第3章

Itseemsbesttokeepthisnorthwesternformspecificallyseparatefromthatlargeassemblageofsouthernformsthathavebeencommonlyreferredtoit。TheformsreferredtothisspeciesfromwesternKansas(Smyth’schecklist)havenotbeenexamined,andtheymayrepresentintermediateforms,incliningtosimplehabitandovateform,asintheColoradoforms。Thesoutherntype(C。radiosus)isdistinguishedfromC。viviparusnotonlybyitsverydifferentrange,butalsobyitsovatetocylindricalform,simplehabit,morenumerous(12to40)andlonger(6to22

mm。)radialspines,usuallymorenumerous(3to14)centralspinesinwhichtheupperaremorerobustthanthelower,porrectlowercentral,obtusestigmas,andbrownobovatestraightseeds。

58。Cactusradiosus(Engelm。)。

MamillariaviviparaEngelm。Pl。Fendl。49(1849),notHaw。

(1819)。

MamillariaradiosaEngelm。Pl。Lindh。196(1850)。

MamillariavivipararadiosatexanaEngelm。Syn。Cact。269

(1856)。

Ovateorcylindrical,5to12。5cm。highandabout5cm。indiameter,simpleorsparinglyproliferous:tuberclesterete,moreorlessgroovedabove,8to12mm。long:radialspines20to30,straight,slender,withwithduskyapex,veryunequal,6to8mmlong;centralspines4or5,stouter,yellowishortawny,8to12

mm。long,theupperonesthelongerandmorerobust,thelowestoneshorterandporrect:flowers3。5to5。5cm。long,aboutthesamediameterwhenfullyopen,violettodarkpurple:stigmas7

to9,obtuse:fruitovalandgreen:seedsyellowishorbrown,obovate,pitted,fully2mm,long。(Ill。Cact。Mex。Bound。t。

74,fig。5,seeds)Type,Lindheimerof1846inHerb。Mo。Bot。

Gard。

ExtendingacrosssouthernTexas,fromtheGuadalupetoElPaso。

thenceintocontiguousNewMexicoandacrosstheRioGrandenearJuarez(northernChihuahua)。Fl。May-June。

Specimensexamined:Texas(Lindheimerof1846):NewMexico(Bigelowof1855):Chihuahua,nearJuarez(Evansof1891):alsospecimenscultivatedfromthetypeinSt。Louisin1846。

AttentionhasbeencalledunderC。viviparustothecharactersthatdistinguishfromC。radiosusThecharacterstheregivenforthelatterspeciesapplytotothewholegroupofincludedforms。

Thetypeofthespeciesisthevar。TexanaofEngelmann’sSyn。

Cact。andMex。Bound。,whichischaracterizedintheabove。

description。

59。Cactusradiosusneo-mexicanus(Engelm。)。

Mamillariavivipararadiosaneo-mexicanaEngelm。Syn。Cact。

269(1856)。

Generallylower(3。5to10cm。)andsubglobosetoovateorevensub-cylindrical,branchingatbaseorsimple,withmorenumerous(12to40)radialspines,morenumerous(3to12)andpurplishcentrals,andsmallerseeds。(Ill。Cact。Mex。Bound。t。74。fig。

4,seeds)Type,presumablytheWright,Bigelow,andSchottspecimensfromwesternTexas,NewMexico,andSonora,allinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。

FromsouthernUtah,centralColorado,andwesternKansas,southwardthroughwesternTexas,NewMexicoandArizonaintoChihuahuaandSonora。

Specimensexamined:Kansas(Carleton530of1891,inMeadeCounty):Oklahoma(Carleton233of1891):Colorado(HallandHarbourof1862;Brandegee645of1873;Hicksof1890):Utah(Silerof1870):NewMexico(Wislizenusof1846;Fendler244,271,of1847:Wright298;Bigelowof1853;G。R。Vaseyof1881):

Texas(Wrightof1849,1851,1852;Bigelowof1853):Arizona(Rothrock,withnonumberordate):Sonora(Schottof1855):

Chihuahua(Evansof1891,nearJuarez)。

ItisthroughthisvarietythatC。radiosusapproachesmostnearlytoC。viviparus,intheformswithfewradialsandcentrals,butthespecificcharactersseemtohold。ThisistheMamillariaviviparaoftheSynFl。Colorado(PorterandCoulter)。

60。Cactusradiosusarizonicus(Engelm。)。

MamillariaarizonicaEngelmBot。Calif。i。244(1876)。

Arobustgloboseorovatesimpleform(7。5to10cm。indiameter),withlong(12to25mm。)deeply-groovedtubercles,15

to20long(10to30mm。)rigidwhitishradialspines,and3to6

centralsdeepbrownabove。Type,thespecimensofCous,Palmer,BischoffandJohnson,allinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。

SandyandrockysoilfromsouthernUtahthroughnorthernandwesternArizonatosouthernCalifornia。

Specimensexamined:Arizona(Cousof1865;Cous&Palmerof1865

and1872;Palmerof1869;Bischoffof1871;Millerof1881;Rusby617of1853;Pringleof1884):Utah(Johnsonof1871,1872,1874;

Parryof1875,1877):California(Parishof1880):alsospecimenscultivatedinMo。Bot。Gard。in1881;andinMeehan’sGard。in1882。

61。Cactusradiosusdeserti(Engelm。)。

MamillariadesertiEngelm。Bot。Calif。ii。449(1880)。

Subgloboseoroval(5to10cm。high)andsimple,withdeeplygroovedtubercles(slenderandabout12mm。long),25to30

ratherlong(10to16mm。)grayishwhiteradialspines(thelargerwithreddishtips),3or4shorterandstoutercentralswith5or6intermediateonesabove,small(2。5cm。long)

straw-coloredflowers(becomingpurplish-tipped),5or6stigmas,andobliquelyobovatecurvedseeds。Type,Parish433inHerb。

Mo。Bot。Gard。

InthemountainsborderingthedesertsofsoutheasternCalifornia(SanBernardinoCounty)andextendingtocentralNevada(ReeseRiverValley)。

Specimensexamined:California(Parish453of1880,alsoof1882;

Baileyof1890):Nevada,LincolnCounty(Coville&Funstonof1891,DeathValleyExpedition):alsospecimenscultivatedinMeehan’sGard。in1882。

Thesmallerstraw-coloredflowersalonesuggesttheproprietyofkeepingthisformspecificallydistinct,buteveninsizeandcolorthereisanoccasionaltendencytowardthespecificcharacter。TheobliquelyobovatecurvedseedsresemblethoseofC。viviparus。Theplantdenselycoveredwithstoutashy-grayinterlockingspinesiseasilyrecognized。

62。Cactusradiosuschloranthus(Engelm。)。

MamillariachloranthaEngelm。Wheeler’sRep。127(1878)。

Ovaltocylindrical(7。5cm。indiameter,sometimes20to22。5

cm。high),with20to25grayradialspinesalmostintwoseries,6to9stouterreddishorbrownish-tippedcentrals(12to25mm。

long),andyellowishorgreenish-yellowflowers3。5cm。longandwide。Type:SouthernUtahspecimensofbothParryandJohnsonoccurinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。,buttheyareallreferredtoC。

radiosusarizonicus,andIcanfindnotraceofanyspecimensofC。radiosuschloranthusintheEngelmanncollection。

SouthernUtah,eastofSt。George(Parry;Johnson)。

TheplantisevidentlynearC。radiosusdeserti,ofwhichvarietyitseemstobetheUtahrepresentative,butintheabsencenotonlyofthetype,butevenofauthenticspecimens,thetwoarekeptseparate,athingfullyjustifiedbythedescription。

63。Cactusradiosusalversoni,var。nov。

Differsfromvar。desertiinitsmorerobustandbranchinghabit(becoming12。5cm。talland10cm。indiameter),shorterandthickertubercles,morenumerous(12to14centrals)stouterandlonger(12to22mm。)spines,allofwhichareblack-tipped(thecentralsblackhalfwaydown,shadingintored),andpinkflowers。Type,Alverson’sspecimensinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。andinHerb。Coulter。

InthedesertregionofextremesoutheasternCalifornia。

Specimensexamined:SouthernCalifornia(A。H。Alversonof1892):

alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。

Thecoveringofstoutbushyinterlockingspinesislikethatofvar。deserti,buttheblackandreddishcolorationgivesadecidedlydifferentappearance。Onaccountofthisappearanceofareddish-blackbrushtheplanthasbeenpopularlycalled\"foxtailcactus。\"ThedecidedlypinkflowersweresentbyMr。S。

B。ParishfromspecimensgrowingincultivationinSanDiego,andarenotfromtheoriginalcollectionofMr。Alverson。

64。Cactusmacromeris(Engelm。)KuntzeRev。Gen。Pl。260(1891)。

MamillariamacromerisEngelm。Wisliz。Rep。13(1848)。

MamillariaheteromorphaScheerinSalm。Cact。Hort。Dyck。128

(1850)。

MamillariadactylitheleLabouret,Monogr。Cact。146(1858)。

Ovateorcylindrical,5to10cm。high,simpleorbranchingfromthebaseandatlengthcespitose:tubercleslarge,looseandspreading,fromadilatedbase,moreorlesselongated(12to30

mm。)andteretish(oftenincurved),thegrooveabsentinyoungplantsandneverreachingtheaxil:radialspines10to17,slenderandterete,orstouterandoftenangled,spreading,12to40mm。long,whitish(ormoreorlessrose-coloredwhenyoung),straightoralittlecurved;centralspines4(orfewerinyoungplantsorevenwanting),spreading,25to55mm。long,stouter,bulbousatbase,mostlyblack(thelowestthelongestandstoutest),straightorsometimescurvedortwisted:flowers6to7。5cm。longandofsamediameter,deepredtopurple:fruitovate-subglobose,green,15to25mm,long:seedsglobose-obovate,yellow,andsmooth。1。2to1。6mm。long。(Ill。

Cact。Mex。Bound。t。14and15)Type,Wislizenusof1846inHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。

Mostlyinloosesand,inthevalleyoftheRioGrande(onbothsidesoftheriver),fromsouthernNewMexicotoEaglePass,Texas,anddoubtlessfurtherdown。

Specimensexamined:NewMexico(Wislizenusof1846;Wright384,531,of1852;G。R。Vaseyof1881):Texas(Wrightof1850,1851,1852;Bigelowof1852):Chihuahua(Evansof1891;Buddof1891):

alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。

ThisspeciesshowsaninterestingtransitionfromCoryphanthatoEchinocactus。ThewoollygrooveoftheCoryphanthaextendsfromthespine-bearingareolatotheaxilofthetubercle,whereitexpandsintotheflower-bearingareola。InC。macromeristhegrooveextendsonlyabouthalfwaydownthetubercleandgivesorigintotheflower-bearingareolaonthesideofthetubercle;

whileinEchinocactustheflower-bearingareolabecomesadjacenttothespine-bearingareolaandtheflowerappearsatthesummitofthetubercle。

ARTIFICIALKEYTOTHESPECIES。

Itseemsimpossibletomakeasimpleartificialkeythatwillserveasausefulguidetoeachindividualspeciesandvariety。

Ourknowledgeofsomanyofthespeciesisimperfect,thatnosetofcharacterscanbeappliedthroughout。However,asnoplantsarecollectedinsuchfragmentarycondition,itwillbeusefultoconstructakeybaseduponsuchcharactersasarealwayslikelytobepresent,evenifspecificdistinctionsarenotalwaysreached。Inmanycases,speciesaresocloselyanddifferentlyrelatedtoeachotherthatthecompletedescriptionswillhavetobeconsultedtodeterminethedifferences,andinsuchcasestheartificialkeycanonlyindicatethegroup。Eventhefulldescriptionsareverycompact,allcharactersnotnecessaryfordiscriminationhavingbeeneliminated。Noattemptneedbemadetodetermineanyspeciesbymeansoftheflowersalone。Inmostcasesmoreorlessoftheplantbodywillbeavailable,presentingspineandtuberclecharacters,andtheseareusedinthefollowingkey。ThedistinctionbetweenEumamillariaandCoryphantha,onthebasisofgroovelessandgroovedtuberclesshouldalwaysbemadeouteasily。Itmaybeusefultosuggestasacaution,however,thatoftentuberclesindryingdevelopfoldswhichsimulategrooves,andespeciallyisthistrueinquadrangulartubercles。Insuchcasesitisnecessarytorestoretheoriginalplumpnessofthetuberclebyboiling,beforethepresenceorabsenceofthegroovecanbedefinitelydetermined。

Thespeciesandvarietiesareindicatedonlybytheirspecificorvarietalnamesinthefollowingkey,andthenumbersrefertotheserialnumbersofthesynopticalpresentation。FormsoccurringwithintheUnitedStatesaremarkedwithan\"*\":

I。Tuberclesnevergrooved。

*Centralspinesnone。

Radials5to9,stout。

meiacanthus*(7)。

Radials20to40。

micromeris*(12),greggii(13)。

Radials40to80。

lasiacanthus*(10),denudatus*(11)。

**Centralspinesolitaryandnothooked。

+Centralspinelongerthantheradials。

Radials7or8:tuberclesverylong(40to50mm。)。

longimamma(36)。

Radials15to20:tubercles6to8mm。long。

eschanzieri(21)。

++Centralspineshorterthantheradials。

Radials5to9,stout。

meiacanthus*(7)。

Radials9to22。

heyderi*(5),hemisphaericus*(6),gummiferus(8),gabbii(34),sphaericus(35)。

***Centralspinesolitaryandhooked。

+Stemsslendercylindric:LowerCalifornian。

Centrals1,20to30mm。long。

roseanus(23)。

Centrals1to4,20to50mm。long。

setispinus(24)。

++Stemsdepressed-globosetoovate。

Radials4to6,rigid。

uncinatus(9)。

Radials8to12。

wrightii*(15)。

Radials15to30。

grahami*(19),eschanzieri(21)。

Radials50to60。

barbatus(18)。

****Centralspinesmorethanone,andnoneofthemhooked。

+Slenderorsometimesstoutcylindricalplants,branchingatbase:LowerCalifornian。

brandegei(3),setispinus(24),halei(25)。

++Depressed-globosetoovateandstoutcylindrical。

++Radialsfew(3to12)andrigid:Mexican。

Radials3:centrals3。

alternatus(1)

Radials7or8:tubercles40to50mm。long。

longimamma(36)。

Radials10to12:tubercles12to15mm。long。

gummiferus(8)。

++++Radialsnumerous(16to60),capillaryorbristle-like。

Radials15to30,slenderbutrigid(bristly)。

acanthophlegmus(2),densispinus(4),bispinus(14),rhodanthus(26),sulphureospinus(27),palmeri(29),pringlei(32)。

Radials30to60ormore,mostlycapillary。

tetrancistrus*(22),capillaris(28),texanus*(31),spaerotrichus(33)。

*****Centralspinesmorethanoneandbutoneofthemhooked。

Radials10to15。

goodrichii*(16),setispinus(24)。

Radials15to30。

pondii(17),grahami*(19),bocasanus(20)。

Radials30to60。

tetrancistrus(22)。

******Centralspinesmorethanone,andmorethenoneofthemhooked。

Radials8to12。

wrightii*(15)。

Radials30to60。

tetrancistrus(22)。

II。Tubercleswithamoreorlessprominentgroove。

*Centralspinesnone。

+Radialswhitishandrigid,oppressed(pectinate)andinterwovenwithadjacentclusters。

Depressed-globoseandsimple。

compactus(44)。

Globoseandsimple。

radians*(45),corniferus(47)。

Cespitose。

pectenoides(46),sulcatus*(49)。

++Radialsmoreslenderandspreading。

Radials10to17。

missouriensis*(37),similis*(38),macromeris*(64)。

Radials30to50,capillary。

dasyacanthus*(51)。

**Centralspinesolitary,nothooked。

+Centralspineporrect。

Radials6to17。

missouriensis*(37),robustior*(39),scheerii*(40)。

Radials30to50,whiteandcapillary。

dasyacanthus*(51)。

++Centralspinecurveddownwards。

Radials8to12。

sulcatus*(49)。

Radials12to26。

robustispinus(41),recurvatus(42),corniferus(47),scolymoides*(48)。

+++Centralspineerect:Mexican。

Radials7or8:central50mm。long。

salm-dyckianus(43)。

Radials10or11:central25to35mm。long。

maculatus(52)。

Radials13to16。

compactus(44)。

***Centralspinesolitaryandhooked。

brunneus(53)。

****Centralspinesmorethanoneandnoneofthemhooked。

Centrals2:radials6to20。

scheerii*(40),robustispinus(41),recurvatus(42),scolymoides*(48)。

Centrals3:radials6to40。

scheerii*(40),scolymoides*(48),echinus*(50),conoideus(54),neo-mexicanus*(59),arizonicus*(60)。

Centrals4or5:radials6to40。

scheerii*(40),scolymoides*(48),echinus*(50),conoideus(54),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),radiosus*(58),neo-mexicanus*(59)。arizonicus*(60),macromeris*(64)。

Centrals6or7:radials12to40。

potsii*(55),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),neo-mexicanus*(59),arizonicus*(60),chloranthus(62)。

Centrals8to14:radials12to40ormore。

potsii*(55),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),neo-mexicanus*(59),deserti*(61),chloranthus*(62),alversoni*(63)。

GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION

ItisonlypossibletodealwiththeformsthatoccurwithinthebordersoftheUnitedStates,asevenindividualstationsofcommonMexicanformsarelittleifatallknown。TheseUnitedStatesformsrepresentanorthernextensionofanabundantMexicandisplay。ThegroupEUMAMILLARIA,containingtwelveofthethirty-oneformsdefinedasoccurringnorthoftheRioGrande,makesthefeeblestextensionnorthward,atnoplacebeingfoundfarfromtheboundary,andallthetwelveareMexicanformswhichextendbutslightlyintotheUnitedStates。OnlyfiveoftheformsarefoundeastofthePecos:heyderi,themostwidelydistributedEUMAMILLARIA,extendingfromthesoutheasternborderofTexaswestwardalongthewholeMexicanboundaryexceptinCalifornia;hemisphaericus,extendingthroughsouthernTexasandsouthernNewMexico;meiacanthus,alsoalongtheMexicanborderofTexasandNewMexico;texanus,alowgroundformoftheRioGrandeValley,extendingfromthemouthoftherivertoElPaso,andsuggestingaconnectionwiththeWestIndianstellatus;andsphaericus,anotherlowgroundvalleyformofsimilarrange,butapparentlyonlyextendinguptheRioGrandetotheregionofEaglePass。

ThePecosformstheeasternboundaryoffiveotherEUMAMILLARIA

forms:micromeris,extendingnorthwardfromCoahuilaandChihuahua,apparentlyonlyinthemountainsbetweenthePecosandElPaso;wrightii,ofsimilarnarrownorthwardextension,butrangingfurthernorthwardonthehighplainsoftheUpperPecosinNewMexico;denudatus,alsowithanarrownorthwardextensionwestofthePecos;lasiacanthus,extendingfromChihuahuawithanorthernlimitbetweenthePecosandArizona;andgrahami,aSonorantypewhichhasspreadbetweenthePecosandsoutheasternCalifornia。

ThetenprecedingformshaveevidentlyenteredourbordersfromthehighlandsofSonoraandChihuahua,withtheexceptionoftheRioGrandeValleyforms,texanusandsphaericus。Anotherspecies,tetrancistrus,isalsoaSonorantypewhichhasreachedtheeasternslopesofthemountainsofsoutheasternCalifornia,andextendedthroughwesternArizonatosouthernNevadaandsouthernUtah,themostextendednorthernrangeofanyEUMAMILLARIA。Thetwelfthform,goodrichii,isLowerCalifornian,andextendsintoCaliforniaonlyinSanDiegoCounty。AsummarizedstatementofthedistributionofourtwelveEUMAMILLARIAwouldbethattwoofthemhaveextendedfromthelowgroundsofCoahuilaandChihuahuaandspreadalongthevalleyoftheRioGrande;ninehavecomefromthehighgroundsofChihuahuaandSonora,fourofwhichhaveextendedeastwardtothelowlevelsofsoutheasternTexas;fourhavekepttothehighlandswestofthePecos,andonehaskepttotheColoradoValleyanditstributaries,whileonehasashortnorthernextensionfromLowerCalifornia。

ThenineteenformsofCORYPHANTHAaredecidedlymorenorthernintheirdistribution,andareourcharacteristicrepresentativesofthegenusCactus。Tenofthese,however,arebutnorthernextensionsofMexicanforms,andsixofthetenhavesimplythattongue-likenorthernextensioninthemountainsbetweenthePecosandtheUpperRioGrande(above。ElPaso),viz。:dasyacanthus,tuberculosus,scheerii(whichhasalsospreadsomewhateastofthePecos),andthethreepectinateandcloselyrelatedformsradians,echinus,andscolymoides。OfthefourremainingMexicanforms,macromerisisalowgroundRioGrandeValleyform,extendingfromaboveElPasowelltowardstheLowerRioGrande;

potsiijustcrossestheborderintheneighborhoodofLaredo;andradiosusandneo-mexicanushavebyfarthegreatestnorthernextension,stretchingfromSonoraandChihuahuatosouthernUtahandcentralColorado,andeastwardtotheGuadalupeRiverofTexas。

ThenineremainingcoryphanthsaredistinctlyformsoftheUnitedStates,occupyingtwowell-markedregions,viz。:thenorthernplains,andthedesertregionofwesternArizonaandadjacentCalifornia,Nevada,andUtah。Intheformerregionisfoundthewidespreadviviparus,whichextendsfromthesouthernbordersofBritishAmericatotheplainsofeasternColoradoandwesternKansas,andevencrossestheRockyMountaindivideintonorthernIdahoandnortheasternWashington;andmissouriensis,whichalsorangesfromthehighprairiesoftheUpperMissouritothesamesouthernlimit,andiscontinuedsouthwardintoTexasinitsvarietiessimilisandrobustior。

IntheArizonadesertregion,fourdistinctbutcloselyalliedformshavebecomedifferentiatedfromthestrongradiosusstock,viz。:arizonicus,deserti,alversoni,andchloranthus,allofwhichmightberegardedasdistinctspecies。InsoutheasternTexasisfoundanisolatedform,sulcatus,occurringbetweentheBrazosandNuecesrivers。Thatviviparusmustberegardedasastrongnorthernextensionoftheradiosusstockcannotbedoubted,asthelowdepressedcespitosenorthernformseemstomergesouthwardsograduallyintothesimplemorerobustovatetocylindricalformsofradiosusastosuggesttheproprietyofregardingthemallasspecificallyidentical。

Theresultofacloserinspectionofthedistributionofthesenearlyrelatedformsisworthyofnote。C。viviparusextendsfromBritishAmericaandtheUpperMissouritoeasternColoradoandwesternKansas;neo-mexicanus(theformmostnearlyrelatedtoviviparus)extendsfromcentralColoradoandsouthernUtahintoMexico;atthesoutheasternedgeofthisrangebeginsradiosusandextendseastwardthroughsouthernTexas;fromthewesternedgeofneo-mexicanustheformarizonicusextendswestwardintosouthernCalifornia,touchingchloranthusatitsUtahlimit,andatitsCaliforniaextensionreachingalversonianddeserti,thelatterofwhichextendsnorthwardintothedesertregionofsoutheasternCaliforniaandadjacentNevada。

TakingthistypeasofMexicanorigin,itseemstohaveenteredtheUnitedStatesfromSonoraandChihuahua,andtohavespreadinthreedirections,viz。:eastwardthroughsouthernTexas;

westwardandnorthwestwardintosouthernCaliforniaandsouthern,Utah;andnorthwardtotheheadwatersoftheMissouriandBritishAmerica,thoughwewouldlimitthenorthernextensionofthepresentspecifictypetocentralColorado,andwouldregardthestillmorenorthernformsasofthesameoriginbutentitledtospecificrank。

2。ANHALONIUMLem。Cact。Gen。Nov。(1839)。

Depressedorflattened,simple,unarmedplants,coveredwithpeculiarimbricatedtuberclesaboveandtheirscale-likeremainsbelow:tuberclewithlowerandupperpartsverydifferent;lowerpartcomparativelythinandflat;upperexposedparttriangularinoutlineanddivergent,verythickandhard,thelowersurfacesmoothandkeeled,theuppersurfaceplaneorconvex,smoothortuberculateorvariouslyfissured,withabroadwool-bearinggrooveorsimplyamoreorlessevidenttomentuloseapicalareola:spine-bearingareolaobsolete:flower-bearingareolaatthesummitofthelowerpeduncle-likeportionoftheveryyoungtubercle(thusappearingaxillarywithreferencetotheexposedpartofthetubercle)andbearingadensepenicellatetuftoflongsofthairswhichconcealsthelowerpartoftheflowerandtheentirefruitandpersistsabouttheapicalregionoftheplantasmattedandapparentlyaxillarywool:ovarynaked:seedslarge,black,andtuberculate:embryoobovate,straight。

AccordingtothepresentviewsconcerninggenericlimitationsinCactaceae,AnhaloniummustcertainlybekeptdistinctfromMamillaria,andtosuchaviewDr。Engelmannhadfinallycome。

Thegenericdistinctionisbaseduponsuchcharactersas(1)thecompletesuppressionofthespine-bearingareolae;(2)thestrongdifferentiationofthetuberclesintotwoverydistinctregions;

(3)theproductionoftheflowerattheapexofthebasalorpenduncle-likeportion(whichbecomesflattenedandexpandedatmaturity)ofaveryyoungtubercle;and(4)thelargetuberculateseeds。

Inthecaseofengelmannithebroadwoollygrooveoftheupperportionofthetubercleexpandsbelowintotheflower-bearingareola,butterminatesblindlyabovejustbehindthesharpapex。

Inprismaticumandfurfuraceumthegrooveisobliterated,butthereusuallyremainsasmall(moreorlesstufted)areolaanddepressionjustbehindtheapextomarkitsupperextremity。

Thisapicalareolatherefore,doesnotrepresentaspine-bearingareola,buttheclosedupperextremityofatuberclegroove。

ItseemsevidentthatAnhaloniumisamuchmodifiedCactus,andthatitsaffinityiswiththecoryphanths,throughsuchaspeciesasC。macromeris,inwhichtheflowerbecomesextra-axillary。Ifinmacromeris,withtheflowerstandingwelluponthetubercle,theportionsofthetubercleaboveandbelowtheflowershouldbecomeverydifferentfromeachother,theupperportionbeingsomuchmodifiedastocausethespine-bearingareolatobeobliterated,theconditionofthingsinAnhaloniumwouldbeobtained。

*Uppersurfaceoftuberclewithabroadanddeepwool-bearinglongitudinalgroovewhichwidensbelow。

1。AnhaloniumengelmanniLem。Cact42(1839)。

MamillariafissurataEngelm。Syn。Cact。270(1856)。

AnhaloniumfissuratumEngelm。Bot。Mex。Bound。75(1859)。

Depressedgloboseorflat,top-shapedbelowandtaperingintoathickroot,5to12cm。indiameter:tubercles(upperportion)

appressed-imbricate,12to18mm。longandaboutaswideatbase,theuppersurfaceconvexandvariouslyfissured(presentinganirregularwartyappearance)eventotheedges:flowersapparentlycentral,about2。5cm。longandbroad,shadingfromwhitishtorose:fruitoval,palegreen,about10mm。long:seeds1。6mm。

long。(Ill。Bot。Mex。Bound。t。16)Typeunknown;butspecimensofWright,Bigelow,andParryinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。arethebasisofEngelmann’sMamillariafissurata。

Onlimestonehills,inthe\"GreatBend\"regionoftheRioGrandeinTexas,andsouthwardintoCoahuila。Fl。September-October。

Specimensexamined:Texas(Wrightof1850;Bigelowof1852;

Parry,withnonumberordate;Lloydof1890;Evansof1891;

Briggsof1892):alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。

ThisspeciesisverycloselyrelatedtotheMexicanA。kotchubeyiLem。(A。sulcatumSalm-Dyck),butunfortunatelynotypeofthatspeciesseemstobeinexistence,andDr。Engelmannnotes(Mex。

Bound。Rep。75)that\"itseemsnolivingordeadspecimenisatpresentextantinEurope。\"Judgingfromthedescription,theuppersurfaceofthetuberclesinA。kotchubeyi,asidefromthecentralfurrow,issmooth;atleastthemarginis\"veryentire。\"

**Uppersurfaceoftuberclenotgrooved,butusuallywithatomentosepulvillusatthetip。

2。AnhaloniumprismaticumLem。Cact。1(1839)。

MamillariaprismaticaLem。Hort。Univ。i。231(1839)。

CactusprismaticusKuntze,Rev。Gen。Pl。261(1891)。

Flatabove,top-shapedbelow,7。5to12。5cm。indiameter:

tubercles(upperportion)close]yimbricatebutsquarrose-

spreading,sharplytriangular-pyramidalandveryacute(withasharpcartilaginoustip,whichusuallydisappearswithageandleavestheoldertuberclesbluntorretuse),18to25mm。longandaboutaswideatbase,theuppersurfacealmostplaneandsmooth,exceptthatitismoreorlesspulverulentandusuallybearsasmalltomentosepulvillus(oftenevanescentlater)justbehindtheclaw-liketip:flowersrose-color:fruitelongated-

ovalandreddish。(Ill。Lem。Cact。t。1。)Typeunknown。

ReferredtoMexicoingeneral,butreporteddefinitelyonlyfromSanLuisPotosi。UndoubtedlyfoundinCoahuila,andpossiblycrossestheRioGrandeintheregionofthe\"GreatBend。\"

Specimensexamined:SanLuisPotosi(Eschanzierof1891):Mexicoingeneral(specimensfromColl。Salm-Dyckin1858;Schottof1858):alsospecimenscultivatedinMo。Bot。Gard。in1881;alsogrowinginsamegardenin1893。

3。Anhaloniumfurfuraceum(Watson)。

MamillariafurfuraceaWatson,Proc。Amer。Acad。xxv。150

(1890)。

Verycloselyrelatedtoprismaticum;buttriangularportionoftubercleacuminateandshorter,havinganirregularlymamillateuppersurface,andtheacuminationendingabruptlyinacartilaginousdepressioncontainingatomentosepulvillus:

flowers2。5to3cm。long,whiteorpinkish,thesepalsbrownish。

Type,Pringle2580inGrayHerb。

AtCarnerosPass,Coahuila。

Specimensexamined:Coahuila(Pringle2580of1889)。

ThetypeofthisspecieswasnotamongthecollectionsreceivedfromCambridge,butaspecimenofthesamedistributionfromtheNationalHerbariumshowstubercledimensionsdifferentfromthoserecordedinDr。Watson’sdescription。Inthatdescriptionthetriangularterminalsurfaceissaidtobe\"aboutaninchbroadbyone-halfinch,\"whichisdecidedlydifferentfromtheequilateralsurfaceofthetubercleofprismaticum。IntheNationalHerbariumspecimenoffurfuraceum,however,ofthesamedistribution,thesurfaceisalmostequilateral,measuring15mm。

longby18mm。wideatbase。Withouttheacuminateupperportionthebreadthofthetriangularportionwouldbeaboutdoubleitslength。Thelowerrimofthecup-likedepressionwhichterminatesthetubercleandcontainsthepulvillusissometimesslightlyprolongedintoatooth,whichinprismaticumbecomesthesharptipofthetubercle。The\"minutelyfurfuraceous-punctulate\"characterofthetubercleiscommontoallthespeciesofAnhaloniumIhaveseen,andsimplyrepresentstheexternalopeningsoftheremarkablylongcuticularpassagewaystothestomata。

4。AnhaloniumpulvilligerumLem。Cact。(1839)。

AnhaloniumelongatumSalm-Dyck(1850)。

ThisseemstobeathirdgroovelessMexicanspecies。Ihaveseennospecimens,butjudgefromthedescriptionthatitdiffersfromthetwoprecedingspecieschieflyinitslesscrowdedandmoreelongatedtubercles(triangularportion5cm。longby2。5cm。

broadatbase),whicharecoveredatapexwithatomentosepulvillus。

GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION。

ThiscuriousgenusisstrictlyMexican,and,sofarasatpresentrecorded,ischaracteristicofCoahuila,butasinglespecies(engelmanni)ofthefourorfiveknowncrossingtheRioGrandeintheGreatBend。

3。LOPHOPHORA,gen。nov。

Depressed-globose,proliferousandcespitose,tuberculate-ribbed,unarmedplants:tuberclesatfirstconicalandbearingatsummitaflower-bearingareolawithadensetuftorshortpencilofcompacterecthairs,whenmaturebecomingbroadandrounded(withtheremnantofthepenicellatetuftasapersistentpulvillusinasmallcentraldepression)andcoalescingintobroadconvexverticalribs:spinebearingareolaeobsolete:flowersborneatthesummitofnascenttubercles:ovarynaked(thatisfreefromscales,butoftendowny):fruitandseedunknown。

TheseformshavebeenvariouslyreferredtoAnhaloniumandEchinocactus,butseemtodeservegenericdistinction。TheydifferfromAnhaloniumintheentiresuppressionoftheupperhighlydifferentiatedportionofthetubercle,inthebroadandroundeddevelopmentofthelowerportion,andinthecoalescenceoftheenlargedtuberclesintobroadverticalribs。Infact,inyoungspecimens,theplantappearsalmostsmooth,withshallowfurrowsradiatingfromthedepressedapex。ThegenusdiffersfromEchinocactusinthesuppressionofthespine-bearingareolae,andthenakedovary。IntheexaminationofdevelopingtuberclestherelationtoAnhaloniumisevident。Inthelattergenustheyoungtuberclebearsonthesummitofitspedicel-likelowerportionthetuftedflower-bearingareolathemodifiedupperportionofthetubercleatthattimeappearingasabractbeneaththeflower。InLophophorathereisthesameconditionofthings,exceptthatthebract-likeupperportioniswanting。FromthispointofviewitwouldappearthatthedifferencesbetweenLophophoraandEchinocactusareintensifiedbythefactthattheflower-bearingareolaintheformergenusistoberegardedasreallylateralonatubercletheupperpartofwhichhasdisappeared。ThisgenusoccursabundantlyinsoutheasternTexas,extendingsouthwardintoMexico。Mrs。A。B。NickelsreportsthattheIndiansusetheplantsinmanufacturinganintoxicatingdrink,alsofor\"breakingfevers,\"andthatthetopscutoffanddriedarecalled\"mescalbuttons。\"

1。Lophophorawilliamsii(Lem)。

EchinocactuswilliamsiiLem。Allg。Gart。Zeit。xiii。385

(1845)。

AnhaloniumwilliamsiiLem。inForstHandb。Cact。i。233

(1846)。

Hemispherical,fromaverythickroot,oftendenselyproliferous,transverselylinedbelowbytheremainsofwitheredtubercles:

ribsusually8(inyoungspecimensoften6),verybroad,graduallymergingaboveintothedistinctnascenttubercleswhicharecrownedwithsomewhatdelicatepenicellatetufts,whichbecomeratherinconspicuouspulvilliontheribs:flowerssmall,whitishtorose:stigmas4。(Ill。Bot。Mag。t。4296)Typeunknown。

AlongtheLowerRioGrande,Texas,andextendingsouthwardintoSanLuisPotosiandsouthernMexico。