第2章

cepts.Andafteratime，setbeforetheethineownexample;andexaminethyselfstrictly，whetherthoudidstnotbestatfirst.Neglectnotalsotheexamples，ofthosethathavecarriedthemselvesill，inthesameplace;nottosetoffthyself，bytax—

ingtheirmemory，buttodirectthyself，whattoavoid.Reformtherefore，withoutbravery，orscan—

dalofformertimesandpersons;butyetsetitdowntothyself，aswelltocreategoodprecedents，astofollowthem.Reducethingstothefirstinstitution，andobservewherein，andhow，theyhavedegen—

erate;butyetaskcounselofbothtimes;oftheancienttime，whatisbest;andofthelattertime，whatisfittest.Seektomakethycourseregular，thatmenmayknowbeforehand，whattheymayexpect;butbenottoopositiveandperemptory;

andexpressthyselfwell，whenthoudigressestfromthyrule.Preservetherightofthyplace;butstirnotquestionsofjurisdiction;andratheras—

sumethyright，insilenceanddefacto，thanvoiceitwithclaims，andchallenges.Preservelikewisetherightsofinferiorplaces;andthinkitmorehonor，todirectinchief，thantobebusyinall.

Embraceandinvitehelps，andadvices，touchingtheexecutionofthyplace;anddonotdriveawaysuch，asbringtheeinformation，asmeddlers;butacceptofthemingoodpart.Thevicesofauthorityarechieflyfour：delays，corruption，roughness，andfacility.Fordelays：giveeasyaccess;keeptimesappointed;gothroughwiththatwhichisinhand，andinterlacenotbusiness，butofnecessity.

Forcorruption：donotonlybindthineownhands，orthyservants’hands，fromtaking，butbindthehandsofsuitorsalso，fromoffering.Forintegrityuseddoththeone;butintegrityprofessed，andwithamanifestdetestationofbribery，doththeother.Andavoidnotonlythefault，butthesus—

picion.Whosoeverisfoundvariable，andchangethmanifestlywithoutmanifestcause，givethsus—

picionofcorruption.Thereforealways，whenthouchangestthineopinionorcourse，professitplainly，anddeclareit，togetherwiththereasonsthatmovetheetochange;anddonotthinktostealit.A

servantorafavorite，ifhebeinward，andnootherapparentcauseofesteem，iscommonlythought，butaby—waytoclosecorruption.Forroughness：itisaneedlesscauseofdiscontent：

severitybreedethfear，butroughnessbreedethhate.Evenreproofsfromauthority，oughttobegrave，andnottaunting.Asforfacility：itisworsethanbribery.Forbribescomebutnowandthen;

butifimportunity，oridlerespects，leadaman，heshallneverbewithout.AsSolomonsaith，Tore—

spectpersonsisnotgood;forsuchamanwilltransgressforapieceofbread.Itismosttrue，thatwasancientlyspoken，Aplaceshoweththeman.

Anditshowethsometothebetter，andsometotheworse.Omniumconsensucapaximperii，nisiim—

perasset，saithTacitusofGalba;butofVespasianhesaith，Solusimperantium，Vespasianusmutatusinmelius;thoughtheonewasmeantofsufficiency，theotherofmanners，andaffection.Itisanassuredsignofaworthyandgenerousspirit，whomhonoramends.Forhonoris，orshouldbe，theplaceofvirtue;andasinnature，thingsmoveviolentlytotheirplace，andcalmlyintheirplace，sovirtueinambitionisviolent，inauthoritysettledandcalm.

Allrisingtogreatplaceisbyawindingstar;andiftherebefactions，itisgoodtosideaman’sself，whilstheisintherising，andtobalancehimselfwhenheisplaced.Usethememoryofthyprede—

cessor，fairlyandtenderly;forifthoudostnot，itisadebtwillsurebepaidwhenthouartgone.Ifthouhavecolleagues，respectthem，andrathercallthem，whentheylooknotforit，thanexcludethem，whentheyhavereasontolooktobecalled.

Benottoosensible，ortooremembering，ofthyplaceinconversation，andprivateanswerstosuitors;butletitratherbesaid，Whenhesitsinplace，heisanotherman.

OfBoldnessOfBoldnessITISatrivialgrammar—schooltext，butyetworthyawiseman’sconsideration.QuestionwasaskedofDemosthenes，whatwasthechiefpartofanorator？heanswered，action;whatnext？

action;whatnextagain？action.Hesaidit，thatknewitbest，andhad，bynature，himselfnoad—

vantageinthathecommended.Astrangething，thatthatpartofanorator，whichisbutsuperficial，andratherthevirtueofaplayer，shouldbeplacedsohigh，abovethoseothernobleparts，ofinvention，elocution，andtherest;nay，almostalone，asifitwereallinall.Butthereasonisplain.Thereisinhumannaturegenerally，moreofthefoolthanofthewise;andthereforethosefaculties，bywhichthefoolishpartofmen’smindsistaken，aremostpotent.Wonderfullikeisthecaseofboldnessincivilbusiness：whatfirst？boldness;whatsecondandthird？boldness.Andyetboldnessisachildofignoranceandbaseness，farinferiortootherparts.

Butneverthelessitdothfascinate，andbindhandandfoot，thosethatareeithershallowinjudg—

ment，orweakincourage，whicharethegreatestpart;yeaandprevailethwithwisemenatweaktimes.Thereforeweseeithathdonewonders，inpopularstates;butwithsenates，andprincesless;

andmoreeveruponthefirstentranceofboldper—

sonsintoaction，thansoonafter;forboldnessisanillkeeperofpromise.Surely，astherearemounte—

banksforthenaturalbody，soaretheremounte—

banksforthepoliticbody;menthatundertakegreatcures，andperhapshavebeenlucky，intwoorthreeexperiments，butwantthegroundsofscience，andthereforecannotholdout.Nay，youshallseeaboldfellowmanytimesdoMahomet’smiracle.Mahometmadethepeoplebelievethathewouldcallanhilltohim，andfromthetopofitofferuphisprayers，fortheobserversofhislaw.

Thepeopleassembled;Mahometcalledthehilltocometohim，againandagain;andwhenthehillstoodstill，hewasneverawhitabashed，butsaid，IfthehillwillnotcometoMahomet，Mahometwillgotothehill.Sothesemen，whentheyhavepromisedgreatmatters，andfailedmostshame—

fully，yet（iftheyhavetheperfectionofboldness）

theywillbutslightitover，andmakeaturn，andnomoreado.Certainlytomenofgreatjudgment，boldpersonsareasporttobehold;nay，andtothevulgaralso，boldnesshassomewhatoftheridicu—

lous.Forifabsurditybethesubjectoflaughter，doubtyounotbutgreatboldnessisseldomwithoutsomeabsurdity.Especiallyitisasporttosee，whenaboldfellowisoutofcountenance;forthatputshisfaceintoamostshrunken，andwoodenpos—

ture;asneedsitmust;forinbashfulness，thespiritsdoalittlegoandcome;butwithboldmen，uponlikeoccasion，theystandatastay;likeastaleatchess，whereitisnomate，butyetthegamecannotstir.Butthislastwerefitterforasatirethanforaseriousobservation.Thisiswelltobeweighed;

thatboldnessiseverblind;foritseethnotdanger，andinconveniences.Thereforeitisillincounsel，goodinexecution;sothattherightuseofboldper—

sonsis，thattheynevercommandinchief，butbeseconds，andunderthedirectionofothers.Forincounsel，itisgoodtoseedangers;andinexecution，nottoseethem，excepttheybeverygreat.

OfGoodnessandGOODNESSOFNATURE

OfGoodnessandGOODNESSOFNATURE

ITAKEgoodnessinthissense，theaffectingofthewealofmen，whichisthattheGrecianscallphilanthropia;andthewordhumanity（asitisused）isalittletoolighttoexpressit.Good—

nessIcallthehabit，andgoodnessofnature，theinclination.Thisofallvirtues，anddignitiesofthemind，isthegreatest;beingthecharacteroftheDeity：andwithoutit，manisabusy，mischievous，wretchedthing;nobetterthanakindofvermin.

Goodnessanswerstothetheologicalvirtue，char—

ity，andadmitsnoexcess，buterror.Thedesireofpowerinexcess，causedtheangelstofall;thedesireofknowledgeinexcess，causedmantofall：butincharitythereisnoexcess;neithercanangel，norman，comeindangerbyit.Theinclinationtogood—

ness，isimprinteddeeplyinthenatureofman;in—

somuch，thatifitissuenottowardsmen，itwilltakeuntootherlivingcreatures;asitisseenintheTurks，acruelpeople，whoneverthelessarekindtobeasts，andgivealms，todogsandbirds;inso—

much，asBusbechiusreporteth，aChristianboy，inConstantinople，hadliketohavebeenstoned，forgagginginawaggishnessalong—billedfowl.

Errorsindeedinthisvirtueofgoodness，orcharity，maybecommitted.TheItalianshaveanungra—

ciousproverb，Tantobuonchevalniente：sogood，thatheisgoodfornothing.AndoneofthedoctorsofItaly，NicholasMachiavel，hadtheconfidencetoputinwriting，almostinplainterms，ThattheChristianfaith，hadgivenupgoodmen，inpreytothosethataretyrannicalandun—

just.Whichhespake，becauseindeedtherewasneverlaw，orsect，oropinion，didsomuchmag—

nifygoodness，astheChristianreligiondoth.

Therefore，toavoidthescandalandthedangerboth，itisgood，totakeknowledgeoftheerrorsofanhabitsoexcellent.Seekthegoodofothermen，butbenotinbondagetotheirfacesorfancies;forthatisbutfacility，orsoftness;whichtakethanhonestmindprisoner.NeithergivethouAEsop’scockagem，whowouldbebetterpleased，andhap—

pier，ifhehadhadabarley—corn.TheexampleofGod，teacheththelessontruly：Hesendethhisrain，andmakethhissuntoshine，uponthejustandunjust;buthedothnotrainwealth，norshinehonorandvirtues，uponmenequally.Commonbenefits，aretobecommunicatewithall;butpe—

culiarbenefits，withchoice.Andbewarehowinmakingtheportraiture，thoubreakestthepattern.

Fordivinity，makeththeloveofourselvesthepat—

tern;theloveofourneighbors，buttheportraiture.

Sellallthouhast，andgiveittothepoor，andfol—

lowme：but，sellnotallthouhast，exceptthoucomeandfollowme;thatis，exceptthouhaveavocation，whereinthoumayestdoasmuchgood，withlittlemeansaswithgreat;forotherwise，infeedingthestreams，thoudriestthefountain.

Neitheristhereonlyahabitofgoodness，directedbyrightreason;butthereisinsomemen，eveninnature，adispositiontowardsit;asontheotherside，thereisanaturalmalignity.Fortherebe，thatintheirnaturedonotaffectthegoodofothers.

Thelightersortofmalignity，turnethbuttoacrassness，orfrowardness，oraptnesstooppose，ordifficulties，orthelike;butthedeepersort，toenvyandmeremischief.Suchmen，inothermen’sca—

lamities，are，asitwere，inseason，andareeverontheloadingpart：notsogoodasthedogs，thatlickedLazarus’sores;butlikeflies，thatarestillbuzzinguponanythingthatisraw;misanthropi，thatmakeittheirpractice，tobringmentothebough，andyetneveratreeforthepurposeintheirgar—

dens，asTimonhad.Suchdispositions，aretheveryerrorsofhumannature;andyettheyarethefittesttimber，tomakegreatpoliticsof;liketokneetim—

ber，thatisgoodforships，thatareordainedtobetossed;butnotforbuildinghouses，thatshallstandfirm.Thepartsandsignsofgoodness，aremany.Ifamanbegraciousandcourteoustostrangers，itshowsheisacitizenoftheworld，andthathisheartisnoisland，cutofffromotherlands，butaconti—

nent，thatjoinstothem.Ifhebecompassionatetowardstheafflictionsofothers，itshowsthathisheartislikethenobletree，thatiswoundeditself，whenitgivesthebalm.Ifheeasilypardons，andremitsoffences，itshowsthathismindisplantedaboveinjuries;sothathecannotbeshot.Ifhebethankfulforsmallbenefits，itshowsthatheweighsmen’sminds，andnottheirtrash.Butaboveall，ifhehaveSt.Paul’sperfection，thathewouldwishtobeanathemafromChrist，forthesalvationofhisbrethren，itshowsmuchofadivinenature，andakindofconformitywithChristhimself.

OfNobilityOfNobilityWEWILLspeakofnobility，firstasaportionofanestate，thenasaconditionofparticu—

larpersons.Amonarchy，wherethereisnonobil—

ityatall，iseverapureandabsolutetyranny;asthatoftheTurks.Fornobilityattemperssover—

eignty，anddrawstheeyesofthepeople，somewhatasidefromthelineroyal.Butfordemocracies，theyneeditnot;andtheyarecommonlymorequiet，andlesssubjecttosedition，thanwheretherearestirpsofnobles.Formen’seyesareuponthebusiness，andnotuponthepersons;orifuponthepersons，itisforthebusiness’sake，asfittest，andnotforflagsandpedigree.WeseetheSwitzerslastwell，notwithstandingtheirdiversityofreligion，andofcantons.Forutilityistheirbond，andnotrespects.TheunitedprovincesoftheLowCoun—

tries，intheirgovernment，excel;forwherethereisanequality，theconsultationsaremoreindif—

ferent，andthepaymentsandtributes，morecheerful.Agreatandpotentnobility，addethmajestytoamonarch，butdiminishethpower;

andputtethlifeandspiritintothepeople，butpresseththeirfortune.Itiswell，whennoblesarenottoogreatforsovereigntynorforjustice;andyetmaintainedinthatheight，astheinsolencyofinferiorsmaybebrokenuponthem，beforeitcomeontoofastuponthemajestyofkings.Anumerousnobilitycausethpoverty，andinconvenienceinastate;foritisasurchargeofexpense;andbesides，itbeingofnecessity，thatmanyofthenobilityfall，intime，tobeweakinfortune，itmakethakindofdisproportion，betweenhonorandmeans.

Asfornobilityinparticularpersons;itisarev—

erendthing，toseeanancientcastleorbuilding，notindecay;ortoseeafairtimbertree，soundandperfect.Howmuchmore，tobeholdanancientnoblefamily，whichhasstoodagainstthewavesandweathersoftime！Fornewnobilityisbuttheactofpower，butancientnobilityistheactoftime.

Thosethatarefirstraisedtonobility，arecom—

monlymorevirtuous，butlessinnocent，thantheirdescendants;forthereisrarelyanyrising，butbyacommixtureofgoodandevilarts.Butitisreason，thememoryoftheirvirtuesremaintotheirpos—

terity，andtheirfaultsdiewiththemselves.Nobil—

ityofbirthcommonlyabatethindustry;andhethatisnotindustrious，enviethhimthatis.Besides，noblepersonscannotgomuchhigher;andhethatstandethatastay，whenothersrise，canhardlyavoidmotionsofenvy.Ontheotherside，nobil—

ityextinguisheththepassiveenvyfromothers，towardsthem;becausetheyareinpossessionofhonor.Certainly，kingsthathaveablemenoftheirnobility，shallfindeaseinemployingthem，andabetterslideintotheirbusiness;forpeoplenaturallybendtothem，asborninsomesorttocommand.

OfSeditionsANDTROUBLES

OfSeditionsANDTROUBLES

SHEPHERDSofpeople，hadneedknowthecalendarsoftempestsinstate;whicharecom—

monlygreatest，whenthingsgrowtoequality;asnaturaltempestsaregreatestabouttheEquinoc—

tia.Andastherearecertainhollowblastsofwind，andsecretswellingsofseasbeforeatempest，soarethereinstates：

——IlleetiamcaecosinstaretumultusSaepemonet，fraudesqueetopertatunescerebella.

Libelsandlicentiousdiscoursesagainstthestate，whentheyarefrequentandopen;andinlikesort，falsenewsoftenrunningupanddown，tothedis—

advantageofthestate，andhastilyembraced;areamongstthesignsoftroubles.Virgil，givingthepedigreeofFame，saith，shewassistertotheGiants：

IllamTerraparens，irrairritatadeorum，Extremam（utperhibent）CoeoEnceladoquesororemProgenuit.—

Asiffamesweretherelicsofseditionspast;buttheyarenoless，indeed，thepreludesofseditionstocome.Howsoeverhenotethitright，thatseditioustumults，andseditiousfames，differnomorebutasbrotherandsister，masculineandfeminine;es—

peciallyifitcometothat，thatthebestactionsofastate，andthemostplausible，andwhichoughttogivegreatestcontentment，aretakeninillsense，andtraduced：forthatshowstheenvygreat，asTacitussaith;conflatamagnainvidia，seubeneseumalegestapremunt.Neitherdothitfollow，thatbecausethesefamesareasignoftroubles，thatthesuppressingofthemwithtoomuchseverity，shouldbearemedyoftroubles.Forthedespisingofthem，manytimeschecksthembest;andthegoingabouttostopthem，dothbutmakeawonderlong—lived.Alsothatkindofobedience，whichTacitusspeakethof，istobeheldsuspected：Erantinofficio，sedtamenquimallentmandataimpe—

rantiuminterpretariquamexequi;disputing，ex—

cusing，cavillinguponmandatesanddirections，isakindofshakingofftheyoke，andassayofdis—

obedience;especiallyifinthosedisputings，theywhichareforthedirection，speakfearfullyandtenderly，andthosethatareagainstit，audaciously.

Also，asMachiavelnotethwell，whenprinces，thatoughttobecommonparents，makethem—

selvesasaparty，andleantoaside，itisasaboat，thatisoverthrownbyunevenweightontheoneside;aswaswellseen，inthetimeofHenrytheThirdofFrance;forfirst，himselfenteredleaguefortheextirpationoftheProtestants;andpres—

entlyafter，thesameleaguewasturneduponhim—

self.Forwhentheauthorityofprinces，ismadebutanaccessorytoacause，andthattherebeotherbands，thattiefasterthanthebandofsovereignty，kingsbegintobeputalmostoutofpossession.

Also，whendiscords，andquarrels，andfactionsarecarriedopenlyandaudaciously，itisasignthereverenceofgovernmentislost.Forthemotionsofthegreatestpersonsinagovernment，oughttobeasthemotionsoftheplanetsunderprimummobile;accordingtotheoldopinion：whichis，thateveryofthem，iscarriedswiftlybythehighestmotion，andsoftlyintheirownmotion.

Andtherefore，whengreatonesintheirownparticularmotion，moveviolently，and，asTacitusexpressethitwell，liberiusquamutimperan—

tiummeminissent;itisasigntheorbsareoutofframe.Forreverenceisthat，wherewithprincesaregirtfromGod;whothreateneththedissolvingthereof;Solvamcingularegum.

Sowhenanyofthefourpillarsofgovernment，aremainlyshaken，orweakened（whicharerelig—

ion，justice，counsel，andtreasure），menhadneedtoprayforfairweather.Butletuspassfromthispartofpredictions（concerningwhich，neverthe—

less，morelightmaybetakenfromthatwhichfolloweth）;andletusspeakfirst，ofthematerialsofseditions;thenofthemotivesofthem;andthirdlyoftheremedies.

Concerningthematerialsofseditions.Itisathingwelltobeconsidered;forthesurestwaytopreventseditions（ifthetimesdobearit）istotakeawaythematterofthem.Foriftherebefuelpre—

pared，itishardtotell，whencethesparkshallcome，thatshallsetitonfire.Thematterofsedi—

tionsisoftwokinds：muchpoverty，andmuchdis—

contentment.Itiscertain，somanyoverthrownestates，somanyvotesfortroubles.LucannotethwellthestateofRomebeforetheCivilWar，Hincusuravorax，rapidumqueintemporefoenus，Hincconcussafides，etmultisutilebellum.

Thissamemultisutilebellum，isanassuredandinfalliblesign，ofastatedisposedtoseditionsandtroubles.Andifthispovertyandbrokenestateinthebettersort，bejoinedwithawantandnecessityinthemeanpeople，thedangerisimminentandgreat.Fortherebellionsofthebellyaretheworst.

Asfordiscontentments，theyare，inthepoliticbody，liketohumorsinthenatural，whichareapttogatherapreternaturalheat，andtoinflame.

Andletnoprincemeasurethedangerofthembythis，whethertheybejustorunjust：forthatweretoimaginepeople，tobetooreasonable;whodooftenspurnattheirowngood：noryetbythis，whetherthegriefswhereupontheyrise，beinfactgreatorsmall：fortheyarethemostdangerousdiscontentments，wherethefearisgreaterthanthefeeling.Dolendimodus，timendinonitem.

Besides，ingreatoppressions，thesamethingsthatprovokethepatience，dowithalmatethecourage;

butinfearsitisnotso.Neitherletanyprince，orstate，besecureconcerningdiscontentments，be—

causetheyhavebeenoften，orhavebeenlong，andyetnoperilhathensued：forasitistrue，thateveryvapororfumedothnotturnintoastorm;soitisneverthelesstrue，thatstorms，thoughtheyblowoverdiverstimes，yetmayfallatlast;and，astheSpanishproverbnotethwell，Thecordbreakethatthelastbytheweakestpull.

Thecausesandmotivesofseditionsare，innova—

tioninreligion;taxes;alterationoflawsandcus—

toms;breakingofprivileges;generaloppression;

advancementofunworthypersons;strangers;

dearths;disbandedsoldiers;factionsgrowndes—

perate;andwhatsoever，inoffendingpeople，joinethandknitteththeminacommoncause.

Fortheremedies;theremaybesomegeneralpreservatives，whereofwewillspeak：asforthejustcure，itmustanswertotheparticulardisease;

andsobelefttocounsel，ratherthanrule.

Thefirstremedyorpreventionistoremove，byallmeanspossible，thatmaterialcauseofseditionwhereofwespake;whichis，wantandpovertyintheestate.Towhichpurposeserveththeopening，andwell—balancingoftrade;thecherishingofmanufactures;thebanishingofidleness;there—

pressingofwaste，andexcess，bysumptuarylaws;

theimprovementandhusbandingofthesoil;theregulatingofpricesofthingsvendible;themoder—

atingoftaxesandtributes;andthelike.Generally，itistobeforeseenthatthepopulationofaking—

dom（especiallyifitbenotmowndownbywars）

donotexceedthestockofthekingdom，whichshouldmaintainthem.Neitheristhepopulationtobereckonedonlybynumber;forasmallernum—

ber，thatspendmoreandearnless，dowearoutanestatesooner，thanagreaternumberthatlivelower，andgathermore.Thereforethemultiply—

ingofnobility，andotherdegreesofquality，inanoverproportiontothecommonpeople，dothspeed—

ilybringastatetonecessity;andsodothlikewiseanovergrownclergy;fortheybringnothingtothestock;andinlikemanner，whenmorearebredscholars，thanprefermentscantakeoff.

Itislikewisetoberemembered，thatforasmuchastheincreaseofanyestatemustbeupontheforeigner（forwhatsoeverissomewheregotten，issomewherelost），therebebutthreethings，whichonenationsellethuntoanother;thecommodityasnatureyieldethit;themanufacture;andthevec—

ture，orcarriage.Sothatifthesethreewheelsgo，wealthwillflowasinaspringtide.Anditcomethmanytimestopass，thatmateriamsuperabitopus;

thattheworkandcarriageismoreworththanthematerial，andenrichethastatemore;asisnotablyseenintheLow—Countrymen，whohavethebestminesaboveground，intheworld.

Aboveallthings，goodpolicyistobeused，thatthetreasureandmoneys，inastate，benotgath—

eredintofewhands.Forotherwiseastatemayhaveagreatstock，andyetstarve.Andmoneyislikemuck，notgoodexceptitbespread.Thisisdone，chieflybysuppressing，oratleastkeepingastraithand，uponthedevouringtradesofusury，ingrossinggreatpasturages，andthelike.

Forremovingdiscontentments，oratleastthedangerofthem;thereisineverystate（asweknow）twoportionsofsubjects;thenoblesseandthecommonalty.Whenoneoftheseisdiscontent，thedangerisnotgreat;forcommonpeopleareofslowmotion，iftheybenotexcitedbythegreatersort;andthegreatersortareofsmallstrength，exceptthemultitudebeapt，andreadytomoveofthemselves.Thenisthedanger，whenthegreatersort，dobutwaitforthetroublingofthewatersamongstthemeaner，thatthentheymaydeclarethemselves.Thepoetsfeign，thattherestofthegodswouldhaveboundJupiter;whichhehearingof，bythecounselofPallas，sentforBriareus，withhishundredhands，tocomeintohisaid.Anem—

blem，nodoubt，toshowhowsafeitisformon—

archs，tomakesureofthegoodwillofcommonpeople.Togivemoderatelibertyforgriefsanddis—

contentmentstoevaporate（soitbewithouttoogreatinsolencyorbravery），isasafeway.Forhethatturneththehumorsback，andmakeththewoundbleedinwards，endangerethmalignulcers，andperniciousimposthumations.

ThepartofEpimetheusmoughtwellbecomePrometheus，inthecaseofdiscontentments：forthereisnotabetterprovisionagainstthem.Epime—

theus，whengriefsandevilsflewabroad，atlastshutthelid，andkepthopeinthebottomofthevessel.Certainly，thepoliticandartificialnourish—

ing，andentertainingofhopes，andcarryingmenfromhopestohopes，isoneofthebestantidotesagainstthepoisonofdiscontentments.Anditisacertainsignofawisegovernmentandproceeding，whenitcanholdmen’sheartsbyhopes，whenitcannotbysatisfaction;andwhenitcanhandlethings，insuchmanner，asnoevilshallappearsoperemptory，butthatithathsomeoutletofhope;

whichisthelesshardtodo，becausebothparticu—

larpersonsandfactions，areaptenoughtoflatterthemselves，oratleasttobravethat，whichtheybelievenot.

Alsotheforesightandprevention，thattherebenolikelyorfithead，whereuntodiscontentedper—

sonsmayresort，andunderwhomtheymayjoin，isaknown，butanexcellentpointofcaution.I

understandafithead，tobeonethathathgreat—

nessandreputation;thathathconfidencewiththediscontentedparty，anduponwhomtheyturntheireyes;andthatisthoughtdiscontented，inhisownparticular：whichkindofpersons，areeithertobewon，andreconciledtothestate，andthatinafastandtruemanner;ortobefrontedwithsomeother，ofthesameparty，thatmayopposethem，andsodividethereputation.Generally，thedivid—

ingandbreaking，ofallfactionsandcombinationsthatareadversetothestate，andsettingthematdistance，oratleastdistrust，amongstthemselves，isnotoneoftheworstremedies.Foritisadesper—

atecase，ifthosethatholdwiththeproceedingofthestate，befullofdiscordandfaction，andthosethatareagainstit，beentireandunited.

Ihavenoted，thatsomewittyandsharpspeeches，whichhavefallenfromprinces，havegivenfiretoseditions.Caesardidhimselfinfinitehurtinthatspeech，Syllanescivitliteras，nonpo—

tuitdictare;foritdidutterlycutoffthathope，whichmenhadentertained，thathewouldatonetimeorothergiveoverhisdictatorship.Galbaun—

didhimselfbythatspeech，legiasemilitem，nonemi;foritputthesoldiersoutofhopeofthedona—

tive.Probuslikewise，bythatspeech，Sivixero，nonopuseritampliusRomanoimperiomilitibus;

aspeechofgreatdespairforthesoldiers.Andmanythelike.Surelyprinceshadneed，intendermattersandticklishtimes，tobewarewhattheysay;especiallyintheseshortspeeches，whichflyabroadlikedarts，andarethoughttobeshotoutoftheirsecretintentions.Forasforlargediscourses，theyareflatthings，andnotsomuchnoted.

Lastly，letprinces，againstallevents，notbewithoutsomegreatperson，oneorrathermore，ofmilitaryvalor，nearuntothem，fortherepressingofseditionsintheirbeginnings.Forwithoutthat，thereusethtobemoretrepidationincourtuponthefirstbreakingoutoftroubles，thanwerefit.

AndthestaterunneththedangerofthatwhichTacitussaith;Atqueishabitusanimorumfuit，utpessimumfacinusauderentpauci，pluresvellent，omnespaterentur.Butletsuchmilitarypersonsbeassured，andwellreputedof，ratherthanfactiousandpopular;holdingalsogoodcorrespondencewiththeothergreatmeninthestate;orelsetheremedy，isworsethanthedisease.

OfAtheismOfAtheismIHADratherbelieveallthefablesintheLeg—

end，andtheTalmud，andtheAlcoran，thanthatthisuniversalframeiswithoutamind.

Andtherefore，Godneverwroughtmiracle，toconvinceatheism，becausehisordinaryworkscon—

vinceit.Itistrue，thatalittlephilosophyinclinethman’smindtoatheism;butdepthinphilosophybringethmen’smindsabouttoreligion.Forwhilethemindofmanlookethuponsecondcausesscat—

tered，itmaysometimesrestinthem，andgonofurther;butwhenitbeholdeththechainofthem，confederateandlinkedtogether，itmustneedsflytoProvidenceandDeity.Nay，eventhatschoolwhichismostaccusedofatheismdothmostdem—

onstratereligion;thatis，theschoolofLeucippusandDemocritusandEpicurus.Foritisathousandtimesmorecredible，thatfourmutableelements，andoneimmutablefifthessence，dulyandeter—

nallyplaced，neednoGod，thanthatanarmyofinfinitesmallportions，orseedsunplaced，shouldhaveproducedthisorderandbeauty，withoutadivinemarshal.TheScripturesaith，Thefoolhathsaidinhisheart，thereisnoGod;itisnotsaid，Thefoolhaththoughtinhisheart;soasherathersaithit，byrotetohimself，asthathewouldhave，thanthathecanthoroughlybelieveit，orbepersuadedofit.Fornonedeny，thereisaGod，butthose，forwhomitmakeththattherewerenoGod.Itap—

pearethinnothingmore，thatatheismisratherinthelip，thanintheheartofman，thanbythis;thatatheistswilleverbetalkingofthattheiropinion，asiftheyfaintedinit，withinthemselves，andwouldbegladtobestrengthened，bytheconsentofothers.Naymore，youshallhaveatheistsstrivetogetdisciples，asitfarethwithothersects.And，whichismostofall，youshallhaveofthem，thatwillsufferforatheism，andnotrecant;whereasiftheydidtrulythink，thattherewerenosuchthingasGod，whyshouldtheytroublethemselves？Epi—

curusischarged，thathedidbutdissembleforhiscredit’ssake，whenheaffirmedtherewereblessednatures，butsuchasenjoyedthemselves，withouthavingrespecttothegovernmentoftheworld.

Whereintheysayhedidtemporize;thoughinsecret，hethoughttherewasnoGod.Butcertainlyheistraduced;forhiswordsarenobleanddivine：

Nondeosvulginegareprofanum;sedvulgiopini—

onesdiisapplicareprofanum.Platocouldhavesaidnomore.Andalthoughhehadtheconfidence，todenytheadministration，hehadnotthepower，todenythenature.TheIndiansoftheWest，havenamesfortheirparticulargods，thoughtheyhavenonameforGod：asiftheheathensshouldhavehadthenamesJupiter，Apollo，Mars，etc.，butnotthewordDeus;whichshowsthateventhosebar—

barouspeoplehavethenotion，thoughtheyhavenotthelatitudeandextentofit.Sothatagainstatheists，theverysavagestakepart，withtheverysubtlestphilosophers.Thecontemplativeatheistisrare：aDiagoras，aBion，aLucianperhaps，andsomeothers;andyettheyseemtobemorethantheyare;forthatallthatimpugnareceivedre—

ligion，orsuperstition，arebytheadversepartbrandedwiththenameofatheists.Butthegreatatheists，indeedarehypocrites;whichareeverhandlingholythings，butwithoutfeeling;soastheymustneedsbecauterizedintheend.Thecausesofatheismare：divisionsinreligion，iftheybemany;foranyonemaindivision，addethzealtobothsides;butmanydivisionsintroduceatheism.

Anotheris，scandalofpriests;whenitiscometothatwhichSt.Bernardsaith，nonestjamdicere，utpopulussicsacerdos;quianecsicpopulusutsacerdos.Athirdis，customofprofanescoffinginholymatters;whichdoth，bylittleandlittle，de—

facethereverenceofreligion.Andlastly，learnedtimes，speciallywithpeaceandprosperity;fortroublesandadversitiesdomorebowmen’smindstoreligion.TheythatdenyaGod，destroyman’snobility;forcertainlymanisofkintothebeasts，byhisbody;and，ifhebenotofkintoGod，byhisspirit，heisabaseandignoblecreature.Itdestroyslikewisemagnanimity，andtheraisingofhumannature;fortakeanexampleofadog，andmarkwhatagenerosityandcouragehewillputon，whenhefindshimselfmaintainedbyaman;whotohimisinsteadofaGod，ormeliornatura;whichcourageismanifestlysuch，asthatcreature，with—

outthatconfidenceofabetternaturethanhisown，couldneverattain.Soman，whenherestethandassurethhimself，upondivineprotectionandfavor，gatheredaforceandfaith，whichhumannatureinitselfcouldnotobtain.Therefore，asatheismisinallrespectshateful，sointhis，thatitdeprivethhumannatureofthemeanstoexaltit—

self，abovehumanfrailty.Asitisinparticularpersons，soitisinnations.NeverwastheresuchastateformagnanimityasRome.OfthisstatehearwhatCicerosaith：Quamvolumuslicet，patrescon—

scripti，nosamemus，tamennecnumeroHispanos，necroboreGallos，neccalliditatePoenos，necarti—

busGraecos，necdeniquehocipsohujusgentisetterraedomesticonativoquesensuItalosipsosetLatinos;sedpietate，acreligione，atquehacunasapientia，quoddeorumimmortaliumnumineomniaregigubernariqueperspeximus，omnesgentesnationesquesuperavimus.

OfSuperstitionOfSuperstitionITWEREbettertohavenoopinionofGodatall，thansuchanopinion，asisunworthyofhim.

Fortheoneisunbelief，theotheriscontumely;

andcertainlysuperstitionisthereproachoftheDeity.Plutarchsaithwelltothatpurpose：Surely（saithhe）Ihadratheragreatdeal，menshouldsay，therewasnosuchmanatall，asPlutarch，thanthattheyshouldsay，thattherewasonePlu—

tarch，thatwouldeathischildrenassoonastheywereborn;asthepoetsspeakofSaturn.AndasthecontumelyisgreatertowardsGod，sothedangerisgreatertowardsmen.Atheismleavesamantosense，tophilosophy，tonaturalpiety，tolaws，toreputation;allwhichmaybeguidestoanoutwardmoralvirtue，thoughreligionwerenot;butsuper—

stitiondismountsallthese，anderectethanabso—

lutemonarchy，inthemindsofmen.Thereforetheismdidneverperturbstates;foritmakesmenwaryofthemselves，aslookingnofurther：andweseethetimesinclinedtoatheism（asthetimeofAugustusCaesar）wereciviltimes.Butsupersti—

tionhathbeentheconfusionofmanystates，andbringethinanewprimummobile，thatravishethallthespheresofgovernment.Themasterofsuper—

stition，isthepeople;andinallsuperstition，wisemenfollowfools;andargumentsarefittedtoprac—

tice，inareversedorder.ItwasgravelysaidbysomeoftheprelatesintheCouncilofTrent，wherethedoctrineoftheSchoolmenbaregreatsway，thattheSchoolmenwerelikeastronomers，whichdidfeigneccentricsandepicycles，andsuchen—

ginesoforbs，tosavethephenomena;thoughtheyknewtherewerenosuchthings;andinlikeman—

ner，thattheSchoolmenhadframedanumberofsubtleandintricateaxioms，andtheorems，tosavethepracticeofthechurch.Thecausesofsupersti—

tionare：pleasingandsensualritesandceremonies;

excessofoutwardandpharisaicalholiness;over—

greatreverenceoftraditions，whichcannotbutloadthechurch;thestratagemsofprelates，fortheirownambitionandlucre;thefavoringtoomuchofgoodintentions，whichopeneththegatetoconceitsandnovelties;thetakinganaimatdivinematters，byhuman，whichcannotbutbreedmixtureofimaginations：and，lastly，bar—

baroustimes，especiallyjoinedwithcalamitiesanddisasters.Superstition，withoutaveil，isade—

formedthing;for，asitaddethdeformitytoanape，tobesolikeaman，sothesimilitudeofsuper—

stitiontoreligion，makesitthemoredeformed.

Andaswholesomemeatcorruptethtolittleworms，sogoodformsandorderscorrupt，intoanumberofpettyobservances.Thereisasuperstitioninavoid—

ingsuperstition，whenmenthinktodobest，iftheygofurthestfromthesuperstition，formerlyre—

ceived;thereforecarewouldbehadthat（asitfarethinillpurgings）thegoodbenottakenawaywiththebad;whichcommonlyisdone，whenthepeopleisthereformer.

OfTravelOfTravelTRAVEL，intheyoungersort，isapartofedu—

cation，intheelder，apartofexperience.Hethattravellethintoacountry，beforehehathsomeentranceintothelanguage，goethtoschool，andnottotravel.Thatyoungmentravelundersometutor，orgraveservant，Iallowwell;sothathebesuchaonethathaththelanguage，andhathbeeninthecountrybefore;wherebyhemaybeabletotellthemwhatthingsareworthytobeseen，inthecountrywheretheygo;whatacquaintancestheyaretoseek;whatexercises，ordiscipline，theplaceyieldeth.Forelse，youngmenshallgohooded，andlookabroadlittle.Itisastrangething，thatinseavoyages，wherethereisnothingtobeseen，butskyandsea，menshouldmakediaries;

butinland—travel，whereinsomuchistobeob—

served，forthemostparttheyomitit;asifchancewerefittertoberegistered，thanobservation.Letdiaries，therefore，bebroughtinuse.Thethingstobeseenandobservedare：thecourtsofprinces，especiallywhentheygiveaudiencetoambassa—

dors;thecourtsofjustice，whiletheysitandhearcauses;andsoofconsistoriesecclesiastic;thechurchesandmonasteries，withthemonumentswhicharethereinextant;thewallsandfortifica—

tionsofcities，andtowns，andsotheheavensandharbors;antiquitiesandruins;libraries;colleges，disputations，andlectures，whereanyare;ship—

pingandnavies;housesandgardensofstateandpleasure，neargreatcities;armories;arsenals;

magazines;exchanges;burses;warehouses;exer—

cisesofhorsemanship，fencing，trainingofsol—

diers，andthelike;comedies，suchwhereuntothebettersortofpersonsdoresort;treasuriesofjewelsandrobes;cabinetsandrarities;and，toconclude，whatsoeverismemorable，intheplaceswheretheygo.Afterallwhich，thetutors，orservants，oughttomakediligentinquiry.Asfortriumphs，masks，feasts，weddings，funerals，capitalexecu—

tions，andsuchshows，menneednottobeputinmindofthem;yetaretheynottobeneglected.Ifyouwillhaveayoungmantoputhistravelintoalittleroom，andinshorttimetogathermuch，thisyoumustdo.First，aswassaid，hemusthavesomeentranceintothelanguagebeforehegoeth.Thenhemusthavesuchaservant，ortutor，asknoweththecountry，aswaslikewisesaid.Lethimcarrywithhimalso，somecardorbook，describingthecountrywherehetravelleth;whichwillbeagoodkeytohisinquiry.Lethimkeepalsoadiary.Lethimnotstaylong，inonecityortown;moreorlessastheplacedeserveth，butnotlong;nay，whenhestayethinonecityortown，lethimchangehislodgingfromoneendandpartofthetown，toan—

other;whichisagreatadamantofacquaintance.

Lethimsequesterhimself，fromthecompanyofhiscountrymen，anddietinsuchplaces，wherethereisgoodcompanyofthenationwherehetravelleth.Lethim，uponhisremovesfromoneplacetoanother，procurerecommendationtosomepersonofquality，residingintheplacewhitherheremoveth;thathemayusehisfavor，inthosethingshedesirethtoseeorknow.Thushemayabridgehistravel，withmuchprofit.Asfortheacquaintance，whichistobesoughtintravel;thatwhichismostofallprofitable，isacquaintancewiththesecretariesandemployedmenofambas—

sadors：forsointravellinginonecountry，heshallsucktheexperienceofmany.Lethimalsosee，andvisit，eminentpersonsinallkinds，whichareofgreatnameabroad;thathemaybeabletotell，howthelifeagreethwiththefame.Forquarrels，theyarewithcareanddiscretiontobeavoided.

Theyarecommonlyformistresses，healths，place，andwords.Andletamanbeware，howhekeepethcompanywithcholericandquarrelsomepersons;

fortheywillengagehimintotheirownquarrels.

Whenatravellerreturnethhome，lethimnotleavethecountries，wherehehathtravelled，alto—

getherbehindhim;butmaintainacorrespond—

encebyletters，withthoseofhisacquaintance，whichareofmostworth.Andlethistravelappearratherinhisdiscourse，thanhisapparelorgesture;

andinhisdiscourse，lethimberatheradvisedinhisanswers，thanforwardtotellstories;andletitappearthathedothnotchangehiscountryman—

ners，forthoseofforeignparts;butonlyprickinsomeflowers，ofthathehathlearnedabroad，intothecustomsofhisowncountry.

OfEmpireOfEmpireITISamiserablestateofmind，tohavefewthingstodesire，andmanythingstofear;andyetthatcommonlyisthecaseofkings;who，beingatthehighest，wantmatterofdesire，whichmakestheirmindsmorelanguishing;andhavemanyrep—

resentationsofperilsandshadows，whichmakestheirmindsthelessclear.Andthisisonereasonalso，ofthateffectwhichtheScripturespeakethof，Thattheking’sheartisinscrutable.Formultitudeofjealousies，andlackofsomepredominantde—

sire，thatshouldmarshalandputinorderalltherest，makethanyman’sheart，hardtofindorsound.Henceitcomeslikewise，thatprincesmanytimesmakethemselvesdesires，andsettheirheartsupontoys;sometimesuponabuilding;sometimesuponerectingofanorder;sometimesuponthead—

vancingofaperson;sometimesuponobtainingexcellencyinsomeart，orfeatofthehand;asNeroforplayingontheharp，Domitianforcertaintyofthehandwiththearrow，Commodusforplay—

ingatfence，Caracallafordrivingchariots，andthelike.Thisseemethincredible，untothosethatknownottheprinciple，thatthemindofman，ismorecheeredandrefreshedbyprofitinginsmallthings，thanbystandingatastay，ingreat.Weseealsothatkingsthathavebeenfortunateconquer—

ors，intheirfirstyears，itbeingnotpossibleforthemtogoforwardinfinitely，butthattheymusthavesomecheck，orarrestintheirfortunes，turnintheirlatteryearstobesuperstitious，andmelan—

choly;asdidAlexandertheGreat;Diocletian;andinourmemory，CharlestheFifth;andothers：forhethatisusedtogoforward，andfindethastop，fallethoutofhisownfavor，andisnotthethinghewas.

Tospeaknowofthetruetemperofempire，itisathingrareandhardtokeep;forbothtemper，anddistemper，consistofcontraries.Butitisonething，tominglecontraries，anothertointerchangethem.

TheanswerofApolloniustoVespasian，isfullofexcellentinstruction.Vespasianaskedhim，WhatwasNero’soverthrow？Heanswered，Nerocouldtouchandtunetheharpwell;butingovernment，sometimesheusedtowindthepinstoohigh，some—

timestoletthemdowntoolow.Andcertainitis，thatnothingdestroyethauthoritysomuch，astheunequalanduntimelyinterchangeofpowerpressedtoofar，andrelaxedtoomuch.

Thisistrue，thatthewisdomofalltheselattertimes，inprinces’affairs，isratherfinedeliveries，andshiftingsofdangersandmischiefs，whentheyarenear，thansolidandgroundedcoursestokeepthemaloof.Butthisisbuttotrymasterieswithfortune.Andletmenbeware，howtheyneglectandsuffermatteroftroubletobeprepared;fornomancanforbidthespark，nortellwhenceitmaycome.Thedifficultiesinprinces’businessaremanyandgreat;butthegreatestdifficulty，isoftenintheirownmind.Foritiscommonwithprinces（saithTacitus）towillcontradictories，Suntpler—

umqueregumvoluntatesvehementes，etintersecontrariae.Foritisthesolecismofpower，tothinktocommandtheend，andyetnottoendurethemean.

Kingshavetodealwiththeirneighbors，theirwives，theirchildren，theirprelatesorclergy，theirnobles，theirsecond—noblesorgentlemen，theirmerchants，theircommons，andtheirmenofwar;

andfromallthesearisedangers，ifcareandcir—

cumspectionbenotused.

Firstfortheirneighbors;therecannogeneralrulebegiven（foroccasionsaresovariable），saveone，whicheverholdeth，whichis，thatprincesdokeepduesentinel，thatnoneoftheirneighborsdoevergrowso（byincreaseofterritory，byembrac—

ingoftrade，byapproaches，orthelike），astheybecomemoreabletoannoythem，thantheywere.

Andthisisgenerallytheworkofstandingcoun—

sels，toforeseeandtohinderit.Duringthattrium—

virateofkings，KingHenrytheEighthofEngland，FrancistheFirstKingofFrance，andCharlestheFifthEmperor，therewassuchawatchkept，thatnoneofthethreecouldwinapalmofground，buttheothertwowouldstraightwaysbalanceit，eitherbyconfederation，or，ifneedwere，byawar;

andwouldnotinanywisetakeuppeaceatinter—

est.Andthelikewasdonebythatleague（whichGuicciardinisaithwasthesecurityofItaly）madebetweenFerdinandoKingofNaples，LorenziusMedici，andLudovicusSforza，potentates，theoneofFlorence，theotherofMilan.Neitheristheopin—

ionofsomeoftheSchoolmen，tobereceived，thatawarcannotjustlybemade，butuponaprecedentinjuryorprovocation.Forthereisnoquestion，butajustfearofanimminentdanger，thoughtherebenoblowgiven，isalawfulcauseofawar.

Fortheirwives;therearecruelexamplesofthem.Liviaisinfamed，forthepoisoningofherhusband;Roxalana，Solyman’swife，wasthedestructionofthatrenownedprince，SultanMus—

tapha，andotherwisetroubledhishouseandsuc—

cession;EdwardtheSecondofEngland，hisqueen，hadtheprincipalhandinthedeposingandmur—

derofherhusband.Thiskindofdanger，isthentobefearedchiefly，whenthewiveshaveplots，fortheraisingoftheirownchildren;orelsethattheybeadvoutresses.

Fortheirchildren;thetragedieslikewiseofdangersfromthem，havebeenmany.Andgen—

erally，theenteringoffathersintosuspicionoftheirchildren，hathbeeneverunfortunate.ThedestructionofMustapha（thatwenamedbefore）

wassofataltoSolyman’sline，asthesuccessionoftheTurks，fromSolymanuntilthisday，issus—

pectedtobeuntrue，andofstrangeblood;forthatSelymustheSecond，wasthoughttobesupposi—

tious.ThedestructionofCrispus，ayoungprinceofraretowardness，byConstantinustheGreat，hisfather，wasinlikemannerfataltohishouse;forbothConstantinusandConstance，hissons，diedviolentdeaths;andConstantius，hisotherson，didlittlebetter;whodiedindeedofsickness，butafterthatJulianushadtakenarmsagainsthim.Thede—

structionofDemetrius，sontoPhiliptheSecondofMacedon，turneduponthefather，whodiedofrepentance.Andmanylikeexamplesthereare;

butfewornone，wherethefathershadgoodbysuchdistrust;exceptitwere，wherethesonswereupinopenarmsagainstthem;aswasSelymustheFirstagainstBajazet;andthethreesonsofHenrytheSecond，KingofEngland.

Fortheirprelates;whentheyareproudandgreat，thereisalsodangerfromthem;asitwasinthetimesofAnselmus，andThomasBecket，Arch—

bishopsofCanterbury;who，withtheircroziers，didalmosttryitwiththeking’ssword;andyettheyhadtodealwithstoutandhaughtykings，WilliamRufus，HenrytheFirst，andHenrytheSecond.Thedangerisnotfromthatstate，butwhereithathadependenceofforeignauthority;

orwherethechurchmencomeinandareelected，notbythecollationoftheking，orparticularpatrons，butbythepeople.

Fortheirnobles;tokeepthematadistance，itisnotamiss;buttodepressthem，maymakeakingmoreabsolute，butlesssafe;andlessabletoper—

form，anythingthathedesires.Ihavenotedit，inmyHistoryofKingHenrytheSeventhofEng—

land，whodepressedbisnobility;whereuponitcametopass，thathistimeswerefullofdifficultiesandtroubles;forthenobility，thoughtheycon—

tinuedloyaluntohim，yetdidtheynotco—operatewithhiminhisbusiness.Sothatineffect，hewasfaintodoallthingshimself.

Fortheirsecond—nobles;thereisnotmuchdan—

gerfromthem，beingabodydispersed.Theymaysometimesdiscoursehigh，butthatdothlittlehurt;

besides，theyareacounterpoisetothehigherno—

bility，thattheygrownottoopotent;and，lastly，beingthemostimmediateinauthority，withthecommonpeople，theydobesttemperpopularcom—

motions.

Fortheirmerchants;theyarevenaporta;andiftheyflourishnot，akingdommayhavegoodlimbs，butwillhaveemptyveins，andnourishlittle.Taxesandimpostsuponthem，doseldomgoodtotheking’srevenue;forthatthathewinsinthehundred，heleesethintheshire;theparticularratesbeingincreased，butthetotalbulkoftrading，ratherdecreased.

Fortheircommons;thereislittledangerfromthem，exceptitbe，wheretheyhavegreatandpo—

tentheads;orwhereyoumeddlewiththepointofreligion，ortheircustoms，ormeansoflife.

Fortheirmenofwar;itisadangerousstate，wheretheyliveandremaininabody，andareusedtodonatives;whereofweseeexamplesinthejanizaries，andpretorianbandsofRome;buttrain—

ingsofmen，andarmingtheminseveralplaces，andunderseveralcommanders，andwithoutdonatives，arethingsofdefence，andnodanger.

Princesareliketoheavenlybodies，whichcausegoodoreviltimes;andwhichhavemuchvenera—

tion，butnorest.Allpreceptsconcerningkings，areineffectcomprehendedinthosetworemem—

brances：mementoquodeshomo;andmementoquodesDeus，orviceDei;theonebridleththeirpower，andtheothertheirwill.

OfCounselOfCounselTHEgreatesttrust，betweenmanandman，isthetrustofgivingcounsel.Forinothercon—

fidences，mencommitthepartsoflife;theirlands，theirgoods，theirchildren，theircredit，somepar—

ticularaffair;buttosuchastheymaketheircoun—

sellors，theycommitthewhole：byhowmuchthemore，theyareobligedtoallfaithandintegrity.

Thewisestprincesneednotthinkitanydiminu—

tiontotheirgreatness，orderogationtotheirsuf—

ficiency，torelyuponcounsel.Godhimselfisnotwithout，buthathmadeitoneofthegreatnamesofhisblessedSon：TheCounsellor.Solomonhathpronounced，thatincounselisstability.Thingswillhavetheirfirst，orsecondagitation：iftheybenottossedupontheargumentsofcounsel，theywillbetosseduponthewavesoffortune;andbefullofinconstancy，doingandundoing，likethereelingofadrunkenman.Solomon’ssonfoundtheforceofcounsel，ashisfathersawthenecessityofit.ForthebelovedkingdomofGod，wasfirstrent，andbroken，byillcounsel;uponwhichcoun—

sel，therearesetforourinstruction，thetwomarkswherebybadcounselisforeverbestdiscerned;

thatitwasyoungcounsel，fortheperson;andviolentcounsel，forthematter.

Theancienttimes，dosetforthinfigure，boththeincorporation，andinseparableconjunction，ofcounselwithkings，andthewiseandpoliticuseofcounselbykings：theone，inthattheysayJupi—

terdidmarryMetis，whichsignifiethcounsel;

wherebytheyintendthatSovereignty，ismarriedtoCounsel：theotherinthatwhichfolloweth，whichwasthus：Theysay，afterJupiterwasmar—

riedtoMetis，sheconceivedbyhim，andwaswithchild，butJupitersufferedhernottostay，tillshebroughtforth，buteatherup;wherebyhebecamehimselfwithchild，andwasdeliveredofPallasarmed，outofhishead.Whichmonstrousfablecontainethasecretofempire;howkingsaretomakeuseoftheircounselofstate.Thatfirst，theyoughttorefermattersuntothem，whichisthefirstbegetting，orimpregnation;butwhentheyareelaborate，moulded，andshapedinthewomboftheircounsel，andgrowripe，andreadytobebroughtforth，thatthentheysuffernottheircoun—

seltogothroughwiththeresolutionanddirec—

tion，asifitdependedonthem;buttakethematterbackintotheirownhands，andmakeitappeartotheworld，thatthedecreesandfinaldirections（which，becausetheycomeforth，withprudenceandpower，areresembledtoPallasarmed）pro—

ceededfromthemselves;andnotonlyfromtheirauthority，but（themoretoaddreputationtothem—

selves）fromtheirheadanddevice.