第3章

Theywouldnotsurrendertheircharter。Thenawritofquowarrantowasissued;trialbeforetheKing’sBenchfollowed;andjudgmentwasrenderedagainsttheCompanyinthespringtermof1624。ThuswithclangorfellthefamousVirginiaCompany。

Thatwasoneyear。TheMarchofthenextyearJamesStuart，KingofEngland，died。ThatyoungHenrywhowasPrinceofWaleswhentheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscoverysailedpastacapeandnameditforhimCapeHenry，alsohaddied。HisyoungerbrotherCharles，forwhomwasnamedthatotherandoppositecape，nowascendedthethroneasKingCharlestheFirstofEngland。

InVirginianomoreGeneralAssembliesareheldforfouryears。KingCharlesembarksupon\"personalrule。\"SirFrancisWyatt，agoodGovernor，isretainedbycommissionandaCouncilisappointedbytheKing。Nolongerareaffairstobeconductedafterafashion\"democraticalandtumultuous。\"

OrdersaretransmittedfromEngland;theGovernor，assistedbytheCouncil，willtakeintocognizancepurelylocalneeds;andwhenheseessomeoccasionhewillissueaproclamation。

Wyatt，recalledfinallytoEngland;GeorgeYeardleyagain，whodiedinayear’stime;FrancisWest，thatbrotherofLordDeLaWarrandanancientplanter—theseinquicksuccessionsitintheGovernor’schair。FollowingthemJohnPott，doctorofmedicine，hashisshortterm。ThentheKingsendsoutSirJohnHarvey，avariciousandarbitrary，\"sohaughtyandfurioustotheCouncilandthebestgentlemenofthecountry，\"saysBeverley，\"thathistyrannygrewatlastinsupportable。\"

TheCompanypreviously，andnowtheKing，hadurgedupontheVirginiansadiversifiedindustryandagriculture。ButEnglishmeninVirginiahadthefamiliaremigrantideaofmakingtheirfortunes。TheyhadleftEngland;

theyhadtakentheirlivesintheirhands;theyhadsufferedfevers，Indianattacks，homesickness，deprivation。TheyhadcometoVirginiatogetrich。

Nowclapboardsandsassafras，pitch，tar，andpinetreesformasts，weremakingnofortuneforVirginiashippers。Howcouldthey，thesefewfolkfaroffinAmerica，competeinproductsoftheforestwithnorthernEurope？Astominesofgoldandsilver，thatfirstrichvisionhadprovedadishearteningmirage。\"Theyhavegreathopesthatthemountainsareveryrich，fromthediscoveryofasilverminemadenineteenyearsago，ataplaceaboutfourdays’journeyfromthefallsofJamesriver;buttheyhavenotthemeansoftransportingtheore。\"So，dissatisfiedwithsomemeansoflivelihoodanddisappointedinothers，theVirginiansturnedtotobacco。

Everyyeareachplantergrewmoretobacco;everyyearmoreshipswereladen。In1628morethanfivehundredthousandpoundsweresenttoEngland，fortoEnglanditmustgo，andnotelsewhere。ThereitmuststrugglewiththebestSpanish，foralongtimevaluedabovethebestVirginian。Finally，however，JamesandafterhimCharles，agreedtoexcludetheSpanish。

VirginiaandtheSomersIslandsalonemightimporttobaccointoEngland。

Butoffsettingthis，customswentupruinously;agreatlumpsummustgoannuallytotheKing;theleafmustenteronlyattheportofLondon;soforthandsoon。FinallyCharlesputforthhisproposaltomonopolizetheindustry，givingVirginiatobaccotheEnglishmarketbutlimitingitsproductiontotheamountwhichtheGovernmentcouldselladvantageously。

Suchapolicyrequiredcooperationfromthecolonists。TheKingthereforeorderedtheGovernortograntaVirginiaAssembly，whichinturnshoulddutifullyenterintopartnershipwithhim——uponhisterms。SotheVirginiaAssemblythuscamebackintohistory。Itmadea\"HumbleAnswere\"inwhich，forallitshumility，theKing’sproposalwasdeclined。Theideaoftheroyalmonopolyfadedout，andVirginiacontinuedonitsownway。

