VI。Furthermore，itwillnotbesufficientforthePeople，soastomaintainitssupremacy，tohavesomecertainknowntimes，andplacesofmeeting，unlessethateithertheintervalsofthetimesbeoflessedistance，thenthatanythingmayinthemeantimehappenwhereby（byreasonofthedefectofpower）theCitymaybebroughtintosomedanger，oratleastthattheexerciseofthesupremeauthoritybe，duringtheintervall，grantedtosomeoneman，orCouncell。Forunlessethisbedone，thereisnotthatwarycare，andheedtakenforthedefenceandPeaceofsinglemenwhichoughttobe，andthereforewillnotdeservethenameofaCity，becausethatinitforwantofsecurity，everymansRightofdefendinghimselfeathisownpleasure，returnstohimagain。
VII。DemocratyisnotframedbycontractofparticularpersonswiththePeople，butbymutuallcompactsofsinglemeneachwithother。Buthenceitappearsinthefirstplace，thatthePersonscontracting，mustbeinbeingbeforethecontractitselfe。ButthePeopleisnotinbeingbeforetheconstitutionofgovernment，asnotbeinganyPerson，butamultitudeofsinglePersons;whereforetherecouldthennocontractpassebetweenthePeopleandtheSubject。Now，ifafterthatgovernmentisframed，thesubjectmakeanycontractwiththePeople，itisinvain，becausethePeoplecontainswithinitswill，thewillofthatsubjecttowhomitissupposedtobeobliged;andthereforemayatitsownwillandpleasuredisengageitselfe，andbyconsequenceisnowactuallyfree。Butinthesecondplace，thatsinglePersonsdoecontracteachwithothermaybeinferredfromhence，thatinvainsurewouldtheCityhavebeenconstituted，iftheCitizenshadbeenengagedbynocontractstodoe，oromitwhattheCityshouldcommandtobedoneoromitted。BecausethereforesuchkindofcompactsmustbeunderstoodtopasseasnecessarytothemakingupofaCity，butnonecanbemade（asisalreadyshewed）betweentheSubjectandthePeople;itfollowes，thattheymustbemadebetweensingleCitizens，namelythateachmancontracttosubmithiswilltothewillofthemajorpart，onconditionthattherestalsodoethelike，asifeveryoneshouldsaythus，IgiveupmyRightuntothePeopleforyoursake，oncondition，thatyoualsodeliverupyours，formine。
VIII。AnAristocraty，orCouncellofNoblesenduedwithsupremeauthoritie，receivesitsoriginallfromaDemocraty，whichgivesupitsRightuntoit;wherewemustunderstandthatcertainmendistinguishtfromothers，eitherbyeminenceoftitle，blood，orsomeotherCharacter，arepropoundedtothePeople，andbypluralityofvoycesareelected;andbeingelected，thewholeRightofthePeople，orCity，isconveighedonthem，insomuchaswhatsoeverthePeoplemightdoebefore，thesamebyRightmaythisCourtofelectedNoblesnowdoe。Whichbeingdone，itisclearthatthePeople，consideredasonePerson，（itssupremeauthoritybeingalreadytransferredonthese）isnolongernowinbeing。
IX。AsinDemocratythePeople，soinanAristocratytheCourtofNoblesisfreefromallmannerofobligation;forseeingsubjectsnotcontractingwiththePeople，butbymutuallcompactsamongthemselves，weretyedtoallthatthePeopledid，hencealsotheyweretyedtothatactofthePeopleinresigningupitsRightofgovernmentintothehandsofNobles。NeithercouldthisCourt，althoughelectedbythePeople，bebyitobligedtoanything;forbeingerected，thePeopleisatoncedissolved，aswasdeclaredabove，andtheauthorityithadasbeingaPersonutterlyvanisheth。WhereforetheobligationwhichwasduetothePersonmustalsovanish，andperishtogetherwithit。
X。Aristocratyhaththeseconsiderations，togetherwithDemocraty;First，thatwithoutanappointmentofsomecertaintimes，andplaces，atwhichtheCourtofNoblesmaymeet，itisnolongeraCourt，oronePerson，butadissolutemultitudewithoutanysupremepower;Secondly，thatthetimesoftheirassemblingcannotbedisjoynedbylongintervalls，withoutprejudicetothesupremepower，unlesseitsadministrationbetransferredtosomeoneman：Nowthereasonswhythishappens，arethesamewhichwesetdowninthefifthArticle。
XI。AsanAristocratie，soalsoamonarchyisderivedfromthePowerofthePeople，transferringitsRight，（thatis）itsAuthoritieononeman：Herealsowemustunderstand，thatsomeoneman，eitherbyname，orsomeothertoken，ispropoundedtobetakennoticeofabovealltherest，andthatbyapluralityofvoycesthewholeRightofthePeopleisconveighedonhim，insomuchaswhatsoeverthePeoplecoulddoebeforehewereelected，thesameineveryRespectmayhebyRightnowdoe，beingelected;whichbeingdone，thePeopleisnolongeronePerson，butarudemultitude，asbeingonlyonebeforebyvertueofthesupremecommand，whereoftheynowhavemadeaconveyancefromthemselvesonthisoneMan。
XII。AndthereforeneitherdoththeMonarchobligehimselfetoanyforthecommandhereceives，forhereceivesitfromthePeople;butashathbeenshewedabove，thePeople，assoonasthatactisdone，ceasethtobeaPerson;butthePersonvanishing，allobligationtothePersonvanisheth。ThesubjectsthereforearetyedtoperformobediencetotheMonarch，bythosecompactsonlybywhichtheymutuallyobligedthemselvestotheobservationofallthatthePeopleshouldcommandthem，（thatis）
toobeythatMonarch，ifheweremadebythePeople。
XIII。ButaMonarchydiffersaswellfromanAristocraty，asaDemocratie，inthischiefly，thatinthosetheremustbecertainsettimesandplacesfordeliberation，andconsultationofaffaires，thatis，fortheactuallexerciseofitinalltimes，andplaces;ForthePeople，ortheNoblesnotbeingonenaturallPersonmustnecessarilyhavetheirmeetings。TheMonarchwhoisonebynature，isalwayesinapresentcapacitytoexecutehisauthority。
XIV。Becausewehavedeclaredaboveinthe7。9。and12。
Articles，thattheywhohavegottenthesupremecommandarebynocompactsobligedtoanyman，itnecessarilyfollowes，thattheycandoenoinjurytothesubjects;forinjuryaccordingtothedefinitionmadeinthethirdArticleofthethirdChapter，isnothingelsebutabreachofcontract：andthereforewherenocontractshavepart，therecanbenoinjury。YetthePeople，theNobles，andtheMonarchmaydiversewayestransgresseagainsttheotherLawesofnature，asbycruelty，iniquity，contumely，andotherlikevices，whichcomenotunderthisstrict，andexactnotionofinjury。Butifthesubjectyeeldnotobediencetothesupreme，hewillinproprietyofspeechbesaidtobeinjuriousaswelltohisfellowsubjects，becauseeachmanhathcompactedwiththeothertoobey，astohischiefRuler，inresumingthatRight，whichhehathgivenhim，withouthisconsent。AndinaDemocraty，orAristocraty，ifanythingbedecreedagainstanyLawofnature，theCityitselfe（i。e。）thecivillPersonsinnesnot，butthosesubjectsonlybywhosevotesitwasdecreed;forsinneisaconsequenceofthenaturallexpressewill，notofthepoliticall，whichisartificiall;forifitwereotherwise，theywouldbeguilty，bywhomthedecreewasabsolutelydisliked：ButinaMonarchie，iftheMonarchmakeanydecreeagainsttheLawesofnature，hesinshimselfe，becauseinhimthecivillwillandthenaturallareallone。
XV。ThepeoplewhoareabouttomakeaMonarch，maygivehimthesupremacyeithersimplywithoutlimitationoftime，orforacertaineseason;andtimedetermined;ifsimply，wemustunderstandthathewhoreceivesit，haththeselfe-samepowerwhichtheyhad，whogaveit，onthesamegrounds：thereforethatthePeoplebyRightcouldmakehimaMonarch，mayhemakeanotherMonarch：insomuchastheMonarchtowhomthecommandissimplygiven，receivesaRightnotofpossessiononely，butofsuccessionalso，soashemaydeclarewhomheepleasethforhissuccessor。
XVI。Butifthepowerbegivenforatimelimited，wemusthaveregardtosomewhatmorethenthebaregiftonely：First，whetherthePeopleconveighingitsauthority，leftitselfeanyRighttomeetatcertaintimes，andplaces，ornot。Next，ifithavereservedthispower，whetheritweredone，soastheymightmeetbeforethattimewereexpired，whichtheyprescribedtotheMonarch。Thirdly，whethertheywerecontentedtomeetonelyatthewillofthattemporaryMonarchandnototherwise。SupposenowthePeoplehaddeliveredupitsPowertosomeonemanfortermoflifeonely;whichbeingdone，letussupposeinthefirstplace，thateverymandepartedfromtheCounsellwithoutmakinganyorderatallconcerningtheplacewhere（afterhisdeath）theyshouldmeetagaintomakeanewelection。InthiscaseitismanifestbythefifthArticleofthisChapter，thatthePeopleceasethtobeaPerson，andisbecomeadissolutemultitude，everyonewhereofhathanequall，towit，anaturallRighttomeetwithwhomhelistsatdiverstimes，andinwhatplacesshallbestpleasehim;nay，andifhecan，engrossethesupremepowertohimselfe，andsettleitonhisownhead。WhatMonarchsoeverthereforehathacommandinsuchacondition，heisboundbytheLawofnature（setdownintheArticleofthethirdChapterofnotreturningevillforgood）prudentlytoprovide，thatbyhisdeaththeCitysuffernotadissolution，eitherbyappointingacertainday，&place，inwhichthosesubjectsofhiswhohaveamindtoitmayassemblethemselves，orelsebynominatingasuccessor：whetheroftheseshalltohimseemmostconducibletotheircommonbenefit。Hethereforewhoonthisforesaidmannerhathreceivedhiscommandduringlife，hathanabsolutePower，andmayathisdiscretiondisposeofthesuccession。Inthenextplace，ifwegrantthatthepeopledepartednotfromtheelectionofthetemporaryMonarch，beforetheydecreedacertaintimeandplaceofmeetingafterhisdeath，thentheMonarchbeingdead，theauthorityisconfirmedinthepeople，notbyanynewactsofthesubjects，butbyvertueoftheformerRight;forallthesupremecommand（asDominion）wasinthePeople，buttheuse，andexerciseofitwasonlyinthetemporaryMonarch，asinonethattakesthebenefit，buthathnottheRight。ButifthePeopleaftertheelectionofatemporarieMonarch，departnotfromtheCourtbeforetheyhaveappointedcertaintimes，andplacestoconvene，duringthetimeprescribedhim（astheDictatorsinancienttimesweremadebythePeopleofRome）suchanoneisnottobeaccountedaMonarch，butthePrimeOfficerofthePeople;
andifitshallseemgood，thePeoplemaydeprivehimofhisofficeevenbeforethattime，asthePeopleofRomedid，whentheyconferredanequallpoweronMinutiusMasterofthehorse，withQuintusFabiusMaximus，whombeforetheyhadmadeDictator。
Thereasonwhereofis，hatitisnottobeimagined，that，whetherManorCounsellwhohaththereadiest，andmostimmediatepowertoact，shouldholdhiscommandonsuchtermesasnottobeableactuallytoexecuteit;forcommandisnothingelsebutaRightofcommanding，asoftasnatureallowesitpossible。
Lastly，ifthePeoplehavingdeclaredatemporaryMonarch，departfromtheCourtonsuchtermes，asitshallnotbelawfullforthemtomeetwithoutthecommandoftheMonarch，wemustunderstandthePeopletobeimmediatelydissolved，andthathisauthoritywhoisthusdeclared，isabsolute;forasmuchasitisnotinthepowerofallthesubjectstoframetheCityanew，unlessehegiveconsentwhohathnowalonetheauthority。Normattersit，thathehathperhapsmadeanypromisetoassemblehisSubjectsonsomecertaintimes，sincethereremainsnoPersonnowinbeing，butathisdiscretion，towhomthepromisewasmade。
WhatwehavespokenofthesefourcasesofaPeopleelectingaTemporaryMonarchwillbemoreclearlyexplain’dbycomparingthemwithanabsoluteMonarch，whohathnoheirapparent;forthePeopleisLordofthesubjectinsuchamannerastherecanbenoHeirbutwhomitselfdothappoint。Besides，thespacesbetweenthetimesofthesubjectsmeetingmaybefitlycompar’dtothosetimeswhereintheMonarchsleepes，forineithertheActsofcommandingceases，thePowerremaines：Farthermore，todissolvetheconvent，soasitcannotmeetagaine，isthedeathofthePeople;justassleeping，soashecanneverwakemore，isthedeathofaman：AsthereforeaKing，whohathnoHeir，goingtohisrest，soasnevertoriseagain，（i。e。）dying，ifhecommittheexerciseofhisRegallAuthoritytoanyonetillheawake，doesbyconsequencegivehimtheSuccession;thePeoplealsoelectingaTemporaryMonarch，andnotreservingapowertoconvene，deliversuptohimthewholeDominionoftheCountry：
Furthermore，asaKinggoingtosleepforsomeseason，entruststheadministrationofhisKingdometosomeother，andwakingtakesitagain;sothepeoplehavingelectedaTemporaryMonarch，andwithallretainingarighttomeetatacertainday，andplace，atthatdayreceivesitssupremacyagain。AndasaKingwhohathcommittedtheexecutionofhisAuthoritytoanother，himselfinthemeanwhilewaking，canrecallthiscommissionagainewhenhepleaseth;sothePeople，whoduringthetimeprescribedtotheTemporaryMonarch，dothbyRightconvene，mayiftheyplease，deprivetheMonarchofhisAuthority。Lastly，theKing，whocommitshisAuthoritytoanotherwhilehimselfsleeps，notbeingabletowakeagainetillhewhomheentrusted，giveconsent，losesatoncebothhispower，andhislife;sothepeople，whohathgiventheSupremePowertoatemporaryMonarchinsuchsortastheycannotassemblewithouthiscommandisabsolutelydissolv’d，andthepowerremaineswithhimwhomtheyhavechosen。
XVII。IftheMonarchpromiseoughttoanyone，ormanysubjectstogether，byconsequencewhereoftheexerciseofhispowermaysufferprejudice，thatPromiseorCompactwhethermadebyOath，orwithoutit，isnull：forallCompactisaconveyanceofRight，whichbywhathathbeensaidinthefourthArticleofthesecondChapter，requiresmeet，andpropersignesoftheWillintheconveyer。Buthewhosufficientlysignifieshiswillofretainingtheend，dothalsosufficientlydeclarethathequitsnothisRighttothemeansnecessarytothatend。Nowhewhohathpromis’dtopartwithsomewhatnecessarytotheSupremePower，andyetretainesthePoweritselfe，givessufficienttokens，Thathenootherwisepromis’ditthensofarreforthasthepowermightberetain’dwithoutit。Whensoeverthereforeitshallappearthatwhatispromis’dcannotbeperform’dwithoutprejudicetothePower，thepromisemustbevaluedasnotmade，（i。e。）ofnoeffect。
XVIII。WehaveseenhowSubjects，naturedictating，haveoblig’dthemselvesbymutuallCompactstoobeytheSuPremePower。
Wewillseenowbywhatmeanesitcomestopassethattheyarereleas’dfromthesebondsofobedience。Andfirstofallthishappensbyrejection，namely，ifamancastoff，orforsake，butconveighnottheRightofhisCommandonsomeother;forwhatisthusrejected，isopenlyexpos’dtoallalike，catchwhocatchcan;whenceagain，bytheRightofnature，everysubjectmayheedthepreservationofhimselfeaccordingtohisownjudgement。Inthesecondplace，IftheKingdomefallintothepoweroftheenemy，soastherecannomoreoppositionbemadeagainstthem，wemustunderstandthathe，whobeforehadtheSupremeAuthority，hathnowlostit：ForwhentheSubjectshavedonetheirfullindeavourtopreventtheirfallingintotheenemieshands，theyhavefulfill’dthoseContractsofobediencewhichtheymadeeachwithother，andwhat，beingconquer’d，theypromiseafterwards，toavoiddeath，theymust，withnolesseendeavour，labourtoperforme。Thirdly，inaMonarchy，（foraDemocraty，andAristocratycannotfail）iftherebenosuccessour，allthesubjectsaredischarg’dfromtheirobligations;fornomanissuppos’dtobetyedheknowsnottowhom，forinsuchacaseitwereimpossibletoperformought。Andbythesethreewayesallsubjectsarerestor’dfromtheircivillsubjectiontothatliberty，whichallmenhavetoallthings，towit，naturall，andsalvage，（forthenaturallstatehaththesameproportiontotheCivill，Imeanlibertytosubjection，whichPassionhathtoReason，oraBeasttoaMan：）Furthermore，eachsubjectmaylawfullybefreedfromhissubjectionbythewillofhimwhohaththeSupremePower，namely，ifhechangehissoile，whichmaybedonetwowayes，eitherbypermission，ashe，whogetslicensetodwellinanotherCountry;orCommand，ashe，whoisBanisht：InbothcasesheisfreefromtheLawesofhisformerCountry，becauseheistyedtoobservethoseofthelatter。
Chap。VIII
OftheRightsofLordsovertheirServantI。Inthetwofore-goingChapterswehavetreatedofaninstitutive，orfram’dGovernment，asbeingthatwhichreceivesitsoriginallfromtheconsentofmany，whobyContractandFaithmutuallygiven，haveoblig’deachother。Nowfollowes，whatmaybesaid，concerninganaturallGovernment，whichmayalsobecall’d，Acquired，becauseitisthatwhichisgottenbypower，andnaturallforce。ButwemustknowinthefirstplacebywhatmeanstheRightofDominionmaybegottenoverthePersonsofmen。WheresuchaRightisgotten，thereisakindofalittleKingdome;fortobeaKing，isnothingelsebuttohaveDominionovermanyPersons;andthusaGreatFamilyisaKingdom，&aLittleKingdomeaFamily。Letusreturnagaintothestateofnature，andconsidermenasifbutevennowsprungoutoftheearth，andsuddainly（likeMushromes）cometofullmaturitywithoutallkindofengagementtoeachother：TherearebutthreewayesonlywherebyonecanhavetheDominionoverthePersonofanother;whereofthefirstis，ifbymutuallContractmadebetweenthemselves（forPeace，&self-defencessake）theyhavewillinglygivenupthemselvestothePowerandAuthorityofsomeman，orCouncelofMen，&ofthiswehavealreadyspoken。The2dis，IfamantakenPrisonerintheWars，orovercome;orelsedistrustinghisownforces，（toavoidDeath）promisestheConquerour，orthestrongerParty，hisService，i。e。todoallwhatsoeverheshallcommandhim;inwhichContractthegoodwhichthevanquisht，orinferiour，instrengthdothreceive，isthegrantofhislife，whichbytheRightofWarinthenaturallstateofmenhemighthavedepriv’dhimof，butthegoodwhichhepromises，ishisserviceandobedience。Byvertuethereforeofthispromise，thereisasabsoluteserviceandobedienceduefromthevanquisht，tothevanquisher，aspossiblycanbe，exceptingwhatrepugnstheDivineLawes;forhewhoisoblig’dtoobeytheCommandsofanymanbeforeheknoweswhathewillcommandhim，issimply，andwithoutanyrestrictiontyedtotheperformanceofallCommandswhatsoever。Nowhethatisthustyed，iscall’daSERVANT，hetowhomheistyed，aLORD。Thirdly，thereisaRightacquir’doverthePersonofaMan，byGeneration;ofwhichkindofacquisitionsomewhatshallbespokeninthefollowingChapter。
II。EveryonethatistakenintheWar，andhathhislifespar’dhim，isnotsuppos’dtohaveContractedwithhisLord;foreveryoneisnottrustedwithsomuchofhisnaturallliberty，astobeable，ifhedesir’dit，eithertoflieaway，orquithisservice，orcontriveanymischieftohisLord。AndtheseserveindeedbutwithinPrisons，orboundwithinIrons，andthereforetheywerecall’dnotbythecommonnameofServantonely，butbythepeculiarnameofSlave，evenasnowatthisdayunserviteur，andunserforunesclavehavediversesignifications。
III。TheobligationthereforeofaServanttohisLordarisethnotfromasimplegrantofhislife，butfromhencerather，Thathekeepshimnotbound，orimprison’d，forallobligationderivesfromContract;butwhere’snotrust，therecanbenoContract，asappearsbythe2。Chap。Artic。9。whereaCompactisdefin’dtobethepromiseofhimwhoistrusted。Thereisthereforeaconfidenceandtrustwhichaccompaniesthebenefitofpardon’dlife，wherebytheLordaffordshimhiscorporallliberty。sothatifnoobligation，norbondsofContracthadhappen’d，hemightnotonelyhavemadehisescape，butalsohavekill’dhisLord，whowasthepreserverofhislife。
IV。WhereforesuchkindofServantsasarerestrain’dbyimprisonment，orbonds，arenotcomprehendedinthatdefinitionofServantsgivenabove，becausethoseservenotfortheContractssake，buttotheendtheymaynotsuffer;andthereforeiftheyflie，orkilltheirLord，theyoffendnotagainsttheLawesofNature，fortobindanymanisaplainsigne，thatthebindersupposeshimthatisboundnottobesufficientlytyedbyanyotherobligation。
V。TheLordthereforehathnolessDominionoveraServantthatisnot，thenoveronethatisbound，forhehathaSupremePoweroverboth，andmaysayofhisServantnolessethenofanotherthing，whetheranimate，orinanimate，Thisismine;
whenceitfollowes，thatwhatsoevertheServanthadbeforehisservitude，thatafterwardsbecomestheLords;andwhatsoeverhehathgotten，itwasgottenforhisLord：forhethatcanbyRightdisposeofthePersonofaman，maysurelydisposeofallthosethingswhichthatPersoncoulddisposeof。ThereisthereforenothingwhichtheServantmayretaineashisownagainstthewillofhisLord;yethathhe，byhisLordsdistribution，apropriety，andDominionoverhisowngoods，insomuchasoneServantmaykeep，anddefendthemagainsttheinvasionofhisfellowServant，inthesamemannerashathbeenshewedbefore，thatasubjecthathnothingproperlyhisowneagainstthewilloftheSupremeAuthority，buteverysubjecthathaproprietyagainsthisfellowsubject。
VI。SincethereforeboththeServanthimself，andallthatbelongstohimarehisLords，andbytheRightofNatureeverymanmaydisposeofhisowneinwhatmannerhepleases;theLordmayeithersell，laytopledge，orbyTestamentconveightheDominionhehathoverhisServant，accordingtohisownwillandpleasure。
VII。Farthermore，whathathbeforebeendemonstratedconcerningsubjectsinaninstitutiveGovernment，namely，thathewhohaththeSupremePowercandoehissubjectnoinjury;istruealsoconcerningServants，becausetheyhavesubjectedtheirwilltothewilloftheLord;wherefore，whatsoeverhedoth，itisdonewiththeirwills，butnoinjurycanbedonetohimthatwillethit。
VIII。ButifithappenthattheLord，eitherbycaptivityorvoluntarysubjection，dothbecomeaServantorSubjecttoanother，thatothershallnotonelybeLordofhim，butalsoofhisServants;SupremeLordoverthese，immediateLordoverhim。
NowbecausenottheServantonly，butalsoallhehatharehisLords;thereforehisServantsnowbelongtothisman，neithercanthemediateLorddisposeotherwiseofthemthenshallseemegoodtotheSupreme。Andtherefore，ifsometimeincivillGovernments，theLordhaveanabsolutepoweroverhisServants，that’ssuppos’dtobederiv’dfromtheRightofNature，andnotconstituted，butslightlypass’doverbytheCivillLaw。
IX。Aservantisbythesamemannerfreedfromhisservitude，thataSubjectinaninstitutivegovernment，isfreedfromhissubjection;First，ifhisLordenfranchizehim，fortheRightwhichtheservanttransferredtohisLordoverhimselfe，thesamemaytheLordrestoretotheservantagain。AndthismannerofbestowingoflibertyiscalledMANUMISSION;whichisjustasifaCityshouldpermitaCitizentoconveighhimselfeunderthejurisdictionofsomeotherCity。Secondly，iftheLordcastoffhisservantfromhim，whichinaCityisbanishment;neitherdiffersitfromManumissionineffect，butinmanneronely：forthere，libertyisgrantedasafavour，here，asapunishment：Inboth，theDominionisrenounced。Thirdly，iftheservantbetakenprisoner，theoldservitudeisabolishedbythenew;forasallotherthings，soservantsalsoareacquiredbywarre，whominequitytheLordmustprotect，ifhewillhavethemtobehis。
Fourthly，theservantisfreedforwantofknowledgeofasuccessour，theLorddying（suppose）withoutanyTestament，orHeire，fornomanisunderstoodtobeobliged，unlesseheknowtowhomheistoperformtheobligation。Lastly，theservantthatisputinbonds，orbyanyothermeansdeprivedofhiscorporallliberty，isfreedfromthatotherobligationofcontract，fortherecanbenocontractwherethereisnotrust，norcanthatfaithbebrokenwhichisnotgiven。ButtheLordwhohimselfeservesanother，cannotsofreehisservants，butthattheymuststillcontinueunderthepowerofthesupreme，for，ashathbeenshewedbefore，suchservantsarenothis，butthesupremeLords。
X。WegetarightoverirrationallCreaturesinthesamemanner，thatwedoeoverthePersonsofmen，towit，byforceandnaturallstrength;forifinthestateofnatureitislawfullforeveryone，byreasonofthatwarrewhichisofallagainstall，tosubdue，andalsotokillmenasoftasitshallseemtoconduceuntotheirgood，muchmorewillthesamebelawfullagainstBrutes;namelyattheirowndiscretion，toreducethosetoservitudewhichbyartmaybetamed，andfittedforuse，andtopersecuteanddestroytherestbyaperpetuallwarre，asdangerousandnoxious。OurDominionthereforeoverbeasts，hathitsoriginallfromtherightofnature，notfromdivinepositiveRight：forifsuchaRighthadnotbeenbeforethepublishingofthesacredScriptures，nomanbyrightmighthavekilledabeastforhisfood，buthetowhomthedivinepleasurewasmademanifestbyholyWrit;amosthardconditionformenindeedwhomthebeastsmightdevourewithoutinjury，andyettheymightnotdestroythem：Forasmuchthereforeasitproceedsfromtherightofnature，thatabeastmaykillaman;itisalsobythesameRight，thatamanmayslayabeast。
Chap。IX
OftherightofParentsovertheirchildrenandofhereditaryGovernmentI。Socratesisaman，andthereforealivingcreature，isarightreasoning，andthatmostevident，becausethereisnothingneedfulltotheacknowledgingofthetruthoftheconsequence，butthatthewordManbeunderstood，becausealivingcreatureisinthedefinitionitselfeofaMan，andeveryonemakesupthepropositionwhichwasdesired，namelythis，ManisalivingCreature;Andthis，SophroniscusisSocrateshisFather，andthereforehisLord，isperhapsatrueinference，butnotevident，becausethewordLordisnotinthedefinitionofaFather：
whereforeitisnecessarytomakeitmoreevident，thattheconnexionofFatherandLordbesomewhatunfolded。ThosethathavehithertoendeavouredtoprovetheDominionofaParentoverhischildren，havebroughtnootherargumentthenthatofgeneration，asifitwereofitselfeevident，thatwhatisbegottenbyme，ismine;justasifamanshouldthink，thatbecausethereisatriangle，itappearespresentlywithoutanyfartherdiscourse，thatitsanglesareequalltotwoRights。
Besides，sinceDominion（thatis）supremePowerisindivisible，insomuchasnomancanservetwoMasters，buttwoPersonsmaleandfemale，mustconcurreintheactofgeneration，itsimpossiblethatDominionshouldatallbeacquiredbygenerationonely。Whereforewewillwiththemorediligenceinthisplace，enquireintotheoriginalofpaternalGovernment。
II。Weemustthereforereturnetothestateofnature，inwhich，byreasonoftheequalityofnatureallmenofriperyearesaretobeaccountedequall;TherebyrightofnaturetheConquerorisLordoftheconquered：bytheRightthereforeofnature，theDominionovertheInfantfirstbelongstohimwhofirsthathhiminhispower’dbutit’smanifestthathewhoisnewlybornisintheMotherspowerbeforeanyothers，insomuchasshemayrightly，andatherownwil，eitherbreedhimup，oradventurehimtofortune。
III。Ifthereforeshebreedhim（becausethestateofnatureisthestateofwarre）sheissupposedtobringhimuponthiscondition，thatbeinggrowntofullagehebecomenotherenemy;
（whichis）thatheobeyher。Forsincebynaturallnecessitywealldesirethatwhichappearsgooduntous，itcannotbeunderstoodthatanymanhathonsuchtermesaffordedlifetoanother，thathemightbothgetstrengthbyhisyears，andatoncebecomeanenemy;buteachmanisanenemytothatotherwhomheneitherobeysnorcommands。Andthusinthestateofnature，everywomanthatbearschildren，becomesbothaMother，andaLord。Butwhatsomesay，thatinthiscase，theFatherbyreasonofthepreeminenceofsexe，andnottheMother，becomesLord，signifiesnothing。Forbothreasonshewesthecontrary，becausetheinequalityoftheirnaturallforcesisnotsogreat，thatthemancouldgettheDominionoverthewomanwithoutwarre。Andcustomealsocontradictsnot;forwomen，namelyAmazons，haveinformertimeswagedwaragainsttheiradversaries，anddisposedoftheirchildrenattheirownwils，andatthisdayindiversplaces，womenareinvestedwiththeprincipallauthority。Neitherdoetheirhusbandsdisposeoftheirchildren，butthemselves;
whichintruththeydobytherightofnature;forasmuchastheywhohavethesupremepower，arenottyedatall（ashathbinshewed）tothecivilllawes。AddealsothatinthestateofnatureitcannotbeknownwhoistheFatherbutbythetestimonyoftheMother;thechildthereforeishiswhosetheMotherwillhaveit，andthereforehers;WhereforeoriginallDominionoverchildrenbelongstotheMother，andamongmennolessethenothercreatures：Thebirthfollowesthebelly。
IV。TheDominionpassesfromtheMothertoothers，diverswayes;first，ifshequitandforsakeherRightbyexposingthechild。Hethereforethatshallbringupthechildethusexposed，shallhavethesameDominionoverit，whichtheMotherhad。ForthatlifewhichtheMotherhadgivenit（notbygetting，butnourishingit）shenowbyexposing，takesfromit;Whereforetheobligationalsowhicharosefromthebenefitoflife，isbythisexpositionmadevoyd。Nowthepreserved，owethalltothepreserver，whetherinregardofhiseducationastoaMother，orofhisservice，astoaLord;foralthoughtheMotherinthestateofnature，whereallmenhavearighttoallthings，mayrecoverhersonneagain（namelybythesameRightthatanybodyelsemightdoeit）yetmaynottheSonnerightlytransferrehimselfeagainuntohisMother。
V。Secondly，iftheMotherbetakenprisoner，herSonneishisthattookher，becausethathewhohathDominionoverthePerson，hathalsoDominionoverallbelongingtothePerson;
WhereforeovertheSonnealso，ashathbeenshewedintheforegoingChapter，inthefifthArticle。Thirdly，iftheMotherbeasubjectunderwhatgovernmentsoever，hethathaththesupremeauthorityinthatgovernment，willalsohavetheDominionoverhimthatisbornofher。forheisLordalsooftheMother，whoisboundtoobeyhim，inallthings。Fourthly，ifawomanforsocietiesakegiveherselfetoamanonthiscondition;thatheshallbearthesway;hethatreceiveshisbeingfromthecontributionofbothParties，istheFathers，inregardofthecommandhehathovertheMother;butifawomanbearingruleshallhavechildrenbyaSubject，thechildrenaretheMothers：
forotherwisethewomancanhavenochildrenwithoutprejudicetoherauthority。Anduniversally，ifthesocietyofthemaleandfemalebesuchanunion，astheonehavesubjectedhimselfetotheother，thechildrenbelongtohimorherthatcommands。
VI。Butinthestateofnature，ifaman，andwomancontractso，asneitherissubjecttothecommandoftheother，thechildrenaretheMothersforthereasonsabovegiveninthethirdArticle，unlessebypactsitbeotherwiseprovided。FortheMothermaybypactdisposeofherRightasshelists，asheretoforehathbeendonebytheAmazons，whoofthosechildrenwhichhavebeenbegottenbytheirneighbours，havebypactallowedthemthemales，andretainedthefemalestothemselves;
butinacivillgovernment，iftherebeacontractofmarriagebetweenamanandwoman，thechildrenaretheFathers;becauseinallCities，viz。constitutedofFathers，notMothersgoverningtheirfamilies，thedomesticallcommandbelongstotheman，andsuchacontract，ifitbemadeaccordingtothecivillLaws，iscalledMATRIMONY;butiftheyagreeonlytolyetogether，thechildrenaretheFathers，ortheMothersvariously，accordingtothedifferingcivillLawesofdiversCities。
VII。NowbecausebythethirdArticletheMotherisoriginallyLordofherChildren，andfromhertheFather，orsomebodyelsebyderivedRight，itismanifestthattheChildrenarenolessesubjecttothosebywhomtheyarenourisht，andbroughtup，thenServantstotheirLords，andSubjectstohimwhobearestheSupremeRule;andthataParentcannotbeinjurioustohisSonneaslongasheisunderhispower。ASonalsoisfreedfromsubjectiononthesamemannerasasubjectandservantare。Foremancipationisthesamethingwithmanumission，andabdicationwithbanishment。
VIII。Theenfranchisedson，orreleasedservant，doenowstandinlessefearoftheirLordandFather，beingdeprivedofhisnaturallandlordlypoweroverthem，and（ifregardbehadtotrueandinwardHonour）doeHonourhimlesse，thenbefore。ForHonour（ashathbeensaidinthesectionabove）isnothingelsebuttheestimationofanotherspower;andthereforehethathathleastpower，hathalwayesleastHonour。Butitisnottobeimagin’dthattheenfranchisereverintendedsotomatchtheenfranchisedwithhimself，asthatheshouldnotsomuchasacknowledgeabenefit，butshouldsocarryhimselfinallthings，asifhewerebecomewhollyhisequall;Itmustthereforebeeverunderstood，Thathewhoisfreedfromsubjection，whetherhebeaservant，sonne，orsomecolony，dothpromiseallthoseexternallsignes，atleastwherebySuperioursusedtobeHonour’dbytheirinferiours。Fromwhenceitfollowes，ThatthepreceptofhonouringourParents，belongstothelawofnature，notonelyunderthetitleofGratitude，butalsoofAgreement。
IX。Whatthen，willsomeonedemand，isthedifferencebetweenasonne，orbetweenasubject，andaservant？NeitherdoeIknowthatanyWriterhathfullydeclaredwhatliberty，andwhatslaveryis。Commonlytodoeallthingsaccordingtoourownphancies，andthatwithoutpunishment，isesteem’dtobeliberty;
nottobeabletodoethis，isjudg’dbondage;whichinaCivillGovernment，andwiththepeaceofmankindcannotpossiblybedone，becausethereisnoCitywithoutaCommand，andarestrainingRight。LIBERTY，thatwemaydefineit，isnothingelsebutanabsenceofthelets，andhinderancesofmotion，aswatershutupinavessellisthereforenotatliberty，becausethevessellhindersitfromrunningout，whichthevessellbeingbroken，ismadefree。Andeverymanhathmoreorlesseliberty，ashehathmoreorlessespaceinwhichheemployeshimself：ashehathmoreliberty，whoisinalarge，thenhethatiskeptinacloseprison。Andamanmaybefreetowardonepart，andyetnottowardanother;asthetravellerisboundedonthis，andthatsidewithhedges，orstonewalls，lesthespoylethevines，orcorne，neighbouringonthehighway。Andthesekindeofletsareexternall，andabsolute;inwhichsenseallServants，andSubjectsarefree，whoarenotfetter’dandimprisoned。Thereareotherswhicharearbitrary，whichdoenotabsolutelyhindermotion，butbyaccident;towit，byourownchoyce，ashethatisinashipisnotsohindered，buthemaycasthimselfeintotheSea，ifhewill：andherealsothemorewayesamanmaymovehimselfe，themorelibertyhehath，andhereinconsistscivillliberty;fornoman，whethersubject，sonne，orservant，issohindredbythepunishmentsappointedbytheCity，theFather，ortheLord，howcruellsoever，butthathemaydoeallthings，andmakeuseofallmeanesnecessarytothepreservationofhislifeandhealth。FormypartthereforeIcannotfindewhatreasonameerservanthathtomakecomplaints，iftheyrelateonelytowantofliberty，unlessehecountitamiserytoberestrainedfromhurtinghimselfe，andtoreceivethatlife，（whichbywarre，ormisfortune，orthroughhisownidlenessewasforfeited）
togetherwithallmannerofsustenance，andallthingsnecessarytotheconservationofhealth，onthisconditiononly，thathewillberul’d：forhethatiskeptinbypunishmentslaydbeforehim，soashedaresnotletloosethereinestohiswillinallthings;isnotopprestbyservitude，butisgovernedandsustained。Butthispriviledgefreesubjectsandsonnesofafamily，haveaboveservants，（ineverygovernment，andfamily，whereservantsare）thattheymaybothundergoethemorehonourableofficesoftheCityorfamily，andalsoenjoyalargerpossessionofthingssuperfluous。Andhereinlayesthedifferencebetweenafreesubject，andaservant，thatheisFREE，butaSERVANTishewhoalsoindeed，whoserveshisCityonely;serveshisfellowsubject：allotherlibertyisanexemptionfromtheLawesoftheCity，andproperonlytothosethatbearRule。
X。AFather，withhissonnesandservantsgrowneintoacivillPersonbyvertueofhispaternalljurisdiction，iscalledaFAMILY。Thisfamily，ifthroughmultiplyingofchildren，andacquisitionofservants，itbecomesnumerous，insomuchaswithoutcastingtheuncertaindyeofwarre，itcannotbesubdued，willbetermedanHereditaryKingdome;whichthoughitdifferfromaninstitutiveMonarchy，beingacquiredbyforceintheoriginal，&
mannerofitsconstitution;yetbeingconstituted，ithathalthesameproperties，andtheRightofauthorityiseverywherethesame，insomuchasitisnotneedfulltospeakanythingofthemapart。
XI。Ithathbeenspoken，bywhatRightsupremeauthoritiesareconstituted。Weemustnowbrieflytellyoubywhatrighttheymaybecontinued。NowtheRightbywhichtheyarecontinued，isthatwhichiscalledtherightofSUCCESSION。NowbecauseinaDemocratie，thesupremeauthorityiswiththePeople，aslongastherebeanysubjectsinbeing，solongitrestswiththesamePerson;forthePeoplehathnoSuccessour。InlikemannerinanAristocraty，oneoftheNoblesdying，someotherbytherestissubstitutedinhisplace;andthereforeexcepttheyalldyetogether，whichIsupposewillneverhappen，thereisnosuccession。TheQueriethereforeoftheRightofSuccessiontakesplaceonelyinanabsoluteMonarchy。Fortheywhoexercisethesupremepowerforatimeonely，arethemselvesnoMonarchs，butMinistersofstate。
XII。Butfirst，ifaMonarchshallbyTestamentappointonetosucceedhim，thePersonappointedshallsucceed;forifhebeappointedbythePeople，heshallhavealltheRightovertheCitywhichthePeoplehad，ashathbeenshewedinthe7。Chap。
Art。11。ButthePeoplemightchoosehim;bythesameRightthereforemayhechooseanother;ButinanhereditaryKingdometherearethesameRightsasinaninstitutive;Wherefore，everyMonarchmaybyhiswillmakeasuccessour。
XIII。ButwhatamanmaytransferreonanotherbyTestament，thatbythesameRightmayheyetliving，give，orsellaway;Towhomsoeverthereforeheshallmakeoverthesupremepower，whetherbygift，orsale，itisrightlymade。
XIV。Butifliving，hehavenotdeclaredhiswillconcerninghissuccessourbyTestament，norotherwise，itissupposed，First，thathewouldnothavehisGovernmentreducedtoanAnarchy，orthestateofwarre，（thatis）tothedestructionofhissubjects;aswellbecausehecouldnotdoethatwithoutbreachoftheLawesofnature，wherebyhewasobligedtotheperformanceofallthingsnecessarilyconducingtothepreservationofPeace，asalsobecauseifthathadbeenhiswill，ithadnotbeenhardforhimtohavedeclaredthatopenly。Next，becausetheRightpassethaccordingtothewilloftheFather，wemustjudgeofthesuccessouraccordingtothesignesofhiswill。
Itisunderstoodtherefore，thathewouldhavehissubjectstobeunderaMonarchicallGovernmentratherthenanyother，becausehehimselfeinruling，hathbeforeapprovedofthatstatebyhisexample，andhathnotafterwardeitherbyanywordordeedcondemnedit。
XV。Furthermore，becausebynaturallnecessityallmenwishthembetterfromwhomtheyreceiveglory，andhonour，thenothers;buteverymanafterdeathreceiveshonourandgloryfromhischildren，soonerthenfromthepowerofanyothermen：hencewegather，thatafatherintendsbetterforhischildren，thenanyotherpersons。Itistobeunderstoodtherefore，thatthewillofthefather，dyingwithoutTestament，was，thatsomeofhischildrenshouldsucceedhim;yetthisistobeunderstoodwiththisproviso，thattherebenomoreapparenttokenstothecontrary：ofwhichkind，aftermanysuccessions，customemaybeone，forhethatmakesnomentionofhissuccession，issupposedtoconsenttothecustomesofhisRealme。
XVI。AmongchildrentheMalescarrythepreheminence，inthebeginningperhaps，becauseforthemostpart（althoughnotalwayes）theyarefitterfortheadministrationofgreatermatters，butspeciallyofwars;butafterwards，whenitwasgrownacustome，becausethatcustomewasnotcontradicted;andthereforethewilloftheFather，unlessesomeothercustomeorsignedoeclearlyrepugneit，istobeinterpretedinfavourofthem。
XVII。NowbecausetheSonnesareequall，andthepowercannotbedivided，theeldestshallsucceed;foriftherebeanydifferencebyreasonofage，theeldestissupposedmoreworthy，fornaturebeingjudge，themostinyears（becauseusuallyitisso）isthewisest。Butotherjudgetherecannotbehad。ButiftheBrothersmustbeequallyvalued，thesuccessionshallbebylot。Butprimogenitureisanaturalllot，andbythistheeldestisalreadyprefer’d;noristhereanythathathpowertojudge，whetherbythis，oranyotherkindoflotsthematteristobedecided。Nowthesamereasonwhichcontendsthusforthefirst-bornsonne，dothnolesseforthefirstborndaughter。
XVIII。Butifhehavenochildren，thenthecommandshallpasstohisBrothers&Sisters，forthesamereason，thatthechildrenshouldhavesucceededifhehadhadthem：forthosethatarenearesttousinnature，aresupposedtobenearestinbenevolence;andtohisbrothers，soonerthenhissisters，andtotheeldersoonerthentheyonger;forthereasonisthesameforthesewhichitwasforthechildren。
XIX。Furthermore，bythesamereasonthatmensucceedtothepower，doetheyalsosucceedtotheRightofsuccession：forifthefirst-borndyebeforetheFather，itwillbejudged，thathetransferredhisRightofsuccessionuntohischildren，unlessetheFatherhaveotherwisedecreedit，andthereforetheNepheweswillhaveafairerpretencetothesuccession，thentheUncles。I
sayallthesethingswillbethus，ifthecustomeoftheplace（whichtheFatherbynotcontradicting，willbejudgedtohaveconsentedto）doenothinderthem。
Chap。X
Acomparisonbetween3。kindsofgovernment，accordingtotheirseverallinconveniences。
I。WhatDemocraty，Aristocraty，andmonarchyare，hathalreadybeenspoken，butwhichofthemtendsmosttothepreservationofthesubjectsPeace，andprocuringtheiradvantages，wemustseebycomparingthemtogether。Butfirstletussetforththeadvantages，anddisadvantagesofaCityingenerall，lestsomeperhapsshouldthinkitbetter，thateverymanbelefttoliveathisownwill，thentoconstituteanycivillsocietyatall。Everymanindeedoutofthestateofcivillgovernmenthathamostentire，butunfruitfullliberty;
becausethathewhobyreasonofhisownlibertyactsallathisownwill，mustalsobyreasonofthesamelibertyinothers，sufferalatanotherswil;butinaconstitutedCity，everysubjectretainstohimselfeasmuchfreedomassufficeshimtolivewell，andquietly，&thereissomuchtakenawayfromothers，asmaymakethemnottobefeared。Outofthisstate，everymanhathsuchaRighttoall，asyethecanenjoynothing;
init，eachonesecurelyenjoyeshislimitedRight;Outofit，anymanmayrightlyspoyle，orkilloneanother;init，nonebutone。Outofitweareprotectedbyourownforces;init，bythepowerofall。Outofitnomanissureofthefruitofhislabours;init，allmenare。Lastly，outofit，thereisaDominionofPassions，war，fear，poverty，slovinlinesse，solitude，barbarisme，ignorance，cruelty。Init，theDominionofreason，peace，security，riches，decency，society，elegancy，sciences，andbenevolence。
II。Aristotleinhisseventhbook，andfourteenthChapterofhisPolitiquessaith，thattherearetwosortsofgovernments，whereoftheonerelatestothebenefitoftheRuler，theothertothatoftheSubjects;asifwhereSubjectsareseverelydealtwith，therewereone，andwheremoremildly，therewereanotherformofgovernment;whichopinionmaybynomeansbesubscribedto，foralltheprofitsanddisprofitsarisingfromgovernmentarethesame，andcommonbothtotheRuler，andtheSubject;TheDammageswhichbefallsomeparticularsubjectsthroughmisfortune，folly，negligence，sloth，orhisownluxury，mayverywellbeseveredfromthosewhichconcerntheRuler，butthoserelatenottothegovernmentitselfe，beingsuchasmayhappeninanyformofgovernmentwhatsoever。IfthesesamehappenfromthefirstinstitutionoftheCity，theywillthenbetrulycalledtheinconvenienciesofgovernment，buttheywillbecommontotheRulerwithhissubjects，astheirbenefitsarecommon;butthefirstandgreatestbenefit，Peace，anddefence，iscommontoboth，forbothhethatcommands，andhewhoiscommanded，totheendthathemaydefendhislife，makesuseatonceofalltheforcesofhisfellow-subjects;andinthegreatestinconveniencethatcanbefallaCity，namelytheslaughterofsubjects，arisingfromAnarchy，boththeCommander，andthePartiescommanded，areequallyconcerned。Next，iftheRulerleviesuchasummeofvastmoniesfromhissubjects，astheyarenotabletomaintainthemselves，andtheirfamilies，norconservetheirbodilystrength，andvigour，thedisadvantageisasmuchhis，astheirs，whowithneversogreatastock，ormeasureofriches，isnotabletokeephisauthorityorhisricheswithoutthebodiesofhissubjects;butifheraisenomorethenissufficientforthedueadministrationofhispower，thatisabenefitequalltohimselfeandhissubjects，tendingtoacommonPeace，anddefence。Norisitimaginablewhichwaypublicktreasurescanbeagrievancetoprivatesubjects，iftheybenotsoexhausted，astobewhollydeprivedfromallpossibilitytoacquire，evenbytheirindustry，necessariestosustainthestrengthoftheirbodies，andmindes;foreventhusthegrievancewouldconcerntheRuler;norwoulditarisefromtheillinstitution，orordinationofthegovernment，（becauseinallmannerofgovernmentssubjectsmaybeopprest）butfromtheilladministrationofawellestablishedgovernment。
III。NowthatMonarchyoftheforesaidforms，ofDemocraty，Aristocraty，andMonarchy，haththepreheminence，willbestappearbycomparingtheconveniencesandinconveniencesarisingineachoneofthem。ThoseargumentsthereforethatthewholeuniverseisgovernedbyoneGod;thattheAncientspreferr’dtheMonarchicallstatebeforeallothers，ascribingtheRuleoftheGodstooneJupiter;thatinthebeginningofaffairs，andofNations，thedecreesofPrinceswereheldforLaws;thatpaternallgovernmentinstitutedbyGodhimselfeintheCreation，wasMonarchicall。thatothergovernmentswerecompactedbytheartificeofmenoutoftheashesofMonarchy，afterithadbeenruinedwithseditions;andthatthepeopleofGodwereunderthejurisdictionofKings，althoughIsaythesedoeholdforthMonarchyasthemoreeminenttous，yetbecausetheydoeitbyexamplesandtestimonies，andnotbysolidreason，wewillpassethemover。
Compactedbytheartificeofmen，&c。]ItseemstheAncientswhomadethatsamefableofPrometheuspointedatthis。Theysay，thatPrometheushavingstolnefirefromtheSunne，formedamanoutofclay，andthatforthisdeedhewastorturedbyJupiterwithaperpetuallgnawinginhisliver。whichis，thatbyhumaneinvention（whichissignifiedbyPrometheus）LawsandJusticewerebyimitationtakenfromMonarchy，byvertuewhereof（asbyfireremovedfromitsnaturallorbe）themultitude（asthedurtanddregsofmen）wasasitwerequicknedandformedintoacivillPerson，whichistermedAristocraty，orDemocraty;buttheAwthoursandAbettorsbeingfound，whomightsecurelyandquietlyhavelivedunderthenaturalljurisdictionofKings，doethussmartforit，thatbeingexposedstilltoalteration，theyaretormentedwithperpetuallcares，suspitions，anddissentions。
IV。Sometherearewhoarediscontentedwiththegovernmentunderone，fornootherreason，butbecauseitisunderone;asifitwereanunreasonablethingthatonemanamongsomany，shouldsofarreexcellinpower，astobeableathisownpleasuretodisposeofalltherest;thesemensure，iftheycould，wouldwithdrawthemselvesfromundertheDominionofoneGod。Butthisexceptionagainstoneissuggestedbyenvie，whiletheyseeonemaninpossessionofwhatalldesire：forthesamecausetheywouldjudgeittobeasunreasonable，ifafewcommanded，unlessetheythemselveseitherwere，orhopedtobeofthenumber;forifitbeanunreasonablethingthatallmenhavenotanequallRight，surelyanAristocratymustbeunreasonablealso。Butbecausewehaveshewedthatthestateofequalityisthestateofwarre，andthatthereforeinequalitywasintroduc’dbyagenerallconsent;thisinequalitywherebyhe，whomwehavevoluntarilygivenmoreto，enjoyesmore，isnolongertobeaccomptedanunreasonablething。TheinconveniencesthereforewhichattendtheDominionofoneman，attendhisPerson，nothisUnity。Letusthereforeseewhetherbringswithitthegreatergrievancestothesubject，thecommandofoneman，orofmany。
V。Butfirst，wemustremovetheiropinionwhodenythattobeanyCityatall，whichiscompactedofneversogreatanumberofservantsunderacommonLord。Inthe9。Artic。ofthe5。
Chapter，aCityisdefinedtobeonePersonmadeoutofmanymen，whosewillbytheirowncontractsistobeesteemedasthewillsofthemall，insomuchashemayusethestrengthandfacultiesofeachsinglePersonforthepublickPeaceandsafety;andbythesamearticleofthesameChapter，OnePersonisthat，whenthewillsofmanyarecontainedinthewillofone。ButthewillofeachservantiscontainedinthewillofhisLord，ashathbeendeclaredinthe5。Articleofthe8。Chapter，soashemayemployalltheirforcesandfacultiesaccordingtohisownwill，andpleasure;itfollowesthereforethatthatmustneedsbeacity，whichisconstitutedbyaLord，andmanyservants;neithercananyreasonbebroughttocontradictthiswhichdothnotequallycombatagainstaCityconstitutedbyaFather，andhisSonnes;
fortoaLordwhohathnochildren，servantsareinthenatureofsonnes;fortheyarebothhishonour，andsafeguard;neitherareservantsmoresubjecttotheirLords，thenchildrentotheirParents，ashathbeenmanifestedaboveinthe5。Articleofthe8。Chapter。
VI。Amongothergrievancesofsupremeauthorityoneis，thattheRuler，besidethosemoniesnecessaryforpublickcharges，asthemaintainingofpublickMinisters，building，anddefendingofCastles，wagingwarres，honourablesustaininghisownhoushold，mayalso，ifhewill，exactothersthroughhislust，wherebytoenrichhissonnes，kindred，favourites，andflattererstoo。I
confessethisisagrievance，butofthenumberofthosewhichaccompanyallkindesofgovernment，butaremoretolerableinaMonarchytheninaDemocraty;forthoughtheMonarchwouldenrichthem，theycannotbemany，becausebelongingbuttoone。ButinaDemocraty，lookhowmanyDemagoges，（thatis）howmanypowerfullOratourstherearewiththepeople（whicheveraremany，anddailynewonesgrowing）somanyChildren，Kinsmen，friends，&
Flatterers，aretoberewarded;foreveryofthemdesirenotonelytomaketheirfamiliesaspotent，asillustriousinwealth，asmaybe，butalsotoobligeotherstothembybenefitsforthebetterstrengthningofthemselves。AMonarchmayingreatpartsatisfiehisOfficersandFriends，becausetheyarenotmany，withoutanycosttohisSubjects，Imean，withoutrobbingthemofanyofthoseTreasuresgiveninforthemaintenanceofWar，andPeace;InaDemocraty，wheremanyaretobesatisfied，andalwayesnewones，thiscannotbedonewithouttheSubjectsoppression。ThoughaMonarchmaypromoteunworthyPersons，yetofttimeshewillnotdoeit;butinaDemocratyallthepopularmenarethereforesuppos’dtodoeit，becauseitisnecessary;
forelse，thepowerofthemwhodiditwouldsoencrease，asitwouldnotonelybecomedreadfulltothoseothers，buteventothewholeCityalso。
VII。Anothergrievanceis，thatsameperpetuallfearofdeathwhicheverymanmustnecessarilybein，whileheconsiderswithhimselfthattheRulerhathpower。notonelytoappointwhatpunishmentshelistsonanyTransgressions，butthathemayalsoinhiswrath，andsensuality，slaughterhisinnocentSubjects，andthosewhoneveroffendedagainsttheLawes。AndtrulythisisaverygreatgrievanceinanyformeofGovernmentwheresoeverithappens：（foritisthereforeagrievancebecauseitis;not，becauseitmaybedone）butitisthefaultoftheRuler，notoftheGovernment;ForalltheactsofNeroarenotessentialltoMonarchie;yetSubjectsarelesseoftenundeservedlycondemn’dunderoneRuler，thenunderthePeople：ForKingsareonelysevereagainstthosewhoeithertroublethemwithimpertinentCounsells，oropposethemwithreproachfullwords，orcontrouletheirWills;buttheyarethecausethatthatexcesseofpowerwhichoneSubjectmighthaveaboveanotherbecomesharmlesse。
WhereforesomeNeroorCaligulareigning，nomencanundeservedlysuffer，butsuchasareknowntohim，namelyCourtiers，andsuchasareremarkableforsomeeminentCharge;andnotallneither，buttheyonelywhoarepossessedofwhathedesirestoenjoy;fortheythatareoffensive，andcontumelious，aredeservedlypunisht。WhosoeverthereforeinaMonarchywillleadaretiredlife，lethimbewhathewillthatReignes，heisoutofdanger：
fortheambitiousonelysuffer，therestareprotectedfromtheinjuriesofthemorepotent。ButinapopularDominiontheremaybeasmanyNero’s，asthereareOratourswhosooththePeople;
foreachoneofthemcandoeasmuchasthePeople，andtheymutuallygivewaytoeachothersappetite（asitwerebythissecretpact，Sparemetoday，andIlesparetheetomorrow）whiletheyexemptthosefrompunishment，whotosatisfietheirlust，andprivatehatred，haveundeservedlyslaintheirfellow-subjects。Furthermore，thereisacertainlimitinprivatepower，whichifitexceed，itmayprovepernicioustotheRealme，andbyreasonwhereofitisnecessarysometimesforMonarchstohaveacarethatthecommon-wealedothencereceivenoprejudice。
WhenthereforethispowerconsistedinthemultitudeofRiches，theylesseneditbydiminishingtheirheaps;butifitwereinpopularapplause，thepowerfullpartywithoutanyothercrimelaidtohischarge，wastakenfromamongthem。ThesamewasusuallypractisedinDemocraties;fortheAtheniansinflictedapunishmentoftenyearesbanishmentonthosethatwerepowerfull，meerlybecauseoftheirpowers，withouttheguiltofanyothercrime;andthosewhobyliberallgiftsdidseekthefavourofthecommonpeople，wereputtodeathatRome，asmenambitiousofaKingdome。InthisDemocratyandMonarchywereeaven;yetdiffer’dtheymuchinfame，becausefamederivesfromthePeople，andwhatisdonebymany，iscommendedbymany：andthereforewhattheMonarchdoes，issaidtobedoneoutofenvietotheirvertues，whichifitweredonebythePeople，wouldbeaccountedPolitie。