Whatmightwelookforinadistinctlyfeminineinfluence？Whatarethesemuch—dreadedfemininecharacteristics？
Thematernalones，ofcourse。Thesexinstinctsofthemaleareofapreliminarynature，leadingmerelytotheunionprecedingparenthood。
Thesexinstinctsofthefemalecoverafarlargerfield，spendingthemselvesmostfullyinthelastinglove，theceaselessservice，theingenuityandcourageofefficientmotherhood。Tofeminizeeducationwouldbetomakeitmoremotherly。Themotherdoesnotrearherchildrenbyasystemofprizestobelongedforandpursued;nordoesshesetthemtocompetewithoneanother，givingtotheconqueringchildwhatheneeds，andtothevanquished，blameanddeprivation。Thatwouldbe\"unfeminine。\"
Motherhooddoesallitknowstogivetoeachchildwhatismostneeded，toteachalltotheirfullestcapacity，toaffectionatelyandefficientlydevelopthewholeofthem。
Butthisisnotwhatismeantbythosewhofearsomuchtheinfluenceofwomen。Accustomedtoawhollymalestandardofliving，tomasculineideals，virtues，methodsandconditions，theysay——andsaywithsomejustice——thatfemininemethodsandidealswouldbedestructivetowhattheycall\"manliness。\"Forinstance，educationto—dayiscloselyinterwovenwithgamesandsports，allofanexcessivelymasculinenature。\"Theeducationofaboyiscarriedonlargelyontheplayground！\"saytheobjectorstowomenteachers。Womencannotjointhemthere;therefore，theycannoteducatethem。
Whatgamesaretheseinwhichwomencannotjoin？Thereareformsoffighting，ofcourse，violentandfierce，modernmodificationsoftheinstinctofsex—combat。Itisquitetruethatwomenarenotadapted，orinclined，tobaseballorfootballoranyviolentgame。Theyareperfectlycompetenttotakepartinallnormalathleticdevelopment，thehumanrangeofagilityandskillisopentothem，aseveryoneknowswhohasbeentothecircus;buttheyarenotbuiltforphysicalcombat;nordotheyfindceaselesspleasureinthrowing，hittingorkickingthings。
Butisittruethatthesestrenuousgameshavetheeducationalvalueattributedtothem？Itseemslikeblasphemytoquestionit。Thewholerangeofmaleteachers，malepupils，malecriticsandspectators，areloudintheiradmirationforthe\"manliness\"developedbythecraft，courage，co—ordinativepowerandgeneral\"sportsmanship\"developedbythegameoffootball，forinstance;thatafewyoungmenarekilledandmanymaimed，isnothingincomparisontotheseadvantages。
Letusreviewthethreefolddistinctiononwhichthiswholestudyrests，betweenmasculine，feminineandhuman。Grantthatwoman，beingfeminine，cannotemulatemaninbeingmasculine——anddoesnotwantto。
Grantthatthemasculinequalitieshavetheiruseandvalue，aswellasfeminineones。Therestillremainthehumanqualitiessharedbyboth，ownedbyneither，mostimportantofall。Educationisahumanprocess，andshoulddevelophumanqualities——notsexqualities。Surelyourboysaresufficientlymasculine，withoutneedingaspecialeducationtomakethemmoreso。
Theerrorlieshere。Astrictlymasculineworld，proudofitsownsexanddespisingtheother，seeingnothingintheworldbutsex，eithermaleorfemale，has\"viewedwithalarm\"thesteadyandrapidgrowthofhumanness。Here，forinstance，isaboyvisiblytendingtobeanartist，amusician，ascientificdiscoverer。Hereisanotherboynotparticularlycleverinanyline，norambitiousforanyspecialwork，thoughhemeansinageneralwayto\"succeed\";heis，however，abig，huskyfellow，agoodfighter，mischievousasamonkey，andstronginthevirtuescoveredbytheword\"sportsmanship。\"Thisboywecall\"afinemanlyfellow。\"
Wearequiteright。Heis。Heisdistinctlyandexcessivelymale，attheexpenseofhishumanness。Hemaymakeamoreprepotentsirethantheother，thougheventhatisnotcertain;hemay，andprobablywill，appealmorestronglytotheexcessivelyfemininegirl，whohasevenlesshumannessthanhe;butheisnotthereforeabettercitizen。
Theadvanceofcivilizationcallsforhumanqualities，inbothmenandwomen。Oureducationalsystemisthwartedandhindered，notasProf。
Wendellandhislifewouldhaveusbelieve，by\"feminization，\"butbyanoverweeningmasculization。
Theirpositionisasimpleone。\"Wearemen。Menarehumanbeings。
Womenareonlywomen。Thisisaman’sworld。Togetoninityoumustdoitman—fashion——i。e。，fight，andovercometheothers。Beingcivilized，inpart，wemustarrangeasortof\"civilizedwarfare，\"andlearntoplaythegame，theoldcrude，fiercemalegameofcombat，andwemusteducateourboysthereto。\"Nowondereducationwasdeniedtowomen。Nowondertheirinfluenceisdreadedbyanultra—masculineculture。
Itwillchangethesystemintime。Itwillgraduallyestablishanequalplaceinlifeforthefemininecharacteristics，solongbelittledandderided，andgivepre—eminentdignitytothehumanpower。
Physicalculture，forbothboysandgirls，willbepartofsuchamodifiedsystem。Allthingsthatbothcandotogetherwillbeacceptedashuman;butwhateitherboysorgirlshavetoretireaparttopracticewillbefranklycalledmasculineandfeminine，andnotencouragedinchildren。
Themostimportantqualitiesarethehumanones，andwillbesonamedandhonored。Courageisahumanquality，notasex—quality。Whatiscommonlycalledcourageinmaleanimalsismerebelligerence，thefightinginstinct。Tomeetanadversaryofhisownsortisauniversalmasculinetrait;twofathercatsmayfightfiercelyeachother，butbothwillrunfromadogasquicklyasamothercat。Shehascourageenough，however，indefenceofherkittens。
Whatthisworldmostneedsto—dayinbothmenandwomen，isthepowertorecognizeourpublicconditions;toseetherelativeimportanceofmeasures;tolearntheprocessesofconstructivecitizenship。Weneedaneducationwhichshallgiveitsfactsintheorderoftheirimportance;moralsandmannersbasedonthesefacts;andtrainourpersonalpowerswithcarefulselection，sothateachmaybestservethecommunity。
Atpresent，inthelargerprocessesofextra—scholasticeducation，theadvantageisstillwiththeboy。Frominfancywemakethegrossmistakeofaccentuatingsexinourchildren，bydressandallitslimitations，byspecialteachingofwhatis\"ladylike\"and\"manly。\"Theboyisallowedafreedomofexperiencefarbeyondthegirl。Helearnsmoreofhistownandcity，moreofmachinery，moreoflife，passingonfromfathertosonthetruthsaswellastraditionsofsexsuperiority。
Allthisischangingbeforeoureyes，withtheadvancinghumannessofwomen。Notyet，however，hastheiradvanceaffected，toanylargeextent，thebaseofalleducation;theexperienceofachild’sfirstyears。Hereiswherethelimitationsofwomenhavecheckedraceprogressmostthoroughly。Herehereditaryinfluencewasconstantlyoffsetbytheadvanceofthemale。Socialselectiondiddevelophighertypesofmen，thoughsex—selectionreversedstillinsistedonprimitivetypesofwomen。Buttheeducativeinfluenceoftheseprimitivewomen，actingmostexclusivelyonthemostsusceptibleyearsoflife，hasbeenaseriousdeterrenttoraceprogress。
Hereisthedominantmale，largelyhumanized，yetstillmeasuringlifefrommalestandards。Heseeswomenonlyasasex。（NoteherethecriticismofEuropeansonAmericanwomen。\"Yourwomenaresosexless！\"
theysay，meaningmerelythatourwomenhavehumanqualitiesaswellasfeminine。）Andchildrenheconsidersaspartandparcelofthesamedomain，bothinferiorclasses，\"womenandchildren。\"
IrecallinRimmer’sbeautifulredchalkstudies，certainprofilesofman，womanandchild，andcarefulexplanationthattheproportionofthewoman’sfaceandheadwerefarmoreakintothechildthantotheman。
WhatMr。Rimmershouldhaveshown，andcouldhave，byprofuseillustration，wasthatthefacesofboyandgirldifferbutslightly，andthefacesofoldmenandwomendifferaslittle，sometimesnotatall;whilethefaceofthewomanapproximatesthehumanmorecloselythanthatoftheman;whilethechild，representingracemorethansex，isnaturallymoreakintoherthantohim。Themalereservesmoreprimitivequalities，thehairiness，themorepugnaciousjaw;thefemaleisnearertothehigherhumantypes。
Anultra—maleselectionhaschosenwomenfortheirfemininityfirst，andnextforqualitiesofsubmissivenessandpatientservicebredbylongagesofservility。
Thisservilewomanhood，ortheidlerandmoreexcessivelyfemininetype，hasneverappreciatedtherealpowerandplaceofthemother，andhasneverbeenabletograsportocarryoutanyworthysystemofeducationforlittlechildren。Anyexperiencedteacher，manorwoman，willownhowrareitistofindamothercapableofadispassionateappreciationofeducativevalues。Booksininfanteducationandchildculturegenerallyarereadbyteachersmorethanmothers，soourpubliclibrariesprove。Themother—instinct，quitesuitableandsufficientinanimals，isbynomeansequaltotherequirementsofcivilizedlife。
Animalmotherhoodfurnishesafreshwaveofdevotionforeachnewbirth;
primitivehumanmotherhoodextendsthatpassionatetendernessoverthegrowingfamilyforalongerperiod;butneithercancarryeducationbeyonditsrudiments。
Soaccustomedarewetoourworld—oldmethodofentrustingthefirstyearsofthechildtotheactionofuntaught，unbridledmother—instinct，thatsuggestionsastoabettereducationforbabiesarereceivedwiththefrankderisionofmassedignorance。
Thatpowerfulandbrilliantwriter，Mrs。JosephineDaskamBacon，amongothershaslentherablepentoridiculeandobstructthegradualawakeningofhumanintelligenceinmothers，therecognitionthatbabiesarenoexceptiontotherestofusinbeingbetteroffforcompetentcareandservice。Itseemsdelightfullyabsurdtothesereactionariesthatagesofhumanprogressshouldbeofanybenefittobabies，save，indeed，astheirmorehumanfathers，specializedandorganized，areabletoprovidethemwithbetterhomesandabetterworldtogrowupin。Theideathatmothers，morehuman，shouldspecializeandorganizeaswell，andextendtotheirbabiesthesesupremeadvantages，ismadealaughingstock。
Itiseasyandprofitabletolaughwiththemajority;butinthejudgmentofhistory，thosewhodoso，holdunenviablepositions。Thetimeiscomingwhenthehumanmotherwillrecognizetheeducativepossibilitiesofearlychildhood，learnthattheabilitytorightlyteachlittlechildrenisrareandprecious，andbeproudandgladtoavailthemselvesofit。
Weshallthenseeadevelopmentofthemostvaluablehumanqualitiesinourchildren’smindssuchaswouldnowseemwildlyUtopian。Weshalllearnfromwideandlongexperiencetoanticipateandprovideforthestepsoftheunfoldingmind，andtrainit，throughcarefullyprearrangedexperiences，toapowerofjudgment，ofself—control，ofsocialperception，nowutterlyunthoughtof。
Suchaneducationwouldbeginatbirth;yes，farbeforeit，inthestandardsofaconscioushumanmotherhood。Itwouldrequireaquitedifferentstatusofwifehood，womanhood，girlhood。Itwouldbewhollyimpossibleifwewerenevertooutgrowourandrocentricculture。
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
IX。
\"SOCIETY\"AND\"FASHION\"
Amongourmanynaivemisbeliefsisthecurrentfallacythat\"society\"ismadebywomen;andthatwomenareresponsibleforthatpeculiarsocialmanifestationcalled\"fashion。\"
Menandwomenalikeacceptthisnotion;theseriousessayistandphilosopher，aswellasthenovelistandparagrapher，reflectitintheirpages。Theforceofinertiaactsinthedomainofpsychicsaswellasphysics;anyideapushedintothepopularmindwithconsiderableforcewillkeepongoinguntilsomeopposingforce——ortheslowresistanceoffriction——stopsitatlast。
\"Society\"consistsmostlyofwomen。Womencarryonmostofitsprocesses，thereforewomenareitsmakersandmasters，theyareresponsibleforit，thatisthegeneralbelief。
Wemightaswellholdwomenresponsibleforharems——orprisonersforjails。Tobehelplesslyconfinedtoagivenplaceorconditiondoesnotprovethatonehaschosenit;muchlessmadeit。
No;inanandrocentricculture\"society，\"likeeveryothersocialrelation，isdominatedbythemaleandarrangedforhisconvenience。
Thereare，ofcourse，modificationsduetothepresenceoftheothersex;wheretherearemorewomenthanmenthereareinevitableresultsoftheirinfluence;butthecharacterandconditionsofthewholeperformancearedictatedbymen。
Socialintercourseistheprimeconditionofhumanlife。Tomeet，tomingle，toknowoneanother，toexchange，notonlydefiniteideas，facts，andfeelings，buttoexperiencethatvaguegeneralstimulusandenlargedpowerthatcomesofcontact——allthisisessentialtoourhappinessaswellastoourprogress。
Thisgranddesideratumhasalwaysbeenmonopolizedbymenasfaraspossible。Whatintercoursewasallowedtowomenhasbeenrigidlyhemmeditsbyman—madeconventions。Womenaccepttheseconventions，repeatthem，enforcethemupontheirdaughters;buttheyoriginatewithmen。
ThefeetofthelittleChinesegirlareboundbyhermotherandhernurse——butitisnotforwoman’spleasurethatthiscripplingtorturewasinvented。TheOrientalveiliswornbywomen，butitisnotforanyneedoftheirsthatveilsweredecreedthem。
Whenwelookatsocietyinitsearlierformwefindthatthepublichousehasalwaysbeenwithus。Itisasoldalmostastheprivatehouse;theneedforassociationisashumanastheneedforprivacy。
Butthepublichousewas——andis——formenonly。Thewomanwaskeptasfaraspossibleathome。Herfemalenaturewassupposedtodelimitherlifesatisfactorily，andherhumanstaturewascompletelyignored。
Underthepressureofthathumannatureshehasalwaysrebelledatthesocialrestrictionswhichsurroundedher;andfromthewomenofolderlandsgatheredatthewell，orinthemarketplace，toourownwomenonthechurchstepsorinthesewingcircle，theyhaveceaselesslystruggledforthesocialintercoursewhichwasasmuchalawoftheirbeingasofman’s。
Whenwecometothemodernspecialfieldthatwecall\"society，\"wefindittoconsistofacarefullyarrangedsetofprocessesandplaceswhereinwomenmaymeetoneanotherandmeetmen。Thesevary，ofcourse，withrace，country，class，andperiod;fromthecleanlicenceofourwesterncustomstothestrictchaperonageofolderlands;butfreeasitisinAmerica，evenheretherearebounds。
Menassociatewithoutanylimitbutthatofinclinationandfinancialcapacity。Evenclassdistinctiononlyworksoneway——thelow—classmanmaynotminglewithhigh—classwomen;butthehigh—classmanmay——anddoes——minglewithlow—classwomen。Itishissociety——maynotamandowhathewillwithhisown？
Castedistinctions，ashavebeenablyshownbyProf。LesterF。Ward，arerelicsofracedistinction;thesubordinatecastewasonceasubordinaterace;andwhilemating，upward，wasalwaysforbiddentothesubjectrace;mating，downward，wasalwayspracticedbythemasterrace。
Theelaborateshadingof\"thecolorline\"inslaverydays，frompureblackupthroughmulatto，quadroon，octoroon，quinteroon，griffada，mustafee，mustee，andsangd’or——towhiteagain;wasnotthroughwhitemothers——butwhitefathers;nevertooexclusiveintheirtastes。Eveninslavery，theworsthorrorswerestrictlyandrocentric。
\"Society\"isstrictlyguarded——thatisitswomenare。Asalways，themaintabuisonthewoman。Considercarefullytherelationbetween\"society\"andthegrowinggirl。Shemust，ofcourse，marry;andhereducation，manners，character，mustofcoursebepleasingtotheprospectivewooer。Thatwhichisdesirableinyounggirlsmeans，naturally，thatwhichisdesirabletomen。Ofallcultivatedaccomplishmentsthefirstis\"innocence。\"Beautymayormaynotbeforthcoming;but\"innocence\"is\"thechiefcharmofgirlhood。\"
Why？Whatgooddoesitdo_her？_Herwholelife’ssuccessismadetodependonhermarrying;herhealthandhappinessdependsonhermarryingtherightman。Themore\"innocent\"sheis，thelesssheknows，theeasieritisforthewrongmantogether。
Asissofeelinglydescribedin\"TheSorrowsofAmelia，\"in\"TheLadies’
LiteraryCabinet，\"amagazinetakenbymygrandmother;\"TheonlyfoiblewhichthedelicateAmeliapossessedwasanunsuspectingbreasttolavishesteem。Unversedinthesecretvillaniesofabasedegenerateworld，sheeverimaginedallmankindtobeasspotlessasherself。AlasforAmelia！Thisfatalcredulitywasthesourceofallhermisfortunes。\"
Itwas。Itisyet。
Justfacethefactswithneweyes——lookatitasifyouhadneverseen\"society\"before;andobservethepositionofits\"Queen。\"
HereisWoman。LetusgrantthatMotherhoodisherchiefpurpose。（Asafemaleitis。Asahumanbeingshehasothers！）Marriageisourwayofsafeguardingmotherhood;ofensuring\"support\"and\"protection\"tothewifeandchildren。
\"Society\"isverylargelyusedasameanstobringtogetheryoungpeople，topromotemarriage。If\"society\"ismadeandgovernedbywomenweshouldnaturallylooktoseeitsrestrictionsandencouragementssuchaswouldputapremiumonsuccessfulmaternityandprotectwomen——andtheirchildren——fromtheevilsofill—regulatedfatherhood。
Dowefindthis？Bynomeans。
\"Society\"allowsthemanallliberty——allprivilege——alllicense。Therearecertainoffenceswhichwouldexcludehim;suchasnotpayinggamblingdebts，orbeingpoor;butoffencesagainstwomanhood——againstmotherhood——donotexcludehim。
Howaboutthereverse？
If\"society\"ismadebywomen，forwomen，surelyamisstepbyahelplessly\"innocent\"girl，willnotinjureherstanding！
Butitdoes。Sheisnolonger\"innocent。\"Sheknowsnow。Shehaslosthermarketvalueandisthrownoutoftheshop。Whynot？Itishisshop——nothers。Whatwomenmayandmaynotbe，whattheymustandmustnotdo，allismeasuredfromthemasculinestandard。
Areallyfeminine\"society\"basedontheneedsandpleasuresofwomen，bothasfemalesandashumanbeings，wouldinthefirstplaceaccordthemfreedomandknowledge;theknowledgewhichispower。Itwouldnotshowus\"thequeenoftheballroom\"inthepositionofawall—flowerunlessfavoredbymasculineinvitation;unabletoeatunlesshebringshersomething;unabletocrossthefloorwithouthisarm。Ofallblindstultified\"royalsluggards\"sheisthearchetype。No，afemininesocietywouldgrant_atleast_equalitytowomeninthis，theirso—calledspecialfield。
Itsattitudetowardmen，however，wouldberigidlycritical。
FancyarealMrs。Grundy（uptodateithasbeenaMr。，hiswhiskershidincapstrings）saying，\"No，no，youngman。Youwon’tdo。You’vebeendrinking。Thehabit’sgrowingonyou。You’llmakeabadhusband。\"
Orstillmoreseverely，\"Outwithyou，sir！You’veforfeitedyourrighttomarry！Gointoretirementforsevenyears，andwhenyoucomebackbringadoctor’scertificatewithyou。\"
Thatsoundsridiculous，doesn’tit——for\"Society\"tosay？Itisridiculous，inaman’s\"society。\"
Therequireddressanddecorationof\"society\";theeverlastingeatinganddrinkingof\"society，\"thepreferredamusementsof\"society，\"theabsoluterequirementsandabsoluteexclusionsof\"society，\"areofmen，bymen，formen，——toparaphraseathreadbarequotation。Andthen，uponallthatvastedificeofmasculineinfluence，theyturnuponwomenasAdamdid;andblame_them_forseveritywiththeirfallensisters！
\"Womenaresoharduponwomen！\"
Theyhavetobe。Whatmanwould\"allow\"hiswife，hisdaughters，tovisitandassociatewith\"thefallen\"？Hisesteemwouldbeforfeited，theywouldlosetheir\"socialposition，\"thegirl’schanceofmarryingwouldbegone。
Menarenotsostern。Theymayvisittheunfortunatewomen，tobringthemhelp，sympathy，re—establishment——orforotherreasons;anditdoesnotforfeittheirsocialposition。Whyshouldit？Theymaketheregulation。
Womenareto—day，farmoreconspicuouslythanmen，theexponentsandvictimsofthatmysteriouspowerwecall\"Fashion。\"Asshowninmerehelplessimitationofoneanother’sidea，customs，methods，thereisnotmuchdifference;inpatientacquiescencewithprescribedmodelsofarchitecture，furniture，literature，oranythingelse;thereisnotmuchdifference;butinpersonaldecorationthereisamostconspicuousdifference。Womendoto—daysubmittomoregrotesqueuglinessandabsurditythanmen;andthereareplentyofgoodreasonsforit。
Confiningourbriefstudyoffashiontofashionindress，letusobservewhyitisthatwomenwearthesefineclothesatall;andwhytheychangethemastheydo。
First，andveryclearly，thehumanfemalecarriestheweightofsexdecoration，solelybecauseofhereconomicdependenceonthemale。Shealoneinnatureaddstotheburdensofmaternity，whichshewasmeantfor，thisunnaturalburdenofornament，whichshewasnotmeantfor。
Everyotherfemaleintheworldissufficientlyattractivetothemalewithouttrimmings。Hecarriesthetrimmings，sparingnoexpenseofspreadingantlersortrailingplumes;nomonstrosityofcrestandwattles，towinherfavor。
Sheisonlytemporarilyinterestedinhim。Therestofthetimesheisgettingherownliving，andcaringforherownyoung。Butourwomengettheirbreadfromtheirhusbands，andeveryothersocialneed。Thewomandependsonthemanforherpositioninlife，aswellasthenecessitiesofexistence。Forherselfandforherchildrenshemustwinandholdhimwhoisthesourceofallsupplies。Thereforesheisforcedtoaddtoherownnaturalattractionsthis\"danceofthesevenveils，\"oftheseventeengowns，oftheseventy—sevenhatsofgaydelirium。
Therearemanywhothinkinonesyllable，whosay，\"womendon’tdresstopleasemen——theydresstopleasethemselves——andtooutshineotherwomen。\"TotheseIwouldsuggestavisittosomesummershoreresortduringtheweekandextendingoverSaturdaynight。Thewomenhavealltheweektopleasethemselvesandoutshineoneanother;buttheirarrayonSaturdayseemstoindicatetheapproachofsomenewforceorattraction。
IfallthisdoesnotsatisfyIwouldthencalltheirattentiontothewell—knownfactthattheyoungdamselprevioustomarriagespendsfarmoretimeandingenuityindecorationthanshedoesafterward。ThishaslongbeenobservedanddeprecatedbythosewhowriteAdvicetoWives，onthegroundthatthisdifferenceisdispleasingtothehusband——thatshelosesherinfluenceoverhim;whichistrue。Butsincehisown\"society，\"knowinghisweakness，hastiedhimtoherbylaw;whyshouldshekeepupwhatisafterallanunnaturalexertion？
Thatexcellentmagazine\"GoodHousekeeping\"hasbeenrunningforsomemonthsarhymedandillustratedstoryof\"MissMelissaClarissaMcRae，\"
anextremelydaintyandwell—dressedstenographer，whocapturedandmarriedafastidiousyoungman，heremployer，bytheforceofherartificialattractions——andthenlosthisloveaftermarriagebyasuddenunaccountableslovenliness——thesameoldstory。
Ifthisinnotenough，letmeinstancefurthertheattitudetoward\"Fashion\"ofthatclassofwomenwholivemostopenlyanddirectlyuponthefavorofmen。Theseknowtheirbusiness。Tocontinuallyattractthevagrantfancyofthemale，nature’sborn\"variant，\"theymustnotonlypileonartificialcharms，butchangethemconstantly。Theydo。
Fromtheleadersofthisprofessioncomesasteadystreamofchangingfashions;themoreextremeandbizarre，themoresuccessful——andbecausetheyaresuccessfultheyareimitated。
Ifmendidnotlikechangesinfashionbeassuredtheseprofessionalmen—pleaserswouldnotchangethem，butsinceNature’sVarianttiresofanyfaceinfavorofanewone，theladywhowouldholdherswayandcannotchangeherface（exceptincolor）mustneedschangeherhatandgown。
ButtheArbiter，theRulingCause，hewhonotonlybychoicedemands，butasabusinessmanufacturesandsuppliesthisamazingstreamoffashions;againlikeAdamblamesthewoman——foracceptingwhathebothdemandsandsupplies。
Afurtherproof，ifmorewereneeded，isshowninthis;thatinexactproportionaswomengrowindependent，educated，wiseandfree，dotheybecomelesssubmissivetomen—madefashions。Wasthisimprovementhailedwithsympathyandadmiration——crownedwithmasculinefavor？
Theattitudeofmentowardthosewomenwhohavesofarpresumedto\"unsexthemselves\"isknowntoall。Theylikewomentobefoolish，changeable，alwaysnewlyattractive;andwhilewomenmust\"attract\"foraliving——whytheydo，that’sall。
Itisapity。Itishumiliatingtoanyfar—seeingwomantohavetorecognizethisglaringproofofthedependent，degradedpositionofhersex;anditoughttobehumiliatingtomentoseetheresultsoftheirmastery。Thesecrazilydecoratedlittlecreaturesdonotrepresentwomanhood。
Whentheartistusesthewomanasthetypeofeveryhighestideal;asJustice，Liberty，Charity，Truth——hedoesnotrepresenthertrimmed。Inanypartoftheworldwherewomenareeveninparteconomicallyindependenttherewefindlessoftheabsurditiesoffashion。Womenwhoworkcannotbeutterlyabsurd。
Buttheidlewoman，theQueenofSociety，whomustpleasemenwithintheirprescribedbounds;andthoseofthehalf—world，whomustpleasethematanycost——thesearethevehiclesoffashion。
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN~MADEWORLD
X。
LAWANDGOVERNMENT。
Itiseasytoassumethatmenarenaturallythelawmakersandlaw—enforcers，undertheplainhistoricfactthattheyhavebeensuchsincethebeginningofthepatriarchate。
Backoflawliescustomandtradition。Backofgovernmentliesthecorrelativeactivityofanyorganizedgroup。Whatgroup—insectsandgroup—animalsevolveunconsciouslyandfulfillbytheirsocialinstincts，weevolveconsciouslyandfulfillbyarbitrarysystemscalledlawsandgovernments。Inthis，asinallotherfieldsofouraction，wemustdiscriminatebetweenthehumannessofthefunctioninprocessofdevelopment，andtheinfluenceofthemaleorfemaleuponit。Quiteapartfromwhattheymaylikeordislikeassexes，fromtheirdifferingtastesandfaculties，liesthemuchlargerfieldofhumanprogress，inwhichtheyequallyparticipate。
Onthisplanetheevolutionoflawandgovernmentproceedssomewhatasfollows：——Theearlywoman—centeredgrouporganizedonmaternallinesofcommonloveandservice。Theearlycombinationsofmenwerefirstagroupedpredacity——organizedhunting;thenagroupedbelligerency，——organizedwarfare。
Byspecialdevelopmentsomemindsareabletoperceivetheneedofcertainlinesofconductoverothers，andtomakethiscleartotheirfellows;whereby，gradually，ourhighersocialnatureestablishesrulesandprecedentstowhichwepersonallyagreetosubmit。Theprocessofsocialdevelopmentisoneofprogressiveco—ordination。
Fromindependentindividualactionforindividualends，uptointerdependentsocialactionforsocialendsweslowlymove;the\"devil\"
intheplaybeingtheoldEgo，whichhastobeharmonizedwiththenewsocialspirit。Thissocialprocess，likeallothers，havingbeeninmasculinehands，wemayfindinitthesamemarksofone—sidedSpecializationsovisibleinourpreviousstudies。
Thecoersiveattitudeisessentiallymale。Intheceaselessage—oldstruggleofsexcombathedevelopedthedesiretoovercome，whichisalwaysstimulatedbyresistance;andinthislaterhistoricperiodofhissupremacy，hefurtherdevelopedthehabitofdominanceandmastery。
Wemayinstancethecontrastbetweentheconductofamanwhen\"inlove\"
andwhilecourting;inwhichperiodhefallsintothenaturalpositionofhissextowardstheother——namely，thatofawooer;andhisbehaviorwhen，withmarriage，theyenterthe，artificialrelationofthemastermaleandservilefemale。His\"instinctofdominance\"doesnotassertitselfduringtheearlierperiod，whichwasamilliontimeslongerthanthelatter;itonlyappearsinthemoremodernandarbitraryrelation。
Amongotheranimalsmonogamousunionisnotaccompaniedbyanysuchdiscordantandunnaturalfeatures。Howeverrecentasthishabitiswhenconsideredbiologically，itisasoldascivilizationwhenweconsiderithistorically：quiteoldenoughtobeaseriousforce。Underitspressureweseethelegalsystemsandformsofgovernmentslowlyevolving，thegeneralhumangrowthalwaysheavilypervertedbythespecialmasculineinfluence。Firstwefindthemereforceofcustomgoverningus，the_mores_oftheancientpeople。Thencomesthegradualappearanceofauthority，fromthepurelynaturalleadershipofthebesthunterorfighterupthroughtheunnaturalmasteryofthepatriarch，owningandgoverninghiswives，children，slavesandcattle，andmakingsuchrulesandregulationsaspleasedhim。
Ourlawsaswesupportthemnowareslow，wasteful，cumbroussystems，whichrequireaspecialcastetointerpretandanothertoenforce;
whereintheaveragecitizenknowsnothingofthelaw，andcaresonlytoevadeitwhenhecan，obeyitwhenhemust。Inthehousehold，thatstunted，crippledrudimentofthematriarchate，wherealonewecanfindwhatisleftofthenaturalinfluenceofwoman，thelawsandgovernment，sofarassheisresponsibleforthem，arefairlysimple，andbearvisiblerelationtothecommongood，whichrelationisclearlyandpersistentlytaught。
Inthelargerhouseholdofcityandstatetheeducationalpartofthelawisgrievouslyneglected。Itmakesnoallowanceforignorance。Ifamanbreaksalawofwhichheneverheardheisnotexcusedtherefore;
thepenaltyrollsonjustthesame。Fancyamothermakingsolemnrulesandregulationsforherfamily，tellingthechildrennothingaboutthem，andthenpunishingthemwhentheydisobeyedtheunknownlaws！
Theuseofforceisnaturaltothemale;whileasahumanbeinghemustneedslegislatesomewhatintheinterestsofthecommunity，asamalebeingheseesnonecessityforotherenforcementthanbypenalty。Toviolentlyoppose，tofight，totrampletotheearth，totriumphinloudbellowingsofsavagejoy，——thesearetheprimitivemaleinstincts;andtheperfectlynaturalsocialinstinctwhichleadstopeacefulpersuasion，toeducation，toaneasyharmonyofaction，arecontemptuouslyrankedas\"feminine，\"oras\"philanthropic，\"——whichisalmostasbad。\"Menneedstrongermeasures\"theysayproudly。Yes，butfour—fifthsoftheworldarewomenandchildren！
Asamatteroffactthewoman，themother，isthefirstco—ordinator，legislator，administratorandexecutive。Fromtheguardingandguidanceofhercubsandkittensuptothelonger，largermanagementofhumanyouth，sheisthefirsttoconsidergroupinterestsandco—relatethem。
Asafatherthemalegrowstoshareintheseoriginalfemininefunctions，andwithus，fatherhoodhavingbecomesocializedwhilemotherhoodhasnot，hedoesthebesthecan，alone，todotheworld’smother—workinhisfatherway。
Instudyofanylongestablishedhumancustomitisverydifficulttoseeitclearlyanddispassionately。Ourmindsareheavilyloadedwithprecedent，withrace—custom，withtheironweightcalledauthority。
Theseheavyforcesreachtheirmostperfectexpressionintheabsolutelymasculinefieldofwarfare。Theabsoluteauthority;thebrainless，voicelessobedience;therelentlesspenalty。Herewehavemalecoercionatitsheight;lawandgovernmentwhollyarbitrary。Theresultisasmightbeexpected，afinemachineofdestruction。Butdestructionisnotahumanprocess——merelyamaleprocessofeliminatingtheunfit。
Thefemaleprocessistoselectthefit;hereliminationisnegativeandpainless。
Greaterthaneitheristhehumanprocess，to_developfitness。_
Menareatpresentfarmorehumanthanwomen。Aloneupontheirself—seizedthronestheyhavecarriedasbesttheymighttheburdensofthestate;andthehistoryoflawandgovernmentshowsthemaschangingslowlybutirresistablyinthedirectionofsocialimprovement。
Theancientkingswerethejoyousapotheosisofmasculinity。PowerandPrideweretheirs;LimitlessDisplay;BoundlessSelf—indulgence;
IrresistableAuthority。Slavesandcourtiersbowedbeforethem，subjectsobeyedthem，captivewomenfilledtheirharems。Butthedayofthemasculinemonarchyispassing，andthedayofthehumandemocracyiscomingin。InaDemocracyLawandGovernmentbothchange。Lawsarenolongerimposedonthepeoplebyoneabovethem，butareevolvedfromthepeoplethemselves。Howabsurdthatthepeopleshouldnotbeeducatedinthelawstheymake;thatthetrailingremnantsofblindsubmissionshouldstillbecloudtheirmindsandmakethembowdownpatientlyundertheabsurdpressureofoutgrowntradition！
Democraticgovernmentisnolongeranexerciseofarbitraryauthorityfromoneabove，butisanorganizationforpublicserviceofthepeoplethemselves——orwillbewhenitisreallyattained。
Inthischangegovernmentceasestobecompulsion，andbecomesagreement;lawceasestobeauthorityandbecomesco—ordination。Whenwelearntherulesofwhistorchesswedonotobeythembecausewefeartobepunishedifwedon’t，butbecausewewanttoplaythegame。Therulesofhumanconductareforourownhappinessandservice——anychildcanseethat。Everychildwillseeitwhenlawsaresimplified，basedonsociology，andtaughtinschools。Achildoftenshouldbeconsideredgrosslyuneducatedwhocouldnotrewritethemainfeaturesofthelawsofhiscountry，state，andcity;andthoselawsshouldbesosimpleintheirprinciplesthatachildoftencouldunderstandthem。
Teacher：\"Whatisatax？\"
Child：\"Ataxisthemoneyweagreetopaytokeepupourcommonadvantages。\"
Teacher：\"Whydoweallpaytaxes？\"
Child：\"Becausethecountrybelongstoallofus，andwemustallpayoursharetokeepitup。\"
Teacher：\"Inwhatproportiondowepaytaxes？\"
Child：\"Inproportiontohowmuchmoneywehave。\"（_Sottovoce_：\"Ofcourse！\"）
Teacher：\"Whatisittoevadetaxes？\"
Child：\"Itistreason。\"（_Sottovoce_：\"Andadirtymeantrick。\"）
Inmasculineadministrationofthelawswemayfollowtheinstinctiveloveofbattledownthroughthecustomof\"trialbycombat\"——onlyrecentlyoutgrown，toourpresentmethod，whereeachcontendingpartyhiresachampiontorepresenthim，andthesefightitoutinawordywar，withtricksanddevicesofcomplexingenuity，enjoyingthiskindofstruggleastheyenjoyallotherkinds。
Itistheoldmasculinespiritofgovernmentasauthoritywhichissoslowinadaptingitselftothedemocraticideaofgovernmentasservice。
Thatitshouldbearepresentativegovernmenttheygrasp，butrepresentativeofwhat？ofthecommonwill，theysay;thewillofthemajority;——neverthinkingthatitisthecommongood，thecommonwelfare，thatgovernmentshouldrepresent。
Itistheinextricablemasculinityinourideaofgovernmentwhichsorevoltsattheideaofwomenasvoters。\"Togovern：\"thatmeanstoboss，tocontrol，tohaveauthority;andthatonly，tomostminds。Theycannotbeartothinkofthewomanashavingcontrolovereventheirownaffairs;tocontrolismasculine，theyassume。Seeingonlyself—interestasanaturalimpulse，andtherulingpowersofthestateasasortofumpire，anauthoritytopreservetherulesofthegamewhilemenfightitoutforever;theyseeinademocracymerelyawiderrangeofselfinterest，andawider，freerfieldtofightin。
Thelawdictatestherules，thegovernmentenforcesthem，butthemainbusinessoflife，hitherto，hasbeenesteemedasonelongfiercestruggle;eachmanseekingforhimself。Todeliberatelylegislatefortheserviceofallthepeople，tousethegovernmentasthemainengineofthatservice，isanewprocess，whollyhuman，anddifficultofdevelopmentunderanandrocentricculture。
Furthermoretheyputforththosenaivelyandrocentricprotests，——womencannotfight，andincasetheirlawswereresistedbymentheycouldnotenforcethem，——_therefore_theyshouldnotvote！
Whattheydonotsoplainlysay，butverystronglythink，isthatwomenshouldnotsharethelootwhichtotheirmindsissolargeapartofpolitics。
Herewemaytraceclearlythesocialheredityofmalegovernment。
Fixclearlyinyourmindthefirsthead—shipofman——theleaderofthepackasitwere——theChiefHunter。Thenthesecondhead—ship，theChiefFighter。Thenthethirdhead—ship，theChiefoftheFamily。ThenthelonglineofChiefsandCaptains，WarlordsandLandlords，RulersandKings。
TheHunterhuntedforprey，andgotit。TheFighterenrichedhimselfwiththespoilsofthevanquished。ThePatriarchlivedonthelaborofwomenandslaves。Alldowntheages，fromfrankpiracyandrobberytothemeasuredtolloftribute，ransomandindemnity，weseethesamenaturalinstinctofthehunterandfighter。Inhishandsthegovernmentisathingtosapandwreck，toliveon。Itishisessentialimpulsetowantsomethingverymuch;tostruggleandfightforit;totakeallhecanget。
Setagainstthisthegivinglovethatcomeswithmotherhood;theendlessservicethatcomesofmotherhood;thepeacefuladministrationintheinterestofthefamilythatcomesofmotherhood。Wepratemuchofthefamilyastheunitofthestate。Ifitis——whynotrunthestateonthatbasis？Governmentbywomen，sofarasitisinfluencedbytheirsex，wouldbeinfluencedbymotherhood;andthatwouldmeancare，nurture，provision，education。Wehavetogofardownthescaleforanyinstanceoforganizedmotherhood，butwedofinditinthehymenoptera;
intheoverflowingindustry，prosperity，peaceandlovingserviceoftheant—hillandbee—hive。Thesearethemosthighlysocializedtypesoflife，nexttoours，andtheyarefemininetypes。
Weashumanbeingshaveafarhigherformofassociation，withfurtherissuesthanmerewealthandpropagationofthespecies。Inthishumanprocessweshouldneverforgetthatmenarefarmoreadvancedthanwomen，atpresent。Becauseoftheirhumannesshascomeallthenoblegrowthofcivilization，inspiteoftheirmaleness。
Ashumanbeingsbothmaleandfemalestandalikeusefulandhonorable，andshouldinourgovernmentbealikeusedandhonored;butascreaturesofsex，thefemaleisfitterthanthemaleforadministrationofconstructivesocialinterests。Thechangeingovernmentalprocesseswhichmarksourtimesisachangeinprinciple。Twogreatmovementsconvulsetheworldto—day，thewoman’smovementandthelabormovement。
Eachregardstheotherasoflessmomentthanitself。Botharepartsofthesameworld—process。
Weareenteringuponaperiodofsocialconsciousness。Whereassofaralmostallofushaveseenlifeonlyasindividuals，andhaveregardedthegrowingstrengthandrichesofthesocialbodyasmerelysomuchthemoretofattenon;nowwearebeginningtotakeanintelligentinterestinoursocialnature，tounderstanditalittle，andtobegintofeelthevastincreaseofhappinessandpowerthatcomesofrealHumanLife。
Inthischangeofsystemsagovernmentwhichconsistedonlyofprohibitionandcommands;oftaxcollectingandmakingwar;israpidlygivingwaytoasystemwhichintelligentlymanagesourcommoninterests，whichisagrowingandimprovingmethodofuniversalservice。Herethesocialistisperfectlyrightinhisvisionoftheeconomicwelfaretobeassuredbythesocializationofindustry，thoughthatisbutpartofthenewdevelopment;andtheindividualistwhoopposessocialism，cryingloudlyfortheadvantageof\"freecompetition\"isbutvoicingthespiritofthepredaciousmale。
Sowiththeopposerstothesuffrageofwomen。Theyrepresent，whethermenorwomen，themaleviewpoint。Theyseethewomanonlyasafemale，utterlyabsorbedinfemininefunctions，belittledandignoredasherlongtutelagehasmadeher;andtheyseethemanasheseeshimself，thesolemasterofhumanaffairsforaslongaswehavehistoricrecord。
This，fortunately，isnotlong。Wecannowseebackoftheperiodofhissupremacy，andarebeginningtoseebeyondit。Wearewellunderwayalreadyinahigherstageofsocialdevelopment，conscious，well—organized，wiselymanaged，inwhichthelawsshallbesimpleandfoundedonconstructiveprinciplesinsteadofbeingasetofring—regulationswithinwhichpeoplemayfightastheywill;andinwhichthegovernmentshallberecognizedinitsfulluse;notonlythesternlydominantfather，andthewiselyservicablemother，buttherealunionofallpeopletosanelyandeconomicallymanagetheiraffairs。
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
XI。
CRIMEANDPUNISHMENT。
ThehumanconceptofSinhashaditsusesnodoubt;andourspecialinventionofathingcalledPunishmenthasalsoservedapurpose。
Socialevolutionhasworkedinmanywayswastefully，andwithunnecessarypain，butitcomparesveryfavorablywithnaturalevolution。
Aswegrowwiser;asoursocialconsciousnessdevelops，wearebeginningtoimproveonnatureinmorewaysthanone;apartofthesamegreatprocess，butofamorehighlysublimatedsort。
Natureshowsaworldofvariedandchangingenvironment。IntothiscomesLife——flushingandspreadingineverydirection。AprettyhardtimeLifehasofit。Inthefirstplaceitisdogeatdogineverydirection;thejoyofthehunterandthemostunjoyousfearofthehunted。
Butquiteoutsideofthisessentialdanger，theenvironmentwaits，grimandunappeasable，andcontinuouslydestroystheinnocentmyriadswhofailtomeettheonerequirementoflife——Adaptation。Sowemustnotbetoosevereinself—condemnationwhenweseehowfoolish，cruel，crazilywasteful，isourattitudetowardcrimeandpunishment。
Webecomesociallyconsciouslargelythroughpain，andaswebegintoseehowmuchofthepainiswhollyofourowncausingweareovercomewithshame。Buttherightwayforsocietytofaceitspastisthesameasfortheindividual;toseewhereitwaswrongandstopit——buttowastenotimeandnoemotionoverpastmisdeeds。
Whatisourpresentstateastocrime？Itisprettybad。Somesayitisworsethanitusedtobe;othersthatitisbetter。Atanyrateitisbadenough，andadisgracetoourcivilization。Wehavemurderersbythethousandandthievesbythemillion，ofallkindsandsizes;wehavewhatwetenderlycall\"immorality，\"fromthe\"errorsofyouth\"tothesoddengrossnessofoldage;married，single，andmixed。Wehavealltheoldkindsofwickednessandalotofnewones，untilonemarvelsatthepurityandpowerofhumannature，thatitshouldcarrysomuchdiseaseandstillgrowontohigherthings。
Alsowehavepunishmentstillwithus;privateandpublic;appliedlikearabbit’sfoot，withaslittleregardtoitsefficacy。Doesachildoffend？Punishit！Doesawomanoffend？Punishher！Doesamanoffend？Punishhim！Doesagroupoffend？Punishthem！
\"Whatfor？\"someonesuddenlyasks。
\"Tomakethemstopdoingit！\"
\"Buttheyhavedoneit！\"
\"Tomakethemnotdoitagain，then。\"
\"Buttheydodoitagain——andworse。\"
\"Topreventotherpeople’sdoingit，then。\"
\"Butitdoesnotpreventthem——thecrimekeepson。Whatgoodisyourpunishment？\"
Whatindeed！
Whatistheapplicationofpunishmenttocrime？Itsbase，itsprehistoricbase，issimpleretaliation;andthisisbynomeanswhollymale，letusfreelyadmit。Theinstinctofresistance，ofopposition，ofretaliation，liesdeeperthanlifeitself。Itsunderlyinglawisthelawofphysics——actionandreactionareequal。Life’sexpressionofthislawisperfectlynatural，butnotalwaysprofitable。Hityourhandonastonewall，andthestonewallhitsyourhand。Verygood;youlearnthatstonewallsarehard，andgovernyourselfaccordingly。
Consciousyounghumanityobservedandphilosophized，congratulatingitselfonitsdiscernment。\"Amanhitsme——Ihitthemanalittleharder——thenhewon’tdoitagain。\"Unfortunatelyhediddoitagain——alittleharderstill。Theefforttohithardercarriedontheactionandreactiontillsociety，hittinghardestofall，setupasystemoflegalpunishment，ofunlimitedseverity。Itimprisoned，itmutilated，ittortured，itkilled;itdestroyedwholefamilies，andrazedcontumeliouscitiestotheground。
Thereforeallcrimeceased，ofcourse？No？Butcrimewasmitigated，surely！Perhaps。Thiswehaveprovenatlast;thatcrimedoesnotdecreaseinproportiontotheseverestpunishment。Littlebylittlewehaveceasedtorazethecities，towipeoutthefamilies，tocutofftheears，totorture;andourimprisonmentischangingfromslowdeathandinsanitytoaformofattemptedimprovement。
Butpunishmentasaprincipleremainsingoodstanding，andisstillthemainreliancewhereitdoesthemostharm——intherearingofchildren。
\"Sparetherodandspoilthechild\"remainsinbelief，unmodifiedbythemillionsofchildrenspoiledbytheunsparedrod。
Thebreedersofracehorseshavelearnedbetter，butnotthebreedersofchildren。Ourtroubleissimplythelackofintelligence。Wefacethebabyisherrorandthehideouscrimeinexactlythesameattitude。
\"Thispersonhasdonesomethingoffensive。\"
Yes？——andonewaitseagerlyforthefirstquestionoftherationalmind——butdoesnothearit。Oneonlyhears\"Punishhim！\"
Whatisthefirstquestionoftherationalmind？
\"Why？\"
Humanbeingsarenotfirstcauses。Theydonotevolveconductoutofnothing。Thechilddoesthis，themandoesthat，_because_ofsomething;becauseofmanythings。Ifwedonotlikethewaypeoplebehave，andwishthemtobehavebetter，weshould，ifwearerationalbeings，studytheconditionsthatproducetheconduct。
Theconnectionbetweenourarchaicsystemofpunishmentandourandrocentriccultureistwo—fold。Theimpulseofresistance，while，aswehaveseen，ofthedeepestnaturalorigin，isexpressedmorestronglyinthemalethaninthefemale。Thetendencytohitbackandhitharderhasbeenfosteredinhimbysex—combattillithasbecomeofgreatintensity。Thehabitofauthoritytoo，asoldasourhistory;andthecumulativeweightofallthereligionsandsystemsoflawandgovernment，havefurthermorebuiltupandintensifiedthespiritofretaliationandvengeance。
Theyhaveevendeifiedthisconcept，inancientreligions，creditingtoGodtheevilpassionsofmen。Asthesmallboyrecited;\"Vengeance。A
meandesiretogetevenwithyourenemies：’VengeanceisminesaiththeLord’——’Iwillrepay。’\"
TheChristianreligionteachesbetterthings;betterthanitsexpositorsandupholdershaveeverunderstood——muchlesspractised。
Theteachingof\"Loveyourenemies，dogooduntothemthathateyou，andservethemthatdespitefullyuseyouandpersecuteyou，\"hastoooftenresulted，whenpractisedatall，inasentimentalnegation;apatheticallyuselessattitudeofnon—resistance。Youmightaswellbaseareligiononafeatherpillow！
Theadvicegivenwasactive;direct;concrete。\"_Love！_\"Loveisnotnon—resistance。\"Dogood！\"Doinggoodisnotnon—resistance。\"Serve！\"
Serviceisnotnon—resistance。
Againwehaveanoverwhelmingproofofthefar—reachingeffectsofourandrocentricculture。Consideritoncemore。Hereisonebynaturecombativeanddesirous，andnotbynatureintendedtomonopolizethemanagementofhisspecies。Heassumestobenotonlytheleader，butthewholething——tobehumanityitself，andtoseeinwomanasGrantAllensoclearlyputit\"Notonlynottherace;sheisnotevenhalftherace，butasubspecies，toldoffforpurposesofreproductionmerely。\"
Underthismonstrousassumption，hissex—attributeswhollyidentifiedwithhishumanattributes，andovershadowingthem，hehasimprintedoneveryhumaninstitutionthetastesandtendenciesofthemale。Asamalehefought，asamalehumanbeinghefoughtmore，anddeifiedfighting;andinaculturebasedondesireandcombat，loudwithstridentself—expression，therecouldbebutslowacceptanceofthemorehumanmethodsurgedbyChristianity。\"Itisareligionforslavesandwomen！\"saidthewarriorofold。（Slavesandwomenwerelargelythesamething。）\"Itisareligionforslavesandwomen\"saystheadvocateoftheSuperman。
Well？Whodidtheworkofalltheancientworld？Whoraisedthefoodandgarnereditandcookeditandservedit？Whobuiltthehouses，thetemples，theacqueducts，thecitywall？Whomadethefurniture，thetools，theweapons，theutensils，theornaments——madethemstrongandbeautifulanduseful？Whokeptthehumanracegoing，somehow，inspiteoftheconstanthideouswasteofwar，andslowlybuiltuptherealindustrialcivilizationbehindthatgoryshow？——Whyjusttheslavesandthewomen。
Areligionwhichhadattractionsfortherealhumantypeisnotthereforetobeutterlydespisedbythemale。
Inmodernhistorywemaywatchwithincreasingeasetheslow，sureprogressofourgrowinghumannessbeneaththeweakeningshellofanall—maledominance。Andinthisfieldofwhatbeginsinthenurseas\"discipline，\"andendsonthescaffoldas\"punishment，\"wecanclearlyseethatblessedchange。
Whatisthenatural，thehumanattribute？Whatdoesthis\"Love，\"and\"Dogood，\"and\"Serve\"mean？Intheblunderingoldchurch，stillandrocentric，therewasagreatto—dotocarryoutthisdoctrine，inelaboratesymbolism。Asetofbeggarsandcripples，gatheredfortheoccasion，wasexhibited，andkingsandcardinalswentsolemnlythroughthemotionsofservingthem。AstheEnglishschoolboyphrasedit，\"ThomasBecketwashedthefeetofleopards。\"
Serviceandloveanddoinggoodmustalwaysremainsideissuesinamaleworld。Serviceandloveanddoinggoodarethespiritofmotherhood，andtheessenseofhumanlife。
Humanlifeisservice，andisnotcombat。Thereyouhavethenatureofthechangenowuponus。
WhathasthemalemindmadeofChristianity？
Desire——tosaveone’sownsoul。Combat——withtheDevil。
Self—expression——thewholegorgeousoutpouringofpageantanddisplay，fromthejewelsofthehighpriest’sbreastplatetothechoirofmutilatedmentopraiseamaleDeitynowomanmaysoserve。
Whatkindofmindcanimagineakindofgodwhowouldlikeaeunuchbetterthanawoman？
Forwomantheymadeatlastaplace——theusualplace——ofrenunciation，sacrificeandservice，theSistersofMercyandtheirkind;andinthatlovingservicethewomansoulhasbeencontent，notyearningforcardinal’scapeorbishop’smitre。
Allthisischanging——changingfast。Everywherethechurchesarebroadeningoutintomoreservice，andtheservicebroadeningoutbeyondalittlegroupofwidowsandfatherless，ofsickandinprison，toembraceitstruefield——allhumanlife。Inthisnewattitude，howshallwefacetheproblemsofcrime？
Thus：\"Itispainfullyapparentthatacertainpercentageofourpeopledonotfunctionproperly。Theyperformantisocialacts。Why？Whatisthematterwiththem？\"
Thentheheartandmindofsocietyisappliedtothequestion，andcertainresultsaresoonreached;othersslowlyworkedtoward。
Firstresult。Somepersonsaresomorallydiseasedthattheymusthavehospitaltreatment。Theworld’slastprisonwillbesimplyahospitalformoralincurables。Theymustbynomeansreproducetheirkind，——thatcanbeattendedtoatonce。Somearemorallydiseased，butmaybecured，andthebestpowersofsocietywillbeusedtocurethem。Someareonlymorallydiseasedbecauseoftheconditionsinwhichtheyarebornandreared，andheresocietycansavemillionsatonce。
Anintelligentsocietywillnomoreneglectitschildrenthananintelligentmotherwillneglectherchildren;andwillseeasclearlythatill—fed，ill—dressed，ill—taughtandvilelyassociatedlittleonesmustgrowupgravelyinjured。
Asamatteroffactwemakeourcropofcriminals，justaswemakeouridiots，blind，crippled，andgenerallydefective。Everyoneisababyfirst，andababyisnotacriminal，unlesswemakeitso。Itneverwouldbe，——inrightconditions。Sometimesapervertisborn，assometimesatwo—headedcalfisborn，buttheyarenotcommon。
Theolder，simplerformsofcrimewemaypreventwithcaseanddespatch，buthowofthenewones？——big，terrible，far—reaching，wide—spreadcrimes，forwhichwehaveasyetnonames;andbeforewhichouroldsystemofanti—personalpunishmentfallshelpless？Whatofthecrimesofpoisoningacommunitywithbadfood;ofdefilingthewater;ofblackeningtheair;ofstealingwholeforests？Whatofthecrimesofworkinglittlechildren;ofbuildingandrentingtenementsthatproducecrimeandphysicaldiseaseaswell？Whatofthecrimeoflivingonthewagesoffallenwomen——ofhiringmentoruininnocentyounggirls;ofholdingthemenslavedandsellingthemforprofit？（Thesethingsareonly\"misdemeanors\"inaman—madeworld！）
Andwhataboutacrimelikethis;tousethepublicpresstolietothepublicforprivateends？Nonameyetforthiscrime;muchlessapenalty。
Andthis：Tobringworsethanleprosytoaninnocentcleanwifewholovesandtrustsyou？
Orthis：Toknowinglyplantpoisoninanunbornchild？
Nonames，forthese;no\"penalties\";noconceivablepenaltythatcouldtouchthem。
Thewholepunishmentsystemfallstothegroundbeforethehugemassofevilthatconfrontsus。Ifwesawaprocessionofairshipsflyingoveracityanddroppingbombs，shouldwerushmadlyoffaftereachonecrying，\"Catchhim！Punishhim！\"orshouldwetrytostoptheprocession？
Thetimeiscomingwhentheveryword\"crime\"willbedisused，exceptinpoemsandorations;and\"punishment，\"thewordanddeed，beobliterated。
Wearebeginningtolearnalittleofthenatureofhumanityitsgoodness，itsbeauty，itslovingness;andtoseethatevenitsstupidityisonlyduetoourfoolisholdmethodsofeducation。
Itisnotnewpower，newlight，newhopethatweneed，but_tounderstandwhatailsus。_
Weknowenoughnow，wecareenoughnow，wearestrongenoughnow，tomakethewholeworldathousandfoldbetterinageneration;butweareshackled，chained，blinded，byoldfalsenotions。Theideasofthepast，thesentimentsofthepast，theattitudeandprejudicesofthepast，areinourway;andamongthemnonemoreuniversallymischievousthanthisgreatbodyofideasandsentiments，prejudicesandhabits，whichmakeuptheoffensivenetworkoftheandrocentricculture。
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
XII。
POLITICSANDWARFARE。
Igotomyolddictionary，andfind;\"Politics，I。Thescienceofgovernment;thatpartofethicswhichhastodowiththeregulationandgovernmentofanationorstate，thepreservationofitssafety，peaceandprosperity;thedefenceofitsexistenceandrightsagainstforeigncontrolorconquest;theaugmentationofitsstrengthandresources，andtheprotectionofitscitizensintheirrights;withthepreservationandimprovementoftheirmorals。2。Themanagementofpoliticalparties;theadvancementofcandidatestooffice;inabadsense，artfulordishonestmanagementtosecurethesuccessofpoliticalmeasuresorpartyschemes，politicaltrickery。\"
Frompresentdayexperiencewemightadd，3。Politics，practical;Theartoforganizingandhandlingmeninlargenumbers，manipulatingvotes，and，inespecial，appropriatingpublicwealth。
Wecaneasilyseethatthe\"scienceofgovernment\"maybedividedinto\"pure\"and\"applied\"likeothersciences，butthatitis\"apartofethics\"willbenewstomanyminds。
Yetwhynot？Ethicsisthescienceofconduct，andpoliticsismerelyonefieldofconduct;averycommonone。ItsconnectionwithWarfareinthischapterisperfectlylegitimateinviewofthehistoryofpoliticsontheonehand，andtheimperativemodernissueswhichareto—dayopposedtothisestablishedcombination。
Therearemanyto—daywhoholdthatpoliticsneednotbeatallconnectedwithwarfare，andotherswhoholdthatpoliticsiswarfarefrontstarttofinish。
Inordertodissociatethetwoideascompletelyletusgiveaparaphraseoftheabovedefinition，applyingittodomesticmanagement;——thatpartofethicswhichhastodowiththeregulationandgovernmentofafamily;thepreservationofitssafety，peaceandprosperity;thedefenseofitsexistenceandrightsagainstanystrangers’interferenceorcontrol;theaugmentationofitsstrengthandresources，andtheprotectionofitsmembersintheirrights;withthepreservationandimprovementoftheirmorals。
Allthisissimpleenough，andinnowaymasculine;neitherisitfeminine，saveinthis;thatthetendencytocarefor，defendandmanageagroup，isinitsoriginmaternal。
Ineveryhumansense，however，politicshasleftitsmaternalbasefarinthebackground;andasafieldofstudyandofactionisaswelladaptedtomenastowomen。Thereisnoreasonwhateverwhymenshouldnotdevelopgreatabilityinthisdepartmentofethics，andgraduallylearnhowtopreservethesafety，peaceandprosperityoftheirnation;
togetherwiththoseotherservicesastoresources，protectionofcitizens，andimprovementofmorals。
Men，ashumanbeings，arecapableofthenoblestdevotionandefficiencyinthesematters，andhaveoftenshownthem;buttheirdevotionandefficiencyhavebeenmarredinthis，asinsomanyotherfields，bytheconstantobtrusionofanultra—masculinetendency。
Inwarfare，_perse_，wefindmalenessinitsabsurdestextremes。Hereistobestudiedthewholegamutofbasicmasculinity，fromtheinitialinstinctofcombat，througheveryformofgloriousostentation，withtheloudestpossibleaccompanimentofnoise。
Primitivewarfarehadforitsclimaxthepossessionoftheprimitiveprize，thefemale。Withoutdogmatisingonsoremoteaperiod，itmaybesuggestedasafairhypothesisthatthiswastheveryoriginofourorganizedraids。Wecertainlyfindwarbeforetherewaspropertyinland，oranyotherpropertytotemptaggressors。Women，however，therewerealways，andwhenaspeciallyandrocentrictribehadreduceditssupplyofwomenbycrueltreatment，ortheywerenotborninsufficientnumbers，owingtohardconditions，menmustneedsgofartherafieldafterotherwomen。Then，sincethemenoftheothertribesnaturallyobjectedtolosingtheirmainlaborsupplyandcomfort，therewaswar。
Thusbasedontheseximpulse，itgavefullrangetothecombativeinstinct，andfurthertothatthirstforvocalexultationsoexquisitelymale。Theproudbellowingsoftheconqueringstag，ashetrampledonhisprostraterival，foundhigherexpressioninthe\"triumphs\"ofolddays，whentheconqueringwarriorreturnedtohishome，withvictimschainedtohischariotwheels，andbrayingtrumpets。
Whenpropertybecameanappreciablefactorinlife，warfaretookonanewsignificance。Whatwasatfirstmeredestruction，intheefforttodefendorobtainsomehuntinggroundorpasture;and，always，tosecurethefemale;nowcoalescedwiththeacquisitiveinstinct，andthelongblackagesofpredatorywarfareclosedinupontheworld。
Wheretheearliestformexterminated，thelaterenslaved，andtooktribute;andforcenturyuponcenturythe\"gentlemanadventurer，\"i。e。，theprimitivemale，greatlypreferredtoacquirewealthbythesimpleoldprocessoftakingit，toanyformofproductiveindustry。
Wehavebeenmuchmisledastowarfarebyourandrocentricliterature。
Withahistorywhichrecordednothingelse;aliteraturewhichpraisedandanartwhichexaltedit;areligionwhichcalleditscentralpower\"theGodofBattles\"——nevertheGodofWorkshops，mindyou！——withawholecomplexsocialstructureman—prejudicedfromcentertocircumference，andgivinghighestpraiseandhonortotheSoldier;itisstillhardforitstoseewhatwarfarereallyisinhumanlife。
Somedayweshallhavenewhistorieswritten，historiesofworldprogress，showingtheslowuprising，thedevelopment，theinterserviceofthenations;showingthefaintbeautifuldawnofthelargerspiritofworld—consciousness，andallitsbenefittinggrowth。
Weshallseepeoplesoftening，learning，rising;seelifelengthenwiththepossessionofherds，andwideninrichprosperitywithagriculture。
Thenindustry，blossoming，fruiting，spreadingwide;art，givinglightandjoy;theintellectdevelopingwithcompanionshipandhumanintercourse;thewholespreadingtreeofsocialprogress，thetrunkofwhichisspecializedindustry，andthebranchesofwhichcompriseeveryleastandgreatestlineofhumanactivityandenjoyment。Thisgrowingtree，springingupwhereverconditionsofpeaceandprosperitygaveitachance，weshallseecontinuallyheweddowntotheveryrootbywar。
Tothelaterhistorianwillappearthroughouttheages，likesomeHideousFate，someCurse，somepredeterminedcheck，todragdownallourhopeandjoyandsetlifeforeveratitsfirststepsoveragain，thisRedPlagueofWar。
Theinstinctofcombat，betweenmales，workedadvantageouslysolongasitdidnotinjurethefemaleortheyoung。Itisaperfectlynaturalinstinct，andthereforeperfectlyright，initsplace;butitsplaceisinapre—patriarchalera。Solongastheanimalmotherwasfreeandcompetenttocareforherselfandheryoung;thenitwasanadvantagetohave\"thebestmanwin;\"thatisthebeststagorlion;andtohavethevanquisheddie，orliveinsulkycelibacy，wasnodisadvantagetoanyonebuthimself。
Humanityisonastageabovethisplan。Thebestmaninthesocialstructureisnotalwaysthehuskiest。Whenafreshhordeofultra—malesavagesswarmeddownuponaprosperousyoungcivilization，killedoffthemorecivilizedmalesandappropriatedthemorecivilizedfemales;
theydid，nodoubt，bringinafreshphysicalimpetustotherace;buttheydestroyedthecivilization。
Thereproductionofperfectlygoodsavagesisnotthemainbusinessofhumanity。Itsbusinessistogrow，socially;todevelop，toimprove;
andwarfare，atitsbest，retardshumanprogress;atitsworst，obliteratesit。
Combatisnotasocialprocessatall;itisaphysicalprocess，asubsidiarysexprocess，purelymasculine，intendedtoimprovethespeciesbytheeliminationoftheunfit。Amusinglyenough，orabsurdlyenough;whenappliedtosociety，iteliminatesthefit，andleavestheunfittoperpetuatetherace！
Werequire，todoourorganizedfighting，apickedlotofvigorousyoungmales，thefittestwecanfind。Thetoooldortooyoung;thesick，crippled，defective;areallleftbehind，tomarryandbefathers;whilethepickofthecountry，physically，issentofftoopposethepickofanothercountry，andkill——kill——kill！
Observetheresultonthepopulation！Inthefirstplacethebalanceisbroken——therearenotenoughmentogoaround，athome;manywomenareleftunmated。Inprimitivewarfare，wherewomenwerepromptlyenslaved，or，atthebest，polygamouslymarried，thisdidnotgreatlymattertothepopulation;butascivilizationadvancesandmonogamyobtains，whatevereugenicbenefitsmayoncehavesprungfromwarfarearecompletelylost，andallitsinjuriesremain。
Inwhatweinnocentlycall\"civilizedwarfare\"（wemightaswellspeakof\"civilizedcannibalism！\"），thissteadyeliminationofthefitleavesaneverloweringstandardofparentageathome。Itmakesawideningmarginofwhatwecall\"surpluswomen，\"meaningmorethanenoughtobemonogamouslymarried;andthesewomen，notbeingeconomicallyindependent，dragsteadilyupontheremainingmen，postponingmarriage，andincreasingitsburdens。