TheGeneralAssembly，havingoncemet，seemsofitsownmotiontohavecontinuedmeeting。ThenextyearwefinditinsessionatJamestown，andresolving\"thatweshouldgothreeseverallmarchesupontheIndians，atthreeseveralltimesoftheyeare，\"andalso\"thattherebeanespeciallcaretakenbyallcommandersandothersthatthepeopledoerepairetotheirchurchesontheSabothday，andtoseethatthepenaltyofonepoundoftobaccoforeverytimeofabsence，and50poundsforeverymonth’sabsence……belevyed，andthedelinquentstopaythesame。\"Aboutthistimeweread：\"Dr。JohnPott，lateGovernor，indicted，arraigned，andfoundguiltyofstealingcattle，13jurors，3whereofcouncellors。Thisdaywhollyspentinpleading;nextday，inunnecessarydisputation。\"

Theseweremovingtimesinthelittlecolonywhosepopulationmaybynowhavebeenfivethousand。Harvey，theGovernor，wasrapacious;theKingathome，autocratic。Meanwhile，signsofchangeandofunrestwerenotwantinginEurope。Englandwashasteningtowardrevolution;inGermanytheThirtyYears’Warwasinmid—career;FranceandItalywererackedbystrife;overtheworldthepeoplesgroanedunderthestrainofoppression。Inscience，too，therewaspromiseofrevolution。Harvey——notthatGovernorHarveyofVirginia，butagreaterinEnglandwaswritinguponthecirculationoftheblood。Galileobroodedoverideasofthemovementoftheearth;Kepler，overcelestialharmoniesandsolarrule。Descarteswaslayingthefoundationofanewphilosophy。

Inthemeantime，faracrosstheAtlantic，bandsofVirginianswentoutagainsttheIndians——whomight，ormightnot，Godknows！haveputinaclaimtobeconsideredamongtheoppressedpeoples。InVirginiathefat，black，tobacco—fields，steamingunderasunlikethesunofSpain，calledforandgotmorelaborandstillmorelabor。Everylittlesailingshipbroughtwhiteworkmen——calledservants——consigned，indentured，apprenticedtomany—acredplanters。These，inreturnfortheirpassagemoney，mustserveLabanforatermofyears，butthenwouldreceiveRachel，oratleastLeah，intheshapeoffreedomandasmallholdingandprovisionwithwhichtobeginagaintheirindividuallife。Iftheywereambitiousandenergetictheymightpresentlybeable，inturn，toimportlaborfortheirownacres。

Asyet，inVirginia，therewerefewAfricanslaves——notmoreperhapsthanacoupleofhundred。Butwhenevershipsbroughtthemtheywerereadilypurchased。

InVirginia，aseverywhereintimeofchange，therearoseanomalies。Sidebysidepersisted’aromanticdevotiontotheKingandadeterminationtohavepopularassemblies;agreatsenseoftherightsofthewhiteindividualtogetherwithAfricanslavery;apractical，easy—going，debonairnaturalismsidebysidewithanEstablishedChurchpenalizingalikePapist，Puritan，andatheist。Evensoearlyasthis，thesocialtonewassetthatwastoholdformanyandmanyayear。Thesuaveclimatewassomehowtofosteralikeasenseofcasteandgoodneighborliness—classdistinctionsandrepublicanideas。

The\"towns\"wereofthefewestandrudest——littlemorethansmallpalisadedhamlets，builtofframeorlog，poisednearthewateroftheriverJames。

Thegeniusoftheland—wasfortheplantationratherthanthetown。Thefairandlargebrickorframeplanter’shouseofalatertimehadnotyetrisen，butthesystemwaswellinauguratedthatsetamainor\"big\"houseuponsomefairsite，withcabinsclusterednearit，andallsurrounded，saveontheriverfront，withfar—flungacres，someplantedwithgrainandtherestwithtobacco。Upanddowntherivertheseestateswerestrungtogetherbytherudestroads，meretracksthroughfieldandwood。Thecartwasasyetthesolewheeledvehicle。ButtheVirginiaplanter——ahorsemaninEngland——broughtoverhorses，bredhorses，andearlyplacedhorsemanshipinthecatalogueofthenecessarycolonialvirtues。Atthispoint，however，inalandofgreatandlesserrivers，withanetworkofcreeks，theboatprovidedthechiefmeansofcommunication。Behindall，envelopingall，stillspreadtheillimitableforest，thehauntofIndiansandinnumerablegame。

Virginianswerealreadypreparingforanexpansiontothenorth。TherewasamaninVirginianamedWilliamClaiborne。Thisindividual——able，determined，self—reliant，energetic——hadcomeinasayoungman，withthetitleofsurveyorgeneralfortheCompany，intheshipthatbroughtSirFrancisWyatt，justbeforethemassacreof1622。HehadprosperedandwasnowSecretaryoftheProvince。Heheldlands，andwasendowedwithabold，adventuroustemperandageniusforbusiness。InafewyearshehadestablishedwidespreadtradingrelationswiththeIndians。HeandthemenwhomheemployedpenetratedtotheuppershoresofChesapeake，intotheforestborderingPotomacandSusquehanna：Knivesandhatchets，beads，trinkets，andcoloredclothwerechangedforrichfursandvariousarticlesthattheIndianscouldfurnish。TheskinsthusgatheredClaiborneshippedtoLondonmerchants，andwasliketogrowwealthyfromwhathistradingbrought。

Lookinguponthefutureandcontemplatingbarteronaprincelyscale，hesettoworkandobtainedexhaustivelicensesfromtheimmediateVirginianauthorities，andatlastfromtheKinghimself。Underthesegrants，Claibornebegantoprovidesettlementsforhisnumeroustraders。FaruptheChesapeake，ahundredmilesorsofromPointComfort，hefoundanislandthatheliked，andnameditKentIsland。Hereforhismenhebuiltcabinswithgardensaroundthem，amillandachurch。HewasfarfromtheriverJamesandthemassofhisfellows，butheesteemedhimselftobeinVirginiaanduponhisownland。WhatcameofClaiborne’senterprisethesequelhastoshow。

CHAPTERIX。MARYLAND

TherenowentersuponthesceneinVirginiaamanofmiddleage，notwithoutexperienceinplantingcolonies，bynameGeorgeCalvert，firstLordBaltimore。OfFlemishancestry，borninYorkshire，scholaratOxford，traveler，clerkofthePrivyCouncil，aSecretaryofStateunderJames，memberoftheHouseofCommons，memberoftheVirginiaCompany，heknewmanyoftheramificationsoflife。Amanofworthandweight，hewasplacedbytemperamentandeducationuponthesideofthecourtpartyandtheCrowninthegrowingcontestoverrights。Abouttheyear1625，underwhatinfluenceisnotknown，hehadopenlyprofessedtheRomanCatholicfaith——andthattookcourageintheseventeenthcentury，inEngland！

Someyearsbefore，CalverthadobtainedfromtheCrownagrantofapartofNewfoundland，hadnameditAvalon，andhadbuiltgreathopesuponitssettlement。Butthenorthernwinterhadworkedagainsthim。Heknew，forhehadresidedtherehimselfwithhisfamilyinthatharshclime。\"FromthemiddleofOctobertothemiddleofMaythereisasadfareofwinteronallthisland。\"HeiswritingtoKingCharles，andhegoesontosay\"Ihavehadstrongtemptationstoleaveallproceedingsinplantations……butmyinclinationcarryingmenaturallytothesekindofworks……Iamdeterminedtocommitthisplacetofishermenthatareabletoencounterstormsandhardweather，andtoremovemyselfwithsomefortypersonstoyourMajesty’sdominionofVirginiawhere，ifyourMajestywillpleasetograntmeaprecinctofland……Ishallendeavourtotheutmostofmypower，todeserveit。\"

Withhisimmediatefollowinghethereupondoessailfarsouthward。InOctober，1629，hecomesinbetweenthecapes，pastPointComfortandsouptoJamestown——totheembarrassmentofthatcapital，aswillsoonbeevident。

HereinChurchofEnglandVirginiawasa\"popishrecusant！\"Herewasanold\"courtparty\"man，oneofJames’scommissioners，apersonofrankandprestige，known，forallhisrecusancy，tobeinfavorwiththepresentKing。HerewastheProprietaryofAvalon，guessedtobedissatisfiedwithhischillyholding，onthescentperhapsofbalmier，easierthings！

TheAssemblywasinsessionwhenLordBaltimorecametoJamestown。AllarriversinVirginiamusttaketheoathofsupremacy。TheAssemblyproposedthistothevisitorwho，asRomanCatholic，couldnottakeit，andsaidasmuch，butofferedhisowndeclarationoffriendlinesstothepowersthatwere。Thiswasdeclined。Debatefollowed，endingwitharequestfromtheAssemblythatthevisitordepartfromVirginia。Someharshnessofspeechensued，buthospitalityandtheamenitiesfairlysavedthesituation。OneThomasTindallwaspilloriedfor\"givingmylordBaltimorethelieandthreateningtoknockhimdown。\"Baltimorethereuponsetsail，butnot，perhaps，untilhehadgainedthatknowledgeofconditionswhichhedesired。

InEnglandhefoundtheKingwillingtomakehimalargegrant，withnolesspowersthanhadclothedhiminAvalon。TerritoryshouldbetakenfromtheoldVirginia;itmustbeofunsettledland——Indiansofcoursenotcounting。BaltimorefirstthoughtofthestretchsouthoftheriverJamesbetweenVirginiaandSpanishFlorida——afairlandofwoodsandstreams，ofgoodharbors，andsummerweather。ButsuddenlyWilliamClaibornewasfoundtobeinLondon，senttherebytheVirginians，withrepresentationsinhispocket。Virginiawasalreadysettledandhadtheintentionherselfofexpandingtothesouth。

Baltimore，theKing，andthePrivyCouncilweighedthematter。Westward，thebluemountainsclosedtheprospect。WastheSouthSeajustbeyondtheirsunsetslopes，orwasitmuchfartheraway，overunknownlands，thanthefirstadventurershadguessed？Eitherway，tooruggedhardshipmarkedthewest！Eastrolledtheocean。North，then？ItwerewelltostepinbeforethoseHollandersaboutthemouthoftheHudsonshouldcastnetstothesouth。BaltimoreaccordinglyaskedforagrantnorthofthePotomac。

Hereceivedahugeterritory，stretchingoverwhatisnowMaryland，Delaware，andapartofPennsylvania。ThePotomac，fromsourcetomouth，withalineacrossChesapeakeandtheEasternShoretotheoceanformedhissouthernfrontier;hisnorthernwasthefortiethparallel，fromtheoceanacrosscountrytotheduepointabovethespringsofthePotomac。Overthisgreatexpansehebecame\"trueandabsolutelordandproprietary，\"holdingfealtytoEngland，butotherwiseatlibertytoruleinhisowndomainwitheverypoweroffeudaldukeorprince。TheKinghadhisallegiance，likewiseafifthpartofgoldorsilverfoundwithinhislands。Allpersonsgoingtodwellinhispalatinateweretohave\"rightsandlibertiesofEnglishmen。\"

But，thisaside，hewaslordparamount。ThenewcountryreceivedthenameTerraMariae——Maryland——forHenriettaMaria，thenQueenofEngland。

HerewasanewlandandaLordProprietorwithkinglypowers。VirginiansseatedontheJamespromptlypetitionedKingCharlesnottodothemwrongbysodividingtheirportionoftheearth。ButKingandPrivyCouncilansweredonlythatVirginiaandMarylandmust\"assisteachotheronalloccasionsasbecomethfellow—subjects。\"WilliamClaiborne，indeed，continuedwithadeterminedvoicetocryoutthatlandsgiventoBaltimorewerenot，ashadbeenclaimed，unsettled，seeingthathehimselfhadunderpatentatownonKentIslandandanotheratthemouthoftheSusquehanna。

Baltimorewasareflectiveman，adreamerinthegoodsenseoftheterm，andreligiouslyminded。Attheheightofseeminggoodfortunehecouldwrite：

\"Allthings，mylord，inthisworldpassaway……TheyarebutlentustillGodpleasetocallforthembackagain，thatwemaynotesteemanythingourown，orsetourheartsuponanythingbutHimalone，whoonlyremainsforever。\"LikehisKing，Baltimorecouldcarryfarhisprerogativeandprivilege，maintainingthewhilenotafewdegreesofinnerfreedom。

Likeallmen，herehewasbound，andherehewasfree。

Baltimore’sdesirewasfor\"enlarginghisMajesty’sEmpire，\"andatthesametimetoprovideinMarylandarefugeforhisfellowCatholics。ThesewerenowinEnglandsodisabledandlimitedthattheirstatusmightfairlybecalledthatofapersecutedpeople。ThemountingPuritanismpromisednoimprovement。TheKinghimselfhadnofierceantagonismtotheoldreligion，butitwasbeginningtobeseenthatCharlesandCharles’srealmweretwodifferentthings。Ahavenshouldbeprovidedbeforethestormblackenedfurther。Baltimorethussawputintohishandsahighandholyopportunity，andmadenodoubtthatitwasGod—given。Hischarter，indeed，seemedtocontemplateanestablishedchurch，foritgavetoBaltimorethepatronageofallchurchesandchapelswhichweretobe\"consecratedaccordingtotheecclesiasticallawsofourkingdomofEngland\";nevertheless，nointerpretationofthecharterwastobemadeprejudicialto\"God’sholyandtrueChristianreligion。\"WhatwasChristianandwhatwasprejudicialwas，fortunatelyforhim，leftundefined。NoobstacleswereplacedbeforeaCatholicemigration。

Baltimorehadthisideaandperhapsastillwiderone：aland——Mary’sland——whereallChristiansmightforegather，brothersandsistersinonehome！Religioustolerance——practicalseparationofChurchandState——thatwasabroadideaforhisage，agenerousideaforaRomanCatholicofatimenotsofarremovedfromthemediaeval。True，whereverhewentandwhatevermightbehisownthoughtandfeeling，hewouldstillhaveforoverlordaProtestantsovereign，andthewordsofhischarterforbadehimtomakelawsrepugnanttothelawsofEngland。ButMarylandwasdistant，andwisemanagementmightdomuch。Catholics，Anglicans，Puritans，Dissidents，andNonconformistsofalmostanyphysiognomy，mightcomeandbeathome，unpunishedforvariationsinbelief。

OnlythepersonalfriendshipofEngland’sKingandthetactandsuavesagacityoftheProprietaryhimselfcouldhaveprocuredthesigningofthischarter，sinceitwasknown——asitwastoallwhocaredtobusythemselveswiththematter—thatherewasaCatholicmeaningtotakeotherCatholics，togetherwithotherscarcelylessabominablesectaries，outofthereachofRecusancyActsandreligiouspainsandpenalties，tosetthemfreeinEngland—in—America;and，raisingthereastateonthenovelbasisoffreereligion，perhapstoconverttheheathentoallmannerofrrors，andembarkonmischiefsfartoolargefordefinition。Takingthingsastheywereintheworld，rememberingactsoftheCatholicChurchinthenotdistantpast，theill—disposedmightfindsomecolorfortheagitationwhichpresentlydidarise。BaltimorewasknowntobeincorrespondencewithEnglishJesuits，anditsoonappearedthatJesuitpriestsweretoaccompanythefirstcolonists。AtthattimetheSocietyofJesusloomedlargebothpoliticallyandeducationally。ManymayhavethoughtthattherethreatenedaRomeinAmerica。

But，howeverthatmayhavebeen，therewassmallchanceforanysuccessfuloppositiontothecharter，sinceParliamenthadbeendissolvedbytheKing，nottobesummonedagainforelevenyears。ThePrivyCouncilwassubservient，and，astheSovereignwashisfriend，Baltimoresawthesigningofthecharterassuredandbegantogathertogetherhisfirstcolonists。Then，somewhatsuddenly，inApril，1632，hesickened，anddiedattheageoffifty—three。

Hisson，CecilCalvert，secondLordBaltimore，tookuphisfather’swork。

Thisyoungman，likewiseableandsagacious，andateverystepinhisfather’sconfidence，couldanddidproceedevenindetailaccordingtowhathadbeenplanned。Allhisfather’srightshaddescendedtohim;inMarylandhewasProprietarywithasamplepoweraseveraCountPalatinehadenjoyed。Hetookuptheadvantageandtheburden。

Thefather’sideahadbeentogowithhiscoloniststoMaryland，andthisitseemsthatthesonalsomeanttodo。Butnow，inLondon，theredeepenedaclamoragainstsuchCatholicenterprise。Oncehewereaway，lipswouldbeattheKing’sear。AndwithEnglandsorestless，inaturmoilofnewthought，itmightevenarisethatKingandPrivyCouncilwouldfindtroubleinactingaftertheirwill，goodthoughthatmightbe。ThesecondBaltimorethereforeremainedinEnglandtosafeguardhischarterandhisinterests。

ThefamilyofBaltimorewasanableone。CecilCalverthadtwobrothers，LeonardandGeorge，andthesewouldgotoMarylandinhisplace。LeonardhemadeGovernorandLieutenant—general，andappointedhimcouncilor。Shipsweremadeready——theArkofthreehundredtonsandtheDoveoffifty。ThecolonistswentaboardatGravesend，wheretheseshipsrodeatanchor。OfthecompanyagreatnumberwereProtestants，willingtotakeland，iftheirconditionwerebetteredso，withCatholics。DifficultiesofmanykindskeptthemalllongatthemouthoftheThames，butatlast，lateinNovember，1633，theArkandtheDovesetsail。TouchingattheIsleofWight，theytookaboardtwoJesuitpriests，FatherWhiteandFatherAltham，andanumberofothercolonists。Baltimorereportedthattheexpeditionconsistedof\"twoofmybrotherswithveryneartwentyothergentlemenofverygoodfashion，andthreehundredlabouringmenwellprovidedinallthings。\"

Theseships，withthefirstMarylanders，wentbytheoldWestIndiessearoute。WefindthemrestingatBarbados;thentheyswungtothenorthand，inFebruary，1634，cametoPointComfortinVirginia。Heretheytooksupplies，beingtreatedbySirJohnHarvey（whohadreceivedaletterfromtheKing）with\"courtesyandhumanity。\"Withoutlongtarrying，fortheyweresicknowforlandoftheirown，theysailedonupthegreatbay，theChesapeake。

SoontheyreachedthemouthofthePotomac——arivermuchgreaterthananyofthem，saveshipmastersandmariners，hadeverseen——andintothisturnedtheArkandtheDove。Afterafewleaguesofsailingupthewide’stream，theycameuponanisletcoveredwithtrees，leafless，forspringhadhardlybroken。Theshipsdroppedanchor;theboatswerelowered;thepeoplewentashore。HeretheCalvertsclaimedMaryland\"forourSaviorandforourSovereignLordtheKingofEngland，\"andheretheyheardMass。St。

Clement’stheycalledtheisland。

Butitwastoosmallforahome。TheArkwasleftatanchor，whileLeonardCalvertwentexploringwiththeDove。UpthePotomacsomedistancehewent，butatthelasthewiselydeterminedtochoosefortheirfirsttownasitenearerthesea。TheDoveturnedandcamebacktotheArk，andbothsailedondownthestreamfromSt。Clement’sIsle。Beforelongtheycametothemouthofatributarystreamflowinginfromthenorth。TheDove，goingforthagain，enteredthisriver，whichpresentlythepartynamedtheRiverSt。George。Soontheycametoahighbankwithtreestingedwiththefoliageofadvancingspring。HereuponthisbanktheEnglishfoundanIndianvillageandasmallAlgonquingroup，inthecourseofextinctionbytheirformidableIroquoisneighbors，thegiