaps,onthataccount.]
1.SunTzusaid:Wemaydistinguishsixkindsofterrain,towit:(1)Accessibleground;
[MeiYao—ch`ensays:\"plentifullyprovidedwithroadsandmeansofcommunications.\"]
(2)entanglingground;
[Thesamecommentatorsays:\"Net—likecountry,venturingintowhichyoubecomeentangled.\"]
(3)temporizingground;
[Groundwhichallowsyouto\"staveoff\"or\"delay.\"]
(4)narrowpasses;(5)precipitousheights;(6)positionsatagreatdistancefromtheenemy.
[Itishardlynecessarytopointoutthefaultinessofthisclassification.AstrangelackoflogicalperceptionisshownintheChinaman’sunquestioningacceptanceofglaringcross—
divisionssuchastheabove.]
2.GroundwhichcanbefreelytraversedbybothsidesiscalledACCESSIBLE.
3.Withregardtogroundofthisnature,bebeforetheenemyinoccupyingtheraisedandsunnyspots,andcarefullyguardyourlineofsupplies.
[Thegeneralmeaningofthelastphraseisdoubtlessly,asTuYusays,\"nottoallowtheenemytocutyourcommunications.\"
InviewofNapoleon’sdictum,\"thesecretofwarliesinthecommunications,\"[1]wecouldwishthatSunTzuhaddonemorethanskirttheedgeofthisimportantsubjecthereandinI.ss.
10,VII.ss.11.Col.Hendersonsays:\"Thelineofsupplymaybesaidtobeasvitaltotheexistenceofanarmyasthehearttothelifeofahumanbeing.Justastheduelistwhofindshisadversary’spointmenacinghimwithcertaindeath,andhisownguardastray,iscompelledtoconformtohisadversary’smovements,andtocontenthimselfwithwardingoffhisthrusts,sothecommanderwhosecommunicationsaresuddenlythreatenedfindshimselfinafalseposition,andhewillbefortunateifhehasnottochangeallhisplans,tosplituphisforceintomoreorlessisolateddetachments,andtofightwithinferiornumbersongroundwhichhehasnothadtimetoprepare,andwheredefeatwillnotbeanordinaryfailure,butwillentailtheruinorsurrenderofhiswholearmy.\"[2]
Thenyouwillbeabletofightwithadvantage.
4.Groundwhichcanbeabandonedbutishardtore—occupyiscalledENTANGLING.
5.Fromapositionofthissort,iftheenemyisunprepared,youmaysallyforthanddefeathim.Butiftheenemyispreparedforyourcoming,andyoufailtodefeathim,then,returnbeingimpossible,disasterwillensue.
6.Whenthepositionissuchthatneithersidewillgainbymakingthefirstmove,itiscalledTEMPORIZINGground.
[TuMusays:\"Eachsidefindsitinconvenienttomove,andthesituationremainsatadeadlock.\"]
7.Inapositionofthissort,eventhoughtheenemyshouldofferusanattractivebait,[TuYusays,\"turningtheirbacksonusandpretendingtoflee.\"Butthisisonlyoneofthelureswhichmightinduceustoquitourposition.]
itwillbeadvisablenottostirforth,butrathertoretreat,thusenticingtheenemyinhisturn;then,whenpartofhisarmyhascomeout,wemaydeliverourattackwithadvantage.
8.WithregardtoNARROWPASSES,ifyoucanoccupythemfirst,letthembestronglygarrisonedandawaittheadventoftheenemy.
[Becausethen,asTuYuobserves,\"theinitiativewillliewithus,andbymakingsuddenandunexpectedattacksweshallhavetheenemyatourmercy.\"]
9.Shouldthearmyforestallyouinoccupyingapass,donotgoafterhimifthepassisfullygarrisoned,butonlyifitisweaklygarrisoned.
10.WithregardtoPRECIPITOUSHEIGHTS,ifyouarebeforehandwithyouradversary,youshouldoccupytheraisedandsunnyspots,andtherewaitforhimtocomeup.
[Ts`aoKungsays:\"Theparticularadvantageofsecuringheightsanddefilesisthatyouractionscannotthenbedictatedbytheenemy.\"[Fortheenunciationofthegrandprinciplealludedto,seeVI.ss.2].ChangYutellsthefollowinganecdoteofP`eiHsing—chien(A.D.619—682),whowassentonapunitiveexpeditionagainsttheTurkictribes.\"Atnighthepitchedhiscampasusual,andithadalreadybeencompletelyfortifiedbywallandditch,whensuddenlyhegaveordersthatthearmyshouldshiftitsquarterstoahillnearby.Thiswashighlydispleasingtohisofficers,whoprotestedloudlyagainsttheextrafatiguewhichitwouldentailonthemen.P`eiHsing—
chien,however,paidnoheedtotheirremonstrancesandhadthecampmovedasquicklyaspossible.Thesamenight,aterrificstormcameon,whichfloodedtheirformerplaceofencampmenttothedepthofovertwelvefeet.Therecalcitrantofficerswereamazedatthesight,andownedthattheyhadbeeninthewrong.
’Howdidyouknowwhatwasgoingtohappen?’theyasked.P`eiHsing—chienreplied:’Fromthistimeforwardbecontenttoobeyorderswithoutaskingunnecessaryquestions.’Fromthisitmaybeseen,\"ChangYucontinues,\"thathighandsunnyplacesareadvantageousnotonlyforfighting,butalsobecausetheyareimmunefromdisastrousfloods.\"]
11.Iftheenemyhasoccupiedthembeforeyou,donotfollowhim,butretreatandtrytoenticehimaway.
[TheturningpointofLiShih—min’scampaignin621A.D.
againstthetworebels,TouChien—te,KingofHsia,andWangShih—ch`ung,PrinceofCheng,washisseizureoftheheightsofWu—lao,inspikeofwhichTouChien—tepersistedinhisattempttorelievehisallyinLo—yang,wasdefeatedandtakenprisoner.
SeeCHIUT`ANG,ch.2,fol.5verso,andalsoch.54.]
12.Ifyouaresituatedatagreatdistancefromtheenemy,andthestrengthofthetwoarmiesisequal,itisnoteasytoprovokeabattle,[Thepointisthatwemustnotthinkofundertakingalongandwearisomemarch,attheendofwhich,asTuYusays,\"weshouldbeexhaustedandouradversaryfreshandkeen.\"]
andfightingwillbetoyourdisadvantage.
13.ThesesixaretheprinciplesconnectedwithEarth.
[Orperhaps,\"theprinciplesrelatingtoground.\"See,however,I.ss.8.]
Thegeneralwhohasattainedaresponsiblepostmustbecarefultostudythem.
14.Nowanarmyisexposedtosixseveralcalamities,notarisingfromnaturalcauses,butfromfaultsforwhichthegeneralisresponsible.Theseare:(1)Flight;(2)
insubordination;(3)collapse;(4)ruin;(5)disorganization;(6)
rout.
15.Otherconditionsbeingequal,ifoneforceishurledagainstanothertentimesitssize,theresultwillbetheFLIGHT
oftheformer.
16.Whenthecommonsoldiersaretoostrongandtheirofficerstooweak,theresultisINSUBORDINATION.
[TuMucitestheunhappycaseofT`ienPu[HSINT`ANGSHU,ch.148],whowassenttoWeiin821A.D.withorderstoleadanarmyagainstWangT`ing—ts`ou.Butthewholetimehewasincommand,hissoldierstreatedhimwiththeutmostcontempt,andopenlyfloutedhisauthoritybyridingaboutthecampondonkeys,severalthousandsatatime.T`ienPuwaspowerlesstoputastoptothisconduct,andwhen,aftersomemonthshadpassed,hemadeanattempttoengagetheenemy,histroopsturnedtailanddispersedineverydirection.Afterthat,theunfortunatemancommittedsuicidebycuttinghisthroat.]
Whentheofficersaretoostrongandthecommonsoldierstooweak,theresultisCOLLAPSE.
[Ts`aoKungsays:\"Theofficersareenergeticandwanttopresson,thecommonsoldiersarefeebleandsuddenlycollapse.\"]
17.Whenthehigherofficersareangryandinsubordinate,andonmeetingtheenemygivebattleontheirownaccountfromafeelingofresentment,beforethecommander—in—chiefcantellwhetherornoheisinapositiontofight,theresultisRUIN.
[WangHsi`snoteis:\"Thismeans,thegeneralisangrywithoutcause,andatthesametimedoesnotappreciatetheabilityofhissubordinateofficers;thushearousesfierceresentmentandbringsanavalancheofruinuponhishead.\"]
18.Whenthegeneralisweakandwithoutauthority;whenhisordersarenotclearanddistinct;
[WeiLiaoTzu(ch.4)says:\"Ifthecommandergiveshisorderswithdecision,thesoldierswillnotwaittohearthemtwice;ifhismovesaremadewithoutvacillation,thesoldierswillnotbeintwomindsaboutdoingtheirduty.\"GeneralBaden—
Powellsays,italicizingthewords:\"Thesecretofgettingsuccessfulworkoutofyourtrainedmenliesinonenutshell——intheclearnessoftheinstructionstheyreceive.\"[3]Cf.alsoWuTzuch.3:\"themostfataldefectinamilitaryleaderisdifference;theworstcalamitiesthatbefallanarmyarisefromhesitation.\"]
whentherearenofixesdutiesassignedtoofficersandmen,[TuMusays:\"Neitherofficersnormenhaveanyregularroutine.\"]
andtheranksareformedinaslovenlyhaphazardmanner,theresultisutterDISORGANIZATION.
19.Whenageneral,unabletoestimatetheenemy’sstrength,allowsaninferiorforcetoengagealargerone,orhurlsaweakdetachmentagainstapowerfulone,andneglectstoplacepickedsoldiersinthefrontrank,theresultmustbeROUT.
[ChangYuparaphrasesthelatterpartofthesentenceandcontinues:\"Wheneverthereisfightingtobedone,thekeenestspiritsshouldbeappointedtoserveinthefrontranks,bothinordertostrengthentheresolutionofourownmenandtodemoralizetheenemy.\"Cf.theprimiordinesofCaesar(\"DeBelloGallico,\"V.28,44,etal.).]
20.Thesearesixwaysofcourtingdefeat,whichmustbecarefullynotedbythegeneralwhohasattainedaresponsiblepost.
[Seesupra,ss.13.]
21.Thenaturalformationofthecountryisthesoldier’sbestally;
[Ch`enHaosays:\"Theadvantagesofweatherandseasonarenotequaltothoseconnectedwithground.\"]
butapowerofestimatingtheadversary,ofcontrollingtheforcesofvictory,andofshrewdlycalculatingdifficulties,dangersanddistances,constitutesthetestofagreatgeneral.
22.Hewhoknowsthesethings,andinfightingputshisknowledgeintopractice,willwinhisbattles.Hewhoknowsthemnot,norpracticesthem,willsurelybedefeated.
23.Iffightingissuretoresultinvictory,thenyoumustfight,eventhoughtherulerforbidit;iffightingwillnotresultinvictory,thenyoumustnotfightevenattheruler’sbidding.
[Cf.VIII.ss.3fin.HuangShih—kungoftheCh`indynasty,whoissaidtohavebeenthepatronofChangLiangandtohavewrittentheSANLUEH,hasthesewordsattributedtohim:\"Theresponsibilityofsettinganarmyinmotionmustdevolveonthegeneralalone;ifadvanceandretreatarecontrolledfromthePalace,brilliantresultswillhardlybeachieved.Hencethegod—likerulerandtheenlightenedmonarcharecontenttoplayahumblepartinfurtheringtheircountry’scause[lit.,kneeldowntopushthechariotwheel].\"Thismeansthat\"inmatterslyingoutsidethezenana,thedecisionofthemilitarycommandermustbeabsolute.\"ChangYualsoquotethesaying:\"DecreesfromtheSonofHeavendonotpenetratethewallsofacamp.\"]
24.Thegeneralwhoadvanceswithoutcovetingfameandretreatswithoutfearingdisgrace,[ItwasWellington,Ithink,whosaidthatthehardestthingofallforasoldieristoretreat.]
whoseonlythoughtistoprotecthiscountryanddogoodserviceforhissovereign,isthejewelofthekingdom.
[Anoblepresentiment,infewwords,oftheChinese\"happywarrior.\"Suchaman,saysHoShih,\"evenifhehadtosufferpunishment,wouldnotregrethisconduct.\"]
25.Regardyoursoldiersasyourchildren,andtheywillfollowyouintothedeepestvalleys;lookuponthemasyourownbelovedsons,andtheywillstandbyyouevenuntodeath.
[Cf.I.ss.6.Inthisconnection,TuMudrawsforusanengagingpictureofthefamousgeneralWuCh`i,fromwhosetreatiseonwarIhavefrequentlyhadoccasiontoquote:\"Heworethesameclothesandatethesamefoodasthemeanestofhissoldiers,refusedtohaveeitherahorsetorideoramattosleepon,carriedhisownsurplusrationswrappedinaparcel,andsharedeveryhardshipwithhismen.Oneofhissoldierswassufferingfromanabscess,andWuCh`ihimselfsuckedoutthevirus.Thesoldier’smother,hearingthis,beganwailingandlamenting.Somebodyaskedher,saying:’Whydoyoucry?Yoursonisonlyacommonsoldier,andyetthecommander—in—chiefhimselfhassuckedthepoisonfromhissore.’Thewomanreplied,’Manyyearsago,LordWuperformedasimilarserviceformyhusband,whoneverlefthimafterwards,andfinallymethisdeathatthehandsoftheenemy.Andnowthathehasdonethesameformyson,hetoowillfallfightingIknownotwhere.’\"LiCh`uanmentionstheViscountofCh`u,whoinvadedthesmallstateofHsiaoduringthewinter.TheDukeofShensaidtohim:\"Manyofthesoldiersaresufferingseverelyfromthecold.\"Sohemadearoundofthewholearmy,comfortingandencouragingthemen;andstraightwaytheyfeltasiftheywereclothedingarmentslinedwithflosssilk.]
26.If,however,youareindulgent,butunabletomakeyourauthorityfelt;kind—hearted,butunabletoenforceyourcommands;andincapable,moreover,ofquellingdisorder:thenyoursoldiersmustbelikenedtospoiltchildren;theyareuselessforanypracticalpurpose.
[LiChingoncesaidthatifyoucouldmakeyoursoldiersafraidofyou,theywouldnotbeafraidoftheenemy.TuMurecallsaninstanceofsternmilitarydisciplinewhichoccurredin219A.D.,whenLuMengwasoccupyingthetownofChiang—ling.
Hehadgivenstringentorderstohisarmynottomolesttheinhabitantsnortakeanythingfromthembyforce.Nevertheless,acertainofficerservingunderhisbanner,whohappenedtobeafellow—townsman,venturedtoappropriateabamboohatbelongingtooneofthepeople,inordertowearitoverhisregulationhelmetasaprotectionagainsttherain.LuMengconsideredthatthefactofhisbeingalsoanativeofJu—nanshouldnotbeallowedtopalliateaclearbreachofdiscipline,andaccordinglyheorderedhissummaryexecution,thetearsrollingdownhisface,however,ashedidso.Thisactofseverityfilledthearmywithwholesomeawe,andfromthattimeforthevenarticlesdroppedinthehighwaywerenotpickedup.]
27.Ifweknowthatourownmenareinaconditiontoattack,butareunawarethattheenemyisnotopentoattack,wehavegoneonlyhalfwaytowardsvictory.
[Thatis,Ts`aoKungsays,\"theissueinthiscaseisuncertain.\"]
28.Ifweknowthattheenemyisopentoattack,butareunawarethatourownmenarenotinaconditiontoattack,wehavegoneonlyhalfwaytowardsvictory.
[Cf.III.ss.13(1).]
29.Ifweknowthattheenemyisopentoattack,andalsoknowthatourmenareinaconditiontoattack,butareunawarethatthenatureofthegroundmakesfightingimpracticable,wehavestillgoneonlyhalfwaytowardsvictory.
30.Hencetheexperiencedsoldier,onceinmotion,isneverbewildered;oncehehasbrokencamp,heisneverataloss.
[Thereasonbeing,accordingtoTuMu,thathehastakenhismeasuressothoroughlyastoensurevictorybeforehand.\"Hedoesnotmoverecklessly,\"saysChangYu,\"sothatwhenhedoesmove,hemakesnomistakes.\"]
31.Hencethesaying:Ifyouknowtheenemyandknowyourself,yourvictorywillnotstandindoubt;ifyouknowHeavenandknowEarth,youmaymakeyourvictorycomplete.
[LiCh`uansumsupasfollows:\"Givenaknowledgeofthreethings——theaffairsofmen,theseasonsofheavenandthenaturaladvantagesofearth——,victorywillinvariablycrownyourbattles.\"]
[1]See\"PenseesdeNapoleon1er,\"no.47.
[2]\"TheScienceofWar,\"chap.2.
[3]\"AidstoScouting,\"p.xii.
XI.THENINESITUATIONS
1.SunTzusaid:Theartofwarrecognizesninevarietiesofground:(1)Dispersiveground;(2)facileground;(3)
contentiousground;(4)openground;(5)groundofintersectinghighways;(6)seriousground;(7)difficultground;(8)hemmed—inground;(9)desperateground.
2.Whenachieftainisfightinginhisownterritory,itisdispersiveground.
[Socalledbecausethesoldiers,beingneartotheirhomesandanxioustoseetheirwivesandchildren,arelikelytoseizetheopportunityaffordedbyabattleandscatterineverydirection.\"Intheiradvance,\"observesTuMu,\"theywilllackthevalorofdesperation,andwhentheyretreat,theywillfindharborsofrefuge.\"]
3.Whenhehaspenetratedintohostileterritory,buttonogreatdistance,itisfacileground.
[LiCh`uanandHoShihsay\"becauseofthefacilityforretreating,\"andtheothercommentatorsgivesimilarexplanations.TuMuremarks:\"Whenyourarmyhascrossedtheborder,youshouldburnyourboatsandbridges,inordertomakeitcleartoeverybodythatyouhavenohankeringafterhome.\"]
4.Groundthepossessionofwhichimportsgreatadvantagetoeitherside,iscontentiousground.
[TuMudefinesthegroundasground\"tobecontendedfor.\"
Ts`aoKungsays:\"groundonwhichthefewandtheweakcandefeatthemanyandthestrong,\"suchas\"theneckofapass,\"
instancedbyLiCh`uan.Thus,Thermopylaewasofthisclassificationbecausethepossessionofit,evenforafewdaysonly,meantholdingtheentireinvadingarmyincheckandthusgaininginvaluabletime.Cf.WuTzu,ch.V.adinit.:\"Forthosewhohavetofightintheratioofonetoten,thereisnothingbetterthananarrowpass.\"WhenLuKuangwasreturningfromhistriumphantexpeditiontoTurkestanin385A.D.,andhadgotasfarasI—ho,ladenwithspoils,LiangHsi,administratorofLiang—chou,takingadvantageofthedeathofFuChien,KingofCh`in,plottedagainsthimandwasforbarringhiswayintotheprovince.YangHan,governorofKao—ch`ang,counseledhim,saying:\"LuKuangisfreshfromhisvictoriesinthewest,andhissoldiersarevigorousandmettlesome.Ifweopposehimintheshiftingsandsofthedesert,weshallbenomatchforhim,andwemustthereforetryadifferentplan.LetushastentooccupythedefileatthemouthoftheKao—wupass,thuscuttinghimofffromsuppliesofwater,andwhenhistroopsareprostratedwiththirst,wecandictateourowntermswithoutmoving.OrifyouthinkthatthepassImentionistoofaroff,wecouldmakeastandagainsthimattheI—wupass,whichisnearer.ThecunningandresourceofTzu—fanghimselfwouldbeexpendedinvainagainsttheenormousstrengthofthesetwopositions.\"LiangHsi,refusingtoactonthisadvice,wasoverwhelmedandsweptawaybytheinvader.]
5.Groundonwhicheachsidehaslibertyofmovementisopenground.
[TherearevariousinterpretationsoftheChineseadjectiveforthistypeofground.Ts`aoKungsaysitmeans\"groundcoveredwithanetworkofroads,\"likeachessboard.HoShihsuggested:\"groundonwhichintercommunicationiseasy.\"]
6.Groundwhichformsthekeytothreecontiguousstates,[Ts`auKungdefinesthisas:\"Ourcountryadjoiningtheenemy’sandathirdcountryconterminouswithboth.\"MengShihinstancesthesmallprincipalityofCheng,whichwasboundedonthenorth—eastbyCh`i,onthewestbyChin,andonthesouthbyCh`u.]
sothathewhooccupiesitfirsthasmostoftheEmpireathiscommand,[Thebelligerentwhoholdsthisdominatingpositioncanconstrainmostofthemtobecomehisallies.]
isagroundofintersectinghighways.
7.Whenanarmyhaspenetratedintotheheartofahostilecountry,leavinganumberoffortifiedcitiesinitsrear,itisseriousground.
[WangHsiexplainsthenamebysayingthat\"whenanarmyhasreachedsuchapoint,itssituationisserious.\"]
8.Mountainforests,[Orsimply\"forests.\"]
ruggedsteeps,marshesandfens——allcountrythatishardtotraverse:thisisdifficultground.
9.Groundwhichisreachedthroughnarrowgorges,andfromwhichwecanonlyretirebytortuouspaths,sothatasmallnumberoftheenemywouldsufficetocrushalargebodyofourmen:thisishemmedinground.
10.Groundonwhichwecanonlybesavedfromdestructionbyfightingwithoutdelay,isdesperateground.
[Thesituation,aspicturedbyTs`aoKung,isverysimilartothe\"hemmed—inground\"exceptthathereescapeisnolongerpossible:\"Aloftymountaininfront,alargeriverbehind,advanceimpossible,retreatblocked.\"Ch`enHaosays:\"tobeon’desperateground’islikesittinginaleakingboatorcrouchinginaburninghouse.\"TuMuquotesfromLiChingavividdescriptionoftheplightofanarmythusentrapped:\"Supposeanarmyinvadinghostileterritorywithouttheaidoflocalguides:
——itfallsintoafatalsnareandisattheenemy’smercy.A
ravineontheleft,amountainontheright,apathwaysoperilousthatthehorseshavetoberopedtogetherandthechariotscarriedinslings,nopassageopeninfront,retreatcutoffbehind,nochoicebuttoproceedinsinglefile.Then,beforethereistimetorangeoursoldiersinorderofbattle,theenemyisoverwhelmingstrengthsuddenlyappearsonthescene.
Advancing,wecannowheretakeabreathing—space;retreating,wehavenohavenofrefuge.Weseekapitchedbattle,butinvain;
yetstandingonthedefensive,noneofushasamoment’srespite.
Ifwesimplymaintainourground,wholedaysandmonthswillcrawlby;themomentwemakeamove,wehavetosustaintheenemy’sattacksonfrontandrear.Thecountryiswild,destituteofwaterandplants;thearmyislackinginthenecessariesoflife,thehorsesarejadedandthemenworn—out,alltheresourcesofstrengthandskillunavailing,thepasssonarrowthatasinglemandefendingitcanchecktheonsetoftenthousand;allmeansofoffenseinthehandsoftheenemy,allpointsofvantagealreadyforfeitedbyourselves:——inthisterribleplight,eventhoughwehadthemostvaliantsoldiersandthekeenestofweapons,howcouldtheybeemployedwiththeslightesteffect?\"StudentsofGreekhistorymayberemindedoftheawfulclosetotheSicilianexpedition,andtheagonyoftheAtheniansunderNiciasandDemonsthenes.[SeeThucydides,VII.
78sqq.].]
11.Ondispersiveground,therefore,fightnot.Onfacileground,haltnot.Oncontentiousground,attacknot.
[Butratherletallyourenergiesbebentonoccupyingtheadvantageouspositionfirst.SoTs`aoKung.LiCh`uanandothers,however,supposethemeaningtobethattheenemyhasalreadyforestalledus,sotthatitwouldbesheermadnesstoattack.IntheSUNTZUHSULU,whentheKingofWuinquireswhatshouldbedoneinthiscase,SunTzureplies:\"Therulewithregardtocontentiousgroundisthatthoseinpossessionhavetheadvantageovertheotherside.Ifapositionofthiskindissecuredfirstbytheenemy,bewareofattackinghim.Lurehimawaybypretendingtoflee——showyourbannersandsoundyourdrums——makeadashforotherplacesthathecannotaffordtolose——trailbrushwoodandraiseadust——confoundhisearsandeyes——detachabodyofyourbesttroops,andplaceitsecretlyinambuscade.Thenyouropponentwillsallyforthtotherescue.\"]
12.Onopenground,donottrytoblocktheenemy’sway.
[Becausetheattemptwouldbefutile,andwouldexposetheblockingforceitselftoseriousrisks.Therearetwointerpretationsavailablehere.IfollowthatofChangYu.TheotherisindicatedinTs`aoKung’sbriefnote:\"Drawclosertogether\"——i.e.,seethataportionofyourownarmyisnotcutoff.]
Onthegroundofintersectinghighways,joinhandswithyourallies.
[Orperhaps,\"formallianceswithneighboringstates.\"]
13.Onseriousground,gatherinplunder.
[Onthis,LiCh`uanhasthefollowingdeliciousnote:\"Whenanarmypenetratesfarintotheenemy’scountry,caremustbetakennottoalienatethepeoplebyunjusttreatment.FollowtheexampleoftheHanEmperorKaoTsu,whosemarchintoCh`interritorywasmarkedbynoviolationofwomenorlootingofvaluables.[Notabene:thiswasin207B.C.,andmaywellcauseustoblushfortheChristianarmiesthatenteredPekingin1900
A.D.]Thushewontheheartsofall.Inthepresentpassage,then,Ithinkthatthetruereadingmustbe,not’plunder,’but’donotplunder.’\"Alas,Ifearthatinthisinstancetheworthycommentator’sfeelingsoutranhisjudgment.TuMu,atleast,hasnosuchillusions.Hesays:\"Whenencampedon’seriousground,’
therebeingnoinducementasyettoadvancefurther,andnopossibilityofretreat,oneoughttotakemeasuresforaprotractedresistancebybringinginprovisionsfromallsides,andkeepaclosewatchontheenemy.\"]
Indifficultground,keepsteadilyonthemarch.
[Or,inthewordsofVIII.ss.2,\"donotencamp.]
14.Onhemmed—inground,resorttostratagem.
[Ts`auKungsays:\"Trytheeffectofsomeunusualartifice;\"andTuYuamplifiesthisbysaying:\"Insuchaposition,someschememustbedevisedwhichwillsuitthecircumstances,andifwecansucceedindeludingtheenemy,theperilmaybeescaped.\"ThisisexactlywhathappenedonthefamousoccasionwhenHannibalwashemmedinamongthemountainsontheroadtoCasilinum,andtoallappearancesentrappedbythedictatorFabius.ThestratagemwhichHannibaldevisedtobafflehisfoeswasremarkablylikethatwhichT`ienTanhadalsoemployedwithsuccessexactly62yearsbefore.[SeeIX.ss.24,note.]Whennightcameon,bundlesoftwigswerefastenedtothehornsofsome2000oxenandsetonfire,theterrifiedanimalsbeingthenquicklydrivenalongthemountainsidetowardsthepasseswhichwerebesetbytheenemy.ThestrangespectacleoftheserapidlymovinglightssoalarmedanddiscomfitedtheRomansthattheywithdrewfromtheirposition,andHannibal’sarmypassedsafelythroughthedefile.[SeePolybius,III.93,94;
Livy,XXII.1617.]
Ondesperateground,fight.
[For,asChiaLinremarks:\"ifyoufightwithallyourmight,thereisachanceoflife;whereasdeathiscertainifyouclingtoyourcorner.\"]
15.Thosewhowerecalledskillfulleadersofoldknewhowtodriveawedgebetweentheenemy’sfrontandrear;
[Moreliterally,\"causethefrontandreartolosetouchwitheachother.\"]
topreventco—operationbetweenhislargeandsmalldivisions;tohinderthegoodtroopsfromrescuingthebad,theofficersfromrallyingtheirmen.
16.Whentheenemy’smenwereunited,theymanagedtokeepthemindisorder.
17.Whenitwastotheiradvantage,theymadeaforwardmove;whenotherwise,theystoppedstill.
[MeiYao—ch`enconnectsthiswiththeforegoing:\"Havingsucceededinthusdislocatingtheenemy,theywouldpushforwardinordertosecureanyadvantagetobegained;iftherewasnoadvantagetobegained,theywouldremainwheretheywere.\"]
18.Ifaskedhowtocopewithagreathostoftheenemyinorderlyarrayandonthepointofmarchingtotheattack,I
shouldsay:\"Beginbyseizingsomethingwhichyouropponentholdsdear;thenhewillbeamenabletoyourwill.\"
[OpinionsdifferastowhatSunTzuhadinmind.Ts`aoKungthinksitis\"somestrategicaladvantageonwhichtheenemyisdepending.\"TuMusays:\"Thethreethingswhichanenemyisanxioustodo,andontheaccomplishmentofwhichhissuccessdepends,are:(1)tocaptureourfavorablepositions;(2)toravageourcultivatedland;(3)toguardhisowncommunications.\"
Ourobjectthenmustbetothwarthisplansinthesethreedirectionsandthusrenderhimhelpless.[Cf.III.ss.3.]Byboldlyseizingtheinitiativeinthisway,youatoncethrowtheothersideonthedefensive.]
19.Rapidityistheessenceofwar:
[AccordingtoTuMu,\"thisisasummaryofleadingprinciplesinwarfare,\"andheadds:\"Thesearetheprofoundesttruthsofmilitaryscience,andthechiefbusinessofthegeneral.\"Thefollowinganecdotes,toldbyHoShih,showstheimportanceattachedtospeedbytwoofChina’sgreatestgenerals.
In227A.D.,MengTa,governorofHsin—ch`engundertheWeiEmperorWenTi,wasmeditatingdefectiontotheHouseofShu,andhadenteredintocorrespondencewithChu—koLiang,PrimeMinisterofthatState.TheWeigeneralSsu—maIwasthenmilitarygovernorofWan,andgettingwindofMengTa’streachery,heatoncesetoffwithanarmytoanticipatehisrevolt,havingpreviouslycajoledhimbyaspeciousmessageoffriendlyimport.
Ssu—ma’sofficerscametohimandsaid:\"IfMengTahasleaguedhimselfwithWuandShu,themattershouldbethoroughlyinvestigatedbeforewemakeamove.\"Ssu—maIreplied:\"MengTaisanunprincipledman,andweoughttogoandpunishhimatonce,whileheisstillwaveringandbeforehehasthrownoffthemask.\"Then,byaseriesofforcedmarches,bebroughthisarmyunderthewallsofHsin—ch`engwithinaspaceofeightdays.
NowMengTahadpreviouslysaidinalettertoChu—koLiang:
\"Wanis1200LIfromhere.WhenthenewsofmyrevoltreachesSsu—maI,hewillatonceinformhisimperialmaster,butitwillbeawholemonthbeforeanystepscanbetaken,andbythattimemycitywillbewellfortified.Besides,Ssu—maIissurenottocomehimself,andthegeneralsthatwillbesentagainstusarenotworthtroublingabout.\"Thenextletter,however,wasfilledwithconsternation:\"ThoughonlyeightdayshavepassedsinceI
threwoffmyallegiance,anarmyisalreadyatthecity—gates.
Whatmiraculousrapidityisthis!\"Afortnightlater,Hsin—
ch`enghadfallenandMengTahadlosthishead.[SeeCHINSHU,ch.1,f.3.]In621A.D.,LiChingwassentfromK`uei—chouinSsu—ch`uantoreducethesuccessfulrebelHsiaoHsien,whohadsetupasEmperoratthemodernChing—chouFuinHupeh.Itwasautumn,andtheYangtszebeingtheninflood,HsiaoHsienneverdreamtthathisadversarywouldventuretocomedownthroughthegorges,andconsequentlymadenopreparations.
ButLiChingembarkedhisarmywithoutlossoftime,andwasjustabouttostartwhentheothergeneralsimploredhimtopostponehisdepartureuntiltheriverwasinalessdangerousstatefornavigation.LiChingreplied:\"Tothesoldier,overwhelmingspeedisofparamountimportance,andhemustnevermissopportunities.Nowisthetimetostrike,beforeHsiaoHsienevenknowsthatwehavegotanarmytogether.Ifweseizethepresentmomentwhentheriverisinflood,weshallappearbeforehiscapitalwithstartlingsuddenness,likethethunderwhichisheardbeforeyouhavetimetostopyourearsagainstit.[SeeVII.ss.19,note.]Thisisthegreatprincipleinwar.Evenifhegetstoknowofourapproach,hewillhavetolevyhissoldiersinsuchahurrythattheywillnotbefittoopposeus.
Thusthefullfruitsofvictorywillbeours.\"Allcameaboutashepredicted,andHsiaoHsienwasobligedtosurrender,noblystipulatingthathispeopleshouldbesparedandhealonesufferthepenaltyofdeath.]
takeadvantageoftheenemy’sunreadiness,makeyourwaybyunexpectedroutes,andattackunguardedspots.
20.Thefollowingaretheprinciplestobeobservedbyaninvadingforce:Thefurtheryoupenetrateintoacountry,thegreaterwillbethesolidarityofyourtroops,andthusthedefenderswillnotprevailagainstyou.
21.Makeforaysinfertilecountryinordertosupplyyourarmywithfood.
[Cf.supra,ss.13.LiCh`uandoesnotventureonanotehere.]
22.Carefullystudythewell—beingofyourmen,[For\"well—being\",WangHsimeans,\"Petthem,humorthem,givethemplentyoffoodanddrink,andlookafterthemgenerally.\"]
anddonotovertaxthem.Concentrateyourenergyandhoardyourstrength.
[Ch`enrecallsthelineofactionadoptedin224B.C.bythefamousgeneralWangChien,whosemilitarygeniuslargelycontributedtothesuccessoftheFirstEmperor.HehadinvadedtheCh`uState,whereauniversallevywasmadetoopposehim.
But,beingdoubtfulofthetemperofhistroops,hedeclinedallinvitationstofightandremainedstrictlyonthedefensive.InvaindidtheCh`ugeneraltrytoforceabattle:dayafterdayWangChienkeptinsidehiswallsandwouldnotcomeout,butdevotedhiswholetimeandenergytowinningtheaffectionandconfidenceofhismen.Hetookcarethattheyshouldbewellfed,sharinghisownmealswiththem,providedfacilitiesforbathing,andemployedeverymethodofjudiciousindulgencetoweldthemintoaloyalandhomogenousbody.Aftersometimehadelapsed,hetoldoffcertainpersonstofindouthowthemenwereamusingthemselves.Theanswerwas,thattheywerecontendingwithoneanotherinputtingtheweightandlong—jumping.WhenWangChienheardthattheywereengagedintheseathleticpursuits,heknewthattheirspiritshadbeenstrunguptotherequiredpitchandthattheywerenowreadyforfighting.BythistimetheCh`uarmy,afterrepeatingtheirchallengeagainandagain,hadmarchedawayeastwardsindisgust.TheCh`ingeneralimmediatelybrokeuphiscampandfollowedthem,andinthebattlethatensuedtheywereroutedwithgreatslaughter.
Shortlyafterwards,thewholeofCh`uwasconqueredbyCh`in,andthekingFu—ch`uledintocaptivity.]
Keepyourarmycontinuallyonthemove,[Inorderthattheenemymayneverknowexactlywhereyouare.Ithasstruckme,however,thatthetruereadingmightbe\"linkyourarmytogether.\"]
anddeviseunfathomableplans.
23.Throwyoursoldiersintopositionswhencethereisnoescape,andtheywillpreferdeathtoflight.Iftheywillfacedeath,thereisnothingtheymaynotachieve.
[ChangYuquoteshisfavoriteWeiLiaoTzu(ch.3):\"Ifonemanweretorunamokwithaswordinthemarket—place,andeverybodyelsetriedtogetourofhisway,Ishouldnotallowthatthismanalonehadcourageandthatalltherestwerecontemptiblecowards.Thetruthis,thatadesperadoandamanwhosetssomevalueonhislifedonotmeetoneventerms.\"]
Officersandmenalikewillputforththeiruttermoststrength.
[ChangYusays:\"Iftheyareinanawkwardplacetogether,theywillsurelyexerttheirunitedstrengthtogetoutofit.\"]
24.Soldierswhenindesperatestraitslosethesenseoffear.Ifthereisnoplaceofrefuge,theywillstandfirm.Iftheyareinhostilecountry,theywillshowastubbornfront.Ifthereisnohelpforit,theywillfighthard.
25.Thus,withoutwaitingtobemarshaled,thesoldierswillbeconstantlyonthequivive;withoutwaitingtobeasked,theywilldoyourwill;
[Literally,\"withoutasking,youwillget.\"]
withoutrestrictions,theywillbefaithful;withoutgivingorders,theycanbetrusted.
26.Prohibitthetakingofomens,anddoawaywithsuperstitiousdoubts.Then,untildeathitselfcomes,nocalamityneedbefeared.
[Thesuperstitious,\"boundintosaucydoubtsandfears,\"
degenerateintocowardsand\"diemanytimesbeforetheirdeaths.\"
TuMuquotesHuangShih—kung:\"’Spellsandincantationsshouldbestrictlyforbidden,andnoofficerallowedtoinquirebydivinationintothefortunesofanarmy,forfearthesoldiers’
mindsshouldbeseriouslyperturbed.’Themeaningis,\"hecontinues,\"thatifalldoubtsandscruplesarediscarded,yourmenwillneverfalterintheirresolutionuntiltheydie.\"]
27.Ifoursoldiersarenotoverburdenedwithmoney,itisnotbecausetheyhaveadistasteforriches;iftheirlivesarenotundulylong,itisnotbecausetheyaredisinclinedtolongevity.
[ChangYuhasthebestnoteonthispassage:\"Wealthandlonglifearethingsforwhichallmenhaveanaturalinclination.Hence,iftheyburnorflingawayvaluables,andsacrificetheirownlives,itisnotthattheydislikethem,butsimplythattheyhavenochoice.\"SunTzuisslylyinsinuatingthat,assoldiersarebuthuman,itisforthegeneraltoseethattemptationstoshirkfightingandgrowricharenotthrownintheirway.]
28.Onthedaytheyareorderedouttobattle,yoursoldiersmayweep,[ThewordintheChineseis\"snivel.\"Thisistakentoindicatemoregenuinegriefthantearsalone.]
thosesittingupbedewingtheirgarments,andthoselyingdownlettingthetearsrundowntheircheeks.
[Notbecausetheyareafraid,butbecause,asTs`aoKungsays,\"allhaveembracedthefirmresolutiontodoordie.\"WemayrememberthattheheroesoftheIliadwereequallychildlikeinshowingtheiremotion.ChangYualludestothemournfulpartingattheIRiverbetweenChingK`oandhisfriends,whentheformerwassenttoattemptthelifeoftheKingofCh`in(afterwardsFirstEmperor)in227B.C.Thetearsofallfloweddownlikerainashebadethemfarewellandutteredthefollowinglines:\"Theshrillblastisblowing,Chillytheburn;Yourchampionisgoing——Nottoreturn.\"[1]]
Butletthemoncebebroughttobay,andtheywilldisplaythecourageofaChuoraKuei.
[ChuwasthepersonalnameofChuanChu,anativeoftheWuStateandcontemporarywithSunTzuhimself,whowasemployedbyKung—tzuKuang,betterknownasHoLuWang,toassassinatehissovereignWangLiaowithadaggerwhichhesecretedinthebellyofafishservedupatabanquet.Hesucceededinhisattempt,butwasimmediatelyhackedtopiecedbytheking’sbodyguard.
Thiswasin515B.C.Theotherheroreferredto,Ts`aoKuei(orTs`aoMo),performedtheexploitwhichhasmadehisnamefamous166yearsearlier,in681B.C.LuhadbeenthricedefeatedbyCh`i,andwasjustabouttoconcludeatreatysurrenderingalargesliceofterritory,whenTs`aoKueisuddenlyseizedHuanKung,theDukeofCh`i,ashestoodonthealtarstepsandheldadaggeragainsthischest.Noneoftheduke’sretainersdaredtomoveamuscle,andTs`aoKueiproceededtodemandfullrestitution,declaringtheLuwasbeingunjustlytreatedbecauseshewasasmallerandaweakerstate.HuanKung,inperilofhislife,wasobligedtoconsent,whereuponTs`aoKueiflungawayhisdaggerandquietlyresumedhisplaceamidtheterrifiedassemblagewithouthavingsomuchaschangedcolor.Aswastobeexpected,theDukewantedafterwardstorepudiatethebargain,buthiswiseoldcounselorKuanChungpointedouttohimtheimpolicyofbreakinghisword,andtheupshotwasthatthisboldstrokeregainedforLuthewholeofwhatshehadlostinthreepitchedbattles.]
29.TheskillfultacticianmaybelikenedtotheSHUAI—JAN.
NowtheSHUAI—JANisasnakethatisfoundintheCh`angmountains.
[\"Shuai—jan\"means\"suddenly\"or\"rapidly,\"andthesnakeinquestionwasdoubtlesssocalledowingtotherapidityofitsmovements.Throughthispassage,thetermintheChinesehasnowcometobeusedinthesenseof\"militarymaneuvers.\"]
Strikeatitshead,andyouwillbeattackedbyitstail;strikeatitstail,andyouwillbeattackedbyitshead;strikeatitsmiddle,andyouwillbeattackedbyheadandtailboth.
30.AskedifanarmycanbemadetoimitatetheSHUAI—JAN,[Thatis,asMeiYao—ch`ensays,\"Isitpossibletomakethefrontandrearofanarmyeachswiftlyresponsivetoattackontheother,justasthoughtheywerepartofasinglelivingbody?\"]
Ishouldanswer,Yes.ForthemenofWuandthemenofYuehareenemies;
[Cf.VI.ss.21.]
yetiftheyarecrossingariverinthesameboatandarecaughtbyastorm,theywillcometoeachother’sassistancejustasthelefthandhelpstheright.
[Themeaningis:Iftwoenemieswillhelpeachotherinatimeofcommonperil,howmuchmoreshouldtwopartsofthesamearmy,boundtogetherastheyarebyeverytieofinterestandfellow—feeling.Yetitisnotoriousthatmanyacampaignhasbeenruinedthroughlackofcooperation,especiallyinthecaseofalliedarmies.]
31.Henceitisnotenoughtoputone’strustinthetetheringofhorses,andtheburyingofchariotwheelsintheground[Thesequaintdevicestopreventone’sarmyfromrunningawayrecalltheAthenianheroSophanes,whocarriedtheanchorwithhimatthebattleofPlataea,bymeansofwhichhefastenedhimselffirmlytoonespot.[SeeHerodotus,IX.74.]Itisnotenough,saysSunTzu,torenderflightimpossiblebysuchmechanicalmeans.Youwillnotsucceedunlessyourmenhavetenacityandunityofpurpose,and,aboveall,aspiritofsympatheticcooperation.ThisisthelessonwhichcanbelearnedfromtheSHUAI—JAN.]
32.Theprincipleonwhichtomanageanarmyistosetuponestandardofcouragewhichallmustreach.
[Literally,\"levelthecourage[ofall]asthough[itwerethatof]one.\"Iftheidealarmyistoformasingleorganicwhole,thenitfollowsthattheresolutionandspiritofitscomponentpartsmustbeofthesamequality,oratanyratemustnotfallbelowacertainstandard.Wellington’sseeminglyungratefuldescriptionofhisarmyatWaterlooas\"theworsthehadevercommanded\"meantnomorethanthatitwasdeficientinthisimportantparticular——unityofspiritandcourage.HadhenotforeseentheBelgiandefectionsandcarefullykeptthosetroopsinthebackground,hewouldalmostcertainlyhavelosttheday.]
33.Howtomakethebestofbothstrongandweak——thatisaquestioninvolvingtheproperuseofground.
[MeiYao—ch`en’sparaphraseis:\"Thewaytoeliminatethedifferencesofstrongandweakandtomakebothserviceableistoutilizeaccidentalfeaturesoftheground.\"Lessreliabletroops,ifpostedinstrongpositions,willholdoutaslongasbettertroopsonmoreexposedterrain.Theadvantageofpositionneutralizestheinferiorityinstaminaandcourage.Col.
Hendersonsays:\"Withallrespecttothetextbooks,andtotheordinarytacticalteaching,Iaminclinedtothinkthatthestudyofgroundisoftenoverlooked,andthatbynomeanssufficientimportanceisattachedtotheselectionofpositionsandtotheimmenseadvantagesthataretobederived,whetheryouaredefendingorattacking,fromtheproperutilizationofnaturalfeatures.\"[2]]
34.Thustheskillfulgeneralconductshisarmyjustasthoughhewereleadingasingleman,willy—nilly,bythehand.
[TuMusays:\"Thesimilehasreferencetotheeasewithwhichhedoesit.\"]
35.Itisthebusinessofageneraltobequietandthusensuresecrecy;uprightandjust,andthusmaintainorder.
36.Hemustbeabletomystifyhisofficersandmenbyfalsereportsandappearances,[Literally,\"todeceivetheireyesandears.\"]
andthuskeepthemintotalignorance.
[Ts`aoKunggivesusoneofhisexcellentapophthegms:\"Thetroopsmustnotbeallowedtoshareyourschemesinthebeginning;theymayonlyrejoicewithyouovertheirhappyoutcome.\"\"Tomystify,mislead,andsurprisetheenemy,\"isoneofthefirstprinciplesinwar,ashadbeenfrequentlypointedout.Buthowabouttheotherprocess——themystificationofone’sownmen?ThosewhomaythinkthatSunTzuisover—emphaticonthispointwoulddowelltoreadCol.Henderson’sremarksonStonewallJackson’sValleycampaign:\"Theinfinitepains,\"hesays,\"withwhichJacksonsoughttoconceal,evenfromhismosttrustedstaffofficers,hismovements,hisintentions,andhisthoughts,acommanderlessthoroughwouldhavepronounceduseless\"——etc.etc.[3]Intheyear88A.D.,aswereadinch.
47oftheHOUHANSHU,\"PanCh`aotookthefieldwith25,000menfromKhotanandotherCentralAsianstateswiththeobjectofcrushingYarkand.TheKingofKutcharepliedbydispatchinghischiefcommandertosuccortheplacewithanarmydrawnfromthekingdomsofWen—su,Ku—mo,andWei—t`ou,totaling50,000men.
PanCh`aosummonedhisofficersandalsotheKingofKhotantoacouncilofwar,andsaid:’Ourforcesarenowoutnumberedandunabletomakeheadagainsttheenemy.Thebestplan,then,isforustoseparateanddisperse,eachinadifferentdirection.
TheKingofKhotanwillmarchawaybytheeasterlyroute,andI
willthenreturnmyselftowardsthewest.Letuswaituntiltheeveningdrumhassoundedandthenstart.’PanCh`aonowsecretlyreleasedtheprisonerswhomhehadtakenalive,andtheKingofKutchawasthusinformedofhisplans.Muchelatedbythenews,thelattersetoffatonceattheheadof10,000horsementobarPanCh`ao’sretreatinthewest,whiletheKingofWen—surodeeastwardwith8000horseinordertointercepttheKingofKhotan.AssoonasPanCh`aoknewthatthetwochieftainshadgone,hecalledhisdivisionstogether,gotthemwellinhand,andatcock—crowhurledthemagainstthearmyofYarkand,asitlayencamped.Thebarbarians,panic—stricken,fledinconfusion,andwerecloselypursuedbyPanCh`ao.Over5000headswerebroughtbackastrophies,besidesimmensespoilsintheshapeofhorsesandcattleandvaluablesofeverydescription.Yarkandthencapitulating,Kutchaandtheotherkingdomsdrewofftheirrespectiveforces.Fromthattimeforward,PanCh`ao’sprestigecompletelyoverawedthecountriesofthewest.\"Inthiscase,weseethattheChinesegeneralnotonlykepthisownofficersinignoranceofhisrealplans,butactuallytooktheboldstepofdividinghisarmyinordertodeceivetheenemy.]
37.Byalteringhisarrangementsandchanginghisplans,[WangHsithinksthatthismeansnotusingthesamestratagemtwice.]
hekeepstheenemywithoutdefiniteknowledge.
[ChangYu,inaquotationfromanotherwork,says:\"Theaxiom,thatwarisbasedondeception,doesnotapplyonlytodeceptionoftheenemy.Youmustdeceiveevenyourownsoldiers.
Makethemfollowyou,butwithoutlettingthemknowwhy.\"]
Byshiftinghiscampandtakingcircuitousroutes,hepreventstheenemyfromanticipatinghispurpose.
38.Atthecriticalmoment,theleaderofanarmyactslikeonewhohasclimbedupaheightandthenkicksawaytheladderbehindhim.Hecarrieshismendeepintohostileterritorybeforeheshowshishand.
[Literally,\"releasesthespring\"(seeV.ss.15),thatis,takessomedecisivestepwhichmakesitimpossibleforthearmytoreturn——likeHsiangYu,whosunkhisshipsaftercrossingariver.Ch`enHao,followedbyChiaLin,understandsthewordslesswellas\"putsfortheveryartificeathiscommand.\"]
39.Heburnshisboatsandbreakshiscooking—pots;likeashepherddrivingaflockofsheep,hedriveshismenthiswayandthat,andnothingknowswhitherheisgoing.
[TuMusays:\"Thearmyisonlycognizantoforderstoadvanceorretreat;itisignorantoftheulteriorendsofattackingandconquering.\"]
40.Tomusterhishostandbringitintodanger:——thismaybetermedthebusinessofthegeneral.
[SunTzumeansthataftermobilizationthereshouldbenodelayinaimingablowattheenemy’sheart.Notehowhereturnsagainandagaintothispoint.AmongthewarringstatesofancientChina,desertionwasnodoubtamuchmorepresentfearandseriousevilthanitisinthearmiesoftoday.]
41.Thedifferentmeasuressuitedtotheninevarietiesofground;
[ChangYusays:\"Onemustnotbehide—boundininterpretingtherulesfortheninevarietiesofground.]
theexpediencyofaggressiveordefensivetactics;andthefundamentallawsofhumannature:thesearethingsthatmustmostcertainlybestudied.
42.Wheninvadinghostileterritory,thegeneralprincipleis,thatpenetratingdeeplybringscohesion;penetratingbutashortwaymeansdispersion.
[Cf.supra,ss.20.]
43.Whenyouleaveyourowncountrybehind,andtakeyourarmyacrossneighborhoodterritory,youfindyourselfoncriticalground.
[This\"ground\"iscuriouslymentionedinVIII.ss.2,butitdoesnotfigureamongtheNineSituationsortheSixCalamitiesinchap.X.One’sfirstimpulsewouldbetotranslateitdistantground,\"butthis,ifwecantrustthecommentators,ispreciselywhatisnotmeanthere.MeiYao—ch`ensaysitis\"apositionnotfarenoughadvancedtobecalled’facile,’andnotnearenoughtohometobe’dispersive,’butsomethingbetweenthetwo.\"WangHsisays:\"Itisgroundseparatedfromhomebyaninterjacentstate,whoseterritorywehavehadtocrossinordertoreachit.
Hence,itisincumbentonustosettleourbusinesstherequickly.\"Headdsthatthispositionisofrareoccurrence,whichisthereasonwhyitisnotincludedamongtheNineSituations.]
Whentherearemeansofcommunicationonallfoursides,thegroundisoneofintersectinghighways.
44.Whenyoupenetratedeeplyintoacountry,itisseriousground.Whenyoupenetratebutalittleway,itisfacileground.
45.Whenyouhavetheenemy’sstrongholdsonyourrear,andnarrowpassesinfront,itishemmed—inground.Whenthereisnoplaceofrefugeatall,itisdesperateground.
46.Therefore,ondispersiveground,Iwouldinspiremymenwithunityofpurpose.