ThethirdmemberofthetrioisMr。JuliusFaucher。HeisoneofthoseBerlinHuguenotswhoknowhowtoexploittheirminortalentwithgreatcommercialadroitness。HemadehispublicdebutastheLieutenantPistoloftheFreeTradePartyinwhichcapacityhewasemployedbyHamburgcommercialintereststomakepropaganda。Duringtherevolutionarydisturbancestheyallowedhimtopreachfreetradeintheapparentlychaoticformofanarchism。Whenthisceasedtoberelevanttothetimeshewasdismissedand，togetherwithMeyen，hebecamejointeditoroftheBerlinAbendpost。Underthepresenceofwishingtoabolishthestateandintroduceanarchyherefrainedfromdangerousoppositiontowardstheexistinggovernmentandwhen，lateron，thepaperfailedbecauseitcouldnolongeraffordthedeposit，theNeuePreussischeZeitungcommiseratedwithFaucher，theonlyablewriteramongthedemocrats。ThiscosyrelationshipwiththeNeuePreussischeZeitungsoonbecamesointimatethatFaucherbegantoactasitscorrespondentinLondon。Faucher’sactivityintheLondonEmigrationdidnotlastlong;hisfreetradeinclinedhimtowardscommercewherehefoundhistruecalling，towhichhereturnedwithgreatenergyandinwhichheachievedwondersneverseenbefore：namelyaprice-listthatassessesgoodsaccordingtoacompletelyslidingscale。Asiswellknown，theBreslauerZeitungwasindiscreetenoughtoinformthegeneralpublicofthisdocument。
Thisthree-starconstellationoftheBerlinintelligentsiacanbecontrastedwiththethree-starconstellationofwholesomeSouthGermanprinciples：Sigel，Fickler，Goegg。FranzSigel，whomhisfriendGoeggdescribesasashort，beardlessman，bearingastrongresemblancetoNapoleon，is，againaccordingtoGoegg，\"ahero\"，\"amanofthefuture\"，\"aboveallagenius，intellectuallycreativeandconstantlyhatchingnewplans\"。
Betweenourselves，GeneralSiegelisayoungBadenlieutenantofprincipleandambition。HereadinanaccountofthecampaignsoftheFrenchRevolutionthatthestepfromsub-lieutenanttosupremegeneralismerechild’splayandfromthatmomentonthislittlebeardlessmanfirmlybelievedthatFranzSigelmustbecomesupremecommanderinarevolutionaryarmy。HiswishwasgrantedthankstotheBadeninsurrectionof1849andapopularitywiththearmyarisingfromaconfusionofnames。ThebattleshefoughtontheNeckaranddidnotfightintheBlackForestarewellknown;hisretreattoSwitzerlandhasbeenpraisedevenbytheenemyasatimelyandcorrectmanoeuvre。Hismilitaryplansherebearwitnesstohisstudyofthe[French]RevolutionaryWars。InordertoremainfaithfultotherevolutionarytraditionHeroSigel，ignoringtheenemyandoperationalandwithdrawallinesandsimilarbagatelles，wentconscientiouslyfromoneMoreaupositiontothenext。AndifhedidnotmanagetoparodyMoreau’scampaigns[59]ineverydetail，ifhecrossedtheRhineatEglichauandnotatParadies，thiswasthefaultoftheenemywhowastooignoranttoappreciatesuchalearnedmanoeuvre。InhisordersofthedayandinhisinstructionsSigelemergesasapreacherandifhehasaninferiorstyletoNapoleon，hehasmoreprinciple。Later，heconcernedhimselfwithdevisingahandbookforrevolutionaryofficersinallbranchesofwarfarefromwhichweareinapositiontoofferthefollowingimportantextract：
\"anofficeroftherevolutionmustcarrythefollowingarticlesaccordingtoregulations：1head-coveringandcap，1sabrewithbelt，1black，redandyellow[60]camel-hairsash，2pairsofblackleathergloves，2battlecoats，1cloak，1pairclothtrousers，1
tie，2pairsofbootsorshoes，1blackleathertravellingcase——12\"
wide，10\"high，4\"deep，6shirts，3pairsofunderpants，8pairsofsocks，6handkerchiefs，2towels，1washingandshavingkit，1writingimplement，1writingtabletwithletterspatent，1clothesbrush，1copyofserviceregulations。\"
JosephFickler——\"themodelofadecent，resolute，imperturbablytenaciousmanofthepeoplewhomthepeopleofthewholeBadenuplandandtheLakeDistrictsupportedasonemanandwhosestrugglesandsufferingsovermanyyearshadearnedhimapopularityapproachingthatofBrentano\"（accordingtothetestimonyofhisfriendGoegg）。
Asbefitsadecent，resolute，imperturbablytenaciousmanofthepeople，JosephFicklerhasafleshyfull-moonface，afatcrawandapaunchtomatch。Theonlyfactknownabouthisearlylifeisthatheearnedalivelihoodwiththeaidofacarvingfromthe15thcenturyandwithrelicsrelatingtotheCouncilofConstance。Heallowedtravellersandforeignart-loverstoinspectthesecuriositiesinexchangeformoneyandincidentallysoldthem\"antique\"souvenirsofwhichFickler，ashelovedtorelate，wouldconstantlymakeupanewsupplyinalltheirauthentic\"antiquity\"。
HisonlydeedsduringtheRevolutionwerefirstlyhisarrestbyMathy[61]aftertheVorparlament，and，second，hisarrestbyRomerinStuttgartinJune1849。Thankstothesearrestshewashappilydeprivedoftheopportunitytocompromisehimself。TheWürttembergDemmcrassdeposited1000guildersasbailforhim，whereuponFicklerwenttoThurgauincognitoandtothegreatdistressofhisguarantorsnomorewasheardofhim。Itisundeniablethathesuccessfullytranslatedthefeelingsandopinionsofthelakesidepeasantsintoprinters’inkinhisLakejournals;fortheresthesharestheopinionofhisfriendRugethatmuchstudymakesyoustupidandforthisreasonhewarnedhisfriendGoeggnottovisitthelibraryoftheBritishMuseum。
AmandusGoegg，lovable，ashisnameindicates，isnogreatorator，but\"anunassumingcitizenwhosenobleandmodestbearingearnshimthefriendshipofpeopleeverywhere\"（WestamerikanischeBlätter）。FromsheernobilityGoeggbecameamemberoftheprovisionalgovernmentinBaden，where，asheadmits，hecoulddonothingagainstBrentanoandinallmodestyheassumedthetitleofDictator。NoonedeniesthathisachievementsasFinanceMinisterweremodest。Inallmodestyheproclaimedthe\"Social-democraticRepublic\"inDonaueschingenthedaybeforethefinalretreattoSwitzerlandactuallytookplace，althoughithadbeendecreedbefore。Inallmodestyhelaterdeclared（SeeJanusbyHeinzen，1852）thattheParisproletariathadlostonDecember2becauseitdidnotpossesshisownFranco-BadenesedemocraticexperiencenortheinsightsavailableelsewhereinthefrenchifiedGermanyoftheSouth。AnyonewhodesiresfurtherproofsofGoegg’smodestyandoftheexistenceofa\"GoeggParty\"willfindtheminthebookTheBadenRevolutioninRetrospect。Paris1850，writtenbyhimself。AfittingclimaxtohismodestycameinapublicmeetinginCincinnatiwhenhedeclaredthat\"reputablemencametohimafterthebankruptcyoftheBadenRevolutionandhadannouncedthatinthatrevolutionmenofalltheGermantribeshadtakenanactivepart。
ItwasthereforetoberegardedasaGermanmatterjustastheRomeuprisingwasofconcerntothewholeofItaly。AshewasthemanwhohadheldouttheysaidthathemustbecometheGermanMazzini。Hismodestycompelledhimtorefuse。\"
Why？Amanwhowasonce\"dictator\"andwhotocapitall，isthebosomfriendof\"Napoleon\"Sigel，couldsurelyalsobecomethe\"GermanMazzini\"。
OncetheEmigrationwasaugmentedbytheseandsimilar，lessnoteworthyarrivals，itcouldproceedtothosemightybattlesthatthereadershalllearnofinthenextcanto。
XIIIChimidaralavoceeleparole，Eunproferirmagnanimoeprofondo！
ChemaicosapiufierasottoilsoleNonfuvedutaintuttoquantoilmondo;
L’altrebattagliefurroseeviole，Alraccontardiquestamiconfondo;
Percheilvalor，e’lpregiodellaterraAfrontesoncondottiinquestaguerra（Boiardo，OrlandoInamorato，Canto27）
[Nowwhowillgivemewordsandwhothetongue，Tosingofsuchbravedeedsinsonoroussounds！
Forne’erwasstrifeuponthisearthbegunMoreproudlyfoughtonbloodierbattlegrounds;
ComparedtothisallotherwarsarerosesTotellofitmyIyricartconfoundsForonthisearththerene’erwasseensuchgloryOrnoblevelourbrightasinthisstory]
ThelatestfashionablearrivalshadmadeupthefullcomplementoftheEmigrationandthetimehadnowcomeforamorecomprehensive\"organisation\"，torounditoffupwardstoafulldozen。Asmighthavebeenexpectedtheseattemptsdegeneratedintobitterfeuds。Thepaperwarconductedinthetransatlanticjournalsnowreacheditsclimax。Theprivationsofindividuals，intrigues，plots，self-praise——theheroesspenttheirenergiesinsuchpaltryactivities。ButtheEmigrationdidhaveoneachievementtoitscredit：
ahistoryofitsown，lyingoutsideworldhistory，withitsownpoliticalpetti-foggeryrunningparalleltopublicaffairs。Andtheveryfactthattheyfoughteachothersobitterlyledeachtobelieveintheimportanceoftheother。Beneaththefaçadeofallthesestrivingsandconflictslaythespeculationindemocraticpartyfunds，\"theHolyGrail\"，andthistransformedthesetranscendentalrivalries，thesedisputesabouttheEmperor’sbeard，intoordinaryquarrelsamongfools。AnyonewhowishestopursuethestudyofthisgreatwarbetweenthefrogsandthemicewillfindallthedecisiveoriginaldocumentsintheNew-YorkerSchnellpost，theNewYorkDeutscheZeitung，theAllgemeineDeutscheZeitungandtheStaatszeitung，intheBaltimoreCorrespondent，intheWecker[Clarion]andinotherGerman-Americanpapers。However，thisdisplayofallegedconnectionsandimaginedconspiracies，thiswholehueandcryraisedbytheémigréswasnotwithoutseriousconsequences。ItprovidedthegovernmentswiththepretexttheyneededtoarrestallsortsofpeopleinGermany，tosuppresstheindigenousmovementsandtousethesewretchedstrawmeninLondonasscarecrowswithwhichtofrightentheGermanmiddleclasses。FarfromconstitutinganydangertoexistingcircumstancestheseheroesoftheexilewishedonlythateverythingshoulddiedowninGermanysothattheirvoicemightbeheardthebetterandthatthegenerallevelofthoughtshoulddeclinesofarthatevenmenoftheirstaturemightappearoutstanding。
Thenewly-arrivedSouthGermanbonhommes，lackinginanydefinitecommitment，foundthemselvesinanexcellentpositiontomediatebetweenthevariouscliquesand，atthesametime，togatherthemassofémigrésaroundtheleadersasakindofchorus。Theirsturdysenseofdutyimpelledthemnottoforgothisopportunity。
Atthesametime，however，theycouldalreadyseeLedru-Rollinwherehesawhimself，namelyinthechairofthepresidentofFrance。AsthemostimportantneighboursofFranceitwasvitalforthemtoobtainrecognitionfromtheprovisionalgovernmentofFranceastheprovisionaloverlordsofGermany。SigelespeciallywishedtoseehissupremecommandguaranteedbyLedru。ButthewaytoLedruledoverArnold’scorpse。However，theywerestillimpressedbyArnold’spersonaandhestillpassedasthephilosophicalNorthernLightwhowouldilluminetheirSouthGermantwilight。SotheyturnedtoRuge。
OntheopposingsidestoodinthefirstinstanceKinkelwithhisimmediateentourage——Schurz，Strodtmann，Schimmelpfennig，Techowetc。;thencametheformerdeputiesandmembersofparliament，ledbyReichenbachwithMeyenandOppenheimastherepresentativesofliterature;and，lastly，Willichwithhishostwhich，however，remainedinthebackground。Therolesweredistributedasfollows：Kinkelplayingapassion-flowerrepresentedtheGermanPhilistinesingeneral;ReichenbachplayingaCountrepresentedthebourgeoisie;Willich，playingWillichrepresentedtheproletariat。
ThefirstthingtosayaboutAugustWillichisthatGustavalwaysfeltsecretlymistrustfulofhimbecauseofhispointedskullsignifyingthattheenormousovergrowthofself-esteemhadstuntedallotherqualities。
AGermanPhilistinewhooncecaughtsightofex-LieutenantWillichinaLondonpubsnatcheduphishatandfledexclaiming：MyGod，helooksjustlikeJesusChrist！InordertoincreasethesimilarityWillichbecameacarpenterforawhilebeforetheRevolution。LateronheemergedasapartisanleaderinthecampaigninBadenandthePalatinate。
Thepartisanleader，adescendantoftheoldItaliancondottiereisapeculiarphenomenonofmorerecentwars，especiallyinGermany。Thepartisanleader，accustomedtoactonhisowninitiative，isreluctanttosubordinatehimselftoamoregeneralcommand。Hismenowetheirallegianceonlytohim，butheislikewisewhollydependentonthem。Forthisreasonthedisciplineinafreecorpsissomewhatarbitrary;accordingtocircumstancesitmaybesavagelystrict，butmostlyitisextremelylax。Thepartisanleadercannotalwaysactthemartinet，hemustoftenflatterhismenandwinthemoverindividuallywiththeaidofphysicalcaresses;thenormalmilitarypracticesareoflittleusehereandboldnessmustbesupplementedbyotherqualitiesiftheleaderistoretaintherespectofhissubordinates。
Ifheisnotnoblehemustatleasthaveanobleconsciousnesstobecomplementedasalwaysbycunning，thetalentforintrigueandacovertpracticalbaseness。
Inthiswayhenotonlywinsoverhissoldiersbutalsobribestheinhabitants，surprisestheenemyandcontrivesmatterssothatevenhisopponentsacknowledgehisstrengthofcharacter。ButallthisdoesnotsufficetoholdtogetherafreecorpswhosememberseithercomefromtheLumpenproletariatoraresoonassimilatedintoit。Whatisneededinadditionisahigherideal。
Thepartisanleadermustthereforehaveanucleusofidéesfixes，hemustbeamanofprincipleinpermanentpursuitofhismissiontoredeemtheworld。Bymeansofsermonsatthefrontandsustaineddidacticpropagandahemustimpartaconsciousnessofthishigheridealtoeverymanindividuallyandinthiswayhewilltransformthewholetroopintosonswithinthefaith。Ifthishigheridealistingedwithphilosophyormysticismoranythingthatsurpassesnormalunderstanding，ifitissomethingHegelianbynature（aswasthecasewiththeideasthatGeneralWillisen[62]triedtoinfuseintothePrussianarmy），thensomuchthebetter。Forthisensuresthatthenobleconsciousnesswillenterintoeachandeverypartisanandthedeedsofthewholecorpstherebyattaintoaspeculativeconsecrationwhichexaltsthemfarabovethelevelofordinaryunreflectingcourageandinanycasethefameofsuchanarmydependslessonitsachievementsthanonitsmessianiccalling。Thestrengthofacorpscanonlybeenhancedifallthewarriorsaremadetoswearanoaththattheywillnotsurvivethedestructionofthecauseforwhichtheyarefightingandwouldprefertobemassacredtothelastmanbeneaththeappletreeonthefrontierwhilesingingahymn。Ofcourse，suchacorpsandsuchaleaderinevitablyfeeldegradedbycontactwithordinaryprofanesoldiersandtheywillmakeeveryefforteithertokeepatadistancefromthearmyorelsetoshakeoffthesocietyoftheuncircumcised。Theyhatenothingmorethanalargearmyandalargewarwheretheircunningbuttressedbyspiritualfaithcanachievelittleifthenormalrulesofwararedisregarded。Thepartisanleadermustthenbeacrusaderinthefullsenseoftheword，hemustbePetertheHermitandWalthervonHabenichts[63]rolledintoone。Facedwiththeheterogeneouselementsandtheinformalmodeoflifeofhiscorpshemustalwaysupholdvirtue。Hemustnotallowhismentodrinkhimunderthetableandsohemustonlydrinkinsolitude，forinstanceatnightinbed。Ifitshouldhappentohim，asitmighttoanyfalliblehumanbeing，thathefindhimselfreturningtobarrackslateatnightafterinordinateindulgenceinthepleasuresofthislife，hewilltakecarenottoenterthroughthemaingate，buttogoroundthesideandclimboverthewalltoavoidgivingoffence。Femininecharmsshouldleavehimcold，butitwillmakeagoodimpressionifhe，likeCromwell，takeshisNCOsoratailor’sapprenticeintohisbedfromtimetotime。
Ingeneralhecannotleadtoostrictandasceticalife。Behindthecavalieridellaventurainhiscorpsstandthecavalierideldente[64]wholivemainlyfromrequisitionsandfreequarterstoallofwhichWalthervonHabenichtshastoturnablindeyesothatPetertheHermithasalwaystobeathandwiththeconsolationthatsuchunpleasantmeasurescontributetothesalvationofthenationandsoareintheinterestofthevictimsthemselves。
Allthequalitiesthatthepartisanleadermustpossessinwartimereappearinpeacetimeinamodifiedformbutonethatcanscarcelyberegardedasanimprovement。Aboveallelsehemustpreservethecoreoftheregimentforlateronandhencekeephisrecruitingofficersinastateofconstantactivity。Thecoreconsistingoftheremnantsofthefreecorpsandthegeneralmobofémigrésisputintobarrackseitheratgovernmentexpense（asinBesançon）orbysomeothermeans。Theconsecrationintheserviceofanidealmustnotbelackinganditisprovidedbyabarracks-communismthatascribesahighersignificancetothecustomofholdingordinarycivicactionsincontempt。Asthiscommunistbarracksisnolongersubjecttothearticlesofwar，butonlytothemoralauthorityandthedictatesofself-sacrifice，itisinevitablethatquarrelsshouldbreakoutoverthecommunalfunds。Fromthesedisputesmoralauthoritydoesnotalwaysemergeunscathed。Ifthereisanartisans’clubanywhereinthevicinityitcanbeemployedasarecruitingbaseandtheartisansaregiventheprospectofajollylifefullofadventuresinexchangefortheoppressiveworkofthepresent。Bypointingtothehigherethicalsignificanceofthebarracksforthefutureoftheproletariat，itisevenpossibletoinducetheclubtomakefinancialcontributions。Inboththebarracksandthedubthesermonisingandthepatriarchalandgossipystyleofpersonalrelationswillnotfailtoimpress。Eveninpeacetimethepartisandoesnotlosehisindispensableassuranceandjustasinwartimeeverysetbackspurredhimontoproclaimvictoryonthemorrow，sonowheisforeverexpoundingonthemoralcertaintyandthephilosophicalinevitabilitywithwhich\"it\"willstarttohappenwithinthenextfortnight。Ashemustneedshaveanenemyandasthenoblemanisnecessarilyopposedbytheignobleoneshediscoversinthemaraginghostilitytowardshimself，heimaginesthattheyhatehimmerelybecauseofhiswell-deservedpopularityandwouldgladlypoisonhimorstabhim。Withthisinmindheresolvesalwaystoconcealalongdaggerbeneathhispillow。Justasthepartisanleaderinwarwillneversucceedunlessheassumesthatthepopulationrevereshim，likewiseinpeacehewillnotindeedmanagetoformanylastingpoliticalgroupingsbuthewillconstantlysupposethemtoexistandfromthisallsortsofstrangemystificationscanarise。Thetalentforrequisitioningandobtainingfreequartersappearsagainintheformofacosyparasitism。
Bycontrast，thestrictasceticismofourOrlando，likeeverythingthatisgoodandgreat，issubjecttoterribletemptationsintimesofpeace。
BoiardosaysinCanto24：
Turpinbehauptet，dassderGraivonBravaJungfräulichwaraufLebenszeitundkeusch。
GlaulotiLrdavon，waseuchbeliebt，ibrHerren——
[TurpinclaimsthattheCountofBravaWasvirginalandchastehiswholelifelong。
Ofthatyoumaybelieve，Sirs，whatyouwill——]
ButwealsolearnthatlateronCountBravalosthisreasonatthesightofthebeautifulAngelicaandAstolfhadtogotothemoontorecoveritforhim，asMasterLodovicoAriostosocharminglynarrates。OurmodernOrlando，however，mistookhimselfforthepoetwhotellshowhe，too，lovedsogreatlythathelosthisreasonandtriedtofinditwithhislipsandhandsonthebosomofhisAngelicaandwasthrownoutofthehouseforhispains。
Inpoliticsthepartisanleaderwilldisplayhissuperiorityinallmattersoftactics。Inconformitywiththenotionofapartisanhewillgofromonepartytothenext。Pettyintrigues，sordidhole-and-corneractivities，theoccasionallie，morallyoutragedperfidywillbethenaturalsymptomsofthenobleconsciousness。Hisfaithinhismissionandinthehighermeaningofhiswordsanddeedswillinducehimtodeclareemphatically：
\"Ineverlie！\"TheidéesfixesbecomeasplendidcloakforhissecrettreacheryandcausethesimpletonsoftheEmigration，whohavenoideasatall，toconcludethathe，themanoffixedideas，issimplyafool。Andourworthyslybootscoulddesirenothingbetter。
DonQuixoteandSanchoPanzarolledintoone，asmuchinlovewithhisknapsackaswithhisidéesfixes，withthefreeprovisionsoftheitinerantknightasmuchaswithrenown，Willichisthemanoftheduodecimal[65]warandthemicroscopicintrigue。
Heconcealshiscunningbeneaththemaskofcharacter。HisrealfutureliesintheprairiesoftheRioGrandedelNorte。
ConcerningtherelationsbetweenthetwowingsoftheEmigrationwehavedescribed，aletterfromMr。GoeggintheDeutscheSchnellpostinNewYorkisveryrevealing：
\"They（theSouthGermans）resolvedtobolsterupthereputationofthemoribundcentralcommitteebyattemptingtounitewiththeotherfactions。Butthereislittleprospectofsuccessforthiswellintentionedidea。Kinkelcontinuestointrigue，hasformedacommitteeconsistingofhisrescuer，hisbiographerandanumberofPrussianlieutenants。Theiraimistoworktogetherinsecret，toexpand，ifpossibletogainpossessionofthedemocraticfunds，andthensuddenlytearofftheirmaskandappearpubliclyasthepowerfulKinkelparty。Thisisneitherhonestnorjustnorsensible！\"
The\"honesty\"oftheintentionsoftheSouthGermanscanbeseenfromthefollowingletterfromMr。Sigeltothesamenewspaper：
\"Ifwe，thefewmenwithhonourableintentions，haveinpartresortedtoconspiracies，thisisduetotheneedtoprotectourselvesagainsttheterribleperfidyandthepresumptuousnessofKinkelandhiscolleaguesandtoshowthemthattheyarenotborntorule。OurthiefaimwastoforceKinkeltocometoalargemeetinginordertoprovetohimandtowhathecallshisclosepoliticalfriendsthatnotallthatglittersisgold。Thedeviltaketheinstrument\"（i。e。Schurz），\"andthedeviltakethesingertoo\"[66]（i。e。Kinkel）。
（WeeklyeditionoftheNew-YorkerDeutscheZeitung，September24
1851）。
Thestrangeconstitutionofthetwofactionsthatrebukeeachotherforbeing\"north\"and\"south\"canbeseenfromthefactthatattheheadoftheSouthGermanelementsstoodthe\"mind\"ofRuge，whileattheheadoftheNorthGermansidewerethe\"feelings\"ofKinkel。
Inordertounderstandthegreatstrugglethatwasnowwagedwemustwasteafewwordsonthediplomacyofthesetwoworld-shakingparties。
Arnold（andhishenchmenlikewise）wasconcernedabovealltoforma\"closed\"societywiththeofficialappearanceof\"revolutionaryactivity\"。Thissocietywouldthengivebirthtohisbeloved\"CommitteeforGermanAffairs\"andthiscommitteewouldthenpropelRugeintotheEuropeanCentralCommittee。Arnoldhadbeenindefatigableinhiseffortstorealisethisaimsincethesummerof1850。HehadhopedthattheSouthGermanswouldprovide\"thathappymediumwherehecoulddominateincomfort\"。
TheofficialestablishmentoftheEmigrationandtheformationofcommitteeswasthenecessarypolicyofArnoldandhisallies。
Kinkelandhiscohorts，ontheotherhand，hadtotryandundermineeverythingthatcouldlegitimisethepositionRugehadusurpedintheEuropeanCentralCommittee。InreplytohisappealforanadvanceofLLL500sterlingKinkelhadreceivedthepromiseofsomemoneyfromNewOrleans，whereuponhehadformedasecretfinancecommitteetogetherwithWillich，Schimmelpfennig，Reichenbach，TechowandSchurz，etc。Theyreasoned：oncewehavethemoneyweshallhavetheEmigration;oncewehavetheEmigrationweshallalsohavethegovemmentinGermany。Theiraim，therefore，wastooccupythewholeEmigrationwithformalmeetingsbuttoundermineanyattemptatsettingupanofficialsocietythatwentbeyonda\"looseorganisation\"
andabovealltoundermineallproposalstoformcommittees。Thiswoulddelaytheenemyfaction，blocktheiractivitiesandenablethemtomanoeuvrebehindtheirbacks。
Bothparties，i。e。allthe\"distinguishedmen\"hadonethingincommon：theybothledthemassofémigrésbythenose，theyconcealedfromthemtheirrealobjectives，usedthemasmeretoolsanddroppedthemassoonastheyhadservedtheirpurpose。
LetustakealookatthesedemocraticMachiavellis，TalleyrandsandMetternichsandtakenoteoftheiractions。
Scene1。July14，1851。——Aftera\"privateunderstandingwithKinkeltomakecommoncause\"hadfallenthrough，Ruge，Goegg，Sigel，FicklerandRongeinvitedthedistinguishedmenofallshadesofopiniontoameetinginFickler’shomeonJuly14th。Twenty-sixpeopleappeared。
Ficklerproposedthata\"privatecircle\"ofGermanrefugeesshouldbeformedandthisinturnwouldgivebirthtoa\"businesscommitteefortheadvancementofrevolutionaryobjectives\"。ThiswasopposedmainlybyKinkelandsixofhissupporters。AfteraviolentdebatelastingseveralhoursFickler’smotionwaspassed（16votesto10）。Kinkelandtheminoritydeclaredthemselvesunabletoparticipateanyfurtherandtooktheirdeparture。
Scene2。July20th。——Theabovemajorityconstituteditselfasasociety。Joined，amongothers，byTausenau，whohadbeenintroducedbyFickler。
IfRongewastheLutherandKinkeltheMelanchtonthenTausenauistheAbrahamaSanctaClara[67]oftheGemmandemocrats。IfthetwoaugursinCicerocouldnotlookeachotherinthefacewithoutlaughingthenMr。Tausenaucannotcatchsightofhisownearnestfeaturesinthemirrorwithoutburstingintolaughter。IfRugehaddiscoveredintheBadenerspeoplewhomheimpressed，FatenowhaditsrevengewhenitintroducedhimtotheAustrianTausenau，amanwhoimpressedhim。
AtthesuggestionofGoeggandTausenauthenegotiationswerepostponedinordertotryonceagaintobringaboutaunionwithKinkel’sfaction。
Scene3。July27th。——SessionintheCranbourneHotel。The\"distinguished\"Emigrationtheretoaman。Kinkel’sgroupappearedbutnotwiththeintentionofjoiningthesocietyalreadyinexistence;
onthecontrary，theypressedfortheformationofan\"opendiscussionclubwithoutabusinesscommitteeandwithoutdefiniteobjectives\"。SchurzwhoactedasKinkel’smentorthroughoutalltheseparliamentarynegotiations，proposed：
\"ThepresentcompanyshouldformitselfintoaprivatepoliticalsocietywiththenameGermanÉmigréClubandshouldacceptasnewmembersothercitizensfromamongtheGermanrefugeesonthenominationofamemberandafteramajorityvoteinfavour。\"
Passedunanimously。ThesocietyresolvedtomeeteveryFriday。
\"Thepassingofthismotionwaswelcomedwithgeneralapplauseandwiththecry：’LonglivetheGermanrepublic！！！’Everyonefeltthattheyhaddonetheirdutybybeinggenerallyopen-mindedandthattheyhadachievedsomethingpositiveservingthecauseofrevolution。\"（Goegg，WeeklyeditionoftheDeutscheSchnellpost，August20，1851。）
EduardMeyenwassodelightedwiththissuccessthathewaxedecstaticinhislithographedreport：
\"ThewholeEmigrationnowformacoherentphalanxuptoandincludingBucherandwiththesoleexceptionoftheincorrigibleMarxclique。\"
ThissamenoticeofMeyen’scanbefoundalsointheBerlinerlithographischeKorrespondenz。
Inthisway，thankstoageneralopen-mindednessandtotheaccompanimentofthreecheersfortheGermanRepublicthegreatÉmigré
ClubwhichwastoholdsuchinspiringmeetingsandwhichwastodissolveinsatisfactionafewweeksafterKinkel’sdepartureforAmerica，cameintobeing。ItsdissolutiondidnotofcoursepreventitfromplayinganimportantpartasalivingentityinAmerica。
Scene4。August1st。——SecondmeetingintheCranbourneHotel。
\"Unfortunatelywemustalreadyreporttodaythattheexpectationsraisedbytheformationofthisclubhavebeensadlydisappointed。\"（Goegg，loc。
cit。，August27th。）
KinkelintroducedsixPrussianrefugeesandsixPrussianvisitorstotheGreatExhibitionintotheclubwithoutobtainingamajoritydecision。Damm（President，formerpresidentoftheBadenConstituentAssembly）expressedhisastonishmentatthistreacherousinfringementofthestatutes。[\"Dammishere！\"\"Whoishere？\"\"Dammishere！\"\"Who？\"\"Damm，Damm，surelyyouknowDamm？\"]
Kinkelexplained：\"TheClubisonlyalooselyorganisedsocietywithnootherpurposethanforpeopletogettoknoweachotherandtohavediscussionsthatareopentoeveryone。ItisthereforedesirableforvisitorstobeadmittedtotheClubinlargenumbers。\"
StudentSchurzattemptedtocoverupquicklyfortheProfessor’slackoftactbymovinganamendmenttopermittheadmissionofvisitors。
Motionpassed。AbrahamaSanctaClaraTausenauroseandputthetwofollowingmotionswithaperfectlystraightface：
\"1。Acommission（thecommittee）’shouldbesetuptoreportweeklyoncurrentaffairs，particularlyinGermany。ThesereportsaretobepreservedinthearchiveoftheClubandpublishedatanappropriatetime。2。Thereshouldbeacommission（thecommittee）todepositinthearchiveallpossibledetailsconcerningviolationsofthelawandactsofcrueltytowardsthesupportersofdemocracycommittedbytheservantsofthereactionduringthelastthreeyearsandatthepresenttime。’
\"Reichenbachopposedthisvigorously：’HesawsuspiciousmotiveslurkingbehindtheseseeminglyharmlessproposalsandalsothewishtousetheelectionofthemembersofthiscommissionasadevicetogivetheClubanofficialcharacternotdesiredbyhimselforhisfriends。’
\"SchimmelpfennigandSchurz：’Thesecommissionscouldarrogatepowersuntothemselvesthatmightbeofaconspiratorialnatureandgraduallyleadtoanofficialcommittee。’
\"Meyer：’Iwantwords，notdeeds。’\"
AccordingtoGoegg’saccountthemajorityseemedinclinedtoacceptthemotion;MachiavelliSchurzproposedanadjournment。AbrahamaSanctaClaraTausenauagreedtotheproposalsoasnottoseemunfriendly。Kinkelexpressedtheopinionthatthevoteshouldbepostponeduntilthenextmeetingchieflybecausehissupporterswereintheminoritythateveningandsoheandhisfriendswouldbeunableinthecircumstancestoregardthevoteas\"bindingontheirconscience\"。Adjournmentagreed。
Scene5。August8th。——ThirdmeetingintheCranbourneHotel。DiscussionoftheTausenaumotions。——Ignoringtheagreement，Kinkel/
Willichhadbroughtalongthe\"rankandfilerefugees\"，lemenupeuple，soasto\"bindtheirconsciences\"thistime。——SchurzmovedanamendmentproposingvoluntarylecturesoncurrentaffairsandinaccordancewithapreviousarrangementMeyenimmediatelyvolunteeredtospeakonPrussia，SchurzonFrance，OppenheimonEnglandandKinkelonAmericaandthefuture（sincehisimmediatefuturelayinAmerica）。Tausenau’sproposalswererejected。Hedeclaredmovinglythathisonlywishwastosacrificehisjustangeronthealtarofthenationandtoremainwithinthebosomofhisallies。ButtheRuge/Ficklercontingentatonceassumedtheoutragedindignationofbeautifulsoulswhohavebeenswindled。
Intermezzo。——KinkelhadfinallyreceivedLLL160
sterlingfromNewOrleansandtogetherwithotherdistinguishedheroeshehadsetaboutinvestingitfortherevolution。TheRuge/Ficklerfaction，alreadyembitteredbytherecentvote，nowlearnedofthis。Theyhadnotimetolose，actionwasessential。TheyfoundedanewcesspoolandconcealeditsfoulstagnationunderthenameoftheAgitationClub。ItsmemberswereTausenau，Frank，Goegg，Sigel，Hertle，Ronge，Haug，FicklerandRuge。
TheClubimmediatelyannouncedintheEnglishpress：
\"Itsaimsarenottodiscussbuttowork，itwouldproducenotwordsbutdeedsandaboveallitappealstolikemindedcomradestomakedonations。
TheAgitationClubappointsTausenautobeitsexecutiveleaderanditsforeignminister。ItalsorecognisesRuge’spositionintheEuropeanCentralCommittee\"（asImperialAdministrator）[68]\"aswellashispreviousactivityonbehalfofandinthenameoftheGermanpeople。\"
Thenewcombinationdoesnotconcealtheoriginalconstellation：Ruge，RongeandHaug。AfterthestrugglesandtheeffortsofsomanyyearsRugehadfinallyreachedhisgoal：hewasacknowledgedtobethefifthwheelonthecentralcarriageofdemocracyandhadaclearly——alltooclearly——definedpartofthepeoplebehindhim，consistingofeightmeninall。
ButeventhispleasurewaspoisonedforhimashisrecognitionwaspurchasedatthecostofanindirectslightandwasagreedtoonlyontheconditionimposedbythepeasantFicklerthatRugeshouldhenceforthceaseto\"broadcasthisrubbishtothewholeworld\"。
ThecoarseFicklerregardedas\"distinguished\"onlythosewritingsbyRugewhichhehadnotreadanddidnotneedtoread。
Scene6。August22nd。——TheCranbourneHotel。Firstly，therewasa\"diplomaticmasterstroke\"（videGoegg）onthepartofSchurz：
heproposedtheformationofageneralrefugeecommitteetocomprisesixmemberstakenfromthedifferentfactionstogetherwithfiveco-optedmembersofthealreadyexistingrefugeecommitteeoftheWillichArtisanClub。
（ThiswouldhavegiventheKinkel/Willichwingapermanentmajority）。Agreed。
TheelectionswerecarriedoutbutrejectedbythemembersoftheRugeanpartofthestate，whichmeantthecompletecollapseofthediplomaticmasterstroke。HowseriouslythisrefugeecommitteewasmeanttobetakencanbeseenfromthefactthatfourdayslaterWillichresignedfromthecommitteeofartisansandrefugeeswhichhadonlyhadanominalexistenceforalongtime，followinguponrepeated，whollydisrespectfulrevoltsonthepartofthe\"rankandfilerefugees\"whichhadmadethedissolutionofthecommitteeaninevitability。——InterpellationconcerningtheemergenceinpublicoftheAgitationClub。Motion：thattheÉmigré
ClubshouldhavenothingtodowiththeAgitationClubandshouldpubliclydissociateitselffromallitsactions。Furiousattacksonthe\"Agitators\"
GoeggandSigeljunior（i。e。senior，seebelow，p。228）intheirpresence。
RudolphSchrammdeclaredthathisoldfriendRugewasaminionofMazzinianda\"gossipyoldwoman\"。Tuquoque，Brute！Goeggretorted，notasagreatoratorbutasanhonestcitizenandhelaunchedabitterattackontheambiguous，slack，perfidious，unctuousKinkel。
\"Itisirresponsibletopreventthosewhowishtoworkfromdoingso，butthesepeoplewantafictitious，inactiveunionthattheycanuseasacoverforcertainpurposes。\"
WhenGoeggreferredtothepublicannouncementabouttheAgitatorClubintheEnglishpapersKinkelarosemajesticallyandsaidthat\"HealreadycontrolledthewholeAmericanpressandhadtakenstepstoensurehiscontroloftheFrenchpresstoo。\"
ThemotionoftheGermanfactionwaspassedandprovokedadeclarationfromthe\"Agitators\"thatthemembersoftheirclubcouldnolongerremainwithintheÉmigréClub。
ThusarosetheterriblegulfbetweentheÉmigré
ClubandtheAgitators’Clubwhichgapesthroughthewholehistoryofthemodernworld。
ThemostcuriousfactaboutitisthatbothcreaturesonlysurviveduntiltheirseparationandnowtheyvegetateintheKaulbachian[69]battleoftheghoststhatstillragesinGerman-Americanmeetingsandpapersandnodoubtwillcontinuetoragetotheendoftime。
ThewholesessionwasallthemorestormyastheundisciplinedSchrammwentsofarastoattackWillich，claimingthattheÉmigréClubdegradeditselfbyitsconnectionswiththatknight。Thechairman，whohappenedtobethetimorousMeyen，hadalreadylostcontrolseveraltimesindespair。ButthedebateabouttheAgitators’Clubandtheresignationofitsmembersbroughtthetumulttoaclimax。Totheaccompanimentofshouts，drumming，crashes，threatsandragingtheedifyingmeetingwentonuntil2a。m。whenthelandlordturnedoffthegasandsoplungedtheheatedantagonistsintodarkness。Thisbroughtallplanstosavethenationtoanabruptend。
AttheendofAugustthechivalrousWillichandthecosyKinkelmadeanattempttosmashtheAgitators’ClubbyputtingaproposaltotheworthyFickler。
\"HeshouldjoinwiththemandtheircloserpoliticalfriendsinformingaFinanceCommitteetomanagethemoneythathadcomeinfromNewOrleans。
Thiscommitteeshouldcontinuetofunctionuntilitissupersededbyageneralfinancecommitteeoftherevolution。However，theacceptanceofthisofferwouldimplythedissolutionofallGermanrevolutionaryandagitatorialsocietiesthathadexistedhitherto。\"
TheworthyFicklerrejectedtheideaofthis\"imposed，secretandirresponsiblecommittee\"withindignation。
\"How\"，heexclaimed，\"canamerefinancecommitteehopetounitealltherevolutionarypartiesaroundit？Themoneythathasarrivedandthatisstilltocomecanneversufficetopersuadethewidelydivergentstrandsofthedemocratstosacrificetheirautonomy。
Thusinsteadofachievingthehoped-fordestructionoftheoppositionthisattemptedseductionenabledTausenautodeclarethatthebreachbetweenthetwomightypartiesofEmigrationandAgitationhadbecomeirreparable。
XIVToshowhowpleasantlythewarwaswagedbetweenEmigrationandAgitationweappendhereafewexcerptsfromtheGerman-Americanpapers。
Agitation。
RugedeclaredthatKinkelwasan\"agentofthePrinceofPrussia\"。
AnotheragitatordiscoveredthattheoutstandingmenoftheÉmigré
Clubconsistedof\"PastorKinkeltogetherwiththreePrussianlieutenants，twomediocreBerlinliteratiandonestudent\"。
Sigelwrote：\"ItcannotbedeniedthatWillichhasgainedsomesupport。Butwhenamanhasbeenapreacherforthreeyearsandonlytellspeoplewhattheywishtohear，hewouldhavetobeverystupidnottobeabletowinsomeofthemover。TheKinkelitesareattemptingtotakethesesupportersover。TheWillichsupportersarewhoringwiththeKinkelsupporters。\"
AfourthagitatordeclaredthatKinkel’ssupportersare\"idolators\"。
TausenaugavethisdescriptionoftheÉmigréClub。
\"Divergentinterestsbeneaththemaskofconciliatoriness，thesystematicgerrymanderingofmajorities，theemergenceofunknownquantitiesasorganisingpartyleaders，attemptstoimposeasecretfinancecommitteeandalltheotherslipperymanoeuvreswithwhichimmaturepoliticiansofallageshavetriedtocontrolthefatesoftheircountryinexile，whilethefirstglowoftherevolutiondispersesallsuchvanitieslikeamorningmist。\"
Lastly，Rodomonte-HeinzenannouncedthattheonlyreputablerefugeesinEnglandpersonallyknowntohimwereRuge，Goegg，FicklerandSigel。ThemembersoftheÉmigréClubwere\"egoists，royalistsandcommunists\"。
Kinkelwas\"anincurablyvainfoolandanaristocraticadventurer\"，Meyen，OppenheimandWillich，etc。werepeople\"whodonotevencomeuptohis，Heinzen’s，kneeandasforRuge，theydonotevenreachtohisankle\"。
（NewYorkSchnellpost，New-YorkerDeutscheZeitung，Wecker，etc。
1851。）
Emigration\"Whatisthepurposeofanimposedcommittee，thatstandsfirmlyinmid-air，thatconfersauthorityonitselfwithoutconsultingthepeoplewhomitclaimstorepresentoraskingthemwhethertheywishtoberepresentedbysuchpeople？\"——\"EveryonewhoknowsRuge，knowsthatthemaniaforproclamationsishisincurabledisease。\"——\"InparliamentRugedidnotevenacquiretheinfluenceofaSimonofTrieroraRaveaux。\"[70]\"Whererevolutionaryenergyinaction，talentfororganisation，discretionorreticencearenecessary，Rugeisdownrightdangerousbecausehecannotholdhistongue，hecannotholdhisinkandalwaysclaimsthatherepresentseverybody。WhenRugemeetsMazziniandLedru-RollinthisistranslatedintoRugeanandpublishedinallthepapersas：Germany，FranceandItalyhavebandedtogetherfraternallytoservetherevolution。\"——\"Thispretentiousimpositionofacommittee，thisboastfulinactivitydeterminedRuge’smostintimateandintelligentfriends，suchasOppenheim，MeyenandSchrammtojoinforceswithothermen。\"\"BehindRugethereisnoclearlydefinedsectionofthepeople，butonlyaclearlyoutlinedpigtailofpeace。\"——
\"HowmanyhundredsofpeopleaskthemselvesdailywhoisthisTausenauandthereisnoone，noonewhocangiveananswer。HereandthereyoucanfindaViennesewhowillassureyouthatheisoneofthosedemocratswithwhomthereactionusedtoreproachtheViennesedemocratssoastoputtheminabadlight。ButthatistheconcernoftheViennese。AtanyrateTausenauisanunknownquantity，andwhetherheisaquantityofanykindisevenmoredubious。\"
\"Letustakealookattheseworthymenwhoregardeveryoneelseasanimmaturepolitician。Sigel，thesupremecommander。Ifanyoneeverasksthemuseofhistoryhowsuchaninsipidnonentitywasgiventhesupremecommandshewillbecompletelyatalossforareply。Sigelisonlyhisbrother’sbrother。Hisbrotherbecameapopularofficerasaresultofhiscriticalremarksaboutthegovemment，remarkswhichhadbeenprovokedbyhisfrequentarrestsfordisorderlybehaviour。TheyoungerSigelthoughtthisreasonenoughintheearlyconfusionprevailingattheoutbreakofrevolutiontoproclaimhimselfsupremecommanderandministerofwar。TheBadenartillerywhichhadoftenproveditsworthhadplentyofolderandmoreexperiencedofficerswhoshouldhavetakenprecedenceoverthisyoungmilksopLieutenantSigel，andtheyweremorethanalittleindignantwhentheyhadtoobeyanunknownmanwhoseinexperiencewasonlymatchedbyhisincompetence。ButtherewasBrentano，whowassomindlessandtreacherousastopermitanythingthatmightruintherevolution……ThetotalincapacitythatSigeldisplayedduringthewholeBadencampaign……ItisworthyofnotethatSigelleftthebravestsoldiersoftherepublicanarmyinthelurchinRastattandintheBlackForestwithoutthereinforcementshehadpromisedwhilehehimselfdrovearoundZurichwiththeepaulettesandthecarriageofPrincevonFurstenbergandparadedasaninterestingunfortunatesupremecommander。Thisisthetruemagnitudeofthismaturepoliticianwho，understandablyproudofhisearlierheroicdeeds，imposedhimselfassupremecommanderforasecondtime，onthisoccasionintheAgitators’Club。Thisisthegreathero，thebrotherofhisbrother。\"
\"Itisreallylaughablewhensuchpeople\"（astheAgitators）\"reproachotherswithhalf-heartedness，fortheyarepoliticalnonentitieswhoareneitherhalfnorwhole。\"——\"Personalambitionisthewholesecretoftheirfundamentalposition。\"——\"AsaclubtheAgitators’Clubhasmeaningonlyasaprivateinstitution，likealiterarycircleorabilliardclub，andthereforeithasnoclaimtobetakenintoconsiderationorgivenavoice。\"——\"Youhavecastthedice！Lettheuninitiatedbeinitiatedsothattheymayjudgeforthemselveswhatkindofpeopleyouare！\"——（BaltimoreCorrespondent。）
Itmustbeconfessedthatintheirunderstandingofeachotherthesegentlemenhavealmostachievedanunderstandingofthemselves。
XVInthemeantimethesecretfinancecommitteeofthe\"Émigrés\"hadelectedanexecutivecommitteeconsistingofKinkel，WillichandReichenbachanditnowresolvedtotakeseriousmeasuresinconnectionwiththeGermanloan。AsreportedintheNewYorkSchnellpost，theNew-YorkerDeutscheZeitungandtheBaltimoreCorrespondentattheendof1851，StudentSchurzwassentonamissiontoFrance，BelgiumandSwitzerlandwherehesoughtoutallold，forgotten，deadandmissingparliamentarians，Reichregents，deputiesandotherdistinguishedmen，rightdowntothelatelamentedRaveaux，togetthemtoguaranteetheloan。Theforgottenwretcheshastenedtogivetheirguarantee。Forwhatelsewastheguaranteeoftheloanifnotamutualguaranteeofgovernmentpostsinpartibus;andinthesamewayMessrs。Kinkel，WillichandReichenbachobtainedbythismeansguaranteesoftheirfutureprospects。AndthesesorrowingbonhommesinSwitzerlandweresoobsessedwith\"organisation\"
andtheguaranteeoffuturepoststhattheyhadlongbeforeworkedoutaplanbywhichgovernmentpostswouldbeawardedaccordingtoseniority——whichproducedaterriblescandalaboutwhoweretohaveNos。1，2and3。SufficeittosaychatStudentSchurzbroughtbacktheguaranteeinhispocketandsotheyallwenttowork。SomedaysearlierKinkelhad，itistrue，promisedinanothermeetingwiththe\"Agitators\"thathewouldnotgoaheadwithaloanwithoutthem。ForthatveryreasonhedepartedtakingthesignaturesoftheguarantorsandcarteblanchefromReichenbachandWillich——ostensiblytofindcustomersforhisaestheticlecturesinthenorthofEngland，butinrealitytogotoLiverpoolandembarkforNewYorkwherehehopedtoplayParzivalandtodiscovertheHolyGrail，thegoldofthedemocraticparties。
Andnowbeginsthatsweet-sounding，strange，magniloquent，fabulous，trueandadventuroushistoryofthegreatbattlesfoughtonbothsidesoftheAtlanticOceanbetweentheÉmigrésandtheAgitators。
Itwasawarwagedwithrenewedbitternessandwithindefatigablezeal。
InitwewitnessGottfried’scrusadeinthecourseofwhichhecontendswithKossuthandaftergreatlaboursandindescribabletemptationshefinallyreturnshomewiththeGrailinthebag。
Orbeisignori，iovilascioalpresente，Esevoitornereteinquestoloco，Diroquestabaffagliadov’iolassoCh’unaltranofumaiditalfracasso。
（Boiardo，BkI，Canto26）
[Andthere，kindSirs，Ileaveyouforthepresent，IfonedayyoureturnuntothisplaceI’llgiveyoufurthernewsofthisgreatwarSofullofmightydeedsne’erdonebefore。]
END1852：HeroesoftheExile——notesHEROESOFTHEEXILEbyKARLMARX
andFREDERICKENGELS
NOTESToreturntothemaintext，clickhere[1]
[2]Klopstock’sMessias。
[3]Siegwart：EineKlostergeschichtebyMillerappearedin1776andistypicalofthesentimentaltrendinliteratureatthetime。
[4]Goethe，FaustI。Faust’sStudy。TranslatedbyLouisMacneiceandE。L。Stahl。
[5]Ibid。
[6]AreferencetotheConfessionsofabeautifulsoulwhichoccurinGoethe’snovelWilhelmMeister’sApprenticeshipandwhichepitomisethecultofsentiment。
[7]WagnerwasthenaiveassistantofFaust。
[8]WolframvonEschenbachandGottfriedvonStrasbourgwerethetwochiefexponentsofthecourtlyepicinGermany。
TheirprincipalworkswereParzival（Wolfram）andTristan（Gottfried）。
[9]Platen（1796-1835）wasaneo-classicalpoetwhoattackedboththeRomanticsandthePhilistines;essentiallysecond-ratehewashimselftheobjectofanotoriouslyviolentsatirebyHeine。
[10]Chamisso，thewell-knownauthorofPeterSchlemihlalsopublishedtheDeutscherMusenalmanachwhichappearedinLeipzigfrom1833to1839。AlbertKnappwastheeditorofChristoterpe。EinTaschenbuchfürchristlicheLeser，Heidelberg1833-53。
[11]ThesupremeHindudeityShivawasalsoknownasMahadeva。IntheformusedbyMarx，Mahadoh，thereisanechoofGoethe’spoemDerGottunddieBajadere。
[12]TheconflictbetweendutyandinclinationisseenbythematureSchillerascentraltotragedy。
[13]ChristianHeinrichSpiess（1755-99），HeinrichClauren（177I-1854），andKarlGottlobCramer（1758-1817）wereallwritersofpopularnovelsoradventurestories。
[14]HeinrichvonOfterdingenbyNovaliswasaparadigmaticworkoftheGermanRomanticschool。Thehero——modelledonamediaevalpoetofthatname——spendshislifeinasearchforthe\"blueflower\"whichbecomesasymbolofthatinfiniteromanticlongingfortheideal，poeticrealmremovedfromthatofreality。
[15]TheconcludinglinesofGoethe’sZahmeXenieninwhichhemakesfumofPustkuchen’sWanderjahre，aworkparasiticonhisownWilhemMeisterandonewhichwasforawhilethoughttobefromhisownpen。Goethe’sownItalianJourneymarksadecisivechangeinhiscareer。
[16]Kotzebuewasanimmenselypopularwriterofsuperficialmelodramas。
[17]Hegel，ThePhenomenologyofMind，Berlin1832，pp。392ff。
[18]Schiller’sKabaleundLiebewasoneofthechiefworksoftheGermanStormandStressyriod。
[19]JohannHeinrichJung-Stilling（1740-1817）
asentimental，pietisticwriter。
[20]BettinavonArnimhadmanagedtocaptivatetheagingGoethewhileshewasherselfscarcelymorethanaprecociouschild。HerpublicationofGoethe’sBriefwechselmiteinemKindebroughtheracertainnotoriety。
[21]Thecriticalmovement，i。e。theYoungHegelians，Strauss，BrunoBauerandFeuerbach。
[22]TalebyClemensBrentano，oneofthechiefexponentsofGermanRomanticism。
[23]TheGöttingerHainpoets（HoltyandVosswerethemostimportant）wereactivefrom1772to1774。InfluencedbyKlopstockandBürgertheyplayedanimportantroleintheformationofGermanliteraturebeforesubsidingintophilistinism。
[24]Thereferenceistotheartisans’
congressesthattookplaceinvarioustownsinGermanyin1848andwhichproducedprogrammesforrestoringtheguildstotheirformerprosperityinaccordancewithWmkelblech’sutopiantheories。
[25]ThedictatedconstitutionwasintroducedbyFrederickWilliamIVonDecember5，1848。TheLowerChambermetonFebruary26，1849，butwasdissolvedbythegovernmentonApril27，1849。
[26]ThebattleofRastatttookplaceonJune29&30，1849。ThedefeatofthedemocraticforcesatthehandsofthePrussiantroopsmarkedtheendoftheBadencampagne。
[27]ThereferenceistoGoethe’scelebratednovel，TheSufferingsofYoungWerther。
[28]May1852，i。e。theFrenchpresidentialelectionwhichthedemocraticmovementandespeciallytheémigré’shopedwouldinaugurateanewdemocraticepoch。
[29]I。e。thecampagnefortheImperialConstitutionwhosedefeatatRastattendedtherevolutionarystruggles。
[30]TheCamphausenMinistryinPrussialastedfromMarchtoJune1848。
[31]ThePrussianAssemblywasdissolvedinNovember1848。
[32]TheNeuePreussischeZeitungalsoknownasthe\"Krenzzeitung\"wasfoundedinJune1848。Itwastheorganoftheextremeright-wingcourtcamarilla。AssuchitopposedManteuffel’smoremoderateconservatism。
[33]TheDresdenUprisinglastedfromMay3toMay8，1849。ItbrokeoutwhentheKingofSaxonyrefusedtorecognisetheImperialConstitution。TheinsurrectionwasledbyBakuninandSamuelTzschirnerandinvolvedworkersandartisans。HenceanappealtothebourgeoisdemocratsofLeipzigwentunheeded。
[34]ThereferenceistoJune13，1849，whenLouisNapoleondefeatedachallengetohispowerbyLedru-RollinandtheMontagne。TheinfluenceoftheMontagnewasnowbrokenandLedruandothersfledintoexile。
[35]BrüggemannwaschiefeditoroftheKölnischeZeitung，1840-1855。
[36]ArnoldWinkelriedwasthehalf-legendarypopularherooftheSwisswarofliberationagainsttheHabsburgs。AccordingtotraditionheopenedtheattackinthedecisivebattleofSempach（1386）
withthecry\"DerFreiheiteineGasse！\"
[37]Boiardo，L’Orlandoinamorato，canto17。
[38]I。e。theKarlsruherZeitung。
[39]ApopularsentimentalnovelbyJ。
T。Hermes。
[40]TheMarchClubswerethebranches，existinginvariousGermancitiesoftheCentralMarchClub，thathadbeenfoundedinNovember1848bymembersoftheFrankfurtLeft。TheywerefrequencyattackedbyMarxandEngelsintheNeueRheinischeZeitungfortheirfailuretotakeaction。
[41]LudwigBörnewasthefounderofmodernpolemicalGermanliterature。WidelyreadinhisdayheexercisedaprofoundinfluenceonthestyleofEngelsandperhapsalsoMarx。Heisnowunjustlyneglected。
[42]JakobVenedey，PreussenundPreussentum。Mannheim1839。
[43]AlcinafiguresbothintheOrlandofuriosoofAriostoandtheOrlandoInamoratoofBoiardo。
[44]The\"wet\"QuakerswereareformisttrendwithinthemovementintheTwentiesofthelastcentury。
[45]SeeNote3tothe\"Revelations\"。
[46]BronzellwasthesiteofanunimportantskirmishbetweenPrussianandAustriantroopsonNovember8，1850。ItresultedfromtheclaimsofbothsidestohavethesolerighttointerveneintheaffairsofHesseandtocrushanuprisingthere。AustriareceiveddiplomaticsupportfromRussiaandsoPrussiahadtoyield。TheagreementthenreachedatOlmützeffectivelyconsolidatedtheReaction。
[47]I。e。inDieJobsiade。EinkomischesHeldengedichtbyK。A。Kortum。
[48]TheHambacherFestwasapoliticaldemonstrationbySouthGermanliberalsandradicalsinthecastleofHambach（intheBavarianPalatinate）onMay27，1832。Itresultedinthecompleteabolitionofthefreedomofthepressandassociation。
[49]TheinvasionofSavoywasorganisedbyMazziniandtookplacein1834。AdetachmentofémigrésofvariousnationalitiesmarchedonSavoyundertheleadershipofRamorino，butwasdefeatedbyPiedmontesetroops。
[50]InJune1844theBandierabrothers，whoweremembersofasecretconspiratorialorganisation，landedontheCalabriancoastwiththeintentionofsparkingoffaninsurrectionagainsttheNeapolitanBourbonsandtheAustrianyoke。Theywerebetrayedbyoneoftheirnumber，takenprisonerandshot。
[51]TheDukesofAugustenburgwereabranchoftheHolsteinDucalHouse。TheirdenialoftheclaimsoftheDanishkingstoSchleswig-HolstemwasafactorinGermanDanishrelationsandthecomplicatedSchleswig-HolsteinQuestion。
[52]AttheWarsawConferenceinOctober1850whichwasattendedbyRussia，AustriaandPrussiatheattemptwasmadetoforcePrussiatoabandonallplanstouniteGermanyunderitsownhegemony。
[53]TheanniversaryoftheabdicationofLouisPhilippeonFebruary24，1848。
[54]TheVorpariamentmetinFrankfurtfromMarch31andApril4，1848，pendingtheelectionofanall-GermanAssemblyandtheformulationofadefinitiveconstitution。Itwasmoderate，i。e。constitutionalistandmonarchistincharacter。
[55]AfamousrelicinTrier，saidtobetheseamlesscoatofChristforwhichthcsoldiersattheCrucifixioncastlots（seeJohnI9，23）。
[56]PauluswasaProtestanttheologiam，WilhelmTraugottKrugwasKent’ssuccessorintheKonigsbergchairofphilosophy。
[57]AlessandroGavazziwasanItalianpriestwhotookpartintheRevolutionof1848-49inItaly。AfterthedefeatoftheRevolutionheemigratedtoEngland，agitatedagainsttheCatholicChurchandthetemporalpowerofthePope。LaterasupporterofGaribaldi。
[58]Goethe，AnmerkungenviberPersonenundGegenstande，derenimdemDialog\"Rameau’sNeffe\"erwähntwird[59]Jean-VictorMoreau，ageneralintheFrenchRevolutionaryarmy;ascommanderoftheRhineMoselleArmyhegainedfamewithabrilliantlyconductedretreatinfaceofsuperiorenemyforcesin1797。
[60]Black，redandyelloworgoldwerethecoloursoftherevolutionariesin1848。
[61]BothMathyandRomerwereliberalsintheFrankfurtNationalAssembly。RomerwasalsoprimeministerofWürttemberg（1848-49）。
[62]ThereferenceistoWillesen’sbookTheoriedesgtossenKriegesangewendetaufdenrussisch-polnischenFeldzugvon1831（1840）inwhichhebasedthescienceofwaronabstractpropositionsratherthanontheobservablefacts。
[63]BothPetertheHermitandWalthervonHabenichtswerepeasantleadersintheFirstCrusade。
[64]Cavalieridellaventuraandcavalier）deldenseare，respectively，\"knightsoffortune\"and\"knightsoftheknapsack\"。
[65]Theduodecimal，i。e。petty，war。
[66]Goethe，FaustI。
[67]AbrahamaSanctaClara（1664-1709）
wasCourtpreacherinVienna。Heisknownforhisbitingsatires。
[68]ImperialAdministrator（Reichsverweser）
isareferencetotheappointmentofArchdukeJohanntothispostin1848。
ItpointstoboththegrandeurandthemeaninglessnessofRuge’soffice。
[69]Kaulbach’spainting，theBattleoftheHuns，showstheghostsofthewarriorswhofellontheCatalaunianPlainsinA。D。451continuingtofight。
[70]LudwigSimonwasalawyerfromTrierwhobecamealeft-wingmemberoftheFrankfurtNationalAssembly;FranzRaveauxwasoneoftheleadersoftheLeft-CentreintheVorparlamentandNationalAssembly;laterhejoinedtheprovisionalgovernmentinBaden。
Bothemigratedafterthecollapseoftherevolution。