第4章

Walledtowns，storedarsenalsandarmories，goodlyracesofhorse，chariotsofwar，elephants，ordnance，artillery，andthelike;allthisisbutasheepinalion’sskin，exceptthebreedanddisposi—

tionofthepeople，bestoutandwarlike.Nay，num—

ber（itself）inarmiesimportethnotmuch，wherethepeopleisofweakcourage;for（asVirgilsaith）

Itnevertroublesawolf，howmanythesheepbe.

ThearmyofthePersians，intheplainsofArbela，wassuchavastseaofpeople，asitdidsomewhatastonishthecommandersinAlexander’sarmy;

whocametohimtherefore，andwishedhimtosetuponthembynight;andheanswered，Hewouldnotpilferthevictory.Andthedefeatwaseasy.

WhenTigranestheArmenian，beingencampeduponahillwithfourhundredthousandmen，dis—

coveredthearmyoftheRomans，beingnotabovefourteenthousand，marchingtowardshim，hemadehimselfmerrywithit，andsaid，Yondermenaretoomanyforanembassage，andtoofewforafight.Butbeforethesunset，hefoundthemenowtogivehimthechasewithinfiniteslaughter.

Manyaretheexamplesofthegreatodds，betweennumberandcourage;sothatamanmaytrulymakeajudgment，thattheprincipalpointofgreat—

nessinanystate，istohavearaceofmilitarymen.

Neitherismoneythesinewsofwar（asitistriviallysaid），wherethesinewsofmen’sarms，inbaseandeffeminatepeople，arefailing.ForSolonsaidwelltoCroesus（wheninostentationheshowedhimhisgold），Sir，ifanyothercome，thathathbetteriron，thanyou，hewillbemasterofallthisgold.There—

foreletanyprinceorstatethinksolelyofhisforces，excepthismilitiaofnativesbeofgoodandvaliantsoldiers.Andletprinces，ontheotherside，thathavesubjectsofmartialdisposition，knowtheirownstrength;unlesstheybeotherwisewantinguntothemselves.Asformercenaryforces（whichisthehelpinthiscase），allexamplesshow，thatwhatsoeverestateorprincedothrestuponthem，hemayspreadhisfeathersforatime，buthewillmewthemsoonafter.

TheblessingofJudahandIssacharwillnevermeet;thatthesamepeople，ornation，shouldbeboththelion’swhelpandtheassbetweenbur—

thens;neitherwillitbe，thatapeopleoverlaidwithtaxes，shouldeverbecomevaliantandmar—

tial.Itistruethattaxesleviedbyconsentoftheestate，doabatemen’scourageless：asithathbeenseennotably，intheexcisesoftheLowCountries;

and，insomedegree，inthesubsidiesofEngland.

Foryoumustnote，thatwespeaknowoftheheart，andnotofthepurse.Sothatalthoughthesametributeandtax，laidbyconsentorbyimposing，beallonetothepurse，yetitworksdiverselyuponthecourage.Sothatyoumayconclude，thatnopeopleoverchargedwithtribute，isfitforempire.

Letstatesthataimatgreatness，takeheedhowtheirnobilityandgentlemendomultiplytoofast.

Forthatmakeththecommonsubject，growtobeapeasantandbaseswain，drivenoutofheart，andineffectbutthegentleman’slaborer.Evenasyoumayseeincoppicewoods;ifyouleaveyourstad—

dlestoothick，youshallneverhavecleanunder—

wood，butshrubsandbushes.Soincountries，ifthegentlemenbetoomany，thecommonswillbebase;

andyouwillbringittothat，thatnotthehundredpoll，willbefitforanhelmet;especiallyastotheinfantry，whichisthenerveofanarmy;andsotherewillbegreatpopulation，andlittlestrength.

ThiswhichIspeakof，hathbeennowherebetterseen，thanbycomparingofEnglandandFrance;

whereofEngland，thoughfarlessinterritoryandpopulation，hathbeen（nevertheless）anover—

match;inregardthemiddlepeopleofEnglandmakegoodsoldiers，whichthepeasantsofFrancedonot.AndhereinthedeviceofkingHenrytheSeventh（whereofIhavespokenlargelyintheHistoryofhisLife）wasprofoundandadmirable;

inmakingfarmsandhousesofhusbandryofastandard;thatis，maintainedwithsuchapropor—

tionoflanduntothem，asmaybreedasubjecttoliveinconvenientplentyandnoservilecondition;

andtokeeptheploughinthehandsoftheowners，andnotmerehirelings.AndthusindeedyoushallattaintoVirgil’scharacterwhichhegivestoan—

cientItaly：

Terrapotensarmisatqueubereglebae.

Neitheristhatstate（which，foranythingIknow，isalmostpeculiartoEngland，andhardlytobefoundanywhereelse，exceptitbeperhapsinPoland）tobepassedover;Imeanthestateoffreeservants，andattendantsuponnoblemenandgentlemen;whicharenowaysinferioruntotheyeomanryforarms.Andthereforeoutofallques—

tions，thesplendorandmagnificence，andgreatretinuesandhospitality，ofnoblemenandgentle—

men，receivedintocustom，dothmuchconduceuntomartialgreatness.Whereas，contrariwise，thecloseandreservedlivingofnoblemenandgentle—

men，causethapenuryofmilitaryforces.

Byallmeansitistobeprocured，thatthetrunkofNebuchadnezzar’streeofmonarchy，begreatenoughtobearthebranchesandtheboughs;thatis，thatthenaturalsubjectsofthecrownorstate，bearasufficientproportiontothestrangersub—

jects，thattheygovern.Thereforeallstatesthatareliberalofnaturalizationtowardsstrangers，arefitforempire.Fortothinkthatanhandfulofpeoplecan，withthegreatestcourageandpolicyintheworld，embracetoolargeextentofdominion，itmayholdforatime，butitwillfailsuddenly.TheSpartanswereanicepeopleinpointofnaturaliza—

tion;whereby，whiletheykepttheircompass，theystoodfirm;butwhentheydidspread，andtheirboughswerebecomentoogreatfortheirstem，theybecameawindfall，uponthesudden.

Neveranystatewasinthispointsoopentoreceivestrangersintotheirbody，asweretheRomans.

Thereforeitsortedwiththemaccordingly;fortheygrewtothegreatestmonarchy.Theirmannerwastograntnaturalization（whichtheycalledjuscivitatis），andtograntitinthehighestdegree;thatis，notonlyjuscommercii，jusconnubii，jushaere—

ditatis;butalsojussuffragii，andjushonorum.

Andthisnottosingularpersonsalone，butlikewisetowholefamilies;yeatocities，andsometimestonations.Addtothistheircustomofplantationofcolonies;wherebytheRomanplantwasremovedintothesoilofothernations.Andputtingbothconstitutionstogether，youwillsaythatitwasnottheRomansthatspreadupontheworld，butitwastheworldthatspreadupontheRomans;andthatwasthesurewayofgreatness.Ihavemarvelled，sometimes，atSpain，howtheyclaspandcontainsolargedominions，withsofewnaturalSpaniards;

butsurethewholecompassofSpain，isaverygreatbodyofatree;faraboveRomeandSpartaatthefirst.Andbesides，thoughtheyhavenothadthatusage，tonaturalizeliberally，yettheyhavethatwhichisnexttoit;thatis，toemploy，almostindif—

ferently，allnationsintheirmilitiaofordinarysoldiers;yea，andsometimesintheirhighestcom—

mands.Nay，itseemethatthisinstanttheyaresensible，ofthiswantofnatives;asbythePrag—

maticalSanction，nowpublished，appeareth.

Itiscertainthatsedentary，andwithin—doorarts，anddelicatemanufactures（thatrequireratherthefingerthanthearm），have，intheirna—

ture，acontrarietytoamilitarydisposition.Andgenerally，allwarlikepeoplearealittleidle，andlovedangerbetterthantravail.Neithermusttheybetoomuchbrokenofit，iftheyshallbepreservedinvigor.Thereforeitwasgreatadvantage，intheancientstatesofSparta，Athens，Rome，andothers，thattheyhadtheuseofslaves，whichcommonlydidridthosemanufactures.Butthatisabolished，ingreatestpart，bytheChristianlaw.Thatwhichcomethnearesttoit，istoleavethoseartschieflytostrangers（which，forthatpurpose，arethemoreeasilytobereceived），andtocontaintheprincipalbulkofthevulgarnatives，withinthosethreekinds，—tillersoftheground;freeservants;andhandicraftsmenofstrongandmanlyarts，assmiths，masons，carpenters，etc.;notreckoningprofessedsoldiers.

Butaboveall，forempireandgreatness，itim—

portethmost，thatanationdoprofessarms，astheirprincipalhonor，study，andoccupation.Forthethingswhichweformerlyhavespokenof，arebuthabilitationstowardsarms;andwhatishabilita—

tionwithoutintentionandact？Romulus，afterhisdeath（astheyreportorfeign），sentapresenttotheRomans，thataboveall，theyshouldintendarms;

andthentheyshouldprovethegreatestempireoftheworld.ThefabricofthestateofSpartawaswholly（thoughnotwisely）framedandcomposed，tothatscopeandend.ThePersiansandMacedo—

nianshaditforaflash.TheGauls，Germans，Goths，Saxons，Normans，andothers，haditforatime.TheTurkshaveitatthisday，thoughingreatdeclination.OfChristianEurope，theythathaveitare，ineffect，onlytheSpaniards.Butitissoplain，thateverymanprofitethinthat，hemostintendeth，thatitneedethnottobestoodupon.Itisenoughtopointatit;thatnonationwhichdothnotdirectlyprofessarms，maylooktohavegreat—

nessfallintotheirmouths.Andontheotherside，itisamostcertainoracleoftime，thatthosestatesthatcontinuelonginthatprofession（astheRo—

mansandTurksprincipallyhavedone）dowon—

ders.Andthosethathaveprofessedarmsbutforanage，have，notwithstanding，commonlyat—

tainedthatgreatness，inthatage，whichmain—

tainedthemlongafter，whentheirprofessionandexerciseofarmshathgrowntodecay.

Incidenttothispointis，forastatetohavethoselawsorcustoms，whichmayreachforthuntothemjustoccasions（asmaybepretended）ofwar.Forthereisthatjustice，imprintedinthenatureofmen，thattheyenternotuponwars（whereofsomanycalamitiesdoensue）butuponsome，attheleastspecious，groundsandquarrels.TheTurkhathathand，forcauseofwar，thepropagationofhislaworsect;aquarrelthathemayalwayscom—

mand.TheRomans，thoughtheyesteemedtheextendingthelimitsoftheirempire，tobegreathonortotheirgenerals，whenitwasdone，yettheyneverresteduponthatalone，tobeginawar.First，therefore，letnationsthatpretendtogreatnesshavethis;thattheybesensibleofwrongs，eitheruponborderers，merchants，orpoliticministers;

andthattheysitnottoolonguponaprovocation.

Secondly，letthembeprest，andreadytogiveaidsandsuccors，totheirconfederates;asiteverwaswiththeRomans;insomuch，asiftheconfederatehadleaguesdefensive，withdiversotherstates，and，uponinvasionoffered，didimploretheiraidsseverally，yettheRomanswouldeverbethefore—

most，andleaveittononeothertohavethehonor.

Asforthewarswhichwereancientlymade，onthebehalfofakindofparty，ortacitconformityofestate，Idonotseehowtheymaybewelljustified：

aswhentheRomansmadeawar，forthelibertyofGrecia;orwhentheLacedaemoniansandAthe—

nians，madewarstosetuporpulldowndemoc—

raciesandoligarchies;orwhenwarsweremadebyforeigners，underthepretenceofjusticeorpro—

tection，todeliverthesubjectsofothers，fromtyrannyandoppression;andthelike.Letitsuf—

fice，thatnoestateexpecttobegreat，thatisnotawakeuponanyjustoccasionofarming.

Nobodycanbehealthfulwithoutexercise，neithernaturalbodynorpolitic;andcertainlytoakingdomorestate，ajustandhonorablewar，isthetrueexercise.Acivilwar，indeed，isliketheheatofafever;butaforeignwarisliketheheatofexercise，andservethtokeepthebodyinhealth;

forinaslothfulpeace，bothcourageswilleffemi—

nate，andmannerscorrupt.Buthowsoeveritbeforhappiness，withoutallquestion，forgreatness，itmakethtobestillforthemostpartinarms;andthestrengthofaveteranarmy（thoughitbeachargeablebusiness）alwaysonfoot，isthatwhichcommonlygiveththelaw，oratleastthereputa—

tion，amongstallneighborstates;asmaywellbeseeninSpain，whichhathhad，inonepartorother，aveteranarmyalmostcontinually，nowbythespaceofsixscoreyears.

Tobemasterofthesea，isanabridgmentofamonarchy.Cicero，writingtoAtticusofPompeyhispreparationagainstCaesar，saith，ConsiliumPompeiiplaneThemistocleumest;putatenim，quimaripotitur，eumrerumpotiri.And，withoutdoubt，PompeyhadtiredoutCaesar，ifuponvainconfidence，hehadnotleftthatway.Weseethegreateffectsofbattlesbvsea.ThebattleofActium，decidedtheempireoftheworld.ThebattleofLe—

panto，arrestedthegreatnessoftheTurk.Therebemanyexamples，wheresea—fightshavebeenfinaltothewar;butthisiswhenprincesorstateshavesetuptheirrest，uponthebattles.Butthusmuchiscertain，thathethatcommandsthesea，isatgreatliberty，andmaytakeasmuch，andaslittle，ofthewarashewill.Whereasthosethatbestrong—

estbyland，aremanytimesneverthelessingreatstraits.Surely，atthisday，withusofEurope，thevantageofstrengthatsea（whichisoneoftheprin—

cipaldowriesofthiskingdomofGreatBritain）isgreat;bothbecausemostofthekingdomsofEu—

rope，arenotmerelyinland，butgirtwiththeseamostpartoftheircompass;andbecausethewealthofbothIndiesseemsingreatpart，butanaccessorytothecommandoftheseas.

Thewarsoflatteragesseemtobemadeinthedark，inrespectoftheglory，andhonor，whichreflecteduponmenfromthewars，inancienttime.

Therebenow，formartialencouragement，somedegreesandordersofchivalry;whichneverthelessareconferredpromiscuously，uponsoldiersandnosoldiers;andsomeremembranceperhaps，uponthescutcheon;andsomehospitalsformaimedsol—

diers;andsuchlikethings.Butinancienttimes，thetrophieserectedupontheplaceofthevictory;

thefunerallaudativesandmonumentsforthosethatdiedinthewars;thecrownsandgarlandsper—

sonal;thestyleofemperor，whichthegreatkingsoftheworldafterborrowed;thetriumphsofthegenerals，upontheirreturn;thegreatdonativesandlargesses，uponthedisbandingofthearmies;

werethingsabletoinflameallmen’scourages.

Butaboveall，thatofthetriumph，amongsttheRomans，wasnotpageantsorgaudery，butoneofthewisestandnoblestinstitutions，thateverwas.

Foritcontainedthreethings：honortothegeneral;

richestothetreasuryoutofthespoils;anddona—

tivestothearmy.Butthathonor，perhapswerenotfitformonarchies;exceptitbeinthepersonofthemonarchhimself，orhissons;asitcametopassinthetimesoftheRomanemperors，whodidimpro—

priatetheactualtriumphstothemselves，andtheirsons，forsuchwarsastheydidachieveinperson;

andleftonly，forwarsachievedbysubjects，sometriumphalgarmentsandensignstothegeneral.

Toconclude：nomancanbycaretaking（astheScripturesaith）addacubittohisstature，inthislittlemodelofaman’sbody;butinthegreatframeofkingdomsandcommonwealths，itisinthepowerofprincesorestates，toaddamplitudeandgreatnesstotheirkingdoms;forbyintroducingsuchordinances，constitutions，andcustoms，aswehavenowtouched，theymaysowgreatnesstotheirposterityandsuccession.Butthesethingsarecommonlynotobserved，butlefttotaketheirchance.

OfRegimentOFHEALTH

OfRegimentOFHEALTH

THEREisawisdominthis;beyondtherulesofphysic：aman’sownobservation，whathefindsgoodof，andwhathefindshurtof，isthebestphysictopreservehealth.Butitisasaferconclu—

siontosay，Thisagreethnotwellwithme，there—

fore，Iwillnotcontinueit;thanthis，Ifindnooffenceofthis，thereforeImayuseit.Forstrengthofnatureinyouth，passethovermanyexcesses，whichareowingamantillhisage.Discernofthecomingonofyears，andthinknottodothesamethingsstill;foragewillnotbedefied.Bewareofsuddenchange，inanygreatpointofdiet，and，ifnecessityenforceit，fittheresttoit.Foritisasecretbothinnatureandstate，thatitissafertochangemanythings，thanone.Examinethycustomsofdiet，sleep，exercise，apparel，andthelike;andtry，inanythingthoushaltjudgehurtful，todiscon—

tinueit，bylittleandlittle;butso，asifthoudostfindanyinconveniencebythechange，thoucomebacktoitagain：foritishardtodistinguishthatwhichisgenerallyheldgoodandwholesome，fromthatwhichisgoodparticularly，andfitforthineownbody.Tobefree—mindedandcheerfullydisposed，athoursofmeat，andofsleep，andofexercise，isoneofthebestpreceptsoflonglasting.

Asforthepassions，andstudiesofthemind;avoidenvy，anxiousfears;angerfrettinginwards;

subtleandknottyinquisitions;joysandexhilara—

tionsinexcess;sadnessnotcommunicated.Enter—

tainhopes;mirthratherthanjoy;varietyofdelights，ratherthansurfeitofthem;wonderandadmiration，andthereforenovelties;studiesthatfillthemindwithsplendidandillustriousobjects，ashistories，fables，andcontemplationsofnature.

Ifyouflyphysicinhealthaltogether，itwillbetoostrangeforyourbody，whenyoushallneedit.Ifyoumakeittoofamiliar，itwillworknoextra—

ordinaryeffect，whensicknesscometh.Icommendrathersomedietforcertainseasons，thanfrequentuseofphysic，exceptitbegrownintoacustom.Forthosedietsalterthebodymore，andtroubleitless.

Despisenonewaccidentinyourbody，butaskopinionofit.Insickness，respecthealthprin—

cipally;andinhealth，action.Forthosethatputtheirbodiestoendureinhealth，mayinmostsick—

nesses，whicharenotverysharp，becuredonlywithdiet，andtendering.Celsuscouldneverhavespokenitasaphysician，hadhenotbeenawisemanwithal，whenhegivethitforoneofthegreatpreceptsofhealthandlasting，thatamandovary，andinterchangecontraries，butwithaninclina—

tiontothemorebenignextreme：usefastingandfulleating，butratherfulleating;watchingandsleep，butrathersleep;sittingandexercise，butratherexercise;andthelike.Soshallnaturebecherished，andyettaughtmasteries.Physiciansare，someofthem，sopleasingandconformabletothehumorofthepatient，astheypressnotthetruecureofthedisease;andsomeotheraresoregular，inproceedingaccordingtoartforthedisease，astheyrespectnotsufficientlytheconditionofthepatient.Takeoneofamiddletemper;orifitmaynotbefoundinoneman，combinetwoofeithersort;andforgetnottocallaswell，thebestac—

quaintedwithyourbody，asthebestreputedofforhisfaculty.

OfSuspicionOfSuspicionSUSPICIONSamongstthoughts，arelikebatsamongstbirds，theyeverflybytwilight.Cer—

tainlytheyaretoberepressed，oratleastwellguarded：fortheycloudthemind;theyleesefriends;andtheycheckwithbusiness，wherebybusinesscannotgooncurrentlyandconstantly.

Theydisposekingstotyranny，husbandstojeal—

ousy，wisementoirresolutionandmelancholy.

Theyaredefects，notintheheart，butinthebrain;

fortheytakeplaceinthestoutestnatures;asintheexampleofHenrytheSeventhofEngland.Therewasnotamoresuspiciousman，noramorestout.

Andinsuchacompositiontheydosmallhurt.Forcommonlytheyarenotadmitted，butwithexami—

nation，whethertheybelikelyorno.Butinfearfulnaturestheygaingroundtoofast.Thereisnothingmakesamansuspectmuch，morethantoknowlittle;andthereforemenshouldremedysuspicion，byprocuringtoknowmore，andnottokeeptheirsuspicionsinsmother.Whatwouldmenhave？Dotheythink，thosetheyemployanddealwith，aresaints？Dotheynotthink，theywillhavetheirownends，andbetruertothemselves，thantothem？

Thereforethereisnobetterway，tomoderatesus—

picions，thantoaccountuponsuchsuspicionsastrue，andyettobridlethemasfalse.Forsofaramanoughttomakeuseofsuspicions，astoprovide，asifthatshouldbetrue，thathesuspects，yetitmaydohimnohurt.Suspicionsthatthemindofitselfgathers，arebutbuzzes;butsuspicionsthatareartificiallynourished，andputintomen’sheads，bythetalesandwhisperingsofothers，havestings.Certainly，thebestmean，toclearthewayinthissamewoodofsuspicions，isfranklytocom—

municatethemwiththeparty，thathesuspects;

fortherebyheshallbesuretoknowmoreofthetruthofthem，thanhedidbefore;andwithalshallmakethatpartymorecircumspect，nottogivefurthercauseofsuspicion.Butthiswouldnotbedonetomenofbasenatures;forthey，iftheyfindthemselvesoncesuspected，willneverbetrue.TheItaliansays，Sospettolicentiafede;asifsuspicion，didgiveapassporttofaith;butitought，rather，tokindleittodischargeitself.

OfDiscourseOfDiscourseSOME，intheirdiscourse，desirerathercom—

mendationofwit，inbeingabletoholdallarguments，thanofjudgment，indiscerningwhatistrue;asifitwereapraise，toknowwhatmightbesaid，andnot，whatshouldbethought.Somehavecertaincommonplaces，andthemes，whereintheyaregoodandwantvariety;whichkindofpovertyisforthemostparttedious，andwhenitisonceperceived，ridiculous.Thehonorablestpartoftalk，istogivetheoccasion;andagaintomoderate，andpasstosomewhatelse;forthenamanleadsthedance.Itisgood，indiscourseandspeechofcon—

versation，tovaryandinterminglespeechofthepresentoccasion，witharguments，taleswithrea—

sons，askingofquestions，withtellingofopinions，andjestwithearnest：foritisadullthingtotire，and，aswesaynow，tojade，anythingtoofar.Asforjest，therebecertainthings，whichoughttobeprivilegedfromit;namely，religion，mattersofstate，greatpersons，anyman’spresentbusinessofimportance，andanycasethatdeservethpity.Yettherebesome，thatthinktheirwitshavebeenasleep，excepttheydartoutsomewhatthatispiquant，andtothequick.Thatisaveinwhichwouldbebridled：

Parce，puer，stimulis，etfortiusutereloris.

Andgenerally，menoughttofindthedifference，betweensaltnessandbitterness.Certainly，hethathathasatiricalvein，ashemakethothersafraidofhiswit，sohehadneedbeafraidofothers’memory.

Hethatquestionethmuch，shalllearnmuch，andcontentmuch;butespecially，ifheapplyhisques—

tionstotheskillofthepersonswhomheasketh;forheshallgivethemoccasion，topleasethemselvesinspeaking，andhimselfshallcontinuallygatherknowledge.Butlethisquestionsnotbetrouble—

some;forthatisfitforaposer.Andlethimbesuretoleaveothermen，theirturnstospeak.Nay，iftherebeany，thatwouldreignandtakeupallthetime，lethimfindmeanstotakethemoff，andtobringotherson;asmusiciansusetodo，withthosethatdancetoolonggalliards.Ifyoudis—

semble，sometimes，yourknowledgeofthatyouarethoughttoknow，youshallbethought，anothertime，toknowthatyouknownot.Speechofaman’sselfoughttobeseldom，andwellchosen.I

knewone，waswonttosayinscorn，Hemustneedsbeawiseman，hespeakssomuchofhimself：andthereisbutonecase，whereinamanmaycom—

mendhimselfwithgoodgrace;andthatisincommendingvirtueinanother;especiallyifitbesuchavirtue，whereuntohimselfpretendeth.

Speechoftouchtowardsothers，shouldbespar—

inglyused;fordiscourseoughttobeasafield，withoutcominghometoanyman.Iknewtwonoblemen，ofthewestpartofEngland，whereoftheonewasgiventoscoff，butkepteverroyalcheerinhishouse;theotherwouldask，ofthosethathadbeenattheother’stable，Telltruly，wasthereneverafloutordryblowgiven？Towhichtheguestwouldanswer，Suchandsuchathingpassed.

Thelordwouldsay，Ithought，hewouldmaragooddinner.Discretionofspeech，ismorethaneloquence;andtospeakagreeablytohim，withwhomwedeal，ismorethantospeakingoodwords，oringoodorder.Agoodcontinuedspeech，withoutagoodspeechofinterlocution，showsslowness：andagoodreplyorsecondspeech，with—

outagoodsettledspeech，showethshallownessandweakness.Asweseeinbeasts，thatthosethatareweakestinthecourse，areyetnimblestintheturn;asitisbetwixtthegreyhoundandthehare.

Tousetoomanycircumstances，ereonecometothematter，iswearisome;tousenoneatall，isblunt.

OfPlantationsOfPlantationsPLANTATIONSareamongstancient，primi—

tive，andheroicalworks.Whentheworldwasyoung，itbegatmorechildren;butnowitisold，itbegetsfewer：forImayjustlyaccountnewplan—

tations，tobethechildrenofformerkingdoms.I

likeaplantationinapuresoil;thatis，wherepeoplearenotdisplanted，totheend，toplantinothers.Forelseitisratheranextirpation，thanaplantation.Plantingofcountries，islikeplantingofwoods;foryoumustmakeaccounttoleeseal—

mosttwentyyears’profit，andexpectyourrecom—

penseintheend.Fortheprincipalthing，thathathbeenthedestructionofmostplantations，hathbeenthebaseandhastydrawingofprofit，inthefirstyears.Itistrue，speedyprofitisnottobeneg—

lected，asfarasmaystandwiththegoodoftheplantation，butnofurther.Itisashamefulandunblessedthing，totakethescumofpeople，andwickedcondemnedmen，tobethepeoplewithwhomyouplant;andnotonlyso，butitspoileththeplantation;fortheywilleverlivelikerogues，andnotfalltowork，butbelazy，anddomischief，andspendvictuals，andbequicklyweary，andthencertifyovertotheircountry，tothediscreditoftheplantation.Thepeoplewherewithyouplantoughttobegardeners，ploughmen，laborers，smiths，carpenters，joiners，fishermen，fowlers，withsomefewapothecaries，surgeons，cooks，andbakers.Inacountryofplantation，firstlookabout，whatkindofvictualthecountryyieldsofitselftohand;aschestnuts，walnuts，pineapples，olives，dates，plums，cherries，wildhoney，andthelike;

andmakeuseofthem.Thenconsiderwhatvictualoresculentthingsthereare，whichgrowspeedily，andwithintheyear;asparsnips，carrots，turnips，onions，radish，artichokesofHierusalem，maize，andthelike.Forwheat，barley，andoats，theyasktoomuchlabor;butwithpeaseandbeansyoumaybegin，bothbecausetheyasklesslabor，andbe—

causetheyserveformeat，aswellasforbread.Andofrice，likewisecomethagreatincrease，anditisakindofmeat.Aboveall，thereoughttobebroughtstoreofbiscuit，oat—meal，flour，meal，andthelike，inthebeginning，tillbreadmaybehad.Forbeasts，orbirds，takechieflysuchasareleastsubjecttodiseases，andmultiplyfastest;asswine，goats，cocks，hens，turkeys，geese，house—doves，andthelike.Thevictualinplantations，oughttobeex—

pendedalmostasinabesiegedtown;thatis，withcertainallowance.Andletthemainpartoftheground，employedtogardensorcorn，betoacom—

monstock;andtobelaidin，andstoredup，andthendeliveredoutinproportion;besidessomespotsofground，thatanyparticularpersonwillmanureforhisownprivate.Considerlikewisewhatcommodities，thesoilwheretheplantationis，dothnaturallyyield，thattheymaysomewayhelptodefraythechargeoftheplantation（soitbenot，aswassaid，totheuntimelyprejudiceofthemainbusiness），asithathfaredwithtobaccoinVirginia.Woodcommonlyaboundethbuttoomuch;andthereforetimberisfittobeone.Iftherebeironore，andstreamswhereupontosetthemills，ironisabravecommoditywherewoodaboundeth.

Makingofbay—salt，iftheclimatebeproperforit，wouldbeputinexperience.Growingsilklikewise，ifanybe，isalikelycommodity.Pitchandtar，wherestoreoffirsandpinesare，willnotfail.Sodrugsandsweetwoods，wheretheyare，cannotbutyieldgreatprofit.Soap—asheslikewise，andotherthingsthatmaybethoughtof.Butmoilnottoomuchunderground;forthehopeofminesisveryuncertain，andusethtomaketheplanterslazy，inotherthings.Forgovernment;letitbeinthehandsofone，assistedwithsomecounsel;andletthemhavecommissiontoexercisemartiallaws，withsomelimitation.Andaboveall，letmenmakethatprofit，ofbeinginthewilderness，astheyhaveGodalways，andhisservice，beforetheireyes.Letnotthegovernmentoftheplantation，dependupontoomanycounsellors，andundertakers，inthecountrythatplanteth，butuponatemperatenumber;andletthoseberathernoblemenandgentlemen，thanmerchants;fortheylookevertothepresentgain.Lettherebefreedomfromcus—

tom，tilltheplantationbeofstrength;andnotonlyfreedomfromcustom，butfreedomtocarrytheircommodities，wheretheymaymaketheirbestofthem，excepttherebesomespecialcauseofcaution.Cramnotinpeople，bysendingtoofastcompanyaftercompany;butratherharkenhowtheywaste，andsendsuppliesproportionably;butso，asthenumbermaylivewellintheplantation，andnotbysurchargebeinpenury.Ithathbeenagreatendangeringtothehealthofsomeplanta—

tions，thattheyhavebuiltalongtheseaandrivers，inmarishandunwholesomegrounds.Therefore，thoughyoubeginthere，toavoidcarriageandlikediscommodities，yetbuildstillratherupwardsfromthestreams，thanalong.Itconcernethlike—

wisethehealthoftheplantation，thattheyhavegoodstoreofsaltwiththem，thattheymayuseitintheirvictuals，whenitshallbenecessary.Ifyouplantwheresavagesare，donotonlyentertainthem，withtriflesandgingles，butusethemjustlyandgraciously，withsufficientguardnevertheless;

anddonotwintheirfavor，byhelpingthemtoin—

vadetheirenemies，butfortheirdefenceitisnotamiss;andsendoftofthem，overtothecountrythatplants，thattheymayseeabetterconditionthantheirown，andcommenditwhentheyre—

turn.Whentheplantationgrowstostrength，thenitistimetoplantwithwomen，aswellaswithmen;thattheplantationmayspreadintogenera—

tions，andnotbeeverpiecedfromwithout.Itisthesinfullestthingintheworld，toforsakeordestituteaplantationonceinforwardness;forbesidesthedishonor，itistheguiltinessofbloodofmanycom—

miserablepersons.

OfRichesOfRichesICANNOTcallrichesbetterthanthebaggageofvirtue.TheRomanwordisbetter，impedi—

menta.Forasthebaggageistoanarmy，soisrichestovirtue.Itcannotbespared，norleftbehind，butithindereththemarch;yea，andthecareofit，sometimeslosethordisturbeththevictory.Ofgreatrichesthereisnorealuse，exceptitbeinthedistribution;therestisbutconceit.SosaithSolo—

mon，Wheremuchis，therearemanytoconsumeit;andwhathaththeowner，butthesightofitwithhiseyes？Thepersonalfruitioninanyman，cannotreachtofeelgreatriches：thereisacustodyofthem;orapowerofdole，anddonativeofthem;

orafameofthem;butnosolidusetotheowner.

Doyounotseewhatfeignedprices，aresetuponlittlestonesandrarities？andwhatworksofosten—

tationareundertaken，becausetheremightseemtobesomeuseofgreatriches？Butthenyouwillsay，theymaybeofuse，tobuymenoutofdangersortroubles.AsSolomonsaith，Richesareasastronghold，intheimaginationoftherichman.

Butthisisexcellentlyexpressed，thatitisinimagi—

nation，andnotalwaysinfact.Forcertainlygreatriches，havesoldmoremen，thantheyhaveboughtout.Seeknotproudriches，butsuchasthoumayestgetjustly，usesoberly，distributecheerfully，andleavecontentedly.Yethavenoabstractnorfriarlycontemptofthem.Butdistinguish，asCicerosaithwellofRabiriusPosthumus，Instudioreiampli—

ficandaeapparebat，nonavaritiaepraedam，sedinstrumentumbonitatiquaeri.HarkenalsotoSolomon，andbewareofhastygatheringofriches;

Quifestinataddivitias，noneritinsons.Thepoetsfeign，thatwhenPlutus（whichisRiches）issentfromJupiter，helimpsandgoesslowly;butwhenheissentfromPluto，heruns，andisswiftoffoot.

Meaningthatrichesgottenbygoodmeans，andjustlabor，paceslowly;butwhentheycomebythedeathofothers（asbythecourseofinheritance，testaments，andthelike），theycometumblinguponaman.ButitmoughtbeappliedlikewisetoPluto，takinghimforthedevil.Forwhenrichescomefromthedevil（asbyfraudandoppression，andunjustmeans），theycomeuponspeed.Thewaystoenricharemany，andmostofthemfoul.

Parsimonyisoneofthebest，andyetisnotinno—

cent;foritwithholdethmenfromworksofliberal—

ityandcharity.Theimprovementoftheground，isthemostnaturalobtainingofriches;foritisourgreatmother’sblessing，theearth’s;butitisslow.

Andyetwheremenofgreatwealthdostooptohusbandry，itmultipliethrichesexceedingly.I

knewanoblemaninEngland，thathadthegreat—

estauditsofanymaninmytime;agreatgrazier，agreatsheep—master，agreattimberman，agreatcollier，agreatcorn—master，agreatlead—man，andsoofiron，andanumberofthelikepointsofhus—

bandry.Soastheearthseemedaseatohim，inrespectoftheperpetualimportation.Itwastrulyobservedbyone，thathimselfcameveryhardly，toalittleriches，andveryeasily，togreatriches.

Forwhenaman’sstockiscometothat，thathecanexpecttheprimeofmarkets，andovercomethosebargains，whichfortheirgreatnessarefewmen’smoney，andbepartnerintheindustriesofyoungermen，hecannotbutincreasemainly.Thegainsofordinarytradesandvocationsarehonest;andfurtheredbytwothingschiefly：bydiligence，andbyagoodname，forgoodandfairdealing.Butthegainsofbargains，areofamoredoubtfulnature;

whenmenshallwaituponothers’necessity，brokebyservantsandinstrumentstodrawthemon，putoffotherscunningly，thatwouldbebetterchap—

men，andthelikepractices，whicharecraftyandnaught.Asforthechoppingofbargains，whenamanbuysnottoholdbuttoselloveragain，thatcommonlygrindethdouble，bothupontheseller，anduponthebuyer.Sharingsdogreatlyenrich，ifthehandsbewellchosen，thataretrusted.Usuryisthecertainestmeansofgain，thoughoneoftheworst;asthatwherebyamandotheathisbread，insudorevultusalieni;andbesides，dothploughuponSundays.Butyetcertainthoughitbe，ithathflaws;forthatthescrivenersandbrokersdovalueunsoundmen，toservetheirownturn.Thefortuneinbeingthefirst，inaninventionorinaprivilege，dothcausesometimesawonderfulovergrowthinriches;asitwaswiththefirstsugarman，intheCanaries.Thereforeifamancanplaythetruelogician，tohaveaswelljudgment，asinvention，hemaydogreatmatters;especiallyifthetimesbefit.Hethatrestethupongainscertain，shallhardlygrowtogreatriches;andhethatputsalluponadventures，dothoftentimesbreakandcometopoverty：itisgood，therefore，toguardadventureswithcertainties，thatmayupholdlosses.Monopo—

lies，andcoemptionofwaresforre—sale，wheretheyarenotrestrained，aregreatmeanstoenrich;

especiallyifthepartyhaveintelligence，whatthingsareliketocomeintorequest，andsostorehimselfbeforehand.Richesgottenbyservice，thoughitbeofthebestrise，yetwhentheyaregottenbyflattery，feedinghumors，andotherserv—

ileconditions，theymaybeplacedamongsttheworst.Asforfishingfortestamentsandexecutor—

ships（asTacitussaithofSeneca，testamentaetorbostamquamindaginecapi），itisyetworse;byhowmuchmensubmitthemselvestomeanerper—

sons，thaninservice.Believenotmuch，themthatseemtodespiseriches;fortheydespisethem，thatdespairofthem;andnoneworse，whentheycometothem.Benotpenny—wise;richeshavewings，andsometimestheyflyawayofthemselves，some—

timestheymustbesetflying，tobringinmore.

Menleavetheirriches，eithertotheirkindred，ortothepublic;andmoderateportions，prosperbestinboth.Agreatstatelefttoanheir，isasaluretoallthebirdsofpreyroundabout，toseizeonhim，ifhebenotthebetterstablishedinyearsandjudg—

ment.Likewisegloriousgiftsandfoundations，arelikesacrificeswithoutsalt;andbutthepaintedsepulchresofalms，whichsoonwillputrefy，andcorruptinwardly.Thereforemeasurenotthineadvancements，byquantity，butframethembymeasure：anddefernotcharitiestilldeath;for，certainly，ifamanweighitrightly，hethatdothso，isratherliberalofanotherman’s，thanofhisown.

OfPropheciesOfPropheciesIMEANnottospeakofdivineprophecies;norofheathenoracles;norofnaturalpredictions;

butonlyofpropheciesthathavebeenofcer—

tainmemory，andfromhiddencauses.SaiththePythonissatoSaul，To—morrowthouandthysonshallbewithme.Homerhaththeseverses：

AtdomusAEneaecunctisdominabituroris，Etnatinatorum，etquinascenturabillis.

Aprophecy，asitseems，oftheRomanempire.

Senecathetragedianhaththeseverses：

——VenientannisSaeculaseris，quibusOceanusVincularerumlaxet，etingensPateatTellus，TiphysquenovosDetegatorbes;necsitterrisUltimaThule：

aprophecyofthediscoveryofAmerica.Thedaugh—

terofPolycrates，dreamedthatJupiterbathedherfather，andApolloanointedhim;anditcametopass，thathewascrucifiedinanopenplace，wherethesunmadehisbodyrunwithsweat，andtherainwashedit.PhilipofMacedondreamed，hesealedupbiswife’sbelly;wherebyhedidexpoundit，thathiswifeshouldbebarren;butAristanderthesoothsayer，toldhimhiswifewaswithchild，becausemendonotusetosealvessels，thatareempty.AphantasmthatappearedtoM.Brutus，inhistent，saidtohim，Philippisiterummevidebis.

TiberiussaidtoGalba，Tuquoque，Galba，degusta—

bisimperium.InVespasian’stime，therewentaprophecyintheEast，thatthosethatshouldcomeforthofJudea，shouldreignovertheworld：

whichthoughitmaybewasmeantofourSavior;

yetTacitusexpoundsitofVespasian.Domitiandreamed，thenightbeforehewasslain，thatagoldenheadwasgrowing，outofthenapeofhisneck：andindeed，thesuccessionthatfollowedhimformanyyears，madegoldentimes.HenrytheSixthofEngland，saidofHenrytheSeventh，whenhewasalad，andgavehimwater，Thisistheladthatshallenjoythecrown，forwhichwestrive.

WhenIwasinFrance，IheardfromoneDr.Pena，thattheQueenMother，whowasgiventocuriousarts，causedtheKingherhusband’snativitytobecalculated，underafalsename;andtheastrologergaveajudgment，thatheshouldbekilledinaduel;

atwhichtheQueenlaughed，thinkingherhus—

bandtobeabovechallengesandduels：buthewasslainuponacourseattilt，thesplintersofthestaffofMontgomerygoinginathisbeaver.Thetrivialprophecy，whichIheardwhenIwasachild，andQueenElizabethwasintheflowerofheryears，was，WhenhempeisspunEngland’sdone：

wherebyitwasgenerallyconceived，thataftertheprinceshadreigned，whichhadtheprincipallettersofthatwordhempe（whichwereHenry，Edward，Mary，Philip，andElizabeth），Englandshouldcometoutterconfusion;which，thanksbetoGod，isverifiedonlyinthechangeofthename;

forthattheKing’sstyle，isnownomoreofEng—

landbutofBritain.Therewasalsoanotherproph—

ecy，beforetheyearof’88，whichIdonotwellunderstand.

Thereshallbeseenuponaday，BetweentheBaughandtheMay，TheblackfleetofNorway.

Whenthatthatiscomeandgone，Englandbuildhousesoflimeandstone，Forafterwarsshallyouhavenone.

Itwasgenerallyconceivedtobemeant，oftheSpanishfleetthatcamein’88：forthatthekingofSpain’ssurname，astheysay，isNorway.Thepre—

dictionofRegiomontanus，Octogesimusoctavusmirabilisannus，wasthoughtlikewiseaccomplishedinthesendingofthatgreatfleet，beingthegreatestinstrength，thoughnotinnumber，ofallthateverswamuponthesea.AsforCleon’sdream，Ithinkitwasajest.

Itwas，thathewasdevouredofalongdragon;anditwasexpoundedofamakerofsausages，thattroubledhimexceedingly.Therearenumbersofthelikekind;especiallyifyouincludedreams，andpredictionsofastrology.ButIhavesetdownthesefewonly，ofcertaincredit，forexample.Myjudg—

mentis，thattheyoughtalltobedespised;andoughttoservebutforwintertalkbythefireside.

ThoughwhenIsaydespised，Imeanitasforbe—

lief;forotherwise，thespreading，orpublishing，ofthem，isinnosorttobedespised.Fortheyhavedonemuchmischief;andIseemanyseverelawsmade，tosuppressthem.Thatthathathgiventhemgrace，andsomecredit，consistethinthreethings.

First，thatmenmarkwhentheyhit，andnevermarkwhentheymiss;astheydogenerallyalsoofdreams.Thesecondis，thatprobableconjectures，orobscuretraditions，manytimesturnthemselvesintoprophecies;whilethenatureofman，whichcovetethdivination，thinksitnoperiltoforetellthatwhichindeedtheydobutcollect.AsthatofSeneca’sverse.Forsomuchwasthensubjecttodemonstration，thattheglobeoftheearthhadgreatpartsbeyondtheAtlantic，whichmoughtbeprobablyconceivednottobeallsea：andaddingtheretothetraditioninPlato’sTimaeus，andhisAtlanticus，itmoughtencourageonetoturnittoaprediction.Thethirdandlast（whichisthegreatone）is，thatalmostallofthem，beinginfiniteinnumber，havebeenimpostures，andbyidleandcraftybrainsmerelycontrivedandfeigned，aftertheeventpast.

OfAmbitionOfAmbitionAMBITIONislikecholer;whichisanhumorthatmakethmenactive，earnest，fullofalac—

rity，andstirring，ifitbenotstopped.Butifitbestopped，andcannothavehisway，itbecomethadust，andtherebymalignandvenomous.Soam—

bitiousmen，iftheyfindthewayopenfortheirrising，andstillgetforward，theyareratherbusythandangerous;butiftheybecheckedintheirdesires，theybecomesecretlydiscontent，andlookuponmenandmatterswithanevileye，andarebestpleased，whenthingsgobackward;whichistheworstpropertyinaservantofaprince，orstate.

Thereforeitisgoodforprinces，iftheyuseambi—

tiousmen，tohandleit，soastheybestillprogres—

siveandnotretrograde;which，becauseitcannotbewithoutinconvenience，itisgoodnottousesuchnaturesatall.Foriftheyrisenotwiththeirservice，theywilltakeorder，tomaketheirservicefallwiththem.Butsincewehavesaid，itweregoodnottousemenofambitiousnatures，exceptitbeuponnecessity，itisfitwespeak，inwhatcasestheyareofnecessity.Goodcommandersinthewarsmustbetaken，betheyneversoambitious;fortheuseoftheirservice，dispensethwiththerest;andtotakeasoldierwithoutambition，istopulloffhisspurs.Thereisalsogreatuseofambitiousmen，inbeingscreenstoprincesinmattersofdangerandenvy;fornomanwilltakethatpart，excepthebelikeaseeleddove，thatmountsandmounts，be—

causehecannotseeabouthim.Thereisusealsoofambitiousmen，inpullingdownthegreatnessofanysubjectthatovertops;asTiberiususedMarco，inthepullingdownofSejanus.Since，therefore，theymustbeusedinsuchcases，thererestethtospeak，howtheyaretobebridled，thattheymaybelessdangerous.Thereislessdangerofthem，iftheybeofmeanbirth，thaniftheybenoble;andiftheyberatherharshofnature，thangraciousandpopu—

lar：andiftheyberathernewraised，thangrowncunning，andfortified，intheirgreatness.Itiscountedbysome，aweaknessinprinces，tohavefavorites;butitis，ofallothers，thebestremedyagainstambitiousgreat—ones.Forwhenthewayofpleasuring，anddispleasuring，liethbythefavorite，itisimpossibleanyothershouldbeover—

great.Anothermeanstocurbthem，istobalancethembyothers，asproudasthey.Butthentheremustbesomemiddlecounsellors，tokeepthingssteady;forwithoutthatballast，theshipwillrolltoomuch.Attheleast，aprincemayanimateandinuresomemeanerpersons，tobeasitwerescourges，toambitionsmen.Asforthehavingofthemobnoxioustoruin;iftheybeoffearfulnatures，itmaydowell;butiftheybestoutanddaring，itmayprecipitatetheirdesigns，andprovedangerous.Asforthepullingofthemdown，iftheaffairsrequireit，andthatitmaynotbedonewithsafetysuddenly，theonlywayistheinterchange，continually，offavorsanddisgraces;wherebytheymaynotknowwhattoexpect，andbe，asitwere，inawood.Ofambitions，itislessharmful，theambitiontoprevailingreatthings，thanthatother，toappearineverything;forthatbreedsconfusion，andmarsbusiness.Butyetitislessdan—

ger，tohaveanambitiousmanstirringinbusiness，thangreatindependences.Hethatseekethtobeeminentamongstablemen，hathagreattask;butthatisevergoodforthepublic.Buthe，thatplotstobetheonlyfigureamongstciphers，isthedecayofawholeage.Honorhaththreethingsinit：thevantagegroundtodogood;theapproachtokingsandprincipalpersons;andtheraisingofaman’sownfortunes.Hethathaththebestoftheseinten—

tions，whenheaspireth，isanhonestman;andthatprince，thatcandiscernoftheseintentionsinan—

otherthataspireth，isawiseprince.Generally，letprincesandstateschoosesuchministers，asaremoresensibleofdutythanofusing;andsuchaslovebusinessratheruponconscience，thanuponbravery，andletthemdiscernabusynature，fromawillingmind.

OfMasquesANDTRIUMPHS

OfMasquesANDTRIUMPHS

THESEthingsarebuttoys，tocomeamongstsuchseriousobservations.Butyet，sinceprinceswillhavesuchthings，itisbettertheyshouldbegracedwithelegancy，thandaubedwithcost.Dancingtosong，isathingofgreatstateandpleasure.Iunderstandit，thatthesongbeinquire，placedaloft，andaccompaniedwithsomebrokenmusic;andthedittyfittedtothedevice.Actinginsong，especiallyindialogues，hathanextremegoodgrace;Isayacting，notdancing（forthatisameanandvulgarthing）;andthevoicesofthedia—

loguewouldbestrongandmanly（abaseandatenor;notreble）;andthedittyhighandtragical;

notniceordainty.Severalquires，placedoneoveragainstanother，andtakingthevoicebycatches，anthem—wise，givegreatpleasure.Turningdancesintofigure，isachildishcuriosity.Andgenerallyletitbenoted，thatthosethingswhichIheresetdown，aresuchasdonaturallytakethesense，andnotrespectpettywonderments.Itistrue，theal—