VIII。TherearesomewhothereforeimagineMonarchytobeemoregrievousthenDemocraty，becausethereislesselibertyinthat，theninthis。IfbylibertytheymeananexemptionfromthatsubjectionwhichisduetotheLawes（i。e。）thecommandsofthePeople，neitherinDemocraty，norinanyotherstateofgovernmentwhatsoever，isthereanysuchkindofliberty。Iftheysupposelibertytoconsistinthis，thattherebefewlawes，fewprohibitions，andthosetoosuch，thatexcepttheywereforbidden，therecouldbenoPeace;thenIdenythatthereismorelibertyinDemocratythenMonarchy;fortheoneastrulyconsistethwithsuchaliberty，astheother。Foralthoughthewordliberty，mayinlarge，andamplelettersbewrittenoverthegatesofanyCitywhatsoever，yetisitnotmeanttheSubjects，buttheCitiesliberty，neithercanthatwordwithbetterRightbeinscribedonaCitywhichisgoverned。bythepeople，thenthatwhichisruledbyaMonarch。Butwhenprivatemenorsubjectsdemandliberty，underthenameofliberty，theyasknotforliberty，butdominion，whichyetforwantofunderstanding，theylittleconsider;forifeverymanwouldgrantthesamelibertytoanother，whichhedesiresforhimselfe，asiscommandedbythelawofnature，thatsamenaturallstatewouldreturnagain，inwhichallmenmaybyRightdoeallthings，whichiftheyknew，theywouldabhor，asbeingworsethenallkindofcivillsubjectionwhatsoever。Butifanymandesiretohavehissinglefreedome，therestbeingbound，whatdoesheelsedemandbuttohavetheDominion？forwhosoisfreedfromallbonds，isLordoverallthosethatstillcontinuebound。SubjectsthereforehavenogreaterlibertyinaPopular，theninaMonarchicallState。Thatwhichdeceivesthem，istheequallparticipationofcommand，andpubliqueplaces;forwheretheauthorityisinthePeople，singlesubjectsdoesofarforthshareinitastheyarepartsofthePeopleruling;andtheyequallypartakeinpubliqueOfficessofarforthastheyhaveequallvoicesinchoosingMagistrates，andpubliqueMinisters。AndthisisthatwhichAristotleaim’dat，himselfalso，throughthecustomeofthattime，mis-callingDominionliberty，inhissixthBook，andsecondChapterofPolitiques。InapopularStatethereislibertybysupposition;whichisaspeechofthevulgar，asifnomanwerefreeoutofthisState。Fromwhence，bytheway，wemaycollect，ThatthoseSubjects，whoinaMonarchydeploretheirlostliberty，doeonelystomackthis，thattheyarenotreceiv’dtothesteerageoftheCommon-weal。
IX。Butperhapsforthisveryreasonsomewillsay，ThataPopularStateismuchtobepreferr’dbeforeaMonarchicall。
becausethat，whereallmenhaveahandinpubliquebusinesses，’thereallhaveanopportunitytoshewtheirwisedome，knowledge，andeloquence，indeliberatingmattersofthegreatestdifficultyandmoment;whichbyreasonofthatdesireofpraisewhichisbredinhumanenature，istothemwhoexcellinsuchlikefaculties，andseemetothemselvestoexceedothers，themostdelightfullofallthings。ButinaMonarchy，thissamewaytoobtainpraise，andhonour，isshutuptothegreatestpartofSubjects;andwhatisagrievance，ifthisbenone？Iletellyou：
Toseehisopinionwhomwescorne，preferr’dbeforeours;tohaveourwisedomeundervaluedbeforeourownfaces;byanuncertaintryallofalittlevaineglory，toundergoemostcertaineenmities（forthiscannotbeavoided，whetherwehavethebetter，ortheworse）;tohate，andtobehated，byreasonofthedisagreementofopinions;tolayopenoursecretCounsells，andadvisestoall，tonopurpose，andwithoutanybenefit;toneglecttheaffairesofourownFamily：These，Isay，aregrievances。Buttobeabsentfromatriallofwits，althoughthosetriallsarepleasanttotheEloquent，isnotthereforeagrievancetothem，unlessewewillsay，thatitisagrievancetovaliantmentoberestrainedfromfighting，becausetheydelightinit。
X。Besides，therearemanyreasonswhydeliberationsarelessesuccessefullingreatAssemblies，theninlesserCouncells;
whereofoneis，thattoadviserightlyofallthingsconducingtothepreservationofaCommon-weal，wemustnotonelyunderstandmattersathome，butForraignAffairestoo：atHome，bywhatgoodstheCountryisnourished，anddefended，andwhencetheyarefetched;whatplacesarefittomakeGarrisonsof;bywhatmeansSouldiersarebesttoberaised，andmaintained;whatmannerofaffectionstheSubjectsbeartowardtheirPrince，orGovernoursoftheirCountry，andmanythelike：Abroad，whatthepowerofeachneighbouringCountryis，andwhereinitconsists;whatadvantage，ordisadvantagewemayreceivefromthem;whattheirdispositionsarebothtous-ward，andhowaffectedtoeachotheramongthemselves，andwhatCounselldailypassethamongthem。
Now，becauseveryfewinagreatAssemblyofmenunderstandthesethings，beingforthemostpartunskilfull（thatIsaynotincapable）ofthem，whatcanthatsamenumberofadviserswiththeirimpertinentOpinionscontributetogoodCounsells，otherthenmeerlettsandimpediments？
XI。AnotherreasonwhyagreatAssemblyisnotsofitforconsultationis，becauseeveryonewhodelivershisopinionholdsitnecessarytomakealongcontinuedSpeech，andtogainthemoreesteemfromhisAuditours，hepolishes，andadornesitwiththebest，andsmoothestlanguage。NowthenatureofEloquenceistomakeGoodandEvill，ProfitableandUnprofitable，HonestandDishonest，appeartobemoreorlessethenindeedtheyare，andtomakethatseemjust，whichisunjust，accordingasitshallbestsuitwithhisendthatspeaketh。Forthisistoperswade;
andthoughtheyreason，yettaketheynottheirrisefromtruePrinciples，butfromvulgarreceivedopinions，which，forthemostpart，areerroneous;neitherendeavourtheysomuchtofittheirspeechtothenatureofthethingstheyspeakof，astothePassionsoftheirmindestowhomtheyspeak;whenceithappensthatopinionsaredeliverednotbyrightreason，butbyacertainviolenceofmind。NoristhisfaultintheMan，butinthenatureitselfeofEloquence，whoseend（asalltheMastersofRhetorickteachus）isnottruth（exceptbychance）butvictory，andwhosepropertyisnottoinform，buttoallure。
XII。Thethirdreasonwhymenadviselessesuccessfullyinagreatconventis，becausethatthenceariseFactionsinacommonweal，andoutofFactions，Seditions，andCivillWar;forwhenequallOratoursdoecombatwithcontraryOpinions，andSpeeches，theconqueredhatestheConquerour，andallthosethatwereofhisside，asholdinghisCounsell，andwisedomeinscorne：andstudyesallmeanestomaketheadviseofhisadversariesprejudicialltotheState，forthushehopestoseetheglorytakenfromhim，andrestoreduntohimself。Farthermore，wheretheVotesarenotsounequall，butthattheconqueredhavehopesbytheaccessionofsomefewoftheirownopinionatanothersittingtomakethestrongerParty，thechiefheadsdocalltheresttogether;theyadviseaparthowtheymayabrogatetheformerjudgmentgiven;theyappointtobethefirstandearliestatthenextconvent;theydeterminewhat，andinwhatordereachmanshallspeak，thatthesamebusinessemayagainbebroughttoagitation，thatsowhatwasconfirmedbeforebythenumberoftheirthenpresentadversaries，thesamemaynowinsomemeasurebecomeofnoeffecttothem，beingnegligentlyabsent。Andthissamekindofindustryanddiligencewhichtheyusetomakeapeople，iscommonlycalledafaction。Butwhenafactionisinferiourinvotes，andsuperiour，ornotmuchinferiourinpower，thenwhattheycannotobtainbycraft，andlanguage，theyattemptbyforceofarmes，andsoitcomestoacivillwarre。Butsomewillsay，thesethingsdoenotnecessarily，noroftenhappen;hemayaswellsay，thatthechiefPartiesarenotnecessarilydesirousofvainglory，andthatthegreatestofthemseldomdisagreeingreatmatters。
XIII。Itfolloweshence，thatwhenthelegislativepowerresidesinsuchconventsasthese，theLawsmustneedsbeinconstant，andchange，notaccordingtothealterationofthestateofaffaires，noraccordingtothechangeablenesseofmensmindes，butasthemajorpart，nowofthis，thenofthatfaction，doconvene;insomuchastheLawsdoflotehere，andthere，asitwereuponthewaters。
XIV。Inthefourthplace，thecounselsofgreatassemblieshavethisinconvenience，thatwhereasitisoftofgreatconsequence，thattheyshouldbekeptsecret，theyareforthemostpartdiscoveredtotheenemybeforetheycanbebroughttoanyeffect，andtheirpower，andwill，isassoonknownabroad，astothePeopleitselfecommandingathome。
XV。TheseinconvenienceswhicharefoundinthedeliberationsofgreatassembliesdosofarreforthevinceMonarchytobebetterthenDemocraty，asinDemocratyaffairsofgreatconsequenceareoftnertrustedtobediscussedbysuchlikeCommittees，theninaMonarchy。Neithercaniteasilybeedoneotherwayes;forthereisnoreasonwhyeverymanshouldnotnaturallyrathermindehisownprivate，thenthepubliquebusinesse，butthathereheseesameanstodeclarehiseloquence，wherebyhemaygainthereputationofbeingingenuous，andwise，andreturninghometohisfriends，tohisParents，tohiswife，andchildren，rejoyce，andtriumphintheapplauseofhisdexterousbehaviour：AsofoldallthedelightMarcusCoriolanushadinhiswarlikeactions，was，toseehispraisessowellpleasingtohisMother。ButifthePeopleinaDemocratywouldbestowthepowerofdeliberatinginmattersofWarre，andPeace，eitheronone，orsomeveryfew，beingcontentwiththenominationofMagistrates，andpubliqueMinisters，thatistosay，withtheauthoritywithouttheministration，thenitmustbeconfest，thatinthisparticular，DemocratyandMonarchywouldbeequall。
XVI。Neitherdotheconvenienciesorinconvenienceswhicharefoundtobemoreinonekindofgovernmentthenanother，arisefromhence，namely，becausethegovernmentitself，ortheadministrationofitsaffairs，arebettercommittedtoone，thenmany;orontheotherside，tomany，thentosomefew。ForGovernment，isthepower，theadministrationofit，isthe。act。
nowthePowerinallkindofgovernmentisequall;theactsonlydiffer，thatistosaytheactions，andmotionsofacommon-weale，astheyflowfromthedeliberationsofmany，orfew，ofskilfull，orimpertinentmen。Whenceweunderstand，thattheconveniences，orinconveniencesofanygovernment，dependnotonhiminwhomtheauthorityresides，butonhisOfficers;andthereforenothinghinders，butthatthecommon-wealemaybewellgoverned，althoughtheMonarchbeawoman，oryouth，orinfant，providedthattheybefitforaffaires，whoareenduedwiththepubliqueOffices，andcharges;Andthatwhichissaid，WoetothelandwhoseKingisachilde，dothnotsignifietheconditionofaMonarchytobeinferiourtoaPopularstate，butcontrariwise，thatbyaccidentitisthegrievanceofaKingdome，thattheKingbeingachilde，itoftenhappens，thatmanybyambition，andpower，intrudingthemselvesintopubliquecounsels，thegovernmentcomestobeadministredinaDemocraticallmanner，andthatthencearisethoseinfelicitieswhichforthemostpartaccompanytheDominionofthePeople。
XVII。Butitisamanifestsign，thatthemostabsoluteMonarchyisthebeststateofgovernment，thatnotonelyKings，buteventhoseCitieswhicharesubjecttothepeople，ortoNobles，givethewholecommandofwarretooneonly，andthatsoabsolute，asnothingcanbemore（whereinbythewaythismustbenotedalso，thatnoKingcangiveaGenerallgreaterauthorityoverhisarmy，thenhehimselfebyRightmayexerciseoverallhissubjects）。MonarchythereforeisthebestofallgovernmentsintheCamps。Butwhatelse，aremanyCommon-wealths，thensomanyCampsstrengthenedwitharmes，andmenagainsteachother，whosestate（becausenotrestrainedbyanycommonpower，howsoeveranuncertainpeace，likeashorttruce，maypassebetweenthem）istobeaccountedforthestateofnature，whichisthestateofWar。
XVIII。Lastly，sinceitwasnecessaryforthepreservationofourselvestobesubjecttosomeMan，orCouncell，wecannotonbetterconditionbesubjecttoany，thenonewhoseinterestdependsuponoursafety，andwelfare;andthisthencomestopassewhenwearetheinheritanceoftheRuler;foreverymanofhisownaccordendeavoursthepreservationofhisinheritance。
ButtheLands，andMoniesoftheSubjectsarenotonelythePrincesTreasure，buttheirbodies，andactiveminds;whichwillbeeasilygrantedbythosewhoconsiderathowgreatratestheDominionoflesserCountriesisvalued，andhowmucheasieritisformentoprocuremony，thenmoneymen;nordoewereadilymeetwithanyexamplethatshewesuswhenanysubject，withoutanydefaultofhisown，hathbyhisPrincebeendespoiledofhislife，orgoods，throughthesolelicenciousnesseofhisAuthority。
XIX。HithertowehavecomparedaMonarchicall，withaPopularState;wehavesaidnothingofAristocracy;wemayconcludeofthis，bywhathathbeensaidofthose，that，thatwhichishereditary，andcontentwiththeelectionofMagistrates;whichtransmitsitsdeliberationstosomefew，andthosemostable;
whichsimplyimitatesthegovernmentofMonarchsmost，andthePeopleleastofall，isfortheSubjectsbothbetter，andmorelastingthentherest。
Chap。XI
PlacesandExamplesofScriptureoftheRightsofGovernmentagreeabletowhathathbeensaidbeforeI。Wehaveinthe6。Chapter，andthe2。Article，soderivedtheOriginallofinstitutive，orpoliticallGovernmentfromtheconsentoftheMultitude，thatitappearstheymusteitherallconsent，orbeesteem’dasEnemies。SuchwasthebeginningofGodsGovernmentovertheJewesinstitutedbyMoses，Ifyewillobeymyvoiceindeed，&c。YeshallbeuntomeaKingdomeofPriests，&c。AndMosescame，andcalledtheEldersofthePeople，&c。Andallthepeopleanswered，andsaid：AllthattheLordhathspokenwewilldo，Exod。19。ver。5，6，7，8。SuchalsowasthebeginningofMoyseshispowerunderGod，orofhisVicegerency。Andallthepeoplesawthethunderingsandlightenings，andthenoyseoftheTrumpet，&c。AndtheysaiduntoMoyses，speakthouuntous，andwewillhear。Exod。20。18，19。
ThelikebeginningalsohadSaulsKingdome。WhenyeesawthatNahashKingofthechildrenofAmmoncameoutagainstyou，yeesaiduntome，nay，butaKingshallraignoverus，whentheLordyourGodwasyourKing;NowthereforebeholdtheKingwhomyeehavechosen，andwhomyeehavedesired。1Sam。12。12。Butthemajorpartonlyconsenting，andnotall（fortherewerecertainSonsofBelial，whosaid，Howshallthismansaveus？andtheydispisedhim，1Sam。10。27。）thosewhodidnotconsentwereputtodeathasEnemies;AndthepeoplesaiduntoSamuel，Whoishethatsaid，shallSaulreignoverus？Bringthementhatwemayputthemtodeath。1Sam。11：
II。Inthesame6。Chapter，the6。and7。Articles，Ihaveshewed，thatalljudgmentandWarsdependuponthewillandpleasureofhimwhobearestheSupremeAuthority;thatistosay，inaMonarchy，onaMonarch，orKing;andthisisconfirmedbythePeoplesownejudgement。WeealsowillbelikealltheNations，andourKingshallJUDGEus，andgoeoutbeforeus，andfightourBATTELS。1Sam。8。20。Andwhatpertainestojudgements，andallothermatters，whereofthereisanycontroversie，whethertheybeGood，orEvill，isconfirmedbythetestimonyofKingSolomon。GivethereforethyServantanunderstandinghearttoJUDGEthyPeople，thatImaydiscernebetweenGOODandEVILL。1。Kings3。9。AndthatofAbsolom，ThereisnomandeputedoftheKingtohearethee。2。Sam。15。3。
III。ThatKingsmaynotbepunishedbytheirsubjects，ashathbeenshewedaboveinthesixthChapter，andthetwelfthArticle，KingDavidalsoconfirmes，who，thoughSaulsoughttoslayhim，didnotwithstandingrefrainhishandfromkillinghim，andforbadAbishai，saying，Destroyhim，not。forwhocanstretchforthhishandagainsttheLordsAnointed，andbeinnocent？1
Sam：iv。9。Andwhenhehadcutofftheskirtofhisgarment，TheLordforbid（saithhe）thatIshoulddoethisthinguntomyMastertheLordsAnointed，tostretchforthminehandagainsthim。
1Sam。24。7。AndcommandedtheAmalekite，whoforhissakehadslainSaul，tobeputtodeath。2Sam。1。15。
IV。Thatwhichissaidinthe17。Chapterofjudges，atthe6。verse。InthosedayestherewasnoKinginIsrael，buteverymandidthatwhichwasrightinhisowneyes（asthoughwheretherewerenotaMonarchy，therewereanAnarchyorconfusionofallthings）maybebroughtasatestimonytoprovetheexcellencyofMonarchyaboveallotherformsofgovernment，unlessethatbythewordKingmayperhapsbeunderstood，notonemanonely，butalsoaCourt，providedthatinitthereresideasupremepower;
whichifitbetakeninthissense，yethenceitmayfollow，thatwithoutasupremeandabsolutepower（whichwehaveendeavouredtoproveinthesixthChapter）therewillbealibertyforeverymantodoewhatheehathaminde，orwhatsoevershallseemrighttohimselfe;whichcannotstandwiththepreservationofmankinde，andthereforeinallGovernmentwhatsoever，thereiseverasupremepowerunderstoodtobesomewhereexistent。
V。Wehaveinthe8。Chapter，the7。and8。Article，said，thatServantsmustyeeldasimpleobediencetotheirLords，andinthe9。Chapter，Article7。thatSonnesowethesameobediencetotheirParents。SaintPaulsayesthesamethingconcerningServants，ServantsobeyinallthingsyourMastersaccordingtotheflesh，notwitheyeservice，asmen-pleasers，butinsinglenesseofheart，fearingGod。Colos。3。22。ConcerningSonnes，ChildrenobeyyourParentsinallthings，forthisiswellpleasinguntotheLord。Colos。3。20。NowasweebysimpleobedienceunderstandALLTHINGSwhicharenotcontrarytotheLawesofGod;sointhosecitedplacesofSaintPaul，afterthewordALLTHINGS，we。mustsuppose，exceptingthosewhicharecontrarytotheLawesofGod。
VI。ButthatImaynotthusbypeecemealeprovetherightofPrinces，Iwillnowinstancethosetestimonieswhichaltogetherestablishthewholepower，（namelythatthereisanabsoluteandsimpleobedienceduetothemfromtheirsubjects）AndfirstoutofthenewTestament。TheScribesandPhariseessitinMoysesseat;alltherefore，whatsoevertheybidyouobserve，thatobserve，anddoe。Mat。23。2。Whatsoevertheybidyou，（sayeshe）
observe，thatistosay，obeysimply：Why？BecausetheysitinMoysesseat;namely，thecivillMagistrates，notAaron，thePriests。Leteverysoulebesubjecttothehigherpowers，forthereisnoPowerbutofGod，thepowersthatbeareordainedofGod;whosoeverthereforeresisteththePower，resisteththeordinanceofGod，andtheythatresistshallreceivetothemselvesdamnation。Rom。13。1。NowbecausethepowersthatwereinSaintPaulstimewereordainedofGod，andallKingsdidatthattimerequireanabsoluteentireobediencefromtheirsubjects，itfollowesthatsuchapowerwasordainedofGod。
SubmityourselvesuntoeveryordinanceofmanfortheLordssake，whetheritbeetotheKingassupreme，oruntoGovernours，asuntothemthataresentbyhim，forthepunishmentofwickeddoers，andforthepraiseofthemthatdoewell，forsoisthewillofGod。1Pet。2。13。AgainSaintPaultoTitus，PuttheminmindtobeesubjecttoPrincipalitiesandPowers，toobeyMagistrates，&c。Chap。3。vers。1。WhatPrincipalities？WasitnottothePrincipalitiesofthosetimes，whichrequiredanabsoluteobedience？Furthermore，thatwemaycometotheexampleofChristhimselfe，towhomtheKingdomeoftheJewesbelongedbyhereditaryRight，derivedfromDavidhimselfe;Hewhenhelivedinthemannerofasubject，bothpaidtributeuntoCaesar，andpronouncedittobeduetohim。GiveuntoCaesar（saithhe）thethingswhichareCaesars，anduntoGod，thethingswhichareGods。Mat。22。21。WhenitpleasedhimtoshewhimselfeaKing，herequiredentireobedience。Goe（saidhe）intothevillageoveragainstyou，andstraightwayyeeshallfindeanAssetyed，andaColtwithher，loosethem，andbringthemuntome;andifanymansayoughtuntoyou，yeeshallsaytheLordhathneedofthem。
Mat：2。ThishedidthereforebytherightofbeingLord，oraKingoftheJewes。Buttotakeawayasubjectsgoodsonthispretenceonely，becausetheLordhathneedofthem，isanabsolutepower。ThemostevidentplacesintheoldTestamentarethese，Goethounear，andheareALLthattheLordourGodshallsay，andspeakthouuntousallthattheLordourGodshallspeakuntothee，andwewillhearit，anddoeit。Deut。5。27。Butunderthewordall，iscontainedabsoluteobedience。AgaintoJoshua。AndtheyansweredJoshuasaying，ALLthatthoucommandestus，wewilldoe，andwhithersoeverthousendestus，wewillgoe;
accordingaswehearkeneduntoMoysesinALLthings，sowillwehearkenuntothee，onelytheLordthyGodbewiththee，ashewaswithMoyses;whosoeverheebethatdothrebellagainstthyCommandement，andwillnothearkenuntothywordsinALLthatthoucommandesthim，heshallbeputtodeath。Joshua1。16，17，18。AndtheParableoftheBramble。ThensaidallthetreesuntotheBramble，Comethou，andreignoverus;AndtheBramblesaiduntothetrees，IfintruthyeeanointmeKingoveryou，thencomeandputyourtrustinmyshadow。andifnot，letfirecomeoutoftheBramble，anddevouretheCedarsofLebanon。Judges9。
vers。14，15。Thesenseofwhichwordsis，thatwemustacquiesetotheirsayings，whomwehavetrulyconstitutedtobeKingsoverus，unlessewewouldchuserathertobeconsumedbythefireofacivillwarre。ButtheRegallauthorityismoreparticularlydescribedbyGodhimselfe，inthe1。Sam。8。vers。9。&c。ShewthemtheRightoftheKingthatshallreignoverthem，&c。ThisshallbetheRightoftheKingthatshallreignoveryou;hewilltakeyourSons，andappointthemforhimself，forhisChariots，andtobehishorsemen，andsomeshallrunnebeforehisChariots，&c。Andhewilltakeyourdaughterstobeconfectionaries，&c。
Andhewilltakeyourvineyards，andgivethemtohisServants，&c。Isnotthispowerabsolute？AndyetitisbyGodhimselfstyledtheKINGSRIGHT;neitherwasanymanamongtheJewes，nonottheHighPriesthimselfe，exemptedfromthisobedience。ForwhentheKing（namelySolomon）saidtoAbiatharthePriest，GettheetoAnathothuntothineownfields，forthouartworthyofdeath，butIwillnotatthistimeputtheetodeath，becausethoubaresttheArkoftheLordGodbeforeDavidmyfather，andbecausethouhastbeenafflictedinallwhereinmyFatherwasafflicted。SoSolomonthrustoutAbiatharfrombeingPriestuntotheLord。1Kings。2。26。Itcannotbyanyargumentbeproved，thatthisactofhisdispleasedtheLord;neitherreadwe，thateitherSolomonwasreproved，orthathisPersonatthattimewasanywhitlesseacceptabletoGod。
ChapXII
Oftheinternalcauses，tendingtothedissolutionofanyGovernmentI。Hithertohathbeenspokenbywhatcauses，andPacts，Common-wealsareconstituted，andwhattheRightsofPrincesareovertheirsubjects;Nowwewillbrieflysaysomewhatconcerningthecauseswhichdissolvethem，orthereasonsofseditions。Nowasinthemotionofnaturallbodies，threethingsaretobeconsidered，namely，internalldisposition，thattheybesusceptibleofthemotiontobeproduced;theexternallAgent，wherebyacertainanddeterminedmotionmayinactbeproduced;
andtheactionitselfe：SoalsoinaCommon-wealewherethesubjectsbegintoraisetumults，threethingspresentthemselvestoourregard;FirsttheDoctrinesandthePassionscontrarytoPeace，wherewiththemindesofmenarefittedanddisposed;nexttheirqualityandconditionwhosollicite，assemble，anddirectthemalreadythusdisposed，totakeuparmes，andquittheirallegiance;Lastly，themannerhowthisisdone，orthefactionitselfe。Butone，andthefirstwhichdisposeththemtosedition，isthis，Thattheknowledgeofgoodandevillbelongstoeachsingleman。Inthestateofnatureindeed，whereeverymanlivesbyequallRight，andhavenotbyanymutuallPactssubmittedtothecommandofothers，wehavegrantedthistobetrue，nayinthefirstChapter，Article9。wehavedemonstratedit。Butinthecivilstateitisfalse。Foritwasshowninchap。
6。art。9]thatthecivillLawesweretheRulesofgoodandevill，justandunjust，honestanddishonest;thatthereforewhattheLegislatorcommands，mustbeheldforgood，andwhatheforbidsforevill;andtheLegislatoriseverthatPersonwhohaththesupremepowerintheCommonweale，thatistosay，theMonarchinaMonarchy。WehaveconfirmedthesametruthintheeleventhChapter，Article2。outofthewordsofSolomon;forifprivatemenmaypursuethatasgood，andshunthatasevillwhichappearstothemtobeso，towhatendservethosewordsofhis？
GivethereforeuntothyservantanunderstandinghearttojudgethyPeople，thatImaydiscernbetweengoodandevill。SincethereforeitbelongstoKingstodiscernebetweenegoodandevill，wickedarethose，thoughusuallsayings，thatheonelyisaKingwhodoesrighteously，andthatKingsmustnotbeobeyed，unlessetheycommandusjustthings，andmanyothersuchlike。
Beforetherewasanygovernment，justandunjusthadnobeing，theirnatureonelybeingrelativetosomecommand，andeveryactioninitsownnatureisindifferent;thatitbecomesjust，orunjust，proceedsfromtherightoftheMagistrate：LegitimateKingsthereforemakethethingstheycommand，just，bycommandingthem，andthosewhichtheyforbid，unjust，byforbiddingthem;
butprivatemenwhiletheyassumetothemselvestheknowledgeofgoodandevill，desiretobeevenasKings，whichcannotbewiththesafetyoftheCommonweale。ThemostancientofallGodscommandsis，Gen。2。15。Thoushaltnoteatofthetreeofknowledgeofgoodandevill;andthemostancientofalldiabolicalltentations，Chap。3。vers。5。YeeshallbeasGods，knowinggoodandevill;andGodsfirstexpostulationwithman，vers。11。Whotoldtheethatthouwertnaked？Hastthoueatenofthetree，whereofIcommandedtheethatthoushouldestnoteat？
Asifhehadsaid，howcomestthoutojudgethatnakedness，whereinitseemedgoodtometocreatethee，tobeshamefull，exceptthouhavearrogatedtothyselfetheknowledgeofgoodandevill？
II。Whatsoeveranymandothagainsthisconscienceisasinne，forhewhodothso，contemnstheLaw。Butwemustdistinguish：Thatismysinneindeed，whichcommitting，Idoebeleevetobemysinne;butwhatIbeleevetobeanothermanssin，Imaysometimesdoethatwithoutanysinofmine。ForifI
becommandedtodoethatwhichisasininhimwhocommandsme，ifIdoeit，andhethatcommandsmebebyRight，Lordoverme，I
sinnenot;forifIwagewarreattheCommandementofmyPrince，conceivingthewarretobeunjustlyundertaken，Idoenotthereforedoeunjustly，butratherifIrefusetodoeit，arrogatingtomyselfetheknowledgeofwhatisjustandunjust，whichpertainsonelytomyPrince。Theywhoobservenotthisdistinction，willfallintoanecessityofsinning，asoftasanythingiscommandedthem，whicheitheris，orseemstobeunlawfulltothem：foriftheyobey，theysinagainsttheirconscience，andiftheyobeynot，againstRight。Iftheysinagainsttheirconscience，theydeclarethattheyfearnotthepainesoftheworldtocome;iftheysinneagainstRight，theydoeasmuchasinthemlyes，abolishhumanesociety，andthecivilllifeofthepresentworld。Theiropinionthereforewhoteach，thatsubjectssinnewhentheyobeytheirPrincescommands，whichtothemseemunjust，isbotherroneous，andtobereckonedamongthosewhicharecontrarytocivillobedience;anditdependsuponthatoriginallerrourwhichwehaveobservedaboveintheforegoingArticle;forbyourtakinguponustojudgeofgoodandevill，wearetheoccasion，thataswellourobedience，asdisobedience，becomessinuntous。
III。Thethirdseditiousdoctrinespringsfromthesameroot，ThatTyrannicideislawfull;Nay，atthisdayitisbymanyDivines，andofolditwasbyallthePhilosophers，Plato，Aristotle，Cicero，Seneca，Plutarch，andtherestofthemaintainersoftheGreek，andRomanAnarchies，heldnotonlylawful，butevenworthyofthegreatestpraise。AndunderthetitleofTyrants，theymeannotonelyMonarchs，butallthosewhobearthechiefruleinanyGovernmentwhatsoever;fornotPisistratusonelyatAthens，butthosethirtyalsowhosucceededhim，andruledtogether，wereallcalledTyrants。Buthe，whommenrequiretobeputtodeathasbeingaTyrant，commandseitherbyRight，orwithoutRight;ifwithoutRight，heisanenemy，andbyRighttobeputtodeath;butthenthismustnotbecalledthekillingaTyrant，butanenemy：ifbyRight，thenthedivineinterrogationtakesplace，WhohathtoldtheethathewasaTyrant，hastthoueatenofthetreewhereofIcommandedtheethatthoushouldestnoteat？ForwhydoestthoucallhimaTyrant，whomGodhathmadeaKing，exceptthatthoubeingaprivatePerson，usurpesttothyselftheknowledgeofgoodandevill？Buthowperniciousthisopinionistoallgovernments，butespeciallytothatwhichisMonarchicall，wemayhencediscerne，namely，thatbyiteveryKing，whethergoodorill，standsexposedtobecondemnedbythejudgement，andslainbythehandofeverymurtherousvillain。
IV。ThefourthadversaryopiniontoCivillSociety，istheirs，whohold，ThattheywhobearRuleareSubjectalsototheCivillLawes。Whichhathbeensufficientlyprovedbeforenottobetrueinthe6。Chap。Artic。14。fromthisArgument，ThataCitycanneitherbeboundtoitself，nortoanysubject;nottoitselfe，becausenomancanbeobligedexceptitbetoanother;
nottoanySubject，becausethesinglewillsoftheSubjectsarecontainedinthewilloftheCity，insomuch，thatiftheCitywillbefreefromallsuchobligation，theSubjectswillsotoo;
andbyconsequencesheisso。ButthatwhichholdstrueinaCity，thatmustbesupposedtobetrueinaman，oranassemblyofmen，whohavetheSupremeAuthority，fortheymakeaCity，whichhathnobeingbutbytheirSupremePower。NowthatthisOpinioncannotconsistwiththeverybeingofGovernment，isevidentfromhence，thatbyittheknowledgeofwhatisGoodandEvill，thatistosay，thedefinitionofwhatis，andwhatisnotagainsttheLawes，wouldreturntoeachsinglePerson：ObediencethereforewillceaseasoftasanythingseemestobecommandedcontrarytotheCivillLawes，andtogetherwithit，allcoercivejurisdiction，whichcannotpossiblybewithoutthedestructionoftheveryessenceofGovernment。YetthisErrourhathgreatprops，Aristotle，andothers;who，byreasonofhumaneinfirmity，supposetheSupremePowertobecommittedwithmostsecuritytotheLawesonely;buttheyseemtohavelooktveryshallowlyintothenatureof，Government，whothoughtthattheconstrainingPower，theinterpretationofLawes，andthemakingofLawes，（allwhicharepowersnecessarilybelongingtoGovernment）shouldbeleftwhollytotheLawesthemselves。NowalthoughparticularSubjectsmaysometimescontendinjudgement，andgoetoLawwiththeSupremeMagistrate，yetthisisonelythen，whenthequestionisnotwhattheMagistratemay，butwhatbyacertainRulehehathdeclaredhewoulddoe。As，whenbyanyLawtheJudgessituponthelifeofaSubject，thequestionisnotwhethertheMagistratecouldbyhisabsoluteRightdeprivehimofhislife;
butwhetherbythatLawhiswillwasthatheshouldbedeprivedofit;buthiswillwas，heshould，ifhebraketheLaw。else，hiswillwasheshouldnot：Thistherefore，thataSubjectmayhaveanactionofLawagainsthisSupremeMagistrate，isnotstrengthofArgumentsufficienttoprovethatheistyedtohisownLawes。Onthecontrary，itisevident，thatheisnottiedtohisowneLawes，becausenomanisboundtohimself。LawesthereforearesetforTitius，andCaius，notfortheRuler：
however，bytheambitionofLawyers，itissoordered，thattheLawes，tounskilfullmenseemenottodependontheAuthorityoftheMagistrate，buttheirPrudence。
V。Inthefifthplace，ThattheSupremeAuthoritymaybedivided，isamostfatallOpiniontoallCommon-weales。Butdiversemendivideitdiversewayes。ForsomedivideitsoastograntaSupremacytotheCivillPowerinmatterspertainingtoPeace，andthebenefitsofthislife，butinthingsconcerningthesalvationoftheSoultheytransferitonothers。Now，becausejusticeisofallthingsmostnecessarytoSalvation，ithappens，thatSubjectsmeasuringjustice，notastheyought，bytheCivillLawes，butbythepreceptsanddoctrinesofthemwho，inregardoftheMagistrate，areeitherprivatemensorstrangers，throughasuperstitiousfeardarenotperformtheobedienceduetotheirPrinces，throughfearfallingintothatwhichtheymostfeared：Nowwhatcanbemorepernicioustoanystate，thenthatmenshould，bytheapprehensionofeverlastingtorments，bedeterredfromobeyingtheirPrinces，thatistosay，theLawes，orfrombeingjust？TherearealsosomewhodividetheSupremeAuthoritysoastoallowthepowerofWar，andPeace，untoone，（whomtheycallaMonarch）buttherightofraisingMoniestheygivetosomeothers，andnottohim：ButbecausemoniesarethesinewesofWar，andPeace，theywhothusdividetheAuthority，doeeitherreallynotdivideitatall，butplaceitwhollyinthem，inwhosepowerthemoneyis，butgivethenameofittoanother，oriftheydoereallydivideit，theydissolvetheGovernment：forneitheruponnecessitycanWarbewaged，norcanthepubliquePeacebepreservedwithoutMoney。
VI。Itisacommondoctrine，Thatfaithandholinessearenotacquiredbystudy，andnaturallreason，butarealwayessupernaturallyinfused，andinspiredintomen：which，ifitweretrue，Iunderstandnotwhyweshouldbecommandedtogiveanaccountofourfaith;orwhyanyman，whoistrulyaChristian，shouldnotbeaProphet;orlastly，whyeverymanshouldnotjudgewhat’sfitforhimtodoe，whattoavoid，ratheroutofhisowninspiration，thenbythepreceptsofhisSuperiours，orrightReason。AreturnthereforemustbemadetotheprivateknowledgeofGoodandEvil;whichcannotbegrantedwithouttheruineofallGovernments。ThisOpinionhathspreaditselfsolargelythroughthewholeChristianworld，thatthenumberofApostatesfromnaturalreasonisalmostbecomeinfinite。Anditsprangfromsick-brainedmen，whohavinggottengoodstoreofHolyWordsbyfrequentreadingoftheScriptures，madesuchaconnexionofthemusuallyintheirpreaching，thattheirSermons，signifyingjustnothing，yettounlearnedmenseemedmostdivine;forhewhosenon-senseappearstobeaDivinespeech，mustnecessarilyseemetobeinspiredfromabove。
VII。TheseventhDoctrineoppositetoGovernment，isthis，ThateachsubjecthathanabsoluteDominionoverthegoodsheisinpossessionof。Thatistosay，suchaproprietyasexcludesnotonlytherightofalltherestofhisfellow-subjectstothesamegoods，butalsooftheMagistratehimself。Whichisnottrue;fortheywhohaveaLordoverthem，havethemselvesnoLordship，ashathbeenproved，Chap。8。Artic。5。NowtheMagistrateisLordofallhisSubjects，bytheconstitutionofGovernment。BeforetheyokeofCivillSocietywasundertaken，nomanhadanyProperRight;allthingswerecommontoallmen。Tellmetherefore，howgottestthouthisproprietybutfromtheMagistrate？HowgottheMagistratesit，butthateverymantransferredhisRightonhim？AndthouthereforehastalsogivenupthyRighttohim;thyDominiontherefore，andPropriety，isjustsomuchashewill，andshalllastsolongashepleases;
evenasinaFamily，eachSonhathsuchpropergoods，andsolonglasting，asseemegoodtotheFather。ButthegreatestpartofmenwhoprofesseCivillPrudence，reasonotherwise;weareequall（saythey）bynature;thereisnoreasonwhyanymanshouldbybetterRighttakemygoodsfromme，thenIhisfromhim;weknowthatmonysometimesisneedfullforthedefenceandmaintenanceofthepublique;butletthem，whorequireit，shewusthepresentnecessity，andtheyshallwillinglyreceiveit。Theywhotalkthus，knownot，thatwhattheywouldhave，isalreadydonefromthebeginningintheveryconstitutionofGovernment，andthereforespeakingasinadissolutemultitude，andyetnotfashionedGovernment，theydestroytheframe。
VIII。Inthelastplace，it’sagreathindrancetoCivillGovernment，especiallyMonarchicall，thatmendistinguishnotenoughbetweenaPeopleandaMultitude。ThePeopleissomewhatthatisone，havingonewill，andtowhomoneactionmaybeattributed;noneofthesecanproperlybesaidofaMultitude。
ThePeoplerulesinallGovernments，foreveninMonarchiesthePeopleCommands;forthePeoplewillsbythewillofoneman;buttheMultitudeareCitizens，thatistosay，Subjects。InaDemocraty，andAristocraty，theCitizensaretheMultitude，buttheCourtisthePeople。AndinaMonarchy，theSubjectsaretheMultitude，and（howeveritseemeaParadox）theKingisthePeople。Thecommonsortofmen，andotherswholittleconsiderthesetruthes，doalwayesspeakofagreatnumberofmen，asofthePeople，thatistosay，theCity;theysaythattheCityhathrebelledagainsttheKing（whichisimpossible）andthatthePeoplewill，andnill，whatmurmuringanddiscontentedSubjectswouldhave，orwouldnothave，underpretenceofthePeople，stirringuptheCitizensagainsttheCity，thatistosay，theMultitudeagainstthePeople。AndthesearealmostalltheOpinionswherewithSubjectsbeingtainteddoeeasilyTumult。AndforasmuchasinallmannerofGovernmentMajestyistobepreserv’dbyhim，orthemwhohavetheSupremeAuthority，thecrimenlaesaeMajestatisnaturallycleavestotheseOpinions。
IX。ThereisnothingmoreafflictsthemindofmanthenPoverty，orthewantofthosethingswhicharenecessaryforthepreservationoflife，andhonour;andthoughtherebenomanbutknowesthatrichesaregottenwithindustry，andkeptbyfrugality，yetallthepoorcommonlylaytheblameontheEvillGovernment，excusingtheirownsloth，andluxury，asiftheirprivategoodsforsoothwerewastedbypubliqueexactions;Butmenmustconsider，thattheywhohavenopatrimony，mustnotonelylabourthattheymaylive，butfighttoo，thattheymaylabour。
EveryoneoftheJewes，whoinEsdrashistimebuilttheWallsofJerusalem，didtheworkwithonehand，andheldtheSwordintheother。InallGovernmentwemustconceivethatthehandwhichholdstheSwordistheKing，orSupremeCouncell，whichisnolessetobesustained，andnourisht，bytheSubjectscareandindustry，thenthatwherewitheachmanprocureshimselfaprivatefortune;andthatCustomes，andTributes，arenothingelsebuttheirrewardwhowatchinArmesforus，thatthelaboursandendeavoursofsinglemenmaynotbemolestedbytheincursionofenemies;andthattheircomplaint，whoimputetheirpovertytopublickPersons，isnotmorejust，theniftheyshouldsaythattheyarebecomeinwantbypayingoftheirdebts：Butthemostpartofmenconsidernothingofthesethings，fortheysufferthesamethingwiththemwhohaveadiseasetheycallanIncubus，whichspringingfromGluttony，itmakesmenbelievetheyareinvaded，opprest，andstifledwithagreatweight：Nowitisathingmanifestofitselfe，thattheywhoseemetothemselvestobeburthenedwiththewholeloadoftheCommon-weal，arepronetobeSeditious;andthattheyareaffectedwithchange，whoaredistastedatthepresentstateofthings。
X。Anothernoxiousdiseaseofthemindistheirs，whohavinglittleemployment，wantHonourandDignity。AllmennaturallystriveforHonour，andPreferment，butchieflytheywhoareleasttroubledwithcaringfornecessarythings。ForthesemenareinvitedbytheirvacancysometimestodisputationamongthemselvesconcerningtheCommon-weal，sometimestoaneasiereadingofHistories，Politiques，Orations，Poems，andotherpleasantBooks;andithappens，thathencetheythinkthemselvessufficientlyfurnishtbothwithwit，andlearning，toadministermattersofthegreatestconsequence。Nowbecauseallmenarenotwhattheyappeartothemselves，andiftheywere，yetall（byreasonofthemultitude）couldnotbereceivedtopubliqueOffices，itsnecessarythatmanymustbepassedby。Thesethereforeconceivingthemselvesaffronted，candesirenothingmore，partlyoutofenvytothosewhowerepreferredbeforethem，partlyoutofhopetooverwhelmthem，thenillsuccessetothepubliqueConsultations;andthereforeitsnomarvellifwithgreedyappetitestheyseekforoccasionsofinnovations。
XI。Thehopeofovercommingisalsotobenumbredamongotherseditiousinclinations。Forlettherebeasmanymenasyouwil，infectedwithopinionsrepugnanttoPeace，andcivillGovernment;
lettherebeasmanyastherecan，neversomuchwoundedandtornewithaffronts，andcalumnies，bythemwhoareinAuthority;
yetiftherebenohopeofhavingthebetterofthem，oritappearnotsufficient，therewillnoseditionfollow;everymanwilldissemblehisthoughts，andrathercontenthimselfwiththepresentburthen，thenhazardanheavierweight。Therearefourthingsnecessarilyrequisitetothishope：Numbers，Instruments，mutualltrust，andCommanders。ToresistpubliqueMagistrateswithoutagreatnumber，isnotSedition，butDesperation。ByInstrumentsofwarImeanallmannerofarmes，munition，andothernecessaryprovision，withoutwhichNumbercandoenothing，norArmsneitherwithoutmutualltrust;NorallthesewithoutunionundersomeCommander，whomoftheirownaccord，theyarecontentto，obey。notasbeingengagedbytheirsubmissiontohiscommand（forwehavealreadyinthisveryChapter，supposedthesekindofmennottounderstand，beingobligedbeyondthatwhichseemsrightandgoodintheirowneyes）butforsomeopiniontheyhaveofhisvertue，ormilitaryskill，orresemblanceofhumours。
Ifthesefourbenearathandtomengrievedwiththepresentstate，andmeasuringthejusticeoftheiractionsbytheirownjudgements，therewillbenothingwantingtoseditionandconfusionoftheRealme，butonetostirreupandquickenthem。
XII。SalusthisCharacterofCatiline，（thenwhomthereneverwasagreaterArtistinraisingseditions）isthis，Thathehadgreateloquence，andlittlewisdome。heseparateswisdomefromeloquence，attributingthisasnecessarytoamanbornforcommotions，adjudgingthatasaninstructresseofPeace，andquietnesse。Now，eloquenceistwofold。Theoneisanelegant，andcleareexpressionoftheconceptionsofthemind，andrisethpartlyfromthecontemplationofthethingsthemselves，partlyfromanunderstandingofwordstakenintheirownproper，anddefinitesignification;theotherisacommotionofthePassionsoftheminde（suchasarehope，fear，anger，pitty）andderivesfromametaphoricalluseofwordsfittedtothePassions：ThatformsaspeechfromtruePrinciples，thisfromopinionsalreadyreceived，whatnaturesoevertheyareof。TheartofthatisLogick，ofthisRhetorick;theendofthatistruth，ofthisvictory。Eachhathitsuse，thatindeliberations，thisinexhortations;forthatisneverdisjoynedfromwisdome，butthisalmostever。Butthatthiskindofpowerfulleloquence，separatedfromthetrueknowledgeofthings，thatistosay，fromwisdome，isthetruecharacterofthemwhosollicite，andstirreupthepeopletoinnovations，mayeasilybegatheredoutoftheworkitselfewhichtheyhavetodoe;fortheycouldnotpoysonthepeoplewiththoseabsurdopinionscontrarytoPeaceandcivillsociety，unlessetheyheldthemthemselves，whichsureisanignorancegreaterthencanwellbefallanywiseman。ForhethatknowsnotwhencetheLawesderivetheirpower，whicharetheRulesofjustandunjust，honestanddishonest，goodandevill;
whatmakesandpreservesPeaceamongmen，whatdestroyesit;whatishis，andwhatanothers;Lastly，whathewouldhavedonetohimselfe（thathemaydoetheliketoothers）issurelytobeaccountedbutmeanlywise。ButthattheycanturntheirAuditorsoutoffoolsintomadmen;thattheycanmakethingstothemwhoareill-affectedseemworse，tothemwhoarewell-affectedseemevil;thattheycanenlargetheirhopes，lessentheirdangersbeyondreason：thistheyhavefromthatsortofeloquence，notwhichexplainsthingsastheyare，butfromthatother，whichbymovingtheirmindes，makesallthingstoappeartobeesuchastheyintheirmindespreparedbefore，hadalreadyconceivedthem。
XIII。Manymenwhoarethemselvesverywellaffectedtocivillsociety，doethroughwantofknowledge，cooperatetothedisposingofsubjectsmindestosedition，whilsttheyteachyoungmenadoctrineconformabletothesaidopinionsintheirSchooles，andallthepeopleintheirPulpits。NowtheywhodesiretobringthisdispositionintoAct，placetheirwholeendeavourinthis，First，thattheymayjoyntheillaffectedtogetherintofactionandconspiracy;next，thatthemselvesmayhavethegreateststrokeinthefaction：Theygatherthemintofaction，whiletheymakethemselvestherelators，andinterpretorsofthecounselsandactionsofsinglemen，andnominatethePersonsandPlaces，toassembleanddeliberateofsuchthingswherebythepresentgovernmentmaybereformed，accordingasitshallseembesttotheirinterests。Nowtotheendthattheythemselvesmayhavethechiefruleinthefaction，Thefactionmustbekeptinafaction，thatistosay，theymusthavetheirsecretmeetingsapartwithafew，wheretheymayorderwhatshallafterwardbepropoundedinageneralmeeting，andbywhom，andonwhatsubject，andinwhatordereachofthemshallspeak，andhowtheymaydrawthepowerfullest，andmostpopularmenofthefactiontotheirside：Andthuswhentheyhavegottenafactionbigenough，inwhichtheymayrulebytheireloquence，theymoveittotakeuponitthemanagingofaffaires;andthustheysometimesoppressetheCommonwealth，namelywherethereisnootherfactiontoopposethem，butforthemostparttheyrendit，andintroduceacivillwarre。Forfollyandeloquenceconcurreinthesubversionofgovernmentinthesamemanner（asthefablehathit）asheretoforethedaughtersofPeliasKingofThessaly，conspiredwithMedeaagainsttheirfather;Theygoingtorestorethedecrepitoldmantohisyouthagain，bythecounsellofMedea，theycuthimintopeeces，andsethiminthefiretoboyle，invainexpectingwhenhewouldliveagain;Sothecommonpeoplethroughtheirfolly（likethedaughtersofPelias）
desiringtorenewtheancientgovernment，beingdrawneawaybytheeloquenceofambitiousmen，asitwerebythewitchcraftofMedea，dividedintofaction，theyconsumeitratherbythoseflames，thentheyreformeit。
Chap。XIII
ConcerningthedutiesofthemwhobearRuleI。Bywhathathhithertobeensaid，thedutiesofCitizensandinanykindofgovernmentwhatsoever，andthePowerofthesupremeRuleroverthemareapparent;butwehaveasyetsaidnothingofthedutiesofRulers，andhowtheyoughttobehavethemselvestowardstheirSubjects;WemustthendistinguishbetweentheRight，andtheexerciseofsupremeauthority，fortheycanbedivided;asforexample，whenhewhohaththeRight，eithercannot，orwillnotbepresentinjudgingtrespasses，ordeliberatingofaffaires：ForKingssometimesbyreasonoftheiragecannotordertheiraffaires，sometimesalsothoughtheycandoeitthemselves，yettheyjudgeitfitter，beingsatisfiedinthechoyceoftheirOfficersandCounsellors，toexercisetheirpowerbythem。NowwheretheRightandexercisearesevered，therethegovernmentoftheCommonweale，isliketheordinarygovernmentoftheworld，inwhichGod，themoverofallthings，producethnaturalleffectsbythemeansofsecondarycauses;butwherehe，towhomtheRightofrulingdothbelong，ishimselfepresentinalljudicatures，consultations，andpubliqueactions，theretheadministrationissuch，asifGodbeyondtheordinarycourseofnature，shouldimmediatelyapplyhimselfuntoallmatters。WewillthereforeinthisChaptersummarilyandbrieflyspeaksomewhatconcerningtheirdutieswhoexerciseauthority，whetherbytheirownorothersRight。Norisitmypurposetodescendintothosethings，whichbeingdiversfromothers，somePrincesmaydoe，forthisistobelefttothePoliticallPracticesofeachCommonweale。
II。NowallthedutiesofRulersarecontainedinthisonesentence，ThesafetyofthepeopleisthesupremeLaw;foralthoughtheywhoamongmenobtainthechiefestDominion，cannotbesubjecttoLawesproperlysocalled，thatistosay，tothewillofmen，becausetobechief，andsubject，arecontradictories;yetisittheirdutyinallthings，asmuchaspossiblytheycan，toyeeldobedienceuntorightreason，whichisthenaturall，morall，anddivineLaw。ButbecausedominionswereconstitutedforPeacessake，andPeacewassoughtafterforsafetiessake，he，whobeingplacedinauthority，shallusehispowerotherwisethentothesafetyofthepeople，willactagainstthereasonsofPeace，thatistosay，againsttheLawesofnature;NowasthesafetyofthePeopledictatesaLawbywhichPrincesknowtheirduty，sodothitalsoteachthemanarthowtoprocurethemselvesabenefit;forthepoweroftheCitizens，isthepoweroftheCity，thatistosay，histhatbearsthechiefRuleinanystate。
III。Bythepeopleinthisplaceweunderstand，notonecivillPerson，namelytheCityitselfewhichgoverns，butthemultitudeofsubjectswhicharegoverned;fortheCitywasnotinstitutedforitsown，butforthesubjectssake;andyetaparticularcareisnotrequiredofthisorthatman;fortheRuler（assuch）providesnootherwiseforthesafetyofhispeople，thenbyhisLawes，whichareuniversall;andthereforehehathfullydischargedhimselfe，ifhehavethroughlyendeavouredbywholesomeconstitutions，toestablishthewelfareofthemostpart，andmadeitaslastingasmaybe;andthatnomansufferill，butbyhisowndefault，Orbysomechancewhichcouldnotbeprevented;butitsometimesconducestothesafetyofthemostpart，thatwickedmendoesuffer。
IV。Butbysafetymustbeunderstood，notthesolepreservation。oflifeinwhatconditionsoever，butinordertoitshappines。Fortothisenddidmenfreelyassemblethemselves，andinstituteagovernment，thattheymight，asmuchastheirhumaneconditionwouldafford，livedelightfully。Theythereforewhohadundertakentheadministrationofpowerinsuchakindeofgovernment，wouldsinneagainsttheLawofnature（becauseagainsttheirtrustwhohadcommittedthatpoweruntothem）iftheyshouldnotstudy，asmuchasbygoodLawscouldbeeffected，tofurnishtheirsubjectsabundantly，notonlywiththegoodthingsbelongingtolife，butalsowiththosewhichadvancetodelectation。TheywhohaveacquiredDominionbyarms，doealldesirethattheirsubjectsmaybestronginbodyandmind，thattheymayservethemthebetter;whereforeiftheyshouldnotendeavourtoprovidethem，notonlywithsuchthingswherebytheymaylive，butalsowithsuchwherebytheymaygrowstrongandlusty，theywouldactagainsttheirownscopeandend。
V。Andfirstofall，Princesdoebeleevethatitmainlyconcernseternallsalvation，whatopinionsareheldoftheDeity，andwhatmannerofworshipheistobeadoredwith;whichbeingsupposed，itmaybedemanded，whetherchiefRulers，andwhosoevertheybe，whetheroneormore，whoexercisesupremeauthority，sinnotagainsttheLawofnature，iftheycausenotsuchadoctrine，andworship，tobetaughtandpractised（orpermitacontrarytobetaughtandpractised）astheybeleevenecessarilyconducethtotheeternallsalvationoftheirsubjects？Itismanifestthattheyactagainsttheirconscience，andthattheywill，asmuchasinthemlies，theeternallperditionoftheirsubjects;foriftheywilleditnot，Iseenoreasonwhytheyshouldsuffer，（whenbeingsupremetheycannotbecompelled）suchthingstobetaughtanddone，forwhichtheybeleevethemtobeinadamnablestate。
Butwewillleavethisdifficultyinsuspence。
VI。Thebenefitsofsubjectsrespectingthislifeonly，maybedistributedintofourekindes。1。Thattheybedefendedagainstforraignenemies。2。ThatPeacebepreservedathome。3。
Thattheybeenrich’tasmuchasmayconsistwithpubliquesecurity。4。Thattheyenjoyaharmelesseliberty;ForsupremeCommanderscanconferrenomoretotheircivillhappinesse，thenthatbeingpreservedfromforraignandcivillwarres，theymayquietlyenjoythatwealthwhichtheyhavepurchasedbytheirownindustry。
VII。TherearetwothingsnecessaryforthePeoplesdefence;
Tobewarned，andtobeforearmed;forthestateofCommon-wealthsconsideredinthemselves，isnatural，thatistosay，hostile;neitheriftheyceasefromfighting，isitthereforetobecalledPeace，butratherabreathingtime，inwhichoneenemyobservingthemotionandcountenanceoftheother，valueshissecuritynotaccordingtothePacts，buttheforcesandcounselsofhisadversary;AndthisbynaturallRight，ashathbeenshewedinthesecondChapter，10。Artic。fromthis，thatcontractsareinvalidinthestateofnature，asoftasanyjustfeardothintervene;ItisthereforenecessarytothedefenceoftheCity，First，thattherebesomewhomayasnearasmaybe，searchinto，anddiscoverthecounselsandmotionsofallthosewhomayprejudiceit。FordiscovererstoMinistersofState，arelikethebeamesoftheSunnetothehumanesoule，andwemaymoretrulysayinvisionpoliticall，thennaturall，thatthesensible，andintelligibleSpeciesofoutwardthings，notwellconsideredbyothers，arebytheayretransportedtothesoule，（thatistosaytothemwhohavetheSupremeAuthority）
andthereforearetheynolessenecessarytothepreservationoftheState，thentherayesofthelightaretotheconservationofman;oriftheybecomparedtoSpiderswebs，whichextendedonallsidesbythefinestthreds，doewarnthem，keepingintheirsmallholds，ofalloutwardmotions;TheywhobearRulecannomoreknowwhatisnecessarytobecommandedforthedefenceoftheirSubjectswithoutSpies，thenthoseSpiderscanwhentheyshallgoeforth，andwhethertheyshallrepair，withoutthemotionofthosethreds。
VIII。Farthermore，itsnecessarilyrequisitetothepeoplesdefence，thattheybefore-armed。Nowtobefore-armedistobefurnishtwithSouldiers，Armes，Ships，FortsandMonies，beforethedangerbeinstant;forthelistingofSouldiers，andtakingupofArmesafterablowisgiven，istoolate，atleastifnotimpossible。Inlikemanner，nottoraiseForts，andappointGarrisonsinconvenientplaces，beforetheFrontiersareinvaded，istobelikethoseCountrySwains（asDemosthenessaid）whoignorantoftheartofFencing，withtheirBucklersguardedthosepartsofthebodywheretheyfirstfeltthesmartofthestrokes。
ButtheywhothinkitthenseasonableenoughtoraiseMoniesforthemaintenanceofSouldiers，andotherChargesofWar，whenthedangerbeginstoshewitself，theyconsidernotsurelyhowdifficultamatteritistowringsuddainlyoutofclose-fistedmensovastaproportionofMonies;foralmostallmen，whattheyoncereckoninthenumberoftheirgoods，doejudgethemselvestohavesucharightandproprietyinit，astheyconceivethemselvestobeinjuredwhensoevertheyareforcedtoimploybuttheleastpartofitforthepubliquegood。NowasufficientstockofmoniestodefendtheCountrywithArmes，willnotsoonberaisedoutofthetreasureofImposts，andCustomes;wemusttherefore，forfearofWar，intimeofPeacehoordupgoodsumms，ifweintendthesafetyoftheCommon-weal。SincethereforeitnecessarilybelongstoRulersfortheSubjectssafetytodiscovertheEnemiesCounsell，tokeepGarrisons，andtohaveMoneyincontinuallreadinesse，andthatPrincesarebytheLawofNatureboundtousetheirwholeendeavourinprocuringthewelfareoftheirSubjects，itfollowes，thatitsnotonelylawfullforthemtosendoutSpies，tomaintainSouldiers，tobuildForts，andtorequireMoniesforthesepurposes，butalso，nottodoethus，isunlawfull。Towhichalsomaybeadded，whatsoevershallseemetoconducetothelesningofthepowerofforraignerswhomtheysuspect，whetherbysleight，orforce。ForRulersareboundaccordingtotheirpowertopreventtheevillstheysuspect，lestperadventuretheymayhappenthroughtheirnegligence。