第5章

terationsofscenes，soitbequietlyandwithoutnoise，arethingsofgreatbeautyandpleasure;fortheyfeedandrelievetheeye，beforeitbefullofthesameobject.Letthescenesaboundwithlight，speciallycoloredandvaried;andletthemasquers，oranyother，thataretocomedownfromthescene，havesomemotionsuponthesceneitself，beforetheircomingdown;foritdrawstheeyestrangely，andmakesit，withgreatpleasure，todesiretosee，thatitcannotperfectlydiscern.Letthesongsbeloudandcheerful，andnotchirpingsorpulings.Letthemusiclikewisebesharpandloud，andwellplaced.Thecolorsthatshowbestbycandle—lightarewhite，carnation，andakindofsea—water—green;andoes，orspangs，astheyareofnogreatcost，sotheyareofmostglory.Asforrichembroidery，itislostandnotdiscerned.Letthesuitsofthemasquersbegraceful，andsuchasbe—

cometheperson，whenthevizorsareoff;notafterexamplesofknownattires;Turke，soldiers，mari—

ners’，andthelike.Letanti—masquesnotbelong;

theyhavebeencommonlyoffools，satyrs，baboons，wild—men，antics，beasts，sprites，witches，Ethiops，pigmies，turquets，nymphs，rustics，Cupids，statuasmoving，andthelike.Asforangels，itisnotcomi—

calenough，toputtheminanti—masques;andanythingthatishideous，asdevils，giants，isontheothersideasunfit.Butchiefly，letthemusicofthemberecreative，andwithsomestrangechanges.Somesweetodorssuddenlycomingforth，withoutanydropsfalling，are，insuchacompanyasthereissteamandheat，thingsofgreatpleasureandrefreshment.Doublemasques，oneofmen，anotherofladies，addethstateandvariety.Butallisnothingexcepttheroombekeptclearandneat.

Forjusts，andtourneys，andbarriers;thegloriesofthemarechieflyinthechariots，whereinthechallengersmaketheirentry;especiallyiftheybedrawnwithstrangebeasts：aslions，bears，camels，andthelike;orinthedevicesoftheiren—

trance;orinthebraveryoftheirliveries;orinthegoodlyfurnitureoftheirhorsesandarmor.Butenoughofthesetoys.

OfNatureINMEN

OfNatureINMEN

NATUREisoftenhidden;sometimesover—

come;seldomextinguished.Force，makethnaturemoreviolentinthereturn;doctrineanddis—

course，makethnaturelessimportune;butcustomonlydothalterandsubduenature.Hethatseekethvictoryoverhisnature，lethimnotsethimselftoogreat，nortoosmalltasks;forthefirstwillmakehimdejectedbyoftenfailings;andthesecondwillmakehimasmallproceeder，thoughbyoftenpre—

vailings.Andatthefirstlethimpractisewithhelps，asswimmersdowithbladdersorrushes;

butafteratimelethimpractisewithdisadvan—

tages，asdancersdowiththickshoes.Foritbreedsgreatperfection，ifthepracticebeharderthantheuse.Wherenatureismighty，andthereforethevictoryhard，thedegreeshadneedbe，firsttostayandarrestnatureintime;liketohimthatwouldsayoverthefourandtwentyletterswhenhewasangry;thentogolessinquantity;asifoneshould，inforbearingwine，comefromdrinkinghealths，toadraughtatameal;andlastly，todiscontinuealtogether.Butifamanhavethefortitude，andresolution，toenfranchisehimselfatonce，thatisthebest：

OptimusilleanimivindexlaedentiapectusVinculaquirupit，dedoluitquesemel.

Neitheristheancientruleamiss，tobendnature，asawand，toacontraryextreme，wherebytosetitright，understandingit，wherethecontraryex—

tremeisnovice.Letnotamanforceahabituponhimself，withaperpetualcontinuance，butwithsomeintermission.Forboththepausereinforceththenewonset;andifamanthatisnotperfect，beeverinpractice，heshallaswellpractisehiserrors，ashisabilities，andinduceonehabitofboth;andthereisnomeanstohelpthis，butbyseasonableintermissions.Butletnotamantrusthisvictoryoverhisnature，toofar;fornaturewilllayburiedagreattime，andyetrevive，upontheoccasionortemptation.LikeasitwaswithAEsop’sdamsel，turnedfromacattoawoman，whosatveryde—

mutelyattheboard’send，tillamouseranbeforeher.Therefore，letamaneitheravoidtheoccasionaltogether;orputhimselfoftentoit，thathemaybelittlemovedwithit.Aman’snatureisbestper—

ceivedinprivateness，forthereisnoaffectation;

inpassion，forthatputtethamanoutofhispre—

cepts;andinanewcaseorexperiment，fortherecustomleavethhim.Theyarehappymen，whosenaturessortwiththeirvocations;otherwisetheymaysay，multumincolafuitanimamea;whentheyconverseinthosethings，theydonotaffect.

Instudies，whatsoeveramancommandethuponhimself，lethimsethoursforit;butwhatsoeverisagreeabletohisnature，lethimtakenocareforanysettimes;forhisthoughtswillflytoit，ofthemselves;soasthespacesofotherbusiness，orstudies，willsuffice.Aman’snature，runseithertoherbsorweeds;thereforelethimseasonablywatertheone，anddestroytheother.

OfCustomANDEDUCATION

OfCustomANDEDUCATION

MEN’Sthoughts，aremuchaccordingtotheirinclination;theirdiscourseandspeeches，accordingtotheirlearningandinfusedopinions;

buttheirdeeds，areafterastheyhavebeenaccus—

tomed.Andtherefore，asMachiavelwellnoteth（thoughinanevil—favoredinstance），thereisnotrustingtotheforceofnature，nortothebraveryofwords，exceptitbecorroboratebycustom.Hisinstanceis，thatfortheachievingofadesperateconspiracy，amanshouldnotrestuponthefierce—

nessofanyman’snature，orhisresoluteunder—

takings;buttakesuchanone，ashathhadhishandsformerlyinblood.ButMachiavelknewnotofaFriarClement，noraRavillac，noraJaureguy，noraBaltazarGerard;yethisruleholdethstill，thatnature，northeengagementofwords，arenotsoforcible，ascustom.Onlysuperstitionisnowsowelladvanced，thatmenofthefirstblood，areasfirmasbutchersbyoccupation;andvotaryreso—

lution，ismadeequipollenttocustom，eveninmat—

terofblood.Inotherthings，thepredominancyofcustomiseverywherevisible;insomuchasamanwouldwonder，tohearmenprofess，protest，en—

gage，givegreatwords，andthendo，justastheyhavedonebefore;asiftheyweredeadimages，andenginesmovedonlybythewheelsofcustom.

Weseealsothereignortyrannyofcustom，whatitis.TheIndians（Imeanthesectoftheirwisemen）

laythemselvesquietlyuponastockofwood，andsosacrificethemselvesbyfire.Nay，thewivesstrivetobeburned，withthecorpsesoftheirhus—

bands.TheladsofSparta，ofancienttime，werewonttobescourgeduponthealtarofDiana，with—

outsomuchasqueching.Iremember，inthebe—

ginningofQueenElizabeth’stimeofEngland，anIrishrebelcondemned，putupapetitiontothedeputy，thathemightbehangedinawithe，andnotinanhalter;becauseithadbeensoused，withformerrebels.TherebemonksinRussia，forpen—

ance，thatwillsitawholenightinavesselofwater，tilltheybeengagedwithhardice.Manyexamplesmaybeputoftheforceofcustom，bothuponmindandbody.Therefore，sincecustomistheprincipalmagistrateofman’slife，letmenbyallmeansen—

deavor，toobtaingoodcustoms.Certainlycustomismostperfect，whenitbeginnethinyoungyears：

thiswecalleducation;whichis，ineffect，butanearlycustom.Sowesee，inlanguages，thetongueismoreplianttoallexpressionsandsounds，thejointsaremoresupple，toallfeatsofactivityandmotions，inyouththanafterwards.Foritistrue，thatlatelearnerscannotsowelltaketheply;ex—

ceptitbeinsomeminds，thathavenotsufferedthemselvestofix，buthavekeptthemselvesopen，andpreparedtoreceivecontinualamendment，whichisexceedingrare.Butiftheforceofcus—

tomsimpleandseparate，begreat，theforceofcustomcopulateandconjoinedandcollegiate，isfargreater.Forthereexampleteacheth，companycomforteth，emulationquickeneth，gloryraiseth：

soasinsuchplacestheforceofcustomisinhisexaltation.Certainlythegreatmultiplicationofvirtuesuponhumannature，restethuponsocie—

tieswellordainedanddisciplined.Forcommon—

wealths，andgoodgovernments，donourishvirtuegrownbutdonotmuchmendthedeeds.Butthemiseryis，thatthemosteffectualmeans，arenowappliedtotheends，leasttobedesired.

OfFortuneOfFortuneITCANNOTbedenied，butoutwardaccidentsconducemuchtofortune;favor，opportunity，deathofothers，occasionfittingvirtue.Butchiefly，themouldofaman’sfortuneisinhisownhands.

Faberquisquefortunaesuae，saiththepoet.Andthemostfrequentofexternalcausesis，thatthefollyofoneman，isthefortuneofanother.Fornomanprosperssosuddenly，asbyothers’errors.

Serpensnisiserpentemcomederitnonfitdraco.

Overtandapparentvirtues，bringforthpraise;buttherebesecretandhiddenvirtues，thatbringforthfortune;certaindeliveriesofaman’sself，whichhavenoname.TheSpanishname，desemboltura，partlyexpresseththem;whentherebenotstondsnorrestivenessinaman’snature;butthatthewheelsofhismind，keepwaywiththewheelsofhisfortune.ForsoLivy（afterhehaddescribedCatoMajorinthesewords，Inillovirotantumro—

burcorporisetanimifuit，utquocunqueloconatusesset，fortunamsibifacturusvideretur）fallethuponthat，thathehadversatileingenium.There—

foreifamanlooksharplyandattentively，heshallseeFortune：forthoughshebeblind，yetsheisnotinvisible.Thewayoffortune，isliketheMilkenWayinthesky;whichisameetingorknotofanumberofsmallstars;notseenasunder，butgiv—

inglighttogether.Soarethereanumberoflittle，andscarcediscernedvirtues，orratherfacul—

tiesandcustoms，thatmakemenfortunate.TheItaliansnotesomeofthem，suchasamanwouldlittlethink.Whentheyspeakofonethatcannotdoamiss，theywillthrowin，intohisotherconditions，thathehathPocodimatto.Andcertainlytherebenottwomorefortunateproperties，thantohavealittleofthefool，andnottoomuchofthehonest.

Thereforeextremeloversoftheircountryormasters，wereneverfortunate，neithercantheybe.Forwhenamanplacethhisthoughtswithouthimself，hegoethnothisownway.Anhastyfor—

tunemakethanenterpriserandremover（theFrenchhathitbetter，entreprenant，orremuant）;

buttheexercisedfortunemakeththeableman.

Fortuneistobehonoredandrespected，anditbebutforherdaughters，ConfidenceandReputation.

Forthosetwo，Felicitybreedeth;thefirstwithinaman’sself，thelatterinotherstowardshim.Allwisemen，todeclinetheenvyoftheirownvirtues，usetoascribethemtoProvidenceandFortune;forsotheymaythebetterassumethem：and，besides，itisgreatnessinaman，tobethecareofthehigherpowers.SoCaesarsaidtothepilotinthetempest，Caesaremportas，etfortunamejus.SoSyllachosethenameofFelix，andnotofMagnus.Andithathbeennoted，thatthosewhoascribeopenlytoomuchtotheirownwisdomandpolicy，endinfor—

tunate.ItiswrittenthatTimotheustheAthenian，afterhehad，intheaccounthegavetothestateofhisgovernment，ofteninterlacedthisspeech，andinthis，Fortunehadnopart，neverprosperedinanything，heundertookafterwards.Certainlytherebe，whosefortunesarelikeHomer’sverses，thathaveaslideandeasinessmorethantheversesofotherpoets;asPlutarchsaithofTimoleon’sfor—

tune，inrespectofthatofAgesilausorEpaminon—

das.Andthatthisshoulldbe，nodoubtitismuch，inaman’sself.

OfUsuryOfUsuryMANYhavemadewittyinvectivesagainstusury.Theysaythatitisapity，thedevilshouldhaveGod’spart，whichisthetithe.ThattheusureristhegreatestSabbath—breaker，becausehisploughgoetheverySunday.Thattheusureristhedrone，thatVirgilspeakethof;

Ignavumfucospecusapraesepibusarcent.

Thattheusurerbreakeththefirstlaw，thatwasmadeformankindafterthefall，whichwas，insudorevultustuicomedespanemtuum;not，insudorevultusalieni.Thatusurersshouldhaveorange—tawnybonnets，becausetheydojudaize.

Thatitisagainstnatureformoneytobegetmoney;

andthelike.Isaythisonly，thatusuryisaconces—

sumpropterduritiemcordis;forsincetheremustbeborrowingandlending，andmenaresohardofheart，astheywillnotlendfreely，usurymustbepermitted.Someothers，havemadesuspiciousandcunningpropositionsofbanks，discoveryofmen’sestates，andotherinventions.Butfewhavespokenofusuryusefully.Itisgoodtosetbeforeus，theincommoditiesandcommoditiesofusury，thatthegood，maybeeitherweighedoutorculledout;

andwarilytoprovide，thatwhilewemakeforthtothatwhichisbetter，wemeetnotwiththatwhichisworse.

Thediscommoditiesofusuryare，First，thatitmakesfewermerchants.Forwereitnotforthislazytradeofusury，moneywouldnothestill，butwouldingreatpartbeemployeduponmerchan—

dizing;whichisthevenaportaofwealthinastate.

Thesecond，thatitmakespoormerchants.For，asafarmercannothusbandhisgroundsowell，ifhesitatagreatrent;sothemerchantcannotdrivehistradesowell，ifhesitatgreatusury.Thethirdisincidenttotheothertwo;andthatisthedecayofcustomsofkingsorstates，whichebborflow，withmerchandizing.Thefourth，thatitbringeththetreasureofarealm，orstate，intoafewhands.Fortheusurerbeingatcertainties，andothersatuncer—

tainties，attheendofthegame，mostofthemoneywillbeinthebox;andeverastateflourisheth，whenwealthismoreequallyspread.Thefifth，thatitbeatsdownthepriceofland;fortheem—

ploymentofmoney，ischieflyeithermerchandiz—

ingorpurchasing;andusurywaylaysboth.Thesixth，thatitdothdullanddampallindustries，im—

provements，andnewinventions，whereinmoneywouldbestirring，ifitwerenotforthisslug.Thelast，thatitisthecankerandruinofmanymen’sestates;which，inprocessoftime，breedsapublicpoverty.

Ontheotherside，thecommoditiesofusuryare，first，thathowsoeverusuryinsomerespecthinder—

ethmerchandizing，yetinsomeotheritadvancethit;foritiscertainthatthegreatestpartoftradeisdrivenbyyoungmerchants，uponborrowingatinterest;soasiftheusurereithercallin，orkeepback，hismoney，therewillensue，presently，agreatstandoftrade.Thesecondis，thatwereitnotforthiseasyborrowinguponinterest，men’sneces—

sitieswoulddrawuponthemamostsuddenun—

doing;inthattheywouldbeforcedtoselltheirmeans（beitlandsorgoods）farunderfoot;andso，whereasusurydothbutgnawuponthem，badmarketswouldswallowthemquiteup.Asformortgagingorpawning，itwilllittlemendthematter：foreithermenwillnottakepawnswith—

outuse;oriftheydo，theywilllookpreciselyfortheforfeiture.Irememberacruelmoneyedmaninthecountry，thatwouldsay，Thedeviltakethisusury，itkeepsusfromforfeitures，ofmortgagesandbonds.Thethirdandlastis，thatitisavanitytoconceive，thattherewouldbeordinaryborrow—

ingwithoutprofit;anditisimpossibletoconceive，thenumberofinconveniencesthatwillensue，ifborrowingbecramped.Thereforetospeakoftheabolishingofusuryisidle.Allstateshaveeverhadit，inonekindorrate，orother.SoasthatopinionmustbesenttoUtopia.

Tospeaknowofthereformation，andreigle—

ment，ofusury;howthediscommoditiesofitmaybebestavoided，andthecommoditiesretained.Itappears，bythebalanceofcommoditiesanddis—

commoditiesofusury，twothingsaretoberecon—

ciled.Theone，thatthetoothofusurybegrinded，thatitbitenottoomuch;theother，thattherebeleftopenameans，toinvitemoneyedmentolendtothemerchants，forthecontinuingandquicken—

ingoftrade.Thiscannotbedone，exceptyouintro—

ducetwoseveralsortsofusury，alessandagreater.

Forifyoureduceusurytoonelowrate，itwilleasethecommonborrower，butthemerchantwillbetoseekformoney.Anditistobenoted，thatthetradeofmerchandize，beingthemostlucrative，maybearusuryatagoodrate;othercontractsnotso.

Toservebothintentions，thewaywouldbebrieflythus.Thattherebetworatesofusury：

theonefree，andgeneralforall;theotherunderlicenseonly，tocertainpersons，andincertainplacesofmerchandizing.First，therefore，letusuryingeneral，bereducedtofiveinthehundred;andletthatratebeproclaimed，tobefreeandcurrent;

andletthestateshutitselfout，totakeanypenaltyforthesame.Thiswillpreserveborrowing，fromanygeneralstopordryness.Thiswilleaseinfiniteborrowersinthecountry.Thiswill，ingoodpart，raisethepriceofland，becauselandpurchasedatsixteenyears’purchasewillyieldsixinthehundred，andsomewhatmore;whereasthisrateofinterest，yieldsbutfive.Thisbylikereasonwillencourage，andedge，industriousandprofit—

ableimprovements;becausemanywillratherventureinthatkind，thantakefiveinthehun—

dred，especiallyhavingbeenusedtogreaterprofit.

Secondly，lettherebecertainpersonslicensed，tolendtoknownmerchants，uponusuryatahigherrate;andletitbewiththecautionsfol—

lowing.Lettheratebe，evenwiththemerchanthimself，somewhatmoreeasythanthatheusedformerlytopay;forbythatmeans，allbor—

rowers，shallhavesomeeasebythisreformation，behemerchant，orwhosoever.Letitbenobankorcommonstock，buteverymanbemasterofhisownmoney.NotthatIaltogethermis—

likebanks，buttheywillhardlybebrooked，inregardofcertainsuspicions.Letthestatebeansweredsomesmallmatterforthelicense，andtherestlefttothelender;foriftheabatementbebutsmall，itwillnowhitdiscouragethelender.

Forhe，forexample，thattookbeforetenornineinthehundred，willsoonerdescendtoeightinthehundredthangiveoverhistradeofusury，andgofromcertaingains，togainsofhazard.Lettheselicensedlendersbeinnumberindefinite，butre—

strainedtocertainprincipalcitiesandtownsofmerchandizing;forthentheywillbehardlyabletocolorothermen’smoneysinthecountry：soasthelicenseofninewillnotsuckawaythecurrentrateoffive;fornomanwillsendhismoneysfaroff，norputthemintounknownhands.

Ifitbeobjectedthatthisdothinasortauthorizeusury，whichbefore，wasinsomeplacesbutper—

missive;theansweris，thatitisbettertomitigateusury，bydeclaration，thantosufferittorage，byconnivance.

OfYouthANDAGE

OfYouthANDAGE

AMANthatisyounginyears，maybeoldinhours，ifhehavelostnotime.Butthathap—

penethrarely.Generally，youthislikethefirstcogitations，notsowiseasthesecond.Forthereisayouthinthoughts，aswellasinages.Andyettheinventionofyoungmen，ismorelivelythanthatofold;andimaginationsstreamintotheirmindsbetter，and，asitwere，moredivinely.Naturesthathavemuchheat，andgreatandviolentdesiresandperturbations，arenotripeforaction，tilltheyhavepassedthemeridianoftheiryears;asitwaswithJuliusCaesarandSeptimiusSeverus.Ofthelatter，ofwhomitissaid，Juventutemegiterroribus，imofuroribus，plenam.Andyethewastheablestem—

peror，almost，ofallthelist.Butreposednaturesmaydowellinyouth.AsitisseeninAugustusCaesar，CosmusDukeofFlorence，GastondeFoix，andothers.Ontheotherside，heatandvivacityinage，isanexcellentcompositionforbusiness.

Youngmenarefittertoinvent，thantojudge;fitterforexecution，thanforcounsel;andfitterfornewprojects，thanforsettledbusiness.Fortheexperi—

enceofage，inthingsthatfallwithinthecompassofit，directeththem;butinnewthings，abuseththem.

Theerrorsofyoungmen，aretheruinofbusi—

ness;buttheerrorsofagedmen，amountbuttothis，thatmoremighthavebeendone，orsooner.

Youngmen，intheconductandmanageofactions，embracemorethantheycanhold;stirmorethantheycanquiet;flytotheend，withoutconsidera—

tionofthemeansanddegrees;pursuesomefewprinciples，whichtheyhavechanceduponabsurdly;carenottoinnovate，whichdrawsun—

knowninconveniences;useextremeremediesatfirst;and，thatwhichdoublethallerrors，willnotacknowledgeorretractthem;likeanunreadyhorse，thatwillneitherstopnorturn.Menofageobjecttoomuch，consulttoolong，adventuretoolittle，repenttoosoon，andseldomdrivebusinesshometothefullperiod，butcontentthemselveswithamediocrityofsuccess.Certainlyitisgoodtocompoundemploymentsofboth;forthatwillbegoodforthepresent，becausethevirtuesofeitherage，maycorrectthedefectsofboth;andgoodforsuccession，thatyoungmenmaybelearners，whilemeninageareactors;and，lastly，goodforexternaccidents，becauseauthorityfollowetholdmen，andfavorandpopularity，youth.Butforthemoralpart，perhapsyouthwillhavethepre—eminence，asagehathforthepolitic.Acertainrabbin，uponthetext，Youryoungmenshallseevisions，andyouroldmenshalldreamdreams，inferreththatyoungmen，areadmittednearertoGodthanold，becausevision，isaclearerrevelation，thanadream.Andcertainly，themoreamandrinkethoftheworld，themoreitintoxicateth;andagedothprofitratherinthepowersofunderstanding，thaninthevirtuesofthewillandaffections.Therebesome，haveanover—earlyripenessintheiryears，whichfadethbetimes.Theseare，first，suchashavebrittlewits，theedgewhereofissoonturned;suchaswasHer—

mogenestherhetorician，whosebooksareexceed—

ingsubtle;whoafterwardswaxedstupid.Asecondsort，isofthosethathavesomenaturaldispositionswhichhavebettergraceinyouth，thaninage;

suchasisafluentandluxuriantspeech;whichbecomesyouthwell，butnotage：soTullysaithofHortensius，Idemmanebat，nequeidemdecebat.

Thethirdisofsuch，astaketoohighastrainatthefirst，andaremagnanimous，morethantractofyearscanuphold.AswasScipioAfricanus，ofwhomLivysaithineffect，Ultimaprimiscedebant.

OfBeautyOfBeautyVIRTUEislikearichstone，bestplainset;andsurelyvirtueisbest，inabodythatiscomely，thoughnotofdelicatefeatures;andthathathratherdignityofpresence，thanbeautyofaspect.

Neitherisitalmostseen，thatverybeautifulper—

sonsareotherwiseofgreatvirtue;asifnaturewereratherbusy，nottoerr，thaninlabortoproduceexcellency.Andthereforetheyproveaccom—

plished，butnotofgreatspirit;andstudyratherbehavior，thanvirtue.Butthisholdsnotalways：

forAugustusCaesar，TitusVespasianus，PhilipleBelleofFrance，EdwardtheFourthofEngland，AlcibiadesofAthens，IsmaeltheSophyofPersia，wereallhighandgreatspirits;andyetthemostbeautifulmenoftheirtimes.Inbeauty，thatoffavor，ismorethanthatofcolor;andthatofdecentandgraciousmotion，morethanthatoffavor.Thatisthebestpartofbeauty，whichapicturecannotexpress;no，northefirstsightofthelife.Thereisnoexcellentbeauty，thathathnotsomestrangenessintheproportion.AmancannottellwhetherApelles，orAlbertDurer，werethemoretrifler;

whereoftheone，wouldmakeapersonagebygeo—

metricalproportions;theother，bytakingthebestpartsoutofdiversfaces，tomakeoneexcellent.

Suchpersonages，Ithink，wouldpleasenobody，butthepainterthatmadethem.NotbutIthinkapaintermaymakeabetterfacethaneverwas;buthemustdoitbyakindoffelicity（asamusicianthatmakethanexcellentairinmusic），andnotbyrule.Amanshallseefaces，thatifyouexaminethempartbypart，youshallfindneveragood;

andyetaltogetherdowell.Ifitbetruethattheprincipalpartofbeautyisindecentmotion，cer—

tainlyitisnomarvel，thoughpersonsinyearsseemmanytimesmoreamiable;pulchrorumautumnuspulcher;fornoyouthcanbecomelybutbypardon，andconsideringtheyouth，astomakeupthecomeliness.Beautyisassummerfruits，）whichareeasytocorrupt，andcannotlast;

andforthemostpartitmakesadissoluteyouth，andanagealittleoutofcountenance;butyetcer—

tainlyagain，ifitlightwell，itmakethvirtueshine，andvicesblush.

OfDeformityOfDeformityDEFORMEDpersonsarecommonlyevenwithnature;forasnaturehathdoneillbythem，sodotheybynature;beingforthemostpart（astheScripturesaith）voidofnaturalaffection;andsotheyhavetheirrevengeofnature.Certainlythereisaconsent，betweenthebodyandthemind;

andwherenatureerrethintheone，sheventurethintheother.Ubipeccatinuno，periclitaturinal—

tero.Butbecausethereis，inman，anelectiontouchingtheframeofhismind，andanecessityintheframeofhisbody，thestarsofnaturalinclina—

tionaresometimesobscured，bythesunofdisci—

plineandvirtue.Thereforeitisgoodtoconsiderofdeformity，notasasign，whichismoredeceivable;

butasacause，whichseldomfailethoftheeffect.

Whosoeverhathanythingfixedinhisperson，thatdothinducecontempt，hathalsoaperpetualspurinhimself，torescueanddeliverhimselffromscorn.Thereforealldeformedpersons，areextremebold.First，asintheirowndefence，asbeingex—

posedtoscorn;butinprocessoftime，byageneralhabit.Alsoitstirrethinthemindustry，andespe—

ciallyofthiskind，towatchandobservetheweak—

nessofothers，thattheymayhavesomewhattorepay.Again，intheirsuperiors，itquenchethjealousytowardsthem，aspersonsthattheythinktheymay，atpleasure，despise：anditlayeththeircompetitorsandemulatorsasleep;asneverbeliev—

ingtheyshouldbeinpossibilityofadvancement，tilltheyseetheminpossession.Sothatuponthematter，inagreatwit，deformityisanadvantagetorising.Kingsinancienttimes（andatthispres—

entinsomecountries）werewonttoputgreattrustineunuchs;becausetheythatareenvioustowardsallaremoreobnoxiousandofficious，towardsone.

Butyettheirtrusttowardsthem，hathratherbeenastogoodspials，andgoodwbisperers，thangoodmagistratesandofficers.Andmuchlikeisthereasonofdeformedpersons.Stillthegroundis，theywill，iftheybeofspirit，seektofreethem—

selvesfromscorn;whichmustbeeitherbyvirtueormalice;andthereforeletitnotbemarvelled，ifsometimestheyproveexcellentpersons;aswasAgesilaus，ZangerthesonofSolyman，AEsop，Gasca，PresidentofPeru;andSocratesmaygolikewiseamongstthem;withothers.

OfBuildingOfBuildingHOUSESarebuilttolivein，andnottolookon;

thereforeletusebepreferredbeforeuni—

formity，exceptwherebothmaybehad.Leavethegoodlyfabricsofhouses，forbeautyonly，totheenchantedpalacesofthepoets;whobuildthemwithsmallcost.Hethatbuildsafairhouse，uponanillseat，committethhimselftoprison.NeitherdoIreckonitanillseat，onlywheretheairisun—

wholesome;butlikewisewheretheairisunequal;

asyoushallseemanyfineseatssetuponaknapofground，environedwithhigherhillsroundaboutit;wherebytheheatofthesunispentin，andthewindgatherethasintroughs;soasyoushallhave，andthatsuddenly，asgreatdiversityofheatandcoldasifyoudweltinseveralplaces.Neitherisitillaironlythatmakethanillseat，butillways，illmarkets;and，ifyouwillconsultwithMomus，illneighbors.Ispeaknotofmanymore;wantofwater;wantofwood，shade，andshelter;wantoffruitfulness，andmixtureofgroundsofseveralnatures;wantofprospect;wantoflevelgrounds;

wantofplacesatsomeneardistanceforsportsofhunting，hawking，andraces;toonearthesea，tooremote;havingthecommodityofnavigablerivers，orthediscommodityoftheiroverflowing;toofarofffromgreatcities，whichmayhinderbusiness，ortoonearthem，whichlurchethallprovisions，andmaketheverythingdear;whereamanhathagreatlivinglaidtogether，andwhereheisscanted：allwhich，asitisimpossibleperhapstofindtogether，soitisgoodtoknowthem，andthinkofthem，thatamanmaytakeasmanyashecan;

andifhehaveseveraldwellings，thathesortthemsothatwhathewantethintheone，hemayfindintheother.LucullusansweredPompeywell;who，whenhesawhisstatelygalleries，androomssolargeandlightsome，inoneofhishouses，said，Surelyanexcellentplaceforsummer，buthowdoyouinwinter？Lucullusanswered，Why，doyounotthinkmeaswiseassomefowlare，thateverchangetheirabodetowardsthewinter？

Topassfromtheseat，tothehouseitself;wewilldoasCicerodothintheorator’sart;whowritesbooksDeOratore，andabookheentitlesOrator;

whereoftheformer，deliversthepreceptsoftheart，andthelatter，theperfection.Wewillthere—

foredescribeaprincelypalace，makingabriefmodelthereof.Foritisstrangetosee，nowinEurope，suchhugebuildingsastheVaticanandEscurialandsomeothersbe，andyetscarceaveryfairroominthem.

First，therefore，Isayyoucannothaveaperfectpalaceexceptyouhavetwoseveralsides;asideforthebanquet，asitisspokenofinthebookofHester，andasideforthehousehold;theoneforfeastsandtriumphs，andtheotherfordwelling.Iunderstandboththesesidestobenotonlyreturns，butpartsofthefront;andtobeuniformwithout，thoughseverallypartitionedwithin;andtobeonbothsidesofagreatandstatelytower，inthemidstofthefront，that，asitwere，joineththemtogetheroneitherhand.Iwouldhaveonthesideoftheban—

quet，infront，oneonlygoodlyroomabovestairs，ofsomefortyfoothigh;andunderitaroomforadressing，orpreparingplace，attimesoftriumphs.

Ontheotherside，whichisthehouseholdside，I

wishitdividedatthefirst，intoahallandachapel（withapartitionbetween）;bothofgoodstateandbigness;andthosenottogoallthelength，buttohaveatthefurtherend，awinterandasummerparlor，bothfair.Andundertheserooms，afairandlargecellar，sunkunderground;andlikewisesomeprivykitchens，withbutteriesandpantries，andthelike.Asforthetower，Iwouldhaveittwostories，ofeighteenfoothighapiece，abovethetwowings;andagoodlyleadsuponthetop，railedwithstatuasinterposed;andthesametowertobedi—

videdintorooms，asshallbethoughtfit.Thestairslikewisetotheupperrooms，letthembeuponafairopennewel，andfinelyrailedin，withimagesofwood，castintoabrasscolor;andaveryfairlanding—placeatthetop.Butthistobe，ifyoudonotpointanyofthelowerrooms，foradiningplaceofservants.Forotherwise，youshallhavetheser—

vants’dinnerafteryourown：forthesteamofit，willcomeupasinatunnel.Andsomuchforthefront.OnlyIunderstandtheheightofthefirststairstobesixteenfoot，whichistheheightofthelowerroom.

Beyondthisfront，istheretobeafaircourt，butthreesidesofit，ofafarlowerbuildingthanthefront.Andinallthefourcornersofthatcourt，fairstaircases，castintoturrets，ontheoutside，andnotwithintherowofbuildingsthemselves.Butthosetowers，arenottobeoftheheightofthefront，butratherproportionabletothelowerbuilding.Letthecourtnotbepaved，forthatstrikethupagreatheatinsummer，andmuchcoldinwinter.Butonlysomesidealleys，withacross，andthequar—

terstograze，beingkeptshorn，butnottoonearshorn.Therowofreturnonthebanquetside，letitbeallstatelygalleries：inwhichgallerieslettherebethree，orfive，finecupolasinthelengthofit，placedatequaldistance;andfinecoloredwindowsofseveralworks.Onthehouseholdside，chambersofpresenceandordinaryentertainments，withsomebed—chambers;andletallthreesidesbeadoublehouse，withoutthoroughlightsonthesides，thatyoumayhaveroomsfromthesun，bothforforenoonandafternoon.Castitalso，thatyoumayhaverooms，bothforsummerandwinter;shadyforsummer，andwarmforwinter.Youshallhavesometimesfairhousessofullofglass，thatonecan—

nottellwheretobecome，tobeoutofthesunorcold.Forinbowedwindows，Iholdthemofgooduse（incities，indeed，uprightdobetter，inrespectoftheuniformitytowardsthestreet）;fortheybeprettyretiringplacesforconference;andbesides，theykeepboththewindandsunoff;forthatwhichwouldstrikealmostthroughtheroom，dothscarcepassthewindow.Butletthembebutfew，fourinthecourt，onthesidesonly.

Beyondthiscourt，lettherebeaninwardcourt，ofthesamesquareandheight;whichistobeen—

vironedwiththegardenonallsides;andintheinside，cloisteredonallsides，upondecentandbeautifularches，ashighasthefirststory.Ontheunderstory，towardsthegarden，letitbeturnedtoagrotto，oraplaceofshade，orestivation.Andonlyhaveopeningandwindowstowardsthegar—

den;andbeleveluponthefloor，nowhitsunkenunderground，toavoidalldampishness.Andlettherebeafountain，orsomefairworkofstatuas，inthemidstofthiscourt;andtobepavedastheothercourtwas.Thesebuildingstobeforprivylodgingsonbothsides;andtheendforprivygalleries.

Whereofyoumustforeseethatoneofthembeforaninfirmary，iftheprinceoranyspecialpersonshouldbesick，withchambers，bed—chamber，ante—

camera，andrecamerajoiningtoit.Thisuponthesecondstory.Uponthegroundstory，afairgallery，open，uponpillars;anduponthethirdstorylike—

wise，anopengallery，uponpillars，totaketheprospectandfreshnessofthegarden.Atbothcor—

nersofthefurtherside，bywayofreturn，lettherebetwodelicateorrichcabinets，daintilypaved，richlyhanged，glazedwithcrystallineglass，andarichcupolainthemidst;andallotherelegancythatmaybethoughtupon.Intheuppergallerytoo，Iwishthattheremaybe，iftheplacewillyieldit，somefountainsrunningindiversplacesfromthewall，withsomefineavoidances.Andthusmuchforthemodelofthepalace;savethatyoumusthave，beforeyoucometothefront，threecourts.Agreencourtplain，withawallaboutit;

asecondcourtofthesame，butmoregarnished，withlittleturrets，orratherembellishments，uponthewall;andathirdcourt，tomakeasquarewiththefront，butnottobebuilt，noryetenclosedwithanakedwall，butenclosedwithterraces，leadedaloft，andfairlygarnished，onthethreesides;andcloisteredontheinside，withpillars，andnotwitharchesbelow.Asforoffices，letthemstandatdis—

tance，withsomelowgalleries，topassfromthemtothepalaceitself.

OfGardensOfGardensG0DAlmightyfirstplantedagarden.Andindeeditisthepurestofhumanpleasures.

Itisthegreatestrefreshmenttothespiritsofman;

withoutwhich，buildingsandpalacesarebutgrosshandiworks;andamanshalleversee，thatwhenagesgrowtocivilityandelegancy，mencometobuildstatelysoonerthantogardenfinely;

asifgardeningwerethegreaterperfection.Idoholdit，intheroyalorderingofgardens，thereoughttobegardens，forallthemonthsintheyear;

inwhichseverallythingsofbeautymaybetheninseason.ForDecember，andJanuary，andthelatterpartofNovember，youmusttakesuchthingsasaregreenallwinter：holly;ivy;bays;juniper;

cypress—trees;yew;pine—apple—trees;fir—trees;

rosemary;lavender;periwinkle，thewhite，thepurple，andtheblue;germander;flags;orange—

trees;lemon—trees;andmyrtles，iftheybestoved;

andsweetmarjoram，warmset.Therefolloweth，forthelatterpartofJanuaryandFebruary，themezereon—tree，whichthenblossoms;crocusver—

nus，boththeyellowandthegrey;primroses，anemones;theearlytulippa;hyacinthusorien—

talis;chamairis;fritellaria.ForMarch，therecomeviolets，speciallythesingleblue，whicharetheearliest;theyellowdaffodil;thedaisy;thealmond—treeinblossom;thepeach—treeinblos—

som;thecornelian—treeinblossom;sweet—briar.

InAprilfollowthedoublewhiteviolet;thewall—

flower;thestock—gilliflower;thecowslip;flower—

delices，andliliesofallnatures;rosemary—flowers;

thetulippa;thedoublepeony;thepaledaffodil;

theFrenchhoneysuckle;thecherry—treeinblos—

som;thedamsonandplum—treesinblossom;thewhitethorninleaf;thelilac—tree.InMayandJunecomepinksofallsorts，speciallytheblush—

pink;rosesofallkinds，exceptthemusk，whichcomeslater;honeysuckles;strawberries;bugloss;

columbine;theFrenchmarigold，flosAfricanus;

cherry—treeinfruit;ribes;figsinfruit;rasps;vine—

flowers;lavenderinflowers;thesweetsatyrian，withthewhiteflower;herbamuscaria;liliumconvallium;theapple—treeinblossom.InJulycomegilliflowersofallvarieties;musk—roses;thelime—treeinblossom;earlypearsandplumsinfruit;jennetings，codlins.InAugustcomeplumsofallsortsinfruit;pears;apricocks;berberries;

filberds;musk—melons;monks—hoods，ofallcolors.

InSeptembercomegrapes;apples;poppiesofallcolors;peaches;melocotones;nectarines;cor—

nelians;wardens;quinces.InOctoberandthebeginningofNovembercomeservices;medlars;

bullaces;rosescutorremovedtocomelate;holly—

hocks;andsuchlike.TheseparticularsarefortheclimateofLondon;butmymeaningisperceived，thatyoumayhaveverperpetuum，astheplaceaffords.

Andbecausethebreathofflowersisfarsweeterintheair（whereitcomesandgoeslikethewarb—

lingofmusic）thaninthehand，thereforenothingismorefitforthatdelight，thantoknowwhatbetheflowersandplantsthatdobestperfumetheair.

Roses，damaskandred，arefastflowersoftheirsmells;sothatyoumaywalkbyawholerowofthem，andfindnothingoftheirsweetness;yeathoughitbeinamorning’sdew.Bayslikewiseyieldnosmellastheygrow.Rosemarylittle;norsweetmarjoram.Thatwhichaboveallothersyieldsthesweetestsmellintheairistheviolet，speciallythewhitedoubleviolet，whichcomestwiceayear;aboutthemiddleofApril，andaboutBartholomew—tide.Nexttothatisthemusk—rose.

Thenthestrawberry—leavesdying，whichyieldamostexcellentcordialsmell.Thentheflowerofvines;itisalittledust，likethedustofabent，whichgrowsupontheclusterinthefirstcomingforth.

Thensweet—briar.Thenwall—flowers，whichareverydelightfultobesetunderaparlororlowerchamberwindow.Thenpinksandgilliflowers，especiallythemattedpinkandclovegilliflower.

Thentheflowersofthelime—tree.Thenthehoney—

suckles，sotheybesomewhatafaroff.Ofbean—

flowersIspeaknot，becausetheyarefieldflowers.

Butthosewhichperfumetheairmostdelightfully，notpassedbyastherest，butbeingtroddenuponandcrushed，arethree;thatis，burnet，wild—

thyme，andwatermints.Thereforeyouaretosetwholealleysofthem，tohavethepleasurewhenyouwalkortread.

Forgardens（speakingofthosewhichareindeedprincelike，aswehavedoneofbuildings），thecon—

tentsoughtnotwelltobeunderthirtyacresofground;andtobedividedintothreeparts;agreenintheentrance;aheathordesertinthegoingforth;andthemaingardeninthemidst;besidesalleysonbothsides.AndIlikewellthatfouracresofgroundbeassignedtothegreen;sixtotheheath;fourandfourtoeitherside;andtwelvetothemaingarden.Thegreenhathtwopleasures：

theone，becausenothingismorepleasanttotheeyethangreengrasskeptfinelyshorn;theother，becauseitwillgiveyouafairalleyinthemidst，bywhichyoumaygoinfrontuponastatelyhedge，whichistoenclosethegarden.Butbecausethealleywillbelong，and，ingreatheatoftheyearorday，yououghtnottobuytheshadeinthegarden，bygoinginthesunthroughthegreen，thereforeyouare，ofeithersidethegreen，toplantacovertalleyuponcarpenter’swork，abouttwelvefootinheight，bywhichyoumaygoinshadeintothegarden.Asforthemakingofknotsorfigures，withdiverscoloredearths，thattheymaylieunderthewindowsofthehouseonthatsidewhichthegar—

denstands，theybebuttoys;youmayseeasgoodsights，manytimes，intarts.Thegardenisbesttobesquare，encompassedonallthefoursideswithastatelyarchedhedge.Thearchestobeuponpil—

larsofcarpenter’swork，ofsometenfoothigh，andsixfootbroad;andthespacesbetweenofthesamedimensionwiththebreadthofthearch.Overthearcheslettherebeanentirehedgeofsomefourfoothigh，framedalsouponcarpenter’swork;andupontheupperhedge，overeveryarch，alittletur—

ret，withabelly，enoughtoreceiveacageofbirds：

andovereveryspacebetweenthearchessomeotherlittlefigure，withbroadplatesofroundcol—

oredglassgilt，forthesuntoplayupon.ButthishedgeIintendtoberaiseduponabank，notsteep，butgentlyslope，ofsomesixfoot，setallwithflowers.AlsoIunderstand，thatthissquareofthegarden，shouldnotbethewholebreadthoftheground，buttoleaveoneitherside，groundenoughfordiversityofsidealleys;untowhichthetwocovertalleysofthegreen，maydeliveryou.Buttheremustbenoalleyswithhedges，ateitherendofthisgreatenclosure;notatthehitherend，forlettingyourprospectuponthisfairhedgefromthegreen;noratthefurtherend，forlettingyourprospectfromthehedge，throughthearchesupontheheath.

Fortheorderingoftheground，withinthegreathedge，Ileaveittovarietyofdevice;advisingnevertheless，thatwhatsoeverformyoucastitinto，first，itbenottoobusy，orfullofwork.WhereinI，formypart，donotlikeimagescutoutinjuniperorothergardenstuff;theybeforchildren.Littlelowhedges，round，likewelts，withsomeprettypyramids，Ilikewell;andinsomeplaces，faircolumnsuponframesofcarpenter’swork.Iwouldalsohavethealleys，spaciousandfair.Youmayhavecloseralleys，uponthesidegrounds，butnoneinthemaingarden.Iwishalso，intheverymiddle，afairmount，withthreeascents，andalleys，enoughforfourtowalkabreast;whichIwouldhavetobeperfectcircles，withoutanybulwarksorembossments;andthewholemounttobethirtyfoothigh;andsomefinebanqueting—house，withsomechimneysneatlycast，andwithouttoomuchglass.

Forfountains，theyareagreatbeautyandre—

freshment;butpoolsmarall，andmakethegardenunwholesome，andfulloffliesandfrogs.Foun—

tainsIintendtobeoftwonatures：theonethatsprinklethorspoutethwater;theotherafairre—

ceiptofwater，ofsomethirtyorfortyfootsquare，butwithoutfish，orslime，ormud.Forthefirst，theornamentsofimagesgilt，orofmarble，whichareinuse，dowell：butthemainmatterissotoconveythewater，asitneverstay，eitherinthebowlsorinthecistern;thatthewaterbeneverbyrestdiscolored，greenorredorthelike;orgatheranymossinessorputrefaction.Besidesthat，itistobecleansedeverydaybythehand.Alsosomestepsuptoit，andsomefinepavementaboutit，dothwell.Asfortheotherkindoffountain，whichwemaycallabathingpool，itmayadmitmuchcuriosityandbeauty;wherewithwewillnottroubleourselves：as，thatthebottombefinelypaved，andwithimages;thesideslikewise;andwithalembellishedwithcoloredglass，andsuchthingsoflustre;encompassedalsowithfinerailsoflowstatuas.Butthemainpointisthesamewhichwementionedintheformerkindoffoun—

tain;whichis，thatthewaterbeinperpetualmotion，fedbyawaterhigherthanthepool，anddeliveredintoitbyfairspouts，andthendis—

chargedawayunderground，bysomeequalityofbores，thatitstaylittle.Andforfinedevices，ofarchingwaterwithoutspilling，andmakingitriseinseveralforms（offeathers，drinkingglasses，canopies，andthelike），theybeprettythingstolookon，butnothingtohealthandsweetness.

Fortheheath，whichwasthethirdpartofourplot，Iwishittobeframed，asmuchasmaybe，toanaturalwildness.TreesIwouldhavenoneinit，butsomethicketsmadeonlyofsweet—briarandhoneysuckle，andsomewildvineamongst;andthegroundsetwithviolets，strawberries，andprimroses.Forthesearesweet，andprosperintheshade.Andthesetobeintheheath，hereandthere，notinanyorder.Ilikealsolittleheaps，inthena—

tureofmole—hills（suchasareinwildheaths），tobeset，somewithwildthyme;somewithpinks;

somewithgermander，thatgivesagoodflowertotheeye;somewithperiwinkle;somewithviolets;

somewithstrawberries;somewithcowslips;somewithdaisies;somewithredroses;somewithliliumconvallium;somewithsweet—williamsred;somewithbear’s—foot：andthelikelowflowers，beingwithalsweetandsightly.Partofwhichheaps，aretobewithstandardsoflittlebushesprickedupontheirtop，andpartwithout.Thestandardstoberoses;juniper;holly;berberries（buthereandthere，becauseofthesmelloftheirblossoms）;redcurrants;gooseberries;rosemary;bays;sweet—

briar;andsuchlike.Butthesestandardstobekeptwithcutting，thattheygrownotoutofcourse.

Forthesidegrounds，youaretofillthemwithvarietyofalleys，private，togiveafullshade，someofthem，wheresoeverthesunbe.Youaretoframesomeofthem，likewise，forshelter，thatwhenthewindblowssharpyoumaywalkasinagallery.

Andthosealleysmustbelikewisehedgedatbothends，tokeepoutthewind;andthesecloseralleysmustbeeverfinelygravelled，andnograss，be—

causeofgoingwet.Inmanyofthesealleys，like—

wise，youaretosetfruit—treesofallsorts;aswelluponthewalls，asinranges.Andthiswouldbegenerallyobserved，thattheborderswhereinyouplantyourfruit—trees，befairandlarge，andlow，andnotsteep;andsetwithfineflowers，butthinandsparingly，lesttheydeceivethetrees.Attheendofboththesidegrounds，Iwouldhaveamountofsomeprettyheight，leavingthewalloftheen—

closurebreasthigh，tolookabroadintothefields.

Forthemaingarden，Idonotdeny，butthereshouldbesomefairalleysrangedonbothsides，withfruit—trees;andsomeprettytuftsoffruit—

trees，andarborswithseats，setinsomedecentorder;butthesetobebynomeanssettoothick;buttoleavethemaingardensoasitbenotclose，buttheairopenandfree.Forasforshade，Iwouldhaveyourestuponthealleysofthesidegrounds，theretowalk，ifyoubedisposed，intheheatoftheyearorday;buttomakeaccount，thatthemaingardenisforthemoretemperatepartsoftheyear;

andintheheatofsummer，forthemorningandtheevening，orovercastdays.

Foraviaries，Ilikethemnot，excepttheybeofthatlargenessastheymaybeturfed，andhavelivingplantsandbushessetinthem;thatthebirdsmayhavemorescope，andnaturalnesting，andthatnofoulnessappearintheflooroftheaviary.

SoIhavemadeaplatformofaprincelygarden，partlybyprecept，partlybydrawing，notamodel，butsomegenerallinesofit;andinthisIhavesparedfornocost.Butitisnothingforgreatprinces，thatforthemostparttakingadvicewithworkmen，withnolesscostsettheirthingsto—

gether;andsometimesaddstatuasandsuchthingsforstateandmagnificence，butnothingtothetruepleasureofagarden.

OfNegotiatingOfNegotiatingITISgenerallybettertodealbyspeechthanbyletter;andbythemediationofathirdthanbyaman’sself.Lettersaregood，whenamanwoulddrawananswerbyletterbackagain;orwhenitmayserveforaman’sjustificationafterwardstoproducehisownletter;orwhereitmaybedangertobeinterrupted，orheardbypieces.Todealinpersonisgood，whenaman’sfacebreedethregard，ascommonlywithinferiors;orintendercases，whereaman’seye，uponthecountenanceofhimwithwhomhespeaketh，maygivehimadirectionhowfartogo;andgenerally，whereamanwillreservetohimselfliberty，eithertodisavowortoexpound.Inchoiceofinstruments，itisbettertochoosemenofaplainersort，thatareliketodothat，thatiscommittedtothem，andtoreportbackagainfaithfullythesuccess，thanthosethatarecunning，tocontrive，outofothermen’sbusiness，somewhattogracethemselves，andwillhelpthematterinreportforsatisfaction’ssake.Usealsosuchpersonsasaffectthebusiness，whereintheyareemployed;forthatquickenethmuch;andsuch，asarefitforthematter;asboldmenforex—

postulation，fair—spokenmenforpersuasion，craftymenforinquiryandobservation，froward，andabsurdmen，forbusinessthatdothnotwellbearoutitself.Usealsosuchashavebeenlucky，andprevailedbefore，inthingswhereinyouhaveem—

ployedthem;forthatbreedsconfidence，andtheywillstrivetomaintaintheirprescription.Itisbet—

tertosoundaperson，withwhomonedealsafaroff，thantofalluponthepointatfirst;exceptyoumeantosurprisehimbysomeshortquestion.Itisbetterdealingwithmeninappetite，thanwiththosethatarewheretheywouldbe.Ifamandealwithanotheruponconditions，thestartorfirstper—

formanceisall;whichamancannotreasonablydemand，excepteitherthenatureofthethingbesuch，whichmustgobefore;orelseamancanpersuadetheotherparty，thatheshallstillneedhiminsomeotherthing;orelsethathebecountedthehonesterman.Allpracticeistodiscover，ortowork.Mendiscoverthemselvesintrust，inpassion，atunawares，andofnecessity，whentheywouldhavesomewhatdone，andcannotfindanaptpre—

text.Ifyouwouldworkanyman，youmusteitherknowhisnatureandfashions，andsoleadhim;orhisends，andsopersuadehim;orhisweaknessanddisadvantages，andsoawehim;orthosethathaveinterestinhim，andsogovernhim.Indealingwithcunningpersons，wemusteverconsidertheirends，tointerprettheirspeeches;anditisgoodtosaylittletothem，andthatwhichtheyleastlookfor.

Inallnegotiationsofdifficulty，amanmaynotlooktosowandreapatonce;butmustpreparebusiness，andsoripenitbydegrees.

0fFollowersANDFRIENDS

0fFollowersANDFRIENDS

COSTLYfollowersarenottobeliked;lestwhileamanmakethhistrainlonger，hemakehiswingsshorter.Ireckontobecostly，notthemalonewhichchargethepurse，butwhicharewearisome，andimportuneinsuits.Ordinaryfol—

lowersoughttochallengenohigherconditions，thancountenance，recommendation，andprotec—

tionfromwrongs.Factiousfollowersareworsetobeliked，whichfollownotuponaffectiontohim，withwhomtheyrangethemselves，butupondiscontentmentconceivedagainstsomeother;

whereuponcommonlyensueththatillintelli—

gence，thatwemanytimesseebetweengreatper—

sonages.Likewisegloriousfollowers，whomakethemselvesastrumpetsofthecommendationofthosetheyfollow，arefullofinconvenience;fortheytaintbusinessthroughwantofsecrecy;andtheyexporthonorfromaman，andmakehimareturninenvy.Thereisakindoffollowerslike—

wise，whicharedangerous，beingindeedespials;

whichinquirethesecretsofthehouse，andbeartalesofthem，toothers.Yetsuchmen，manytimes，areingreatfavor;fortheyareofficious，andcom—

monlyexchangetales.Thefollowingbycertainestatesofmen，answerabletothat，whichagreatpersonhimselfprofesseth（asofsoldiers，tohimthathathbeenemployedinthewars，andthelike），hatheverbeenathingcivil，andwelltaken，eveninmonarchies;soitbewithouttoomuchpomporpopularity.Butthemosthonorablekindoffol—

lowing，istobefollowedasone，thatapprehendethtoadvancevirtue，anddesert，inallsortsofper—

sons.Andyet，wherethereisnoeminentoddsinsufficiency，itisbettertotakewiththemorepass—

able，thanwiththemoreable.Andbesides，tospeaktruth，inbasetimes，activemenareofmoreusethanvirtuous.Itistruethatingovernment，itisgoodtousemenofonerankequally：fortocoun—