\"Andfinallytheunionofsongandoratorywillcreateabridgetodramaticperformancesandtheartisantheatrewhichmustconstantlybekeptinviewastheultimateobjectiveoftheseaestheticstrivings。Onlywhenthelabouringclasseslearnoncemorehowtomoveonthestagewilltheirartisticeducationbecomplete（pp。174-175）。
Gottfriedhasthussucceededinchangingtheartisanintoacomedianandhasarrivedbackathisownsituation。
ThiswholeflirtationwiththeguildaspirationsofthemastercraftsmeninBonndidnotfailtoachieveapracticalresult。InreturnforthesolemnpromisestopromotethecauseoftheguildsGottfried’selectionasMemberforBonnintheLowerChamberunderthedictatedconstitution[25]wascontrived。\"FromthismomentonGottfriedfelthappy。\"
HesetoffatonceforBerlinandashebelievedthatitwastheintentionofthegovernmenttoestablishapermanent\"corporation\"ofapprovedmastersinthecraftoflegislationintheLowerChamber，heactedasifheweretostaythereforeverandevendecidedtosendforhiswifeandchild。ButthentheChamberwasdissolvedandFriendGottfried，bitterlydisappointed，hadtoleavehisparliamentaryblissandgobacktoMockel。
SoonafterwardsconflictsbrokeoutbetweentheFrankfurtAssemblyandtheGermangovernmentsandthisledtotheupheavalsinSouthGermanyandontheRhine。TheFatherlandcalledandGottfriedobeyed。SiegburgwasthesiteofthearsenalfortheprovinceandnexttoBonnSiegburgwastheplacewhereGottfriedhadsowntheseedoffreedommostfrequently。
Hejoinedforceswithhisfriend，Anneke，aformerlieutenantandsummonedallhisloyalvassalstoamarchonSiegburg。Theyweretoassembleattheropeferry。MorethanahundredweresupposedtocomebutwhenafterwaitingalongtimeGottfriedcountedtheheadsofthefaithfultherewerebarelythirty——andoftheseonlythreewerestudents，totheundyingshameoftheMaybugClub！Undaunted，GottfriedandhisbandcrossedtheRhineandmarchedtowardsSiegburg。Thenightwasdarkanditwasdrizzling。
Suddenlythesoundofhorses’hoovescouldbeheardbehindourvaliantheroes。Theytookcoveratthesideoftheroad，apatroloflancersgallopedby：miserableknaveshadtalkedtoofreelyandtheauthoritieshadgotwindofit。Themarchwasnowfutileandhadtobeabandoned。ThepainthatGottfriedfeltinhisbreastthatnightcanonlybecomparedwiththetormentsheexperiencedwhenbothKnappandChamissodeclinedtoprintthefirstfloweringofhispoetictalentintheirmagazines。
AfterthishecouldremainnolongerinBonnbutsurelythePalatinatewouldprovidegreatscopeforhisactivities？HewenttoKaiserslauternandashehadtohaveajobheobtainedasinecureintheWarOffice（itissaidthathewasputinchargeofnavalaffairs）。Buthecontinuedtoearnhislivingbyhawkingaroundhisideasaboutfreedomandthepeople’sparadiseamongthepeasantsoftheregionanditissaidthathisreceptioninanumberofreactionarydistrictswasanythingbutcordial。DespitetheseminormisfortunesKinkelcouldbeseenoneveryhighroad，stridingalongpurposefully，hisrucksackonhisbackandfromthispointonheappearsinallthenewspapersaccompaniedbyhisrucksack。
ButtheupheavalsinthePalatinatewerequicklyterminatedandwediscoverKinkelagaininKarlsruhewhereinsteadoftherucksackhecarriesamusketwhichnowbecomeshispermanentemblem。Thismusketissaidtohavehadaverybeautifulaspect，i。e。abuttandstockmadeofmahoganyanditwascertainlyanartistic，aestheticmusket;therewasalsoanuglysidetoitandthiswasthefactthatGottfriedcouldneitherload，norsee，norshootnormarch。Somuchsothatafriendaskedhimwhyhewasgoingintobattleatall。WhereuponGottfriedreplied：Well，thefactisthatIcan’treturntoBonn，Ihavetolive！
InthiswayGottfriedjoinedtheranksofthewarriorsinthecorpsofthechivalrousWillich。Asanumberofhiscomradesinarmshavereliablyreported。Gottfriedservedasacommonpartisan，sharingallthevicissitudesofthiscompanywithhumility。Hewasasmerryandfriendlyinbadtimesasingood，buthewasmostlyengagedinmarauding。InRastatt，[26]however，thisunsulliedwitnesstotruthandjusticewastoundergothetestfromwhichhewouldemergeunblemishedandasamartyrtotheplauditsofthewholeGermannation。Theexactdetailsofthisexploithaveneverbeenestablishedwithanyaccuracy。Allthatisknownisthatatroopofpartisansgotlostinaskirmishandafewshotswerefiredontheirflank。AbulletgrazedGottfried’sheadandhefelltothegroundwiththecry\"Iamdead\"。Hewasnotinfactdeadbuthiswoundwasseriousenoughtopreventhimfromretreatingwiththeothers。
HewastakentoafarmhousewhereheturnedtotheworthyBlackForestpeasantswiththewords\"Saveme——IamKinkel！\"HerehewasdiscoveredbythePrussians，whodraggedhimoffintoBabyloniancaptivity。
IIIWithhiscaptureanewepochopenedinKinkel’slifeandatthesametimetherebegananewerainthehistoryofGermanPhilistinism。
TheMaybugClubhadscarcelyheardthenewsofhiscapturethantheywrotetoalltheGermanpapersthatKinkel，thegreatpoet，wasindangerofbeingsummarilyshotandexhortingtheGermanpeople，especiallytheeducatedamongthem，andaboveallthewomenandgirlstogivetheiralltosavethelifeoftheimprisonedpoet。Kinkelhimselfcomposedapoemataboutthistime，aswearetold，inwhichhecomparedhimselfto\"Christ，hisfriendandteacher\"，adding：\"Mybloodisshedforyou。\"Fromthispointonhisemblemisthelyre。InthiswayGermanysuddenlylearnedthatKinkelwasapoet，agreatpoetmoreover，andfromthismomentonthemassofGermanPhilistinesandaestheticisingdrivellersjoinedintheFarceoftheBlueFlowerputonbyourHeinrichvonOfterdingen。
InthemeantimethePrussiansbroughthimbeforeamilitarytribunal。
Forthefirsttimeafteralongintervalhesawhisopportunitytotryoutoneofthosemovingappealstothetearductsofhisaudiencewhich——accordingtoMockel——hadbroughthimsuchapplauseearlieronasanassistantpreacherinCologne。Colognetoowasdestinedsoontowitnesshismostgloriousperformanceinthissphere。HemadeaspeechinhisowndefencebeforethetribunalwhichthankstotheindiscretionofafriendwasunfortunatelymadeavailabletothepublicthroughthemediumoftheBerlinAbendpost。InthisspeechKinkel\"repudiatesanyconnectionbetweenhisactivitiesandthefilthandthedirtthat，asIwellknow，haslatterlyattacheditselftothisrevolution\"。
AfterthisrabidrevolutionaryspeechKinkelwassentencedtotwentyyearsdetentioninafortress。AsanactofgracethiswasreducedtoprisonwithhardlabourandhewasremovedtoNaugardwherehewasemployedinspinningwoolandsojustasformerlyhehadappearedwiththeemblemfirstoftherucksack，thenthemusketandthenthelyre，henowappearsinassociationwiththespinningwheel。Weshallseehimlaterwanderingovertheoceanaccompaniedbytheemblemofthepurse。
InthemeantimeacuriouseventtookplaceinGermany。ItiswellknownthattheGermanPhilistineisendowedbyNaturewithabeautifulsoul。Nowhefoundhismostcherishedillusionscruellyshatteredbythehardblowsoftheyear1849。Notasinglehopehadbecomerealityandeventhefast-beatingheartsofyoungmenbegantodespairaboutthefateofthefatherland。EveryheartyieldedtoalachrymosetorporandtheneedbegantobefeltforademocraticChrist，forarealorimaginedSuffererwhoinhistormentswouldbearthesinsofthePhilistineworldwiththepatienceofalambandwhosePassionwouldepitomiseinextremeformtheunrestrainedbutchronicself-pityofthewholeofPhilistinism。TheMaybugClub，withMockelatitshead，setouttosatisfythisuniversalneed。
Andindeed，whobetterfittedforthetaskofenactingthisgreatPassionFarcethanourcaptivepassion’dower，KinkelattheSpinningWheel，thisspongeabletoabsorbendlessfloodsofsentimentaltears，whowasinadditionpreacher，professoroffinearts，deputy，politicalcolporteur，musketeer，newlydiscoveredpoetandoldimpresarioallrolledintoone？KinkelwasthemanofthemomentandassuchhewasimmediatelyacceptedbytheGermanPhilistines。Everypaperaboundedinanecdotes，vignettes，poems，reminiscencesofthecaptivepoet，hissufferingsinprisonweremagnifiedathousandfoldandtookonmythicalstature;atleastonceamonthhishairwasreportedtohavegonegrey;ineverybourgeoismeeting-placeandateveryteapartyhewasrememberedwithgrief;thedaughtersoftheeducatedclassessighedoverhispoemsandoldmaidswhoknewwhatunrequitedpassionisweptfreelyinvariouscitiesatthethoughtofhisshatteredmanhood。Allotherprofanevictimsoftherevolutionarymovement，allwhohadbeenshot，whohadfalleninbattleorwhohadbeenimprisoneddisappearedintonaughtbesidethisonesacrificiallamb，besidethisoneheroaftertheheartsofthePhilistinesmaleandfemale。Forhimalonedidtheriversoftearsflow，andindeed，healonewasabletorespondtotheminkind。Inshort，wehavetheperfectimage，completeineverydetailofthedemocraticSiegwartepochwhichyieldedinnothingtotheliterarySiegwartepochoftheprecedingcenturyandSiegwart-Kinkelneverfeltmoreathomeinanyrolethaninthisonewherehecouldseemgreatnotbecauseofwhathedidbutbecauseofwhathedidnotdo。Hecouldseemgreatnotbydintofhisstrengthandhispowersofresistancebutthroughhisweaknessandspinelessbehaviourinasituationwherehisonlytaskwastosurvivewithdecorumandsentiment。
Mockel，however，wasableandexperiencedenoughtotakepracticaladvantageofthepublic’ssoftheartandsheimmediatelyorganisedahighlyefficientindustry。ShecausedallofGottfried’spublishedandunpublishedworkstobeprintedfortheyallsuddenlybecamefashionableandweremuchindemand;shealsofoundamarketforherownlife-experiencesfromtheinsectworld，e。g。，herStoryofaFirefly;sheemployedtheMaybugStrodtmanntoassembleGottfried’smostsecretdiary-feelingsandprostitutethemtothepublicforaconsiderablesumofmoney;sheorganisedcollectionsofeverykindandingeneralshedisplayedundeniabletalentandgreatperseveranceinconvertingthefeelingsoftheeducatedpublicintohardcash。Inadditionshehadthegreatsatisfaction\"ofseeingthegreatestmenofGermany，suchasAdolfStahr，meetingdailyinherownlittleroom\"。
TheclimaxofthiswholeSiegwartmaniawastobereachedattheAssizesinColognewhereGottfriedmadeaguestappearanceearlyin1850。ThiswasthetrialresultingfromtheattempteduprisinginSiegburgandKinkelwasbroughttoColognefortheoccasion。AsGottfried’sdiariesplaysuchaprominentpartinthissketchitwillbeappropriateifweinserthereanexcerptfromthediaryofaneyewitness。
\"Kinkel’swifevisitedhimingaol。Shewelcomedhimfrombehindthegrillwithverses;hereplied，Iunderstand，inhexameters;whereupontheybothsanktotheirkneesbeforeeachotherandtheprisoninspector，anoldsergeant-major，whowasstandingbywonderedwhetherhewasdealingwithmadmenorclowns。WhenaskedlaterbythechiefprosecutoraboutthecontentoftheirconversationhedeclaredthatthecouplehadindeedspokenGermanbutthathecouldnotmakeheadnortailofit。WhereuponMrs。Kinkelissupposedtohaveretortedthatamanwhowassowhollyinnocentofartandliteratureshouldnotbemadeaninspector。\"
FacedwiththejuryKinkelwriggledhiswayoutbyactingthepuretearjerker，thepoetasteroftheSiegwartperiodofthevintageofWerther’sSufferings。[27]
\"MembersoftheCourt，GentlemenoftheJury——theblueeyesofmychildren——thegreenwatersoftheRhine——itisnodishonourtoshakethehandoftheproletarian——thepallidlipsoftheprisoner——thepeacefulairofone’shome\"——andsimilarcrap：thatwaswhatthewholefamousspeechamountedtoandthepublic，thejury，theprosecutionandeventhepoliceshedtheirbitteresttearsandthetrialclosedwithaunanimousacquittalandanolessunanimousweepingandwailing。Kinkelisdoubtlessadear，goodmanbutheisalsoarepulsivemixtureofreligious，politicalandliteraryreminiscences。\"
It’senoughtomakeyousick。
FortunatelythisperiodofmiserywassoonterminatedbytheromanticliberationofKinkelfromSpandualgaol。Hisescapewasare-enactmentofthestoryofRichardLionheartandBlondelwiththedifferencethatthistimeitwasBlondelwhowasinprisonwhileLionheartplayedonthebarrel-organoutsideandthatBlondelwasanordinarymusic-hallminstrelandthelionwasbasicallymorelikearabbit。LionheartwasinfactthestudentSchurzfromtheMaybugClub，alittleintriguerwithgreatambitionsandlimitedachievementswhowashoweverintelligentenoughtohaveseenthroughthe\"GermanLamartine\"！NotlongaftertheescapestudentSchurzdeclaredinParisthatheknewverywellthatKinkelwasnolumenmundi，whereashe，Schurz，andnoneotherwasdestinedtobethefuturepresidentoftheGermanRepublic。Thismannikin，oneofthosestudents\"inbrownjacketsandpale-blueovercoats\"whomGottfriedhadoncefollowedwithhisgloomilyflashingeyessucceededinfreeingKinkelatthecostofsacrificingsomepoordevilofawarderwhoisnowdoingtimeelevatedbythefeelingofbeingamartyrforfreedom——thefreedomofGottfriedKinkel。
IVWenextmeetKinkelagaininLondon，andthistime，thankstohisprisonfameandthesentimentalityoftheGermanPhilistines，hehasbecomethegreatestmaninGermany。MindfulofhissublimemissionFriendGottfriedwasabletoexploitalltheadvantagesofthemoment。
HisromanticescapegavenewimpetustotheKinkelcultinGermanyandheadroitlydirectedthisontoapaththatwasnotwithoutbeneficialmaterialconsequences。AtthesametimeLondonprovidedthemuchveneratedmanwithanew，complexarenainwhichtoreceiveevengreateracclaim。Hedidnothesitate：hewouldhavetobethenewlionoftheseason。Withthisinmindherefrainedforthetimebeingfromallpoliticalactivityandwithdrewintotheseclusionofhishomeinordertogrowabeard，withoutwhichnoprophetcansucceed。AfterthathevisitedDickens，theEnglishliberalnewspapers，theGermanbusinessmenintheCityandespeciallytheaestheticJewsinthatplace。Hewasallthingstoallmen：tooneapoet，toanotherapatriotingeneral，professoroffineartstoathird，Christtothefourth，thepatientlysufferingOdysseustothefifth。Toeveryone，however，heappearedasthegentle，artistic，benevolentandhumanitarianGottfried。
HedidnotrestuntilDickenshadeulogisedhimintheHouseholdWords，untiltheIllustratedNewshadpublishedhisportrait。HeinducedthefewGermansinLondonwhohadbeeninvolvedintheKinkelmaniaevenatadistancetoallowthemselvestobeinvitedtolecturesonmoderndrama。
OncehehadorganisedtheminthiswayticketstotheselecturesfloodedintothehomesofthelocalGermanpopulation。Norunningaround，noadvertisement，nocharlatanism，noimportunitywasbeneathhim;inreturn，however，hedidnotgounrewarded。GottfriedsunnedhimselfcomplacentlyinthemirrorofhisownfameandinthegiganticmirroroftheCrystalPalaceoftheworld。Andwemaysaythathenowfelttremendouslycontent。
Therewasnolackofpraiseforhislectures（seeKosmos）。
Kosmos：\"Kinkel’sLectures\"
\"WhilelookingonceatDobler’spaintingsofmistylandscapesIwassurprisedbythewhimsicalquestionofwhetheritwaspossibletoproducesuchchaoticcreationsinwords，whetheritwaspossibletouttermistyimages。Itisnodoubtunpleasantforthecritictohavetoconfessthatinthiscasehiscriticalautonomywillvibrateagainstthegalvanizednervesofanexternalreminiscence，asthefadingsoundofadyingnoteechoesinthestrings。NeverthelessIwouldprefertorenounceanyattemptatabewiggedandboringanalysisofpedanticinsensitivitythantodenythattonewhichthecharmingmuseoftheGermanrefugeecausedtoresonateinmysensibility。ThisgroundnoteofKinkel’spaintings，thissoundingboardofhischordsisthesonorous，creative，formativeandgraduallyshaping’word’——’modernthought’。To’judge’thisthoughtistoleadtruthoutofthechaosofmendacioustraditions，toconstituteitastheindestructiblepropertyoftheworldandassuchtoplaceitundertheprotectionofspirituallyactive，logicalminoritieswhowilleducatetheworldleadingitfromacredulousignorancetoastateofmorescepticalscience。Itisthetaskofthescienceofdoubttoprofanethemysticismofpiousdeceit，tounderminetheabsolutismofanatrophiedtradition。
Sciencemustemployscepticism，thatceaselesslylabouringguillotineofphilosophy，todecapitateacceptedauthorityandtoleadthenationsoutofthemistyregionsoftheocracybymeansofrevolutionintothelusciousmeadowsofdemocracy\"（ofnonsense）。\"Thesustained，unflaggingsearchintheannalsofmankindandtheunderstandingofmanhimselfisthegreattaskofallrevolutionariesandthishadbeenunderstoodbythatproscribedpoetrebelwhoonthreerecentMondayeveningsutteredhissubversiveviewsbeforeabourgeoisaudienceinthecourseofhislecturesonthehistoryofthemoderntheatre。\"
\"AWorker\"
ItisgenerallyclaimedthatthisworkerisaverycloserelationofKinkel’s——namelyMockel——asindeedseemslikelyfromtheuseofsuchexpressionsas\"sounding-board\"，\"fadingsound\"，\"chords\"and\"galvanizednerves\"。
However，eventhisperiodofhard-earnedpleasurewasnottolastforever。TheLastJudgementontheexistingworld-order，thedemocraticdayofjudgement，namelythemuchcelebratedMay1852[28]wasdrawingevercloser。InordertoconfrontthisdayallbootedandspurredKinkelhadtodonhispoliticallionskinoncemore：hehadtomakecontactwiththe\"Emigration\"。
SowecometotheLondon\"Emigration\"，thishotchpotchofformermembersoftheFrankfurtParliament，theBerlinNationalAssembly，andChamberofDeputies，ofgentlemenfromtheBadenCampagne，GargantuasfromtheComedyoftheImperialConstitution，[29]writerswithoutapublic，loudmouthsfromthedemocraticclubsandcongresses，twelfth-ratejournalistsandsoforth。
Theheroesofthe1848revolutioninGermanyhadbeenonthepointofcomingtoastickyendwhenthevictoryof’’tyranny’’rescuedthem，sweptthemoutofthecountryandmadesaintsandmartyrsofthem。Theyweresavedbythecounter-revolution。ThecourseofcontinentalpoliticsbroughtmostofthemtoLondonwhichthusbecametheirEuropeancentre。
Itisevidentthatsomethinghadtohappen，somethinghadtobearrangedtoremindthepublicdailyoftheexistenceoftheseworld-liberators。
Atallcostsitmustnotbecomeobviousthatthecourseofuniversalhistorymightbeabletoproceedwithouttheinterventionofthesemightymen。
Themorethisrefuseofmankindfounditselfhinderedbyitsownimpotenceasmuchasbytheprevailingsituationfromundertakinganyrealaction，themorezealouslydiditindulgeinspuriousactivitywhoseimagineddeeds，imaginedparties，imaginedstrugglesandimaginedinterestshavebeensonoisilytrumpetedabroadbythoseinvolved。Thelessabletheyweretobringaboutanewrevolutionthemoretheydiscountedtheimportanceofsuchaneventualityintheirminds，whiletheyconcentratedonsharingouttheplumjobsandenjoyingtheprospectoffuturepower。Theformtakenbythisself-importantactivitywasthatofamutualinsurancecluboftheheroes-to-beandthereciprocalguaranteeofgovernmentposts。
VThefirstattempttocreatesuchan\"organisation\"
tookplaceasearlyastheSpringof1850。Amagniloquent\"draftcirculartoGermandemocrats\"washawkedaroundLondoninmanuscriptformtogetherwitha\"CoveringLettertotheLeaders\"。Itcontainedanexhortationtofoundauniteddemocraticchurch。ItsimmediateaimwastoformaCentralOfficetodealwiththeaffairsofGermanémigrés，tosetupacentraladministrationforrefugeeproblems，tostartaprintingpressinLondon，andtouniteallpatriotsagainstthecommonenemy。TheEmigrationwouldthenbecomethecentreoftheinternalrevolutionarymovement，theorganisationoftheEmigrationwouldbethebeginningofacomprehensivedemocraticorganisation，theoutstandingpersonalitiesamongthemembersoftheCentralOfficewouldbepaidsalariesraisedbytaxesleviedontheGermanpeople。Thistaxproposalseemedallthemoreappropriateas\"theGermanEmigrationhadgoneabroadnotmerelywithoutarespectableherobutwhatisevenworse，withoutcommonassets\"。ItisnosecretthattheHungarian，PolishandFrenchcommitteesalreadyinexistenceprovidedthemodelforthis\"organisation\"andthewholedocumentisredolentofenvyoftheprivilegedpositionoftheseprominentallies。
ThecircularwasthejointproductionofMessrs。RudolphSchrammandGustavStruve，behindwhomlayconcealedthemerryfigureofMr。ArnoldRuge，acorrespondingmemberlivinginOstendatthetime。
Mr。RudolphSchramm——arowdy，loudmouthedandextremelyconfusedlittlemannikinwhoselife-mottocamefromRameau’sNephew：\"Iwouldratherbeanimpudentwindbagthanbenothingatall。\"
Whenattheheightofhispower，Mr。Camphausen[30]wouldgladlyhavegiventheyoungforwardCrefelderanimportantpost，haditbeenpermissibletoelevateajuniorofficial。ThankstobureaucraticetiquetteMr。Schrarnmfoundonlythecareerofademocratopentohim。
AndinthisprofessionhereallydidadvanceatonepointtothepostofPresidentoftheDemocraticClubinBerlinandwiththesupportofsomeleft-wingMembersofParliamenthebecametheDeputyforStriegauintheBerlinNationalAssembly。HerethenormallysoloquaciousSchrammdistinguishedhimselfbyhisobstinatesilence，whichwasaccompanied，however，byanuninterruptedseriesofgrunts。AftertheAssemblyhadbeendissolved[31]ourdemocraticmanofthepeoplewroteapamphletinsupportofaconstitutionalmonarchybutthisdidnotsufficetogethimre-elected。Later，atthetimeoftheBrentanogovernmentheappearedmomentarilyinBadenandthereinthe\"ClubforResoluteProgress\"hebecameacquaintedwithStruve。OnhisarrivalinLondonhedeclaredhisintentionofwithdrawingfromallpoliticalactivityforwhichreasonhethenpublishedthecircularreferredtoabove。EssentiallyabureaucratMr。Schrammimaginedthathisfamilyrelationsqualifiedhimtorepresenttheradicalbourgeoisieinexileandhedidindeedpresentafaircaricatureoftheradicalbourgeois。
GustavStruveisoneofthemoreimportantfiguresoftheemigration。Attheveryfirstglimpseofhisleatheryappearance，hisprotuberanteyeswiththeirsly，stupidexpression，themattgleamonhisbaldpateandhishalfSlav，halfKalmuckfeaturesonecannotdoubtthatoneisinthepresenceofanunusualman。Andthisfirstimpressionisconfirmedbyhislow，gutturalvoice，hisoilymannerofspeakingandtheairofsolemngravityheimpartstohisgestures。Tobejustitmustbesaidthatfacedwiththegreatlyincreaseddifficultiesofdistinguishingoneselfthesedays，ourGustavatleastmadetheefforttoattractattentionbyusinghisdiversetalents——heispartprophet，partspeculator，partbunionhealer——centringhisactivitiesonallkindsofperipheralmattersandmakingpropagandaforthestrangestassortmentofcauses。Forexample，hewasbornaRussianbutsuddenlytookitintohisheadtoenthuseaboutthecauseofGermanfreedomafterhehadbeenemployedinaminorcapacityintheRussianembassytotheFederalDietandhadwrittenalittlepamphletindefenceoftheDiet。Regardinghisownskullasnormalhesuddenlydevelopedaninterestinphrenologyandfromthenonherefusedtotrustanyonewhoseskullhehadnotyetfeltandexamined。Healsogaveupeatingmeatandpreachedthegospelofstrictvegetarianism;hewas，moreover，aweather-prophet，heinveighedagainsttobaccoandwasprominentintheinterestofGermanCatholicismandwater-cures。Inharmonywithhisthoroughgoinghatredofscientificknowledgeitwasnaturalthatheshouldbeinfavouroffreeuniversitiesinwhichthefourfacultieswouldbereplacedbythestudyofphrenology，physiognomy，chiromancyandnecromancy。Itwasalsoquiteincharacterforhimtoinsistthathemustbecomeagreatwritersimplybecausehismodeofwritingwastheantithesisofeverythingthatcouldbeheldtobestylisticallyacceptable。
IntheearlyFortiesGustavhadalreadyinventedtheDeutscherZuschauer，alittlepaperthathepublishedinMannheim，thathepatentedandthatpursuedhimeverywhereasanidéefixe。HealsomadethediscoveryataroundthistimethatRotteck’sHistoryoftheWorldandtheRotteck-WelckerLexiconofPolitics，thetwoworksthathadbeenhisOldandNewTestaments，wereoutofdateandinneedofanewdemocraticedition。ThisrevisionGustavundertookwithoutdelayandpublishedanextractfromitinadvanceunderthetitleTheBasicElementsofPoliticalScience。Hearguedthattherevisionhadbecome\"anundeniablenecessitysince1848asthelate-lamentedRotteckhadnotexperiencedtheeventsofrecentyears\"。
InthemeantimetherebrokeoutinBadeninquicksuccessionthethree\"popularuprisings\"thatGustavhasplacedintheverycentreofthewholemoderncourseofworldhistory。Drivenintoexilebytheveryfirstoftheserevolts（Hacker’s）andoccupiedwiththetaskofpublishingtheDeutscherZuschaueronceagain，thistimefromBasel，hewasthendealtahardblowbyfatewhentheMannheimpublishercontinuedtoprinttheDeutscherZuschauerunderadifferenteditor。ThebattlebetweenthetrueandthefalseDeutscherZuschauerwassobitterlyfoughtthatneitherpapersurvived。TocompensateforthisGustavdevisedaconstitutionfortheGermanFederalRepublicinwhichGermanywastobedividedinto24republics，eachwithapresidentandtwochambers;heappendedaneatmaponwhichthewholeproposalcouldbeclearlyseen。
InSeptember1848thesecondinsurrectionbeganinwhichourGustavactedasbothCaesarandSocrates。HeusedthetimegrantedhimonGermansoiltoissueseriouswarningstotheBlackForestPeasantryaboutthedeleteriouseffectsofsmokingtobacco。InLörrachhepublishedhisMoniteurwiththetitleofGovernmentOrgan——GermanFreeState——Freedom，Prosperity，Education。Thispublicationcontainedinteraliathefollowingdecree：
\"Article1。Theextrataxof10percentongoodsimportedfromSwitzerlandisherebyabolished;
Article2。ChristianMüller，theCustomsOfficeristobegiventhetaskofimplementingthismeasure。\"
HewasaccompaniedinallhistrialsbyhisfaithfulAmaliawhosubsequentlypublishedaromanticaccountofthem。Shewasalsoactiveinadministeringtheoathtocapturedgendarmes，foritwashercustomtofastenaredbandaroundthearmofeveryonewhosworeallegiancetotheGermanFreeStateandtogivehimabigkiss。UnfortunatelyGustavandAmaliaweretakenprisonerandlanguishedingaolwheretheimperturbableGustavatonceresumedhisrepublicantranslationofRotteck’sHistoryoftheWorlduntilhewasliberatedbytheoutbreakofthethirdinsurrection。Gustavnowbecameamemberofarealprovisionalgovernmentandthemaniaforprovisionalgovernmentswasnowaddedtohisotheridéesfixes。AsPresidentoftheWarCouncilhehastenedtointroduceasmuchmuddleaspossibleintohisdepartmentandtorecommendthe\"traitor\"MayerhoferforthepostofMinisterforWar（viceGoegg，Retrospect，Paris1850）。LaterhevainlyaspiredtothepostofForeignMinisterandtohave60，000Florinsplacedathisdisposal。Mr。BrentanosoonrelievedGustavoftheburdensofgovernmentandGustavnowenteredthe\"ClubofResoluteProgress\"fromwhichhebecameleaderoftheopposition。HedelightedaboveallinopposingtheverymeasuresofBrentanowhichhehadhithertosupported。
EventhoughtheClubtoowasdisbandedandGustavhadtofleetothePalatinatethisdisasterhaditspositivesideforitenabledhimtoissueonefurthernumberoftheinevitableDeutscherZuschauerinNeustadtanderHaardt——thiscompensatedGustavformuchundeservedsuffering。Afurthersatisfactionwasthathewassuccessfulinaby-electioninsomeremotecorneroftheuplandsandwasnominatedmemberoftheBadenConstituentAssemblywhichmeantthathecouldnowreturninanofficialcapacity。
InthisAssemblyGustavonlydistinguishedhimselfbythefollowingthreeproposalsthatheputforwardinFreiburg：（1）OnJune28th：everyonewhoentersintodealingswiththeenemyshouldbedeclaredatraitor。（2）OnJune30th：anewprovisionalgovernmentshouldbeformedinwhichStruvewouldhaveaseatandavote。（3）OnthesamedaythatthepreviousmotionwasdefeatedheproposedthatasthedefeatatRastatthadrenderedallresistancefutiletheuplandsshouldbesparedtheterrorsofwarandthatthereforeallofficialsandsoldiersshouldreceivetendays’wagesandmembersoftheAssemblyshouldreceivetendays’expensestogetherwithtravellingcostsafterwhichtheyshouldallrepairtoSwitzerlandtotheaccompanimentoftrumpetsanddrums。WhenthisproposaltoowasrejectedGustavsetoutforSwitzerlandonhisownandhavingbeendrivenfromthencebyJamesFazy’sstickheretreatedtoLondonwhereheatoncecametotheforewithyetanotherdiscovery，namelytheSixscourgesofmankind。Thesesixscourgeswere：theprinces，thenobles，thepriests，thebureaucracy，thestandingarmy，mammonandbedbugs。ThespiritinwhichGustavinterpretedthelamentedRotteckcanbegaugedfromthefurtherdiscoverythatmammonwastheinventionofLouisPhilippe。GustavpreachedthegospelofthesixscourgesintheDeutscheLondonerZeitung[GermanLondonNews]
whichbelongedtotheex-DukeofBrunswick。Hewasamplyrewardedforthisactivityandinreturnhegratefullybowedtotheducalcensorship。SomuchforGustav’srelationswiththefirstscourge，theprinces。Asforhisrelationshipwiththenobles，thesecondscourge，ourmoralandreligiousrepublicanhadvisitingcardsprintedonwhichhefiguredas\"BaronvonStruve\"。Ifhisrelationswiththeremainingscourgeswerelessamicablethiscannotbehisfault。GustavthenmadeuseofhisleisuretimeinLondontodevisearepublicancalendarinwhichthesaintswerereplacedbyright-mindedmenandthenames\"Gustav\"and\"Amelia\"wereparticularlyprominent。ThemonthsweredesignatedbyGermanequivalentsofthoseinthecalendaroftheFrenchRepublicandtherewereanumberofothercommonplacesforthecommongood。Fortherest，theremainingidéesfixesmadetheirappearanceagaininLondon：GustavmadehastetorevivetheDeutscherZuschauerandtheClubofResoluteProgressandtoformaprovisionalgovernment。OnallthesemattershefoundhimselfofonemindwithSchrammandinthiswaythecircularcameintobeing。
Thethirdmemberofthealliance，thegreatArnoldRugewithhisairofasergeant-majorlivinginhopesofcivilianemploymentoutshinesinglorythewholeoftheemigration。Itcannotbesaidthatthisnoblemancommendshimselfbyhisnotablyhandsomeexterior;ParisacquaintanceswerewonttosumuphisPomeranian-Slavfeatureswiththeword\"ferret-face\"（figuredefouine）。ArnoldRuge，thesonofpeasantsoftheisleofRugen，hadenduredsevenyearsinPrussianprisonsfordemocraticagitation。HeembracedHegelianphilosophyassoonashehadrealisedthatoncehehadleafedthroughHegel’sEncyclopaediahecoulddispensewiththestudyofallotherscience。Healsodevelopedtheprinciple（describedinaNovelleandwhichheattemptedtopracticeonhisfriends——poorGeorgHerweghcanvouchforthetruthofthis），ofprofitingfrommarriageandheearlyacquireda\"substantialproperty\"inthismanner。
DespitehisHegelianphrasesandhissubstantialpropertyhedidnotadvancebeyondthepostofportertoGermanphilosophy。IntheHallische-Jahrbücher[HalleAnnals]andtheDeutsche-Jahrbücher[GermanAnnals]
itwashistasktoannounceandtotrumpetthenamesofthegreatphilosophersofthefutureandheshowedthathewasnotwithouttalentinexploitingthemforhisownpurposes。Unfortunately，theperiodofphilosophicalanarchysoonsupervened，thatperiodwhensciencenolongerhadauniversallyacknowledgedking，whenStrauss，BrunoBauerandFeuerbadhfoughtamongthemselvesandwhenthemostdiversealienelementsbegantodisruptthesimplicityofclassicaldoctrine。Rugelookedonhelplessly，henolongerknewwhichpathtotake;hisHegeliancategorieshadalwaysoperatedinavacuum，nowtheyrancompletelyamokandhesuddenlyfelttheneedforamightymovementinwhichexactthoughtandwritingwerenotindispensable。
RugeplayedthesameroleintheHallischeJahrbücherasthelatebooksellerNicolaihaddoneintheoldBerlinerMonatsschrft[BerlinMonthlyMagazine]。Likethelatterhisambitionwastoprinttheworksofothersandinsodoing，toderivematerialadvantageandalsotoquarryliterarysustenancefortheeffusionsofhisownbrain。TheonlydifferencewasthatinthisliterarydigestiveprocesswithitsinevitableendproductRugewentmuchfurtherthandidhismodelinrewritinghiscollaborators’articles。Moreover，RugewasnottheporterofGermanEnlightenment，hewastheNicolaiofmodernGermanphilosophyandthuswasabletoconcealthenaturalbanalityofhisgeniusbehindathickhedgeofspeculativejargon。LikeNicolaihefoughtvaliantlyagainstRomanticismbecauseHegelhaddemolisheditphilosophicallyintheaestheticsandHeinehaddonethesamethingfromthepointofviewofliteratureinTheRomanticSchool。UnlikeHegelheagreedwithNicolaiinarrogatingtohimselftherightasananti-RomantictosetupavulgarPhilistinismandaboveallhisownPhilistinicselfasanidealofperfection。WiththisinmindandsoastodefeattheenemyonhisowngroundRugewentinformakingverses。NoDutchmancouldhaveachievedthedullflatnessofthesepoemswhichRugehurledsochallenginglyintothefaceofRomanticism。
AndingeneralourPomeranianthinkerdidnotreallyfeelateaseinHegelianphilosophy。Ableashewasindetectingcontradictionshewasallthemorefeebleinresolvingthemandhehadaveryunderstandablehorrorofdialectics。Theupshotwasthatthecrudestpossiblecontradictionsdweltpeaceablytogetherinhisdogmaticbrainandthathispowersofunderstanding，neververyagile，werenowheremoreathomethaninsuchmixedcompany。
Itisnotunknownforhimtoreadsimultaneouslytwoarticlesbytwodifferentwritersandtoconflatethemintoasinglenewproductwithoutnoticingthattheyhadbeenwrittenfromtwoopposingviewpoints。Alwaysridingfirmlybetweenhisowncontradictionshesoughttoextricatehimselffromcondemnationbythetheoristsbydeclaringhisfaultytheorytobe\"practical\"，whileatthesametimehewoulddisarmthepracticalbyinterpretinghispracticalclumsinessandinconsequentialityastheoreticalexpertise。Hewouldendbysanctifyinghisownentanglementininsolublecontradictions，hischaoticallyuncriticalfaithinpopularslogansbyregardingthemasproofthathewasamanof\"principle\"。
BeforewegoontoconcernourselveswiththefurthercareerofourMauriceofSaxony，ashelikedtostylehimselfinhisintimatecircleorfriends，wewouldpointtotwoqualitieswhichmadetheirappearancealreadyintheJahrbücher。Thefirstishismaniaformanifestos。NosoonerhadsomeonehatchedanovelopinionthatRugebelievedtohaveafuturethanhewouldissueamanifesto。Asno-onereproacheshimwitheverhavinggivenbirthtoanoriginalthoughtofhisown，suchmanifestoswerealwayssuitableopportunitytoclaimthisnovelideaashisownpropertyinamoreorlessdeclamatoryfashion。Thiswouldbefollowedbytheattempttoformaparty，a\"mass\"whichwouldstandbehindhimandtowhomhecouldactassergeant-major。WeshallseelatertowhatunbelievableheightsofperfectionRugehaddevelopedtheartoffabricatingmanifestos，proclamationsandpronunciamentos。ThesecondqualityistheparticulardiligenceinwhichArnoldexcels。Ashedoesnotcaretostudyovermuch，orasheputsit\"totransferideasfromonelibraryintoanother\"，heprefers\"togainhisknowledgefreshfromlife\"。Hemeansbythistonotedownconscientiouslyeveryeveningallthewitty，novelorbrightideasthathehasread，heardorjustpickedupduringtheday。AsopportunityarisesthesematerialsarethenmadetocontributetoUrge’sdailystintwhichhelaboursatjustasconscientiouslyasathisotherbodilyneeds。Itisthisthathisadmirersrefertowhentheysaythathecannotholdhisink。Thesubjectofhisdailyliteraryproductionisamatterofcompleteindifference;whatisvitalisthatRugeshouldbeabletoimmerseeverypossibletopicinthatwonderfulstylisticsaucethatgoeswitheverythingjustliketheEnglishwhoenjoytheirSoyer’srelishorWorcesterSauceequallywithfish，fowl，cutletsoranythingelse。Thisdailystylisticdiarrhoeahelikestodesignatethe\"all-pervadingbeautifulform\"andheregardsitasadequategroundsforpassinghimselfoffasanartist。
ContentedasRugewastobetheSwissguardofGermanphilosophyhestillhadasecretsorrowgnawingathisinnermostvitals。HehadnotwrittenasinglelargebookandhaddailytoenvythehappyBrunoBauerwhohadpublished18fatvolumeswhilestillayoungman。ToreducethediscrepancyRugehadoneandthesameessayprintedthreetimesinoneandthesamevolumeunderdifferenttitlesandthenbroughtoutthesamevolumeinanumberofdifferentformats。InthiswayArnoldRuge’sCompleteWorkscameintobeingandeventodayhederivesmuchpleasurefromcountingthemeverymorningvolumebyvolumeastheystandthereneatlyboundinhislibrary，whereuponheexclaimsjoyfully：\"Andanyway，BrunoBauerisamanwithoutprinciples！\"
EventhoughArnolddidnotmanagetocomprehendtheHegeliansystemofphilosophy，hedidsucceedinrepresentingoneHegeliancategoryinhisownperson。Hewastheveryincarnationofthe\"honestconsciousness\"
andwasstrengthenedinthiswhenhemadethepleasantdiscoveryinthePhenomenology——abookthatwasotherwiseclosedtohimandboundwithsevenseals——thatthehonestconsciousness\"alwayshaspleasureinitself\"。ThoughhewearshisintegrityonhissleevethehonestconsciousnessusesittoconcealthepettymaliceandcrotchetinessofthePhilistine;
hehastherighttoallowhimselfeverykindofbaseactionbecauseheknowsthathisbasenessspringsfromhonestmotives。Hisverystupiditybecomesavirtuebecauseitisanirrefutableproofthathestandsupforhisprinciples。Despiteeveryarrièrepenséeheisfirmlyconvincedofhisownintegrityandhoweverbaseorfilthyanintendedactmaybeitdoesnotpreventhimfromappearingsincereandtrusting。
Beneaththehaloofgoodintentionsallthepettymeannessesofthecitizenbecometransformedintoasmanyvirtues;sordidself-interestappearsasaninnocentbabewhendresseduptolooklikeapieceofself-sacrifice;
cowardiceappearsdisguisedasahigherformofcourage，basenessbecomesmagnanimity，andthecoarsemannersofthepeasantbecomeennobled，andindeedtransfiguredintothesignsofdecencyandgoodhumour。Thisisthegutterintowhichthecontradictionsofphilosophy，democracyandtheclichéindustryallpour;suchamanismoreoverrichlyendowedwithallthevices，themeanandpettyqualities，withtheslynessandthestupidity，thegreedandtheclumsiness，theservilityandthearrogance，theuntrustworthinessandthebonhomieoftheemancipatedserf，thepeasant;
Philistineandideologist，atheistandsloganworshipper，absoluteignoramusandabsolutephilosopherallinone——thatisArnoldRugeasHegelforetoldhimin1806。
AftertheDeutscheJahrbücherweresuppressedRugetransportedhisfamilytoParisinacarriagespeciallydesignedforthepurpose。Here，hisunluckystarbroughthimintocontactwithHeinewhohonouredhimasthemanwho\"hadtranslatedHegelintoPomeranian\"。
HeineaskedhimwhetherPrutzwasnotapseudonymofhiswhichRugecoulddenyingoodconscience。However，itwasnotpossibletomakeHeinebelievethatanyonebutArnoldwastheauthorofPrutz’spoems。HeinealsodiscoveredverysoonthateventhoughRugehadnotalentheknewverywellhowtogivetheappearanceofbeingamanofcharacter。ThusitcameaboutthatFriendArnoldgaveHeinetheideaforhisAttaTroll。IfRugewasnotabletoimmortalisehissojourninParisbywritingagreatworkheatleastdeservesourthanksfortheoneHeineproducedforhim。Ingratitudethepoetwroteforhimthiswell-knownepitaph：
AttaTroll，Tendenzbar;sittlichReligios;alsGattebrunstig;
DurchVerfuhrtseinvondemZeitgeistWaldursprduglichSansculotte;
Sehrschlechttanzend，dochGesinnungTragendinderzoutgenHochbrust;
Manchmalauchgestunkenhabend;
KeinTalent，docheinCharakter！
[AttaTroll，reformingbear，Pureandpious;apassionatehusband，BytheZeitgeistledastrayAbackwoodssansculotte，DancesbadlybutidealsDwellwithinhisshaggybreastOftenstinkingverystrongly——
Talentnone，butCharacter]
InParisourArnoldexperiencedthemisfortuneofbecominginvolvedwiththeCommunists。HepublishedarticlesbyMarxandEngelsintheDeutsch-FranzösischeJahrbücherthatcontainedviewsrunningdirectlycountertothosehehadhimselfannouncedinthePreface，anaccidenttowhichtheAugsburgerAllgemeineZeitungdrewhisattentionbutwhichheborewithphilosophicalresignation。
ToovercomeaninnatesocialawkwardnessRugehascollectedasmallnumberofcuriousanecdotesthatcouldbeusedonanyoccasion。Hecallstheseanecdotesjokes。Hispreoccupationwiththesejokes，sustainedovermanyyears，finallyledtothetransformationofallevents，situationsandcircumstancesintoaseriesofpleasantorunpleasant，goodorbad，importantortrivial，interestingorboringjokes。TheParisupheavals，themanynewimpressions，socialism，politics，thePalais-Royal，thecheapnessoftheoysters——allthesethingswroughtsopowerfullyonthemindofthisunhappywretchthathisheadwentroundandroundinapermanentandincurablewhirlofjokesandParisitselfbecameanunlimitedstorehouseofjokes。Oneofthebrightestofthesejokeswastheideaofusingwoodshavingstomakecoatsfortheproletariatandingeneralhehadafoibleforindustrialjokesforwhichhecouldneverfindenoughshare-holders。
WhenthebetterknownGermanswereexpelledfromFranceRugecontrivedtoavoidthisfatebypresentinghimselftotheminister，Duchâtel，asasavantsérieux。HeevidentlyhadinmindthescholarinPauldeKock’sAmantdelalune，whoestablishedhimselfasasavantbymeansofanoriginaldeviceforpropellingcorksthroughtheair。ShortlyafterwardsArnoldwenttoSwitzerlandwherehejoinedforceswithaformerDutchNCO，ColognewriterandPrussiantaxsubinspector，calledHeinzen。Bothweresoonboundtogetherbythebondsofthemostintimatefriendship。HeinzenlearntphilosophyfromRuge，RugelearntpoliticsfromHeinzen。FromthistimeonwedetectinRugeagrowingnecessitytoappearasaphilosopherparexcellenceonlyamongthecoarserelementsoftheGermanmovement，afatethatledhimdownanddownuntilatlasthewasacceptedasaphilosopheronlybynon-conformistparsons（Dulon），Germancatholicparsons（Ronge）andFannyLewald。AtthesametimeanarchywasgrowingapaceinGermanphilosophy。Stirner’sTheSelfanditsOwn，Stein’sSocialism，Communism，etc。，allrecentintruders，droveRuge’ssenseofhumourtobreaking-point：agreatleapmustbeventured。
SoRugeescapedintohumanism，thesloganwithwhichallConfusionistsinGermanyfromReuchlintoHerderhavecovereduptheirembarrassment。
ThissloganseemedallthemoreappropriateasFeuerbachhadonlyrecently\"rediscoveredman\"andArnoldfastenedontoitwithsuchdesperationthathehasnotletgoofittothisday。ButwhilestillinSwitzerlandArnoldmadeyetanother，incomparablygreaterdiscovery。Thiswasthat\"theegobyappearingfrequentlybeforethepublicprovesitselfacharacter\"。FromthispointonanewfieldofactivityopenedforArnold。Henowerectedthemostshamelessmeddlingandinterferingintoaprinciple。Rugehadtopokehisnoseintoeverything。NohencouldlayaneggwithoutRuge\"commentingonthereasonunderlyingtheevent\"。Contacthadtobemaintainedatallcostwitheveryobscurelocalpaperwheretherewasachanceofmakingfrequentappearances。Hewrotenonewspaperarticleswithoutsigninghisnameand，wherepossible，mentioninghimself。Theprincipleofthefrequentappearancehadtobeextendedtoeveryarticle;anarticlehadfirsttoappearinletterformintheEuropeanpapers（andafterHeinzen’semigration，intheAmericanpapersalso），itwasthenreprintedasapamphletandappearedagainfinallyinthecollectedworks。
ThusequippedRugecouldnowreturntoLeipzigtoobtaindefinitiverecognitionofhischaracter。Butoncearrivedallwasnotabedofroses。HisoldfriendWigand，thebookseller，hadverysuccessfullyreplacedhimintheroleofNicolaiandasnootherpostwasvacantRugefellintogloomyreflectionsonthetransitorinessofalljokes。ThiswashissituationwhentheGermanRevolutionbrokeout。
Forhimtooitcameinthehourofneed。ThemightymovementinwhicheventheclumsiestcouldeasilyswimwiththecurrenthadfinallygotunderwayandRugewenttoBerlinwhereheintendedtofishintroubledwaters。Asarevolutionhadjustbrokenouthefeltthatitwouldbeappropriateforhimtocomeforwardwithproposalsforreform。Sohefoundedapaperwiththatname。Thepre-revolutionaryRéformeofParishadbeenthemostuntalented，illiterateandboringpaperinFrance。
TheBerlinReformdemonstratedthatitwaspossibletosurpassitsFrenchmodelandthatoneneednotblushatofferingGermanpublicsuchanincrediblejournaleveninthe\"metropolisofintelligence\"。OntheassumptionthatRuge’sdefectivegraspofstylecontainedthebestguaranteefortheprofoundcontentlyingbehindandbeneathitArnoldwaselectedtotheFrankfurtParliamentasMemberforBreslau。HerehesawhischanceaseditorofthedemocraticLeft-wingtocomeforwardwithanabsurdmanifesto。ApartfromthathedistinguishedhimselfonlybyhispassionforissuingmanifestosforEuropeanPeople’sCongresses，andhastenedtoaddhisvoicetothegeneralwishthatPrussiashouldbeabsorbedintoGermany。Later，onhisreturntoBerlinhedemandedthatGermanyshouldbeswallowedupbyPrussiaandFrankfurtbyBerlinandwhenhefinallydecidedtobecomeapeerofSaxonyheproposedthatPrussiaandGermanyshouldbothbeswallowedupbyDresden。
Hisparliamentaryactivitybroughthimnolaurelsotherthanthefactthathisownpartydespairedatsomuchfolly。AtthesametimehisReformwasgoingdownhill，asituationthatcouldonlyberemedied，ashethought，byhispersonalpresenceinBerlin。Asan\"honestconsciousness\"
itgoeswithoutsayingthathealsodiscoveredanurgentpoliticalreasonfortakingsuchastepandinfacthedemandedthatthewholeoftheLeftshouldaccompanyhimthere。Naturally，theyrefusedandRugewenttoBerlinalone。Oncethere，hediscoveredthatmodernconflictscanbestberesolvedbythe\"Dessaumethod\"ashetermedthesmallstate，amodelofconstitutionaldemocracy。Thenduringthesiege[ofVienna]heagaindrewupamanifestoinwhichGeneralWrangelwasexhortedtomarchagainstWindischgraetzandfreeVienna。HeevenobtainedtheapprovalofthedemocraticCongressforthiscuriousdocumentbypointingoutthatthetypehadbeensetupandthatitwasalreadybeingprinted。Finally，whenBerlinitselfcameundersiege，RugewenttoManteuffelandmadeproposalsconcerningtheReform，whichwere，however，rejected。ManteuffeltoldhimthathewishedalloppositionpaperswereliketheReform，theNeuePreussischeZeitung[32]wasmuchmoredangeroustohim——anutterancewhichthenaiveRuge，withatoneoftriumphantpride，hastenedtoreportthroughthelengthandbreadthofGermany。Arnoldbecameanenthusiasticadvocateofpassiveresistancewhichhehimselfputintopracticebyleavinghispaper，editorsandeverythinginthelurchandrunningaway。Activeflightisevidentlythemostresoluteformofpassiveresistance。Thecounter-revolutionhadarrivedandRugefledbeforeitallthewayfromBerlintoLondonwithoutstopping。
AtthetimeoftheMayuprisinginDresden[33]ArnoldplacedhimselfattheheadofthemovementinLeipzigtogetherwithhisfriendOttoWigandandthecitycouncil。HeandhisalliesissuedavigorousmanifestotothecitizensofDresdenurgingthemtofightbravely;Ruge，Wigandandthecityfathers，itwenton，weresittingwatchinginLeipzigandwhoeverdidnotdeserthimselfwouldnotbedesertedbyHeaven。ScarcelyhadthemanifestobeenpublishedthanourbraveArnoldtooktohisheelsandfledtoKarlsruhe。
InKarlsruhehefeltunsafeeventhoughtheBadentroopswerestandingontheNeckarandhostilitieswerealongwayfrombreakingout。
HeaskedBrentanotosendhimtoParisasambassador。BrentanopermittedhimselfthejokeofgivinghimthepostforI2hoursandthenrevokingitjustwhenRugewasabouttodepart。Undaunted，RugestillwenttoParistogetherwithSchutzandBlind，theofficialrepresentativesoftheBrentanogovernment，andoncetheremadesuchaspectacleofhimselfthathisformereditorannouncedintheofficialKarlsruheZeitungthatMr。RugewasnotinParisinanyofficialcapacitybutmercy\"onhisowninitiative\"。
HavingoncebeentakenalongbySchutzandBlindtoseeLedru-RollinRugesuddenlyinterruptedthediplomaticnegotiationswithaterriblediatribeagainsttheGermansinthepresenceoftheFrenchmensothathiscolleaguesfinallyhadtowithdrawdiscomfitedandcompromised。June13th[34]cameanddealtourArnoldsuchasevereblowthathetooktohisheelsanddidnotpausetotakebreathagainuntilhefoundhimselfinLondon，onfreeBritishsoil。ReferringtothisfightlaterhecomparedhimselftoDemosthenes。
InLondonRugefirstattemptedtopasshimselfoffastheBadenprovisionalambassador。HethentriedtogainacceptanceintheEnglishpressasagreatGermanwriterandthinkerbutwasturnedawayonthegroundsthattheEnglishweretoomaterialisticevertounderstandGermanphilosophy。
Hewasalsoaskedabouthisworks——arequestwhichRugecouldansweronlywithasighwhiletheimageofBrunoBaueronceagainroseupbeforehiseyes。ForevenhisCollectedWorks，whatweretheybutreprintsofpamphlets？Andtheywerenotevenpamphletsbutmerelynewspaperarticlesinpamphletform，andbasicallytheywerenotevennewspaperarticlesbutonlythemuddledfruitsofhisreading。ActionwasnecessaryandsoRugewrotetwoarticlesfortheLeaderinwhichunderthepretextofananalysisofGermandemocracyhedeclaredchatinGermany\"humanism\"wastheorderofthedayasrepresentedbyLudwigFeuerbachandArnoldRuge，theauthorofthefollowingworks：（1）TheReligionofourAge，（2）DemocracyandSocialism，（3）PhilosophyandtheRevolution。Thesethreeepoch-makingworkswhichhavenotappearedinthebookshopstothisdayare，itgoeswithoutsaying，nothingmorethannewtitlesarbitrarilyappliedtooldessaysofRuge’s。Simultaneouslyheresumedhisdailystintswhenforhisownedification，forthebenefitoftheGermanpublicandtothehorrorofMr。Brüggemann[35]hebegantoretranslatearticlesintoGermanthathadsomehowgotoutoftheKölnischeZeitungandintotheMorningAdvertiser。NotexactlyburdenedwithlaurelshewithdrewtoOstendwherehefoundtheleisurenecessarytohispreparationsfortheroleofuniversalsage，theConfuciusoftheGermanEmigration。
JustasGustavwasthevegetableandGottfriedthesensibilityoftheGermanpetty-bourgeoisPhilistine，Arnoldisrepresentativeofitsunderstandingorratheritsnon-understanding。UnlikeArnoldWinkelried[36]hedoesnotopenupapathtofreedom[derFreiheiteineGasse];heisinhisownpersonthegutteroffreedom[derFreiheiteineGosse];RugestandsintheGermanrevolutionlikethenoticesseenatthecornerofcertainstreets：Itispermittedtopasswaterhere。
Wereturnatlasttoourcircularwithitscoveringletter。Itfellflatandthefirstattempttocreateauniteddemocraticchurchcametonought。SchrammandGustavlaterdeclaredthatfailurewasduesolelytothecircumstancechatRugecouldneitherspeakFrenchnorwriteGerman。
Butthentheheroesagainsettowork。
Checiascunoltramodaerapossente，Comeudiretenelcantoseguente。
[Forpuissantweretheyallbeyondcompare，Asinournextcantoyoushallhear。][37]
VITogetherwithGustav，RodomonteHeinzenhadarrivedinLondonfromSwitzerland。KarlHeinzenhadformanyyearsmadealivingfromhisthreattodestroy\"tyranny\"inGermany。AftertheoutbreakoftheFebruaryRevolutionhewentsofarastoattempt，withunheard-ofcourage，toinspectGermansoilfromthevantagepointofSchusterIsland[nearBasle]。HethenbetookhimselftoSwitzerlandwherefromthesafetyofGenevaheagainthunderedagainstthe\"tyrantsandoppressorsofthepeople\"
andtooktheopportunitytodeclarethat\"Kossuthisagreatman，butKossuthhasforgottenaboutexplosivesilver\"。Hishorrorofbloodshedwassuchthatitturnedhimintothealchemistoftherevolution。HedreamtofanexplosivesubstancethatwouldblastthewholeEuropeanreactionintotheairinatricewithoutitsusersevengettingtheirfingersburnt。Hehadaparticularaversiontowalkingamidashowerofbulletsandingeneraltoconventionalwarfareinwhichprinciplesarenodefenceagainstbullets。
UnderthegovernmentofBrentanoheriskedarevolutionaryvisittoKarlsruhe。
AshedidnotreceivetherewardhethoughtduetohimforhisheroicdeedsheresolvedtoedittheMoniteur[38]ofthat\"traitor\"Brentano。ButasthePrussiansadvancedhedeclaredthatHeinzenwouldnot\"lethimselfbeshot\"forthattraitorBrentano。Underthepretextofforminganelitecorpswherepoliticalprinciplesandmilitaryorganisationwouldmutuallycomplementeachother，i。e。wheremilitarycowardicewouldpassforpoliticalcourage，hisconstantsearchfortheidealfreecorpsmadehimretracehisstepsuntilhehadregainedthefamiliarterritoryofSwitzerland。Sophie’sJourneyfromMemeltoSaxony[39]wasagooddealmorebloodythanHeinzen’srevolutionaryexpedition。OnhisarrivalinSwitzerlandhedeclaredthattherewerenolongeranyrealmeninGermany，thattheauthenticexplosivesilverhadnotyetbeendiscovered，thatthewarwasnotbeingconductedonrevolutionaryprinciplesbutinthenormalfashionwithpowderandlead，andthatheintendedtorevolutioniseinSwitzerlandasGermanywasalostcause。InthesecludedidyllofSwitzerlandandwiththetortureddialecttheyspeakthereitwaseasyforRodomontetopassforaGermanwriterandevenforadangerousman。Heachievedhisaim。HewasexpelledanddispatchedtoLondonatFederalexpense。RodomonteHeinzenhadnotdirectlyparticipatedintheEuropeanrevolutions;but，undeniably，hehadmovedaboutextensivelyontheirbehalfWhentheFebruaryRevolutionbrokeouthetookupacollectionof\"revolutionarymoney\"inNewYork，hastenedtotheaidofhiscountryandadvancedasfarastheSwissborder。WhentheMarchClub’s[40]revolutioncollapsedheretiredfromSwitzerlandtobeyondtheChannelattheexpenseoftheSwissFederalCouncil。Hehadthesatisfactionofmakingtherevolutionpayforhisadvanceandthecounter-revolutionforhisretreat。
AteveryturnintheItalianepicsofchivalryweencountermighty，broad-shoulderedgiantsarmedwithcolossalstaveswhodespitethefactthattheylashaboutthemwildlyandmakeafrighteningdininbattle，nevermanagetokilltheirfoesbutonlytodestroythetreesinthevicinity。
Mr。HeinzenissuchanAriostiangiantinpoliticalliterature。Endowedbynaturewithachurlishfigureandhugemassesoffleshheinterpretedthesegiftstomeanthathewasdestinedtobeagreatman。Hisweightyphysicalappearancedetermineshiswholeliteraryposturewhichisphysicalthroughandthrough。Hisopponentsarealwayssmall，meredwarfs，whocanbarelyreachhisanklesandwhomhecansurveywithhiskneecap。When，however，heshouldindeedmakeaphysicalappearance，ouruomomembrutotakesrefugeinliteratureorinthecourts。ThusscarcelyhadhereachedthesafetyofEnglishsoilthanhewroteatractonmoralcourage。Oragain，ourgiantallowedacertainMr。RichtertothrashhimsofrequentlyandsothoroughlyinNewYorkthatthemagistrate，whoatfirstonlyimposedinsignificantfinesrelentedandinrecognitionofHeinzen’sdoggednesshesentencedthedwarfRichtertopay200dollarsdamages。ThenaturalcomplementtothisgreatphysiquesohealthyineveryfibreisthehealthycommonsensewhichHeinzenascribestohimselfinthehighestpossibledegree。Itisinevitablethatamanwithsuchcommonsensewillturnouttobeanaturalgeniuswhohaslearntnothing，abarbarianinnocentofliteratureandscience。Byvirtueofhiscommonsense（whichhealsocallshis\"perspicacity\"andwhichallowshimtotellKossuththathehas\"advancedtotheextremefrontiersofthought\"），helearnsonlyfromhearsayorthenewspapers。Heisthereforealwaysbehindthetimesandalwayswearsthecoatthatliteraturehascastoffsomeyearspreviously，whilerejectingasimmoralandreprehensiblethenewmoderndresshecannotfindhiswayinto。Butwhenhehasonceassimilatedathinghisfaithinitisunshakable;
ittransformsitselfintosomethingthathasgrownnaturally，thatisself-evident，thateveryonemustimmediatelyagreetoandthatonlymalicious，stupidorsophisticatedpersonswillpretendnottobelieve。Sucharobustbodyandhealthycommonsensemustofcoursehavealsosomehonest，down-to-earthprinciplesandheevenshowstoadvantagewhenhetakesthecrazeforprinciplestoextremes。InthisfieldHeinzenissecondtonone。Hedrawsattentiontohisprinciplesateveryopportunity，everyargumentismetbyanappealtoprinciple，everyonewhofailstounderstandhimorwhomhedoesnotunderstandisdemolishedbytheargumentthathehasnorealprinciples，hisinsincerityandpureill-willaresuchthathewoulddenythatdaywasdayandnightnight。TodealwiththesebasedisciplesofAhrimanhesummonsuphismuse，indignation;hecurses，rages，boasts，preaches，andfoamingatthemouthheroarsoutthemosttragicomicalimprecations。HedemonstrateswhatcanbeachievedinthefieldofliteraryinvectivebyamantowhomBome’s[40]witandliterarytalentareequallyalien。Asthemuseis，soisthestyle。Aneternalbludgeon，butacommonplacebludgeonwithknotsthatarenotevenoriginalorsharp。
Onlywhenheencounterssciencedoeshefeelmomentarilyataloss。HeisthenlikethatBillingsgatefishwifewithwhomO’Connellbecameinvolvedinashoutingmatchandwhomhesilencedbyreplyingtoalongstringofinsults：\"Youareallthatandworse：youareanisoscelestriangle，youareaparallelepiped\"。
FromtheearlierhistoryofMr。HeinzenmentionshouldbemadeofthefactthathewasintheDutchcolonieswhereheadvancednotindeedtotherankofgeneralbuttothatofNCO，aslightforwhichhelateronalwaystreatedtheDutchasanationwithoutprinciples。LaterwefindhimbackinCologneasasub-inspectoroftaxesandinthiscapacityhewroteacomedyinwhichhishealthycommonsensevainlystrovetosatirisethephilosophyofHegel。HewasmoreathomeinthegossipcolumnsoftheKölnischeZeitung，inthefeuilletonwhereheletfallsomeweightywordsaboutthequarrelsintheCologneCarnivalClub，theinstitutefromwhichallthegreatmenofColognehavegraduated。Hisownsufferingsandthoseofhisfather，aforester，inhisconflictswithsuperiorsassumedtheproportionsofeventsofuniversalsignificance，aseasilyhappenswhenthemanofhealthycommonsensecontemplateshislittlepersonalproblems。
HegivesanaccountoftheminhisPrussianBureaucracy，abookmuchinferiortoVenedey’s[42]andcontainingnothingmorethanthecomplaintsofapettyofficialagainstthehigherauthorities。ThebookinvolvedhiminatrialandalthoughtheworsthehadtofearwassixmonthsingaolhethoughthisheadwasindangerandfledtoBrussels。FromherehedemandedthatthePrussiangovernmentshouldnotonlygranthimasafeconductbutalsothattheyshouldsuspendthewholeFrenchlegalsystemandgivehimajurytrialforanordinaryoffence。
ThePrussiangovernmentissuedawarrantforhisarrest;herepliedwitha\"warrant\"againstthePrussiangovernmentwhichcontainedinteraliaasermononmoralresistanceandconstitutionalmonarchyandcondemnedrevolutionasimmoralandjesuitical。FromBrusselshewenttoSwitzerland。
Here，aswesawabove，hemetFriendArnoldandfromhimhelearntnotonlyhisphilosophybutalsoaveryusefulmethodofself-enrichment。JustasArnoldsoughttoassimilatetheideasofhisopponentsinthecourseofpolemicisingagainstthem，soHeinzenlearnedtoacquireideasnewtohimbyrevilingthem。HardlyhadhebecomeanatheistthanwithallthezealoftheproselyteheimmediatelyplungedintoafuriouspolemicagainstpooroldFollenbecausethelattersawnoreasontobecomeanatheistinhisoldage。HavinghadhisnoserubbedintheSwissFederalRepublicourhealthycommonsensedevelopedtothepointwhereitdesiredtointroducetheFederalRepublicintoGermanytoo。ThesamecommonsensecametotheconclusionthatthiscouldnotbedonewithoutarevolutionandsoHeinzenbecamearevolutionary。HethenbeganatradeinpamphletswhichinthecoarsesttonesoftheSwisspeasantpreachedimmediaterevolutionanddeathtotherulersfromwhomalltheevilsoftheworldstem。HesoughtoutcommitteesinGermanywhowoulddrumupthecostofprintinganddistributingthesepamphletsandthislednaturallytothegrowthofabeggingindustryonalargescaleinthecourseofwhichthepartyworkerswerefirstexploitedandthenreviled。OldItzsteincouldtellastoryortwoaboutthat。ThesepamphletsgaveHeinzenagreatreputationamongitinerantGermanwinesalesmenwhopraisedhimeverywhereasabonnylittlefighter。
FromSwitzerlandhewenttoAmerica。Here，althoughhisSwissrusticstyleenabledhimtopassasagenuinepoetheneverthelessmanagedtoridetheNewYorkSchnellposttodeathinnotimeatallHavingreturnedtoEuropeinthewakeoftheFebruaryrevolutionhesentdespatchestotheMannheimerZeitungannouncingthearrivalofthegreatHeinzenandhealsopublishedapamphlettorevengehimselfonLamartinewhotogetherwithhiswholegovernmenthadrefusedtoacknowledgehimasanofficialrepresentativeoftheAmericanGermans。HestilldidnotwishtogotoPrussiaashestillfearedforhisheaddespitetheMarchRevolutionandthegeneralamnesty。Hewouldwaituntilthenationsummonedhim。AsthisdidnothappenheresolvedtostandinabsentiafortheHamburgconstituencytotheFrankfurtParliament：hishopewasthathewouldcompensateforbeingabadspeakerbytheloudnessofhisvoice——buthelosttheelection。
ArrivinginLondonafterthecollapseoftheBadenuprisinghefellintoaragewiththeyoungpeoplewhoknewnothingofthisgreatmanofbeforetherevolutionandofaftertherevolution，andwhocausedhimtosinkintooblivion。Hehadalwaysbeennothingmorethanl’hommedelaveilleorl’hommedulendemain，hewasneverl’hommedujourorevendelajournée。Astheauthenticexplodingsilverhadstillnotbeendiscoverednewweaponshadtobefoundtocombatthereaction。Hecalledfortwomillionheadssothathecouldbeadictatorandwadeuptotheanklesinblood——shedbyothers。Hisrealaimwas，ofcourse，tocreateascandal;thereactionhadbroughthimtoLondonatitsownexpense，bymeansofanexpulsionorderfromEnglanditwouldnow，soHeinzenhoped，expeditehimgratistoNewYork。ThecoupfailedanditsonlyconsequencewasthattheradicalFrenchpaperscalledhimafoolwhoshoutedfortwomillionheadsonlybecausehehadneverriskedhisown。TocompletethepictureitshouldbepointedoutthathisbloodthirstyarticlehadbeenpublishedintheDeutscheLondonerZeitungownedbytheex-DukeofBrunswick——inreturnforacashpayment，ofcourse。
GustavandHeinzenhadadmiredeachotherforaconsiderabletime。
HeinzenpraisedGustavasasageandGustavpraisedHeinzenasafighter。
HeinzenhadscarcelybeenabletowaitfortheendoftheEuropeanrevolutionsothathecouldputanendtothe\"ruinousdisunityinthedemocraticGermanemigration\"andtore-openhispre-revolutionarybusiness。
HecalledfordiscussionofadraftprogrammeoftheGermanRevolutionaryParty。Thisprogrammewasdistinguishedbytheinventionofaspecialministry\"tocaterfortheall-importantneedforpublicplaygrounds，battlegrounds\"
（minushailofbullets）\"andgardens\"，andwasnotablealsoforthearticleabolishing\"theprivilegesofthemalesexespeciallyinmarriage\"（andalsointhrustingmaneuvers[Stosstaktik]inwar，seeClausewitz）。ThisprogrammewasactuallynomorethanadiplomaticnotefromHeinzentoGustavasno-oneelsewasclamouringforit。Andinsteadofthehopedforunificationitbroughtabouttheimmediateseparationofthetwowarriors。Heinzenhaddemandedthatduringthe\"revolutionarytransitionperiod\"thereshouldbeasingledictatorwhowouldmoreoverbeaPrussianand，toprecludeallmisunderstandings，headded：\"Nosoldiercanqualifyasdictator。\"