andFREDERICKENGELS
I\"Singe，unsterblicheSeeledersdudigenMenschenErldsung\"[2]
[Sing，immortalsoultheredemptionoffallenmankind]——throughGottfriedKinkel。
GottfriedKinkelwasbornsome40yearsago。Thestoryofhislifehasbeenmadeavailabletousinanautobiography，GottfriedKinkel。TruthwithoutPoetry。ABiographicalsketch-book。EditedbyAdolphStrodtmann。（Hamburg，Hoffmann&Campe，1850，octavo。）
GottfriedistheheroofthatdemocraticSiegwart[3]epochthatfloodedGermanywithendlesstorrentsoftearfullamentandpatrioticmelancholy。HemadehisdebutasasimplelyricalSiegwart。
WeareindebtedtoStrodtmanntheApostle，whose\"narrativecompilation\"
wefollowhere，bothforthediary-likefragmentsinwhichhispilgrimageonthisearthisparadedbeforethereader，andfortheglaringlackofdiscretionoftherevelationstheycontain。
\"Bonn，February——September1834Likehisfriend，PaulZeller，youngGottfriedstudiedProtestanttheologyandhispietyandindustryearnedhimtheadmirationofhiscelebratedteachers\"（Sack，NitzschandBleck，p。5）。
Fromtheverybeginningheis\"obviouslyimmersedinweightyspeculations\"
（p。4），heis\"tormentedandgloomy\"asbefitsabuddinggenius。\"Gottfried’sgloomilyflashingbrowneyes\"\"litupon\"someyouths\"inbrownjacketsandpale-blueovercoats\";heatoncesensedthattheseyouthswished\"tomakeupfortheirinneremptinessbyoutershow\"（p。6）。Heexplainshismoralindignationbypointingoutthathehad\"defendedHegelandMarheinicke\"
whentheseladshadcalledMarheinickea\"blockhead\";later，whenhehimselfgoestostudyinBerlinandishimselfinthepositionofhavingtolearnfromMarheinickehecharacteriseshiminhisdiarywiththefollowingbelletristicepigram（p。61）：
\"EinKerl，derspekuliert，istwieeinTieraufdürrerHeidevoneinemloosenGeistimKreisherumgeführt，undringsumheristschönegrüneWeide。\"
[Itellyouachapwho’sintellectualIslikeabeastonablastedheathDrivenincirclesbyademonWhileafinegreenmeadowliesroundbeneath。][4]
GottfriedhasclearlyforgottenthatotherverseinwhichMephistophelesmakesfunofthestudentthirstingforknowledge：
\"VerachtenurVerstandundWissenschaff！\"
[Onlylookdownonknowledgeandreason！][5]
However，thewholemoralisingStudentSceneservesmerelyasanintroductionenablingthefutureLiberatoroftheWorldtomakethefollowingrevelation（p。6）。
ListentoGottfried：
\"Thisracewillnotperish，unlessagreatwarcomes……Onlystrongremedieswillraisethisageupfromthemire！\"
\"AsecondFloodwithyouasasecondandimprovededitionofNoah！\"
hisfriendreplied。
ThelightbrownovercoatshavehelpedGottfriedtothepointwherehecanproclaimhimselfthe\"NoahinanewFlood\"。Hisfriendrespondswithacommentthatmightwellhaveservedasthemottotothewholebiography。
\"MyfatherandIhaveoftenhadoccasiontosmileatyourpassionforunclearideas！\"
ThroughouttheseConfessionsofaBeautifulSoul[6]wefindrepeatedonlyone\"dearidea\"，namelythatKinkelwasagreatmanfromthemomentofhisconception。Themosttrivialthingsthatoccurtoalltrivialpeoplebecomemomentousevents;thepettyjoysandsorrowsthateverystudentoftheologyexperiencesinamoreinterestingform，theconflictswithbourgeoisconditionstobefoundbythedozenineveryconsistoryandrefectoryinGermanybecomeworld-shakingeventsfromwhichGottfried，overwhelmedbyWeltschmerz，fashionsaperpetualcomedy。
[Thuswefindthattheseconfessionsconsistentlypresentadoubleaspect——thereisfirstlythecomedy，theamusingwayinwhichGottfriedinterpretsthesmallesttriviaassignsofhisfuturegreatnessandcastshimselfinrelieffromtheoutset。Andthenthereistherodomontade，histrickofcomplacentlyembellishinginretrospecteverylittleoccurrenceinhistheologico-lyricalpast。HavingestablishedthesetwobasicfeatureswecanreturntothefurtherdevelopmentsinGottfried’sstory。]
Thefamily[ofhis\"friendPaul\"leavesBonnand]returnstoWürttemberg。Gottfriedstagesthiseventinthefollowingmanner。
GottfriedlovesPaul’ssisterandusestheoccasiontoexplainthathehas\"alreadybeeninlovetwicebefore\"！Hispresentlove，however，isnoordinarylovebuta\"ferventandauthenticactofdivineworship\"
（p。13）。GottfriedclimbstheDrachenfelstogetherwithfriendPaulandagainstthisromanticbackclothhebreaksintodithyrambs：
\"Farewelltofriendship！——IshallfindabrotherinourSaviour;
——Farewelltolove——Faithshallbemybride;——Farewelltosisterlyloyalty——Iamcometothecommuneofmanythousandsofjustsouls！Awaythen，Omyyouthfulheart，learntobealonewithyourGod;strugglewithhimuntilyouconquerhimandforcehimtogiveyouanewname，thatofHolyIsraelwhichno-oneknowsbuthewhoreceivesit！Igiveyougreetings，yougloriousrisingsun，imageofmyawakeningsoul！\"（p。17）。
WeseehowthedepartureofhisfriendgivesGottfriedtheopportunitytosinganecstatichymntohisownsoul。Asifthatwerenotenough，hisfriendtoomustjoininthehymn。ForwhileGottfriedexultsecstaticallyhespeaks\"withexaltedvoiceandglowingcountenance\"，he\"forgetsthepresenceofhisfriend\"，\"hisgazeistransfigured\"，\"hisvoiceinspired\"，etc。（p。17）——inshortwehavethevisionoftheProphetElijahasitappearsintheBiblecompleteineverydetail。
\"SmilingsorrowfullyPaullookedathimwithhisloyalgazeandsaid：
’YouhaveamightierheartinyourbosomthanIandwillsurelyoutdistanceme——butletmebeyourfriend——evenwhenIamfaraway。’JoyfullyGottfriedclaspedtheproferredhandandrenewedtheancientcovenant\"
（p。18）。
GottfriedhasgotwhathewantsfromthisTransfigurationontheMount。
FriendPaulwhohasjustbeenlaughingat\"Gottfried’spassionforunclearideas\"humbleshimselfbeforethenameof\"holyIsrael\"andacknowledgesGottfried’ssuperiorityandfuturegreatness。GottfriedisaspleasedasPunchandgraciouslycondescendstorenewtheancientcovenant。
Thescenechanges。ItisthebirthdayofKinkel’smother，thewifeofPastorKinkelofUpperCassel。Thefamilyfestivalisusedtoproclaimthat\"hismother，likethemotherofourLord，wascalledMary\"（p。20）
——certainproofthatGottfried，too，wasdestinedtobeasaviourandredeemer。ThuswithinthespaceoftwentypagesourstudentoftheologyhasbeenledbythemostinsignificanteventstocasthimselfasNoah，astheholyIsrael，asElijah，and，lastly，asChrist。
*Inevitably，Gottfried，whowhenitcomestothepointhasexperiencednothing，constantlydwellsonhisinnerfeelings。ThePietismthathasstucktothisparson’ssonandwould-bescholarofdivinityiswelladaptedbothtohisinnateemotionalinstabilityandhiscoquettish，preoccupationwithhisownperson。WelearnthathismotherandsisterwerebothstrictPietistsandthatGottfriedwaspowerfullyconsciousofhisownsinfulness。Theconflictofthispioussenseofsinwiththe\"carefreeandsociablejoiedevivre\"oftheordinarystudentappearsinGottfried，asbefitshisworld-historicalmission，intermsof’astrugglebetweenreligionandpoetry。Thepintofbeerthattheparson’ssonfromUpperCasseldownswiththeotherstudentsbecomesthefatefulchaliceinwhichFaust’stwinspiritsarelockedinbattle。Inthedescriptionofhispietisticfamilylifeweseehis\"MotherMary\"combatassinful\"Gottfried’spenchantforthetheatre\"（p。28），amomentousconflictdesignedtoprefigurethepoetofthefuturebutwhichinfactmerelyhighlightsGottfried’sloveofthetheatrical。Theharpy-likepuritanismofhissisterJohannaisrevealedbyanincidentinwhichsheboxedtheearsofafive-year-oldgirlforinattentionin，church——sordidfamilygossipwhoseinclusionwouldbeincomprehensiblewereitnotfortherevelationattheendofthebookthatthissamesisterJohannaputupthestrongestoppositiontoGottfried’smarriagetoMme。Mockel。
OneeventheldtobeworthyofmentionisthatinSeelscheidGottfriedpreached\"awonderfulsermonaboutthewiltingwheat\"。
*TheZelterfamilyand\"belovedElise\"finallytaketheirdeparture。WelearnthatGottfried\"squeezedthegirl’shandpassionately\"andmurmuredthegreeting，\"Elise，farewell！Imustsaynomore\"。ThisinterestingstoryisfollowedbythefirstofSiegwart’slaments。
\"Destroyed！\"\"Withoutasound。\"\"Mostagonisingtorment！\"\"Burningbrow。\"\"Deepestsighs，\"\"Hismindwaslaceratedbythewildestpains\"，etc。（p。37）。
ItturnsthewholeElijah-likesceneintothepurestcomedy，performedforthebenefitofhis\"friendPaul\"andhimself。PaulagainmakeshisappearanceinordertowhisperintotheearofSiegwartwhoissittingtherealoneandwretched：\"ThiskissisformyGottfried\"（p。38）。
AndGottfriedatoncecheersup。
\"Myplantoseemysweetloveagain，honourablyandnotwithoutaname，isfirmerthanever\"（p。38）。
Evenamidthepangsoflovehedoesnotfailtocommentonthenameheexpectstomake，ortobragofthelaurelsheclaimsinadvance。Gottfriedusestheintermezzotocommithislovetopaperinextravagantandvaingloriousterms，tomakesurethattheworldisnotdeprivedofevenhisdiary-feelings。
Butthescenehasnotyetreacheditsclimax。ThefaithfulPaulhastopointouttoourbarnstormingmaestrochatifEliseweretoremainstationarywhilehecontinuedtodevelop，shemightnotsatisfyhimlateron。
\"Ono！\"saidGottfried。\"Thisheavenlybuddingflowerwhosefirstleaveshavescarcelyopenedalreadysmellssosweetly。Howmuchgreaterwillbeherbeautywhen……[——]theburningsummerrayofmanlyvigourunfoldsherinnermostcalix！\"（p。40）。
Paulfindshimselfreducedtoansweringthissordidimagebyremarkingchatrationalargumentsmeannothingtopoets。
\"’Andallyourwisdomwillnotprotectyoufromthewhimsoflifebetterthanourlovablefolly’Gottfriedrepliedwithasmile\"（p。
40）。
Whatamovingpicture：Narcissussmilingtohimself！Thegauchestudentsuddenlyentersasthelovablefool，PaulbecomesWagner[7]andadmiresthegreatman;andthegreatman\"smiles\"，\"indeed，hesmilesakind，gentlesmile\"。Theclimaxissaved。
GottfriedfinallymanagestoleaveBonn，Hegivesthissummaryofhiseducationalattainmentstodate。
\"UnfortunatelyIamincreasinglyunabletoacceptHegelianism;myhighestaspirationistobearationalist，atthesametimeIamasupernaturalistandamystic，ifnecessaryIamevenaPietist（p。45）。
Thisself-analysisrequiresnocommentary。
\"Berlin，October1834-August1835。\"LeavinghisnarrowfamilyandstudentenvironmentGottfriedarrivesinBerlin。IncomparisonwithBonnBerlinisrelativelymetropolitanbutofthiswefindnotraceinGottfriedanymorethanwefindevidenceofhisinvolvementinthescientificactivityoftheday。Gottfried’sdiaryentriesconfinethemselvestotheemotionsheexperiencestogetherwithhisnewcompagnond’aventure，HugoDünwegfromBarmen，andalsototheminorhardshipsofanindigenttheologian：hismoneydifficulties，shabbycoats，employmentasareviewer，etc。Hislifestandsinnorelationtothatofthepubliclifeofthecity，butonlytotheSchlössingfamilyinwhichDünwegpassesforMasterWofram[vonEschenbach]
andGottfriedforMasterGottfriedvonStrasbourg（p。67）。[8]ElisefadesgraduallyfromhisheartandheconceivesanewitchforMissMariaSchlössing。UnfortunatelyhelearnsofElise’sengagementtosomeoneelseandhesumsuphisBerlinfeelingsandaspirationsasa\"darklongingforawomanhecould[call]whollyhisown。
However，Berlinmustnotbeabandonedwithouttheinevitableclimax：
\"BeforeheleftBerlinWeiss，theoldtheatreproducer，tookhimonceagainintothetheatre。AstrangefeelingcameovertheyouthasthefriendlyoldmanledhimintothegreatauditoriumwherethebustsofGermandramatistshavebeenplacedandwithagesturetowardsafewemptynichessaidmeaningfully：
’Therearestillsomevacantplaces！’\"
Yes，indeed，thereisstillaplacevacantawaitingourPlatenite[9]Gottfriedwhosolemnlyallowsanoldclowntoflatterhimwiththeexquisitepleasureof\"futureimmortality\"。
\"Bonn，Autumn1835——Autumn1837\"\"Constantlybalancingbetweenart，lifeandscience，unabletoreachadecision，activeinallthreewithoutfirmcommitment，heresolvedtolearn，togainandtobecreativeinallthreeasmuchashisindecisionwouldpermit\"（p。89）。
HavingthusdiscoveredhimselftobeanirresolutedilettanteGottfriedreturnstoBonn。Ofcourse，thefeelingthatheisadilettantedoesnotdeterhimfromtakinghisLicentiateexaminationandfrombecomingaPrivatdozentattheuniversityofBonn。
\"NeitherChamissonorKnapp[10]hadpublishedthepoemshehadsentthemintheirmagazinesandthisupsethimgreatly\"
（p。99）。
Thisisthepublicdebutofthegreatmanwhoinprivatecircleslivesonintellectualtickonthepromiseofhisfutureeminence。FromthistimeonhedefinitelybecomesaheroofdubiouslocalsignificanceinbelletristicstudentcirclesuntilthemomentwhenaglancingshotinBadensuddenlyturnshimintotheherooftheGermanPhilistines。
\"ButmoreandmoretherearoseinKinkel’sbreasttheyearningforafirm，truelove，ayearningthatnodevotiontoworkcoulddispel\"（p。
103）。
ThefirstvictimofthisyearningisacertainMinna。GottfrieddallieswithMinnaandsometimesforthesakeofvarietyheactsthecompassionateMahadeva[11]whoallowsthemaidentoworshiphimwhilehemeditatesonthestateofherhealth。
\"Kinkelcouldhavelovedherhadhebeenabletodeceivehimselfabouthercondition;buthislovewouldhavekilledthewiltingroseevenmorequickly。Minnawasthefirstgirlthatcouldunderstandhim;butshewasasecondHecubaandwouldhavebornehimtorchesandnotchildren，andthroughthemthepassionoftheparentswouldhaveburntdowntheirownhouseasPriam’spassionburnedTroy。Yethecouldnotabandonher，hisheartbledforher，hewasindeedwretchednotthroughlove，butthroughpity。\"
Thegodlikeherowhoselovecankill，likethesightofJupiter，isnothingbutanordinaryself-regardingyoungpuppywhointhecourseofhismarriagestudiestriesouttheroleofthecadforthefirsttime。Hisrevoltingmeditationsonherhealthanditspossibleeffectsonchildrenbecometheoccasionforthebasedecisiontoprolongtherelationshipforhisownpleasureandtobreakitoffonlywhenitprovideshimwiththeexcuseforyetanothermelodramaticscene。
Gottfriedgoesonajourneytovisitanunclewhosesonhasjustdied;atthemidnighthourintheroomwherethecorpseislaidouthestagesascenefromaBellinioperawithhiscousin，Mlle。EliseII。Hebecomesengagedtoher，\"inthepresenceofthedead\"andonthefollowingmorninghisunclegladlyacceptshimashisfutureson-in-law。
\"Nowthathewaslosttoherforever，heoftenthoughtofMinnaandofthemomentwhenhewouldseeheragain。Buthewasnotafraidasshecouldhavenoclaimsonaheartthatwasalreadybound\"（p。117）。
ThenewengagementmeansnothingbuttheopportunitytobringaboutadramaticexplosioninhisrelationshipwithMinna。Inthiscrisiswefind\"dutyandpassion\"[12]confrontingeachother。ThisexplosionisproducedinthemostphilistineandrascallywaybecauseourbonhommedeniesMinna’slegalclaimsuponhisheartwhichisalreadycommittedelsewhere。Ourvirtuousheroisofcoursenotatalldisturbedbytheneedtocompoundthislietohimselfbyreversingtheorderofeventsinthematterofhis\"boundheart\"。
Gottfriedhasplungedintotheinterestingnecessityofbeingforcedtobreak\"apoor，greatheart\"。
\"AfterapauseGottfriedwenton：’Atthesametime，Minna，IfeelIoweyouanapology——Ihavesinnedagainstyou——thehandwhichIletyouhaveyesterdaywithsuchfeelingsoffriendship，thathandisnolongerfree——Iamengaged！’\"（p。123）。
Ourmelodramaticstudenttakesgoodcarenottomentionthatthisengagementtookplaceafewhoursafterhehadgivenherhishand\"withsuchfeelingsoffriendship\"。
\"OhGod！——Minna——canyouforgiveme？\"（loc。cit。）
\"Iamamanandmustbefaithfultomyduty——Imaynotloveyou！ButIhavenotdeceivedyou\"（p。124）。
Afterre-arranginghisdutyafterthefactitonlyremainstoproducetheunbelievable。HedramaticallyreversesthewholerelationshipsothatinsteadofMinnaforgivinghim，ourmoralpriestforgivesthedeceivedwoman。WiththisinmindheconceivesthepossibilitythatMinna\"mighthatehimfromafar\"andhefollowsthissuppositionupwiththisfinalmoral：
\"’Iwouldgladlyforgiveyouforthatandifthatwerethecaseyoucanbeassuredofmyforgivenessinadvance。Andnowfarewell，mydutycallsme，Imustleaveyou！’Heslowlylefttheharbor……fromthathouronGottfriedwasunhappy\"（p。124）。
Theactorandself-styledloveristransformedintothehypocriticalpriestwhoextricateshimselffromtheaffairwithanunctuousblessing;Siegwart’sshamconflictsoflovehaveledtothehappyresultthatheisableinhisimaginationtothinkhimselfunhappy。
ItfinallybecomesapparentthatallofthesearrangedlovestorieswerenothingbutGottfried’scoquettishinfatuationwithhimself。ThewholeaffairamountstonomorethanthatourpriestwithhisdreamsoffutureimmortalityhasproducedOldTestamentstoriesandmodernlending-libraryphantasiesafterthemannerofSpiess，ClaurenandCramer[13]sothathemayindulgehisvanitybyposingasaromantichero。
\"RummagingamonghisbookshecameacrossNovalis’Ofterdingen[14]thebookthathadsoofteninspiredhimtowritepoetryayearbefore。WhilestillatschoolheandsomefriendshadfoundedasocietybythenameofTeutoniawiththeaimofincreasingtheirunderstandingofGermanhistoryandliterature。InthissocietyhehadassumedthenameofHeinrichvonOfterdingen……Nowthemeaningofthisnamebecamecleartohim。HesawhimselfasthatsameHeinrichinthecharminglittletownatthefootoftheWartburgandalongingforthe’BlueFlower’tookholdofhimwithoverwhelmingforce。Minnacouldnotbethegloriousfairy-talebloom，norcouldshebehisbride，howeveranxiouslyheprobedhisheart。Dreaming，hereadonandon，thephantasticworldofmagicenvelopedhimandheendedbyhurlinghimselfweepingintoachair，thinkingofthe’BlueFlower’。\"
Gottfriedhereunveilsthewholeromanticliewhichhehadwovenaroundhimself;thecarnivalgiftofdisguisingoneselfasotherpeopleishisauthentic\"innerbeing\"。EarlieronhehadcalledhimselfGottfriedvonStrasbourg;nowheappearsasHeinrichvonOfterdingen[14]andheissearchingnotforthe\"BlueFlower\"butforawomanwhowillacknowledgehisclaimstobeHeinrichvonOfterdingen。Andintheendhereallydidfindthe\"BlueFlower\"，alittlefadedandyellow，inawomanwhoplayedthemuchlonged-forcomedyinhisinterestandinherown。
TheshamRomanticism，thetravestyandthecaricatureofancientstoriesandromanceswhichGottfriedre-livestomakeupforthelackofanyinnersubstanceofhisown，thewholeemotionalswindleofhisvacuousencounterswithMary，MinnaandEliseI&IIhavebroughthimtothepointwherehethinksthathisexperiencesareonaparwiththoseofGoethe。JustasGoethehadsuddenlyrushedofftoItaly，theretowritehisRomanElegiesafterundergoingthestormsoflove，sotooGottfriedthinksthathisday-dreamsoflovequalifyhimforatriptoRome。GoethemusthavehadapremonitionofGottfried：
HatdochderWalfschseineLaus，Kannichauchmeinehaben。
[AndifthewhalehashisliceIcanhavethemtoo][15]\"Italy，October1837——March1838\"
ThetriptoRomeopensinGottfried’sdiarywithalengthyaccountofthejourneyfromBonntoCoblenz。Thisnewepochbeginsasthepreviousonehadconcluded，namelywithanarrativerichlyembellishedbyallusionstotheexperiencesofothers。WhileonthesteamerGottfriedrecallsthe\"splendidpassageinHoffmann\"wherehe\"madeMasterJohannesWachtproduceahighlyartisticworkimmediatelyafterenduringthemostoverwhelminggrief\"。Asaconfirmationofthe\"splendidpassage\"Gottfriedfollowsuphis\"overwhelminggrief\"aboutMinnaby\"meditating\"abouta\"tragedyhehadlongsinceintendedtowrite\"（p。140）。
DuringKinkel’sjourneyfromCoblenztoRomethefollowingeventstakeplace：
\"Thefriendlylettershefrequentlyreceivesfromhisfianceeandwhichheanswersforthemostpartonthespot，dispelhisgloomythoughts\"（p。
144）。
\"HisloveforthebeautifulEliseIIstruckrootdeeplyintheyouth’syearningbosom\"（p。146）。
InRomewefind：
\"OnhisarrivalinRomeKinkelhadfoundaletterfromhisfianceeawaitinghimwhichfurtherintensifiedhisloveforherandcausedtheimageofMinnatofadeevenmoreintothebackground。HisheartassuredhimthatElisecouldmakehimhappyandhegavehimselfuptothisfeelingwiththepurestpassion……Onlynowdidherealizewhatloveis\"（p。151）。
WeseethatMinnawhomheonlylovedoutofpityhasre-enteredtheemotionalscene。InhisrelationshipwithElisehisdreamisthatshewillmakehimhappy，notheher。Andyetinhis\"BlueFlower\"fantasyhehadalreadysaidthatthefairy-taleblossomwhichhadgivenhimsuchapoeticitchcouldbeneitherElisenorMinna。Hisnewlyarousedfeelingsforthesetwogirlsnowserveaspartofthemis-en-scèneforanewconflict。
\"Kinkel’spoetryseemedtobeslumberinginItaly\"（p。151）。
Why？
\"Becausehelackedform\"（p。152）。
Welearnlaterthatasix-monthstayinItalyenabledhimtobringthe\"form\"backtoGermanywellwrappedup。AsGoethehadwrittenhisElegiesinRomesoKinkeltoomeditatedonanelegycalled\"TheAwakeningofRome\"（p。153）。
Kinkel’smaidbringshimaletterfromhisfiancee。Heopensitjoyfully——\"andsankbackonhisbedwithacry。Eliseannouncedthatawealthyman，aDr。D。withanextensivepracticeandevenaridinghorsehadaskedforherhandinmarriage。Asitwouldprobablybealongtimebeforehe，Kinkel，anindigenttheologian，wouldhaveapermanentpositionsheaskedhimtoreleaseherfromthebondsthattiedhertohim\"。
Ascenetakenoverlock，stockandbarrelfrom[Kotzebue’s]MisanthropyandRemorse。[16]
Gottfried\"annihilated\"，\"foulputrefaction\"，\"dryeyed\"，\"thirstforrevenge\"，\"dagger\"，\"thebosomofhisrival\"，\"heart-bloodofhisenemy\"，\"coldasice\"，\"maddeningpain\"，etc。（p。156and157）。
Theelementinthese\"SorrowsendJoysofapoorTheologian\"thatgivesmostpaintoourunhappystudentisthethoughtthatshehad\"spurnedhimforthesakeoftheuncertainpossessionofearthlygoods\"（p。157）。
Havingbeenmovedbytherelevanttheatricalfeelingshefinallyrisestothefollowingconsolation：
\"Shewasunworthyofyou——andyoustillpossessthepinionsofgeniusthatwillbearyoualofthighabovethisdarkmisery！Andwhenonedayyourfameencirclestheglobethefalsewomanwillfindajudgeinherownheart！——Whoknows，perhapsonedayintheyearstocomeherchildrenwillseekmeouttoimploremyaidandIwouldnotwishtomissthat\"（p。157）。
Having，inevitably，enjoyedinadvancetheexquisitepleasureof\"hisfuturefameencirclingtheglobe\"herevealshimselftobeacommonphilistiniccleric。HespeculatesthatlateronElise’schildrenwillcometobegalmsfromthegreatpoet——andthishewould\"notwishtomiss\"。Andwhy？BecauseEliseprefersahorsetothe\"futurefame\"ofwhichheconstantlydreams，becausesheprefers\"earthlygoods\"tothefarceheintendstoperformwithhimselfintheroleofHeinrichvonOfterdingen。OldHegelwasquiterightwhenhepointedoutthatanobleconsciousnessalwaystransposesintoabaseone。[17]
\"Bonn。Summer1838——Summer1843\"（IntrigueandLove）HavingfurnishedacaricatureofGoetheinItaly，GottfriednowresolvesonhisreturntoproduceSchiller’sIntrigueandLove。[18]ThoughhisheartisrentwithWeltschmerzGottfriedfeels\"betterthanever\"physically（p。167）。Hisintentionis\"toestablishliteraryfameforhimselfthroughhisworks\"（p。169），whichdoesnotpreventhimfromacquiringacheaperfamewithoutworkslateronwhenhis\"works\"failedtodowhatwasexpectedofthem。
The\"darklonging\"whichGottfriedalwaysexperienceswhenhepursuesawomanfindsexpressioninaremarkablyrapidsuccessionofengagementsandpromisesofmarriage。Thepromiseofmarriageistheclassicalmethodbywhichthestrongmanandthesuperiormind\"ofthefuture\"seekstoconquerhisbelovedandbindhertohiminreality。AssoonasthepoetcatchessightofalittleblueflowerthatmightassisthiminhiseffortstobecomeHeinrichvonOfterdingen，thegentlemistsofemotionassumethefirmshapeofthestudent’sdreamofperfectingtheidealaffinitybytheadditionofthebondof\"duty\"。NosoonerarethefirstgreetingsoverthanoffersofmarriageflyinalldirectionsàtortetàtraverstowardseveryDaisyandWaterLilyinsight。Thisbourgeoishuntputsinanevenmorerevoltinglighttheunprincipledtail-waggingcoquetrywithwhichGottfriedconstantlyopenshishearttorevealall\"thetormentsofthegreatpoet\"。
ThusafterhisreturnfromItalyGottfriednaturallyhasto\"promise\"
marriageyetagain。Theobjectofhispassiononthisoccasionwasdirectlychosenbyhissister，thepietisticJohannawhosefanaticismhasalreadybeenimmortalisedbytheexclamationsinGottfried’sdiary。
\"BögeholdhadjustrecentlyannouncedhisengagementtoMissKinkelandJohannawhowasmoreimportunatethaneverinhermeddlinginherbrother’saffairsoftheheartnowconceivedthewish，foranumberofreasonsconcerningthefamily，thatGottfriedshouldreciprocateandmarryMissSophieBögehold，herfiance’ssister\"（p。172）。Itgoeswithoutsayingthat\"Kinkelcouldnotbutfeeldrawntoagentlegirl……Andshewasindeedadear，innocentmaiden\"（p。173）。\"Inthemosttenderfashion\"
——itgoeswithoutsaying——\"Kinkelaskedforherhandwhichwasjoyfullypromisedhimbyherparentsassoonas\"——itgoeswithoutsaying——\"hehadestablishedhimselfinajobandwasinapositiontoleadhisbridetothehomeof——itgoeswithoutsaying——aprofessororaparson。\"
Onthisoccasionourpassionatestudentsetdowninelegantversesanaccountofthattendencytowardsmarriagethatformssuchaconstantingredientofhisadventures。
\"Nachandersnichtstrag’ichVerlangenAlsnurnacheinerweissenHand！\"
[NoughtelsecanstirmypassionSomuchasawhitehand]
Everythingelse，eyes，lips，locksisdismissedasamere\"trifle\"。
\"DasallesreiztnichtseinVerlangenAlleindiekleineweisseHandl\"（p。174）
[AllthesefailtostirhispassionNoughtdoessobuthersmall，whitehand]
HedescribestheflirtationthathebeginswithMissSophieBögeholdatthecommandof\"hismeddlingsisterJohanna\"andspurredonbytheunquenchablelongingforahand，as\"deep，firmandtranquil\"（p。175）。Aboveall\"itisthereligiouselementthatpredominatesinthisnewlove\"（p。
176）。
InGottfried’sromancesweoftenfindthereligiouselementalternatingwiththenovelisticandtheatricalelement。WherehecannotdevisedramaticeffectstoachievenewSiegwartsituationsheappliesreligiousfeelingstoadornthesebanalepisodeswiththepatinaofhighermeaning。SiegwartbecomesapiousJung-Stilling[19]whohadlikewisereceivedsuchmiraculousstrengthfromGodthateventhoughthreewomenperishedbeneathhismanlychesthewasstillablerepeatedlytoleadanewlovetohishome。
*Wecomefinallytothefatefulcatastropheofthiseventfullife-history，toStilling’smeetingwithJohannaMockel，whohadformerlybornethemarriednameofMathieux。HereGottfrieddiscoveredafemaleKinkel，hisromanticalterego。Onlyshewasharder，smarter，lessconfusedandthankstohergreaterageshehadleftheryouthfulillusionsbehindher。
WhatMockelhadincommonwithKinkelwasthefactthathertalentstoohadgoneunrecognisedbytheworld。Shewasrepulsiveandvulgar;
herfirstmarriagehadbeenunhappy。Shepossessedmusicaltalentsbuttheywereinsufficienttoenablehertomakeanamewithhercompositionsortechnicalmastery。InBerlinherattempttoimitatethestalechildhoodanticsofBettina[vonArnim][20]hadledtoafiasco。Hercharacterhadbeensouredbyherexperiences。EventhoughshesharedwithKinkeltheaffectationofinflatingtheordinaryeventsofherlifesoastoinvestthemwitha\"moreexalted，sacredmeaning\"，owingtohermoreadvancedagesheneverthelessfeltaneedforlove（accordingtoStrodtmann）thatwasmorepressingthanherneedforthe\"poetic\"drivelthataccompaniesit。WhereasKinkelwasfeminineinthisrespect，Mockelwasmasculine。HencenothingcouldbemorenaturalthanforsuchapersontoenterwithjoyintoKinkel’scomedyofthemisunderstoodtendersoulsandtoplayittoasatisfyingconclusion，i。e。toacknowledgeSiegwart’sfitnessfortheroleofHeinrichvonOfterdingenandtoarrangeforhimtodiscoverthatshewasthe\"BlueFlower\"。
Kinkel，havingbeenledtohisthirdorfourthfianceebyhissisterwasnowintroducedintoanewlabyrinthoflovebyMockel。
Gottfriednowfoundhimselfinthe\"socialswim\"，i。e。inoneofthoselittlecirclesconsistingoftheprofessorsorotherworthiesofGermanuniversitytowns。OnlyinthelivesofTeutonic，christianstudentscansuchsocietiesformsuchaturningpoint。Mockelsangandwasapplauded。
AttableitwasarrangedthatGottfriedshouldsitnexttoherandherethefollowingscenetookplace：
\"’Itmustbeagloriousfeeling’，Gottfriedopined，’toflythroughthejoyousworldonthepinionsofgenius，admiredbyall’——’Ishouldsayso’，Mockelexclaimed。’Ihearthatyouhaveagreatgiftforpoetry。Perhapspeoplewillscatterincenseforyoualso……andIshallaskyouthenifyoucanbehappyifyouarenot……’——’IfIamnot？’Gottfriedasked，asshepaused\"（p。188）。
ThebaithasbeenputoutforourclumsyIyricalstudent。
Mockeltheninformedhimthatrecentlyshehadheard\"himpreachingabouttheyearningofChristianstoreturntotheirfaithandshehadthoughtabouthowresolutelythehandsomepreachermusthaveabandonedtheworldifhecouldarouseatimidlongingeveninherfortheharmlesschildhoodslumberwithwhichtheechooffaithnowlosthadoncesurroundedher\"（p。189）。
Gottfriedwas\"enchanted\"（p。189）bysuchpoliteness。Hewastremendouslypleasedtodiscoverthat\"Mockerwasunhappy\"（loc。cit。）。Heimmediatelyresolved\"todevotehispassionateenthusiasmforthefaithofsalvationatthehandsofJesusChristtobringingbackthissorrowingsoultoointothefold\"（loc。cit。）。AsMockelwasaCatholicthefriendshipwasformedontheimaginarybasisofthetaskofrecoveringasoul\"intheserviceoftheAlmighty\"，acomedyinwhichMockeltoowaswillingtoparticipate。
\"In1840KinkelwasappointedasanassistantintheProtestantcommunityinColognewherehewenteverySundaytopreach\"（p。193）。
ThisbiographicalcommentmayserveasanexcuseforabriefdiscussionofKinkel’spositionasatheologian。\"In1840\"thecriticalmovementhadalreadymadedevastatinginroadsintothecontentoftheChristianfaith;
withBrunoBauer[21]sciencehadreachedthepointofopenconflictwiththestate。ItisatthisjuncturethatKinkelmakeshisdebutasapreacher。Butashelacksboththeenergyoftheorthodoxandtheunderstandingthatwouldenablehimtoseetheologyobjectively，hecomestotermswithChristianityonthelevelofIyricalanddeclamatorysentimentalityàlaKrummacher。Thatistosay，hepresentsaChristwhoisa\"friendandleader\"，heseekstodoawaywithformalaspectsofChristianitythatheproclaimstobe\"ugly\"，andforthecontenthesubstitutesahollowphraseology。ThedevicebymeansofwhichcontentisreplacedbyformandideasbyphraseshasproducedahostofdeclamatorypriestsinGermanywhosetendenciesnaturallyledthemfinallyinthedirectionof[liberal]democracy。Butwhereasintheologyatleastasuperficialknowledgeisstillessentialhereandthere，inthedemocraticmovementwhereanorotundbutvacuousrhetoric，nullitesonore，makesintellectandaninsightintorealitiescompletelysuperfluous，anemptyphraseologycameintoitsown。KinkelwhosetheologicalstudieshadledtonothingbeyondthemakingofsentimentalextractsofChristianityinthemannerofClauren’spopularnovels，wasinspeechandinhiswritingstheveryepitomeofthefakepulpitoratorythatissometimesdescribedas\"poeticprose\"andwhichhenowcomicallymadethebasisofhis\"poeticmission\"。
Thislatter，moreover，didnotconsistinplantingtruelaurelsbutonlyredrowanberrieswithwhichhebeautifiedthehighwayoftrivia。Thissamefeeblenessofcharacterwhichattemptstoovercomeconflictsnotbyresolvingtheircontentbutbyclothingtheminanattractiveformisvisibletoointhewayhelecturesattheuniversity。Thestruggletoabolishtheoldscholasticpedantryissidesteppedbymeansofa\"hearty\"attitudewhichturnsthelecturerintoastudentandexaltsthestudentplacinghimonanequalfootingwiththelecturer。ThisschoolthenproducedawholegenerationofStrodtmanns，Schurzesandsuchlikewhowereabletomakeuseoftheirphraseology，theirknowledgeandtheireasilyacquired\"loftymission\"onlyinthedemocraticmovement。
*Kinkel’snewlovedevelopsintothestoryofGockel，HinkelundGackeleia。[22]
Theyear1840wasaturningpointinthehistoryofGermany。Ontheonehand，thecriticalapplicationofHegel’sphilosophytotheologyandpoliticshadbroughtaboutascientificrevolution。Ontheotherhand，thecoronationofFrederickWilliamIVsawtheemergenceofabourgeoismovementwhoseconstitutionalaspirationsstillpossessedawhollyradicalveneer，varyingfromthevague\"politicalpoetry\"oftheperiodtothenewphenomenonofadailypresswithrevolutionarypowers。
WhatwasGottfrieddoingduringthisperiod？TogetherwithMockelhefoundedthe\"Maybug\"（Maikäfer）\"aJournalfornon-Philistines\"
（p。209）andtheMaybugClub。Theaimofthispaperwasnothingmorethan\"toprovideacheerfulandenjoyableeveningforagroupoffriendsonceaweekandtogivetheparticipantstheopportunitytopresenttheirworksforcriticismbyabenevolent，artistically-mindedaudience\"（pp。209-1O）。
TheactualpurposeoftheMaybugClubwastosolvetheriddleoftheBlueFlower。ThemeetingstookplaceinMockel’shouse，where，surroundedbyagroupofinsignificantstudentsMockelparadedas\"Queen\"（p。210）
andKinkelas\"Minister\"（p。225）。Hereourtwomisunderstoodbeautifulsoulsfounditpossibletomakeupforthe\"injusticetheharshworldhaddonethem\"（p。296）;eachcouldacknowledgetherightoftheothertotherespectiverolesofHeinrichvonOfterdingenandtheBlueFlower。Gottfriedtowhomtheapingofotherpeople’sroleshadbecomesecondnaturemusthavefelthappytohavecreatedsucha\"theatreforconnoisseurs\"（p。254）。
Thefarceitselfactedasthepreludetopracticaldevelopments：
\"TheseeveningsprovidedtheopportunitytoseeMockelalsointhehouseofherparents\"（p。212）。
Moreover，theMaybugClubcopiedalsotheGöttingerHain[23]poets，onlywiththedifferencethatthelatterrepresentedastageinthedevelopmentofGermanliteraturewhiletheformerremainedonthelevelofaninsignificantlocalcaricature。The\"merryMaybugs\"SebastianLongard，LeoHasse，C。A。Schlönbach，etc。，were，asthebiographicalapologiaadmits，pale，insipid，indolent，unimportantyouths（pp。211and298）。
Naturally，Gottfriedsoonbegantomake\"comparisons\"（p。221）
betweenMockelandhisfiancee，buthehad\"hadnotimehitherto\"——muchagainsthisusualhabit——\"toreflectatallaboutweddingsandmarriage\"
（p。219）。Inaword，hestoodlikeBuridan’sassbetweenthetwobundlesofhay，unabletodecidebetweenthem。WithhergreatermaturityandverypracticalbentMockel\"clearlydiscernedtheinvisiblebond\"（p。225）;
sheresolvedtogive\"chanceorthewillofGod\"（p。229）ahelpinghand。
\"AtatimeofdaywhenKinkelwasusuallypreventedbyhisscientificlaboursfromseeingMockel，heonedaywenttovisitherandashequietlyapproachedherroomheheardthesoundofamournfulsong。Pausingtolistenheheardthissong：
\"DunahstlUndwieMorgenröteBebt’süberdieWangenmein，usw。usw。
VielnamenloseSchmerzen：
WeheDufühlstesnicht！
[Youdrawnigh！AndlikethedawnTheretremblesonmycheeks，etc。etc。
Manyanamelesspain。
Alas，youfeelthemnot！]
Alongdrawn-out，melancholychordconcludedhersongandfadedgraduallyinthebreeze\"（pp。230and231）。
Gottfriedcreptawayunobserved，asheimagined，andhavingarrivedhomeagainhefoundthesituationveryinteresting。HewrotealargenumberofdespairingsonnetsinwhichhecomparedMockeltotheLorelei（p。233）。
InordertoescapefromtheLoreleiandtoremaintruetoMissSophieBögeholdhetriedtoobtainapostasateacherinWiesbaden，butwasrejected。
ThisaccidentwascompoundedbyafurtherinterventionbyFatewhichprovedtobedecisive。Notonlywasthe\"sunstrivingtoleavethesignofVirgo\"
（p。236），butalsoGottfriedandMockeltookatripdowntheRhineinaskiff;theirskiffwasoverturnedbyanapproachingsteam-boatandGottfriedswamashorebearingMockel。
\"Ashedrewtowardstheshorehefeltherheartclosetohisandwassuddenlyoverwhelmedbythefeelingthatonlythiswomanwouldbeabletomakehimhappy\"（p。238）。
OnthisoccasiontheexperiencethatGottfriedhasundergoneisfromarealnovelandnotmerelyanimaginaryone：itistobefoundin[Goethe’s]ElectiveAffinities。Thisdecidedthematter;hebrokeoffhisengagementtoSophieBögehold。
*Firstlove，thentheintrigue。InthenameofthePresbyteryPastorEngelsprotestedtoGottfriedthatthemarriageofadivorcedCatholicwomantoaProtestantpreacherwasoffensive。Gottfriedrepliedbyappealingtotheeternalrightsofmanandmadethefollowingpointswithagooddealofunction。
\"1。ItwasnocrimeforhimtohavedrunkcoffeewiththeladyinHirzekümpchen\"
（p。249）。
\"2。Thematterisambiguousashehadneitherannouncedinpublicthatheintendedtomarrythelady，northathedidnotintendtodoso\"
（p。251）。
\"3。Asfarasfaithisconcerned，no-onecanknowwhatthefutureholdsinstore\"（p。250）。
\"Andwiththatoutoftheway，mayIaskyoutostepinsideandhaveacupofcoffee\"（p。251）。
WiththissloganGottfriedandPastorEngels，whocouldnotresistsuchaninvitation，leftthestage。Inthisway，quietlyandyetforcefullyGottfriedwasabletoresolvetheconflictwiththepowersthatbe。
ThefollowingextractservestoillustratetheeffectoftheMaybugClubonGottfried：
\"ItwasJune29，1841。OnthisdaythefirstanniversaryoftheMaybugClubwastobecelebratedonagrandscale\"（p。253）。\"Ashoutasofonevoicearosetodecidewhoshouldcarryofftheprize。ModestlyGottfriedbenthiskneebeforetheQueenwhoplacedtheinevitablelaurelwreathonhisglowingbrow，whilethesettingsuncastitsbrightestraysoverthetransfiguredcountenanceofthepoet\"（p。285）。
ThesolemndedicationoftheimaginedpoeticfameofHeinrichvonOfterdingenisfollowedbythefeelingsandthewishesoftheBlueFlower。ThateveningMockelsangaMaybuganthemshehadcomposedwhichendswiththefollowingstrophesymptomaticofthewholework：
\"UndwaslerntmanausderGeschicht’？
Maikäfer，flieg！
WeraltistkrieytkeinWeibleinmehrDrumhör’，bedenk’dichnichtzusehr！
Maikäfer，flieg！
[Andwhat’sthemoralofthetale？
Fly，Maybug，fly！
Amanwho’soldwillne’erfindwife，Somakehaste，donotwasteyourlife，Fly，Maybug，fly！]
Theingenuousbiographerremarksthat\"theinvitationtomarriagecontainedinthesongwaswhollyfreeofanyulteriormotives\"（p。255）。Gottfriedperceivedtheulteriormotivesbut\"wasanxiousnottomiss\"theopportunityofbeingcrownedfortwofurtheryearsbeforethewholeMaybugClubandofbeinganobjectofpassion。SohemarriedMockelonMay22，1843aftershehadbecomeamemberoftheProtestantChurchdespiteherlackoffaith。
Thiswasdoneontheshabbypretextthat\"definitearticlesoffaitharelessimportantintheProtestantchurchthantheethicalspirit\"
（p。315）。
UnddaslerntmanausderGeschicht’，TrautkeinerblauenBlumenicht！
[Sothat’sthemoralofthetale：
TheBluestFlowerwillsoongrowstale。]
GottfriedhadestablishedtherelationshipwithMockelonthepretextofleadingheroutofherunfaithintotheProtestantChurch。MockelnowdemandedtheLifeofJesusbyD。F。Straussandlapsedintopaganism，\"whilewithheavyhearthefollowedheronthepathofdoubtandintotheabyssesofnegation。Togetherwithherhetoiledthroughthelabyrinthinejungleofmodernphilosophy\"（p。308）。
Heisdrivenintonegationnotbythedevelopmentofphilosophywhichevenatthattimebegantoimpingeonthemassesbutbytheinterventionofachanceemotionalrelationship。
Whathebringswithhimoutofthelabyrinthisrevealedinhisdiaries：
\"IshouldliketoseewhetherthemightyriverflowingfromKanttoFeuerbachwilldrivemeoutinto——Pantheism！\"（p。308）。
Hewritesjustasifthisparticularriverdidnotflowbeyondpantheism，andasifFeuerbachwerethelastwordinGermanphilosophy！
\"Thecorner-stoneofmylife\"，thediarygoesontosay，\"isnothistoricalknowledge，butacoherentsystem，andtheheartoftheologyisnotecclesiasticalhistorybutdogma\"（ibid。）。
HeisclearlyignorantofthefactthatthewholeachievementofGermanphilosophyliesinitsdissolutionofthecoherentsystemsintohistoricalknowledgeandtheheartofdogmaintoecclesiasticalhistory！——Intheseconfessionstheimageofthecounter-revolutionarydemocratstandsrevealedineverydetail。Forsuchapersonmovementisnothingmorethanameansbywhichtoarriveatafewirremovableeternaltruthsandthentosubsideintoaslothfultranquillity。
However，Gottfried’sapologeticbook-keepingofhiswholedevelopmentwillenablethereadertojudgetheintensityoftherevolutionaryimpulsethatlayconcealedinthemelodramatichammingofthistheologian。
IIThisbringstoaclosethefirstActofthedramaofKinkel’slifeandnothingworthyofmentionthenoccursbeforetheoutbreakoftheFebruaryRevolution。ThepublishinghouseofCottaacceptedhispoemsbutwithoutofferinghimaroyaltyandmostofthecopiesremainedunsolduntilthecelebratedstraybulletinBadengaveapoeticnimbustotheauthorandcreatedamarketforhisproducts。
Incidentally，ourbiographeromitsmentionofonemomentousfact。
Theself-confessedgoalofKinkel’sdesireswasthatheshoulddieasanoldtheatredirector：hisidealwasacertainoldEisenhutwhotogetherwithhistroupeusedtoroamupanddowntheRhineasatravellingPickelhäring[clown]andwhoafterwardswentmad。
AlongsidehislectureswiththeirrhetoricofthepulpitGottfriedalsogaveanumberoftheologicalandaestheticperformancesinColognefromtimetotime。WhentheFebruaryRevolutionbrokeout，heconcludedthemwiththispropheticutterance：
\"ThethunderofbattlereverberatesovertousfromParisandopensanewandgloriouseraforGermanyandthewholecontinentofEurope。TheragingstormwillbefollowedbyZephyr’sbreezeswiththeirmessageoffreedom。Onthisdayisbornthegreat，bountifulepochof——constitutionalmonarchy！\"
TheconstitutionalmonarchyexpresseditsthankstoKinkelforthiscomplimentbyappointinghimtoaprofessorialchair。Suchrecognitioncouldhowevernotsufficeforourgrandhommeenherbe。Theconstitutionalmonarchyshowednoeagernesstocausehis\"fametoencircletheglobe\"。Moreover，thelaurelsFreiligrathhadcollectedforhisrecentpoliticalpoemspreventedourcrownedMaybugpoetfromsleeping。HeinrichvonOfterdingen，therefore，resolveduponaswingtotheleftandbecamefirstaconstitutionaldemocratandthenarepublicandemocrat（honnêteetmodéré）。HesetouttobecomeadeputybuttheMayelectionstookhimneithertoBerlinnortoFrankfurt。Despitethisinitialsetbackhepursuedhisobjectiveundismayedanditcantruthfullybesaidthathedidnotsparehimself。
Hewiselylimitedhimselfatfirsttohisimmediateenvironment。HefoundedtheBonnerZeitung[BonnNews]，amodestlocalproductdistinguishedonlybythepeculiarfeeblenessofitsdemocraticrhetoricandthenaivetewithwhichitaspiredtosavethenation。HeelevatedtheMaybugClubtotherankofademocraticStudents’ClubandfromthistheredulyflowedahostofdisciplesthatboretheMaster’srenownintoeverycornerofthedistrictofBonn，importuningeveryassemblywiththefameofProfessorKinkel。Hehimselfpolitickedwiththegrocersintheirclub，heextendedabrotherlyhandtotheworthymanufacturersandevenhawkedthewarmbreathoffreedomamongthepeasantryofKindenichandSeelscheid。Aboveallhereservedhissympathyforthehonourablecasteofmastercraftsmen。Hewepttogetherwiththemoverthedecayofhandicrafts，themonstrouseffectsoffreecompetition，themoderndominanceofcapitalandofmachines。Togetherwiththemhedevisedplanstorestoretheguildsandtopreventtheviolationofguildregulationsbythejourneymen。SoastodoeverythingofwhichhewascapablehesetdowntheresultsofhispubdeliberationswiththepettyguildmastersinthepamphletentitledHandicraft，saveyourself！
LesttherebeanydoubtastoMr。Kinkel’spositionandtothesignificanceofhislittletractforFrankfurtandthenationhededicatedittothe\"thirtymembersoftheeconomiccommitteeoftheFrankfurtNationalAssembly\"。
HeinrichvonOfterdingen’sresearchesintothe\"beauty\"oftheartisanclassledhimimmediatelytothediscoverythat\"thewholeartisanclassisatpresentdividedbyayawningchasm\"（p。5）。Thischasmconsistsinthefactthatsomeartisans\"frequenttheclubsofthegrocersandofficials\"
（whatprogress！）andthatothersdonotdothisandalsointhefactthatsomeartisansareeducatedandothersarenot。Despitethischasmtheauthorregardstheartisans’clubs，theassembliesspringingupeverywhereinthebelovedfatherlandandtheagitationforimprovingthestateofhandicrafts（reminiscentofthecongressesàlaWinkelblech[24]of1848）astheportentofahappyfuture。Toensurethathisowngoodadviceshouldnotbemissingfromthisbeneficentmovementhedeviseshisownprogrammeofsalvation。
Hebeginsbyaskinghowtoeradicatetheevileffectsoffreecompetitionbyrestrictingitbutwithouteliminatingitaltogether。
Thesolutionsheproposesarethese：
\"Ayouthwholackstherequisiteabilityandmaturityshouldbedebarredbylawfrombecomingamaster\"（p。20）。
\"Nomastershallbepermittedtohavemorethanoneapprentice（p。29）
\"Thecourseofinstructioninacraftshallbeconcludedbyanexamination\"（p。30）。
\"Themasterofanapprenticemustunfailinglyattendtheexamination\"
（p。31）。
\"Onthequestionofmaturityitshouldbecomemandatorythathenceforthnoapprenticemaybecomeamasterbeforecompletionofhistwenty-fifthyear\"（p。42）。
\"Asevidenceofabilityeverycandidateforthetitleofmastershouldberequiredtopassapublicexamination\"（p。43）。
\"Inthiscontextitisofvitalimportancethattheexaminationshouldbefree\"（p。44）。\"Allprovincialmastersofthesameguildmustlikewisesubmitthemselvestothesameexamination\"（p。55）。
FriendGottfriedwhoishimselfapoliticalhawkerdesirestoabolishthe\"travellingtradesmanorhawker\"inother，profanewaresonthegroundsofthedishonestyofsuchwork。（p。60。）
\"Amanufacturerofcraftgoodsdesirestowithdrawhisassetsfromthebusinesstohisownadvantageand，dishonestly，tothedisadvantageofhiscreditors。Likeallambivalentthingsthisphenomenontooisdescribedbyaforeignword：itiscalledbankruptcy。Hethenquicklytakeshisfinishedproductstoaneighbouringtownandsellsthemtheretothehighestbidder\"
（p。64）。Theseauctions——\"inactualfactlikeasortofgarbagethatourdearneighbour，Commerce，disposesofinthegardenofHandicraft\"
——mustbeabolished。（Woulditnotbemuchsimpler，FriendGottfried，togototherootofthematterandabolishbankruptcyitself？）。
\"Ofcourse，theannualfairsareinaspecialposition\"（p。65）。
\"Thelawwillhavetobeflexiblesoastoallowthevariousplacestocallanassemblyofallthecitizenstodecidebymajorityvote（！）whetherpermanentannualfairsshouldberetainedorabolished\"（p。68）。
Gottfriednowcomestothe\"vexed\"questionoftherelationshipbetweenmanufactureandmachineindustryandproducesthefollowing：
\"Leteveryonesellonlythosegoodsthathehimselfproduceswithhisownhands。\"（p。80。）\"Becausemachinesandmanufacturehavegonetheirownwaystheyhavestrayedfromtheirtruepathsandnowbothareinasorryplight。\"（p。84）。
Hewishestounitethembygettingartisanssuchasthebookbinders，tobandtogetherandmaintainamachine。
\"Astheyonlyusethemachineforthemselvesandwhenitisrequiredtheywillbeabletoproducemorecheaplythanthefactoryowner\"（p。85）。
\"Capitalwillbebrokenbyassociation\"（p。84）。（Andassociationswillbebrokenbycapital。）
Hethengeneraliseshisideasaboutthe\"purchaseofamachinetorulelines，andtocutpaperandcardboard\"（p。85）fortheunitedcertificatedbookbindersofBonnandconceivesthenotionofa\"Machine-Chamber\"。
\"Confederationsofthevariousguildmastersmustsetupbusinesseseverywhere，similartothefactoriesofindividualbusinessmenthoughonasmallerscale。Thesewillworktoorder，exclusivelyforthebenefitoflocalmasters。Theywillnotacceptcommissionsfromotheremployers\"
（p。86）。
WhatdistinguishestheseMachineChambersisthefactthat\"acommercialmanagement\"willonly\"beneededinitially\"（ibid）。\"Everyideaasnovelasthisone\"，Gottfriedexclaims\"ecstatically\"，\"canonlybeputintopracticewhenallthedetailshavebeenthoughtoutinthemostsober，matteroffactway\"。Heurges\"eachandeverybranchofmanufacturetoperformthisanalysisforitself\"！（pp。87，88）。
Therefollowsapolemicagainstcompetitionfromthestateintheshapeofthelabourperformedbytheinmatesofprisons，reminiscencesaboutacolonyofcriminals（\"ThecreationofahumanSiberia\"（p。102）），andfinallyanattackonthe\"so-calledhandicraftcompaniesandhandicraftcommissions\"inthearmedforces。Theaimhereistoeasetheburdensimposedbythearmyontheartisanclassesbyinducingthestatetocommissiongoodsfromtheguildmastersthatitcoulditselfproducemorecheaply。
\"Thisdealssatisfactorilywiththeproblemsofcompetition\"（p。109）。
Gottfried’ssecondimportantpointtouchesonthematerialaidduetothemanufacturingclassesfromthestate。GottfriedregardsthestatesolelyfromthepointofviewofanofficialandhencearrivesattheopinionthattheeasiestandsurestwaytohelptheartisanisbydirectsubsidyfromtheTreasurytoerecttradehallsandsetuploan-funds。HowthefundsreachtheTreasuryinthefirstplaceisthe\"ugly\"sideoftheproblemandnaturallyenough，cannotbeinvestigatedhere。
Lastly，ourtheologianinevitablylapsesintotheroleofmoralpreacher。Hereadstheartisanclassamorallectureonself-help。Hefirstlycondemnsthe\"complaintsaboutlong-termborrowingandaboutdiscounts\"
（p。136），andinvitestheartisantoinspecthisownconscience：\"Doyoualwaysfixthesame，unchangingprice，myfriend，foreveryjobofworkthatyouundertake？\"（p。132）。Onthisoccasionhealsowarnstheartisanagainstmakingextortionatedemandson\"wealthyEnglishmen\"。\"Thewholerootoftheevil\"，accordingtothefantasiesthatinhabitGottfried’smind，\"isthesystemofannualaccounts\"（p。139）。ThisisfollowedbyJeremiadsaboutthewayinwhichtheartisanscarryoninthetavernsandtheirwivesindulgetheirloveoffinery（p。140ff。）。
Themeansbywhichtheartisanclassistobetteritselfare\"thecorporation，thesicknessfundandtheartisans’court\"（p。146）;andlastly，theworkers’educationalclubs（p。153）。Hereishisclosingstatementabouttheseeducationalclubs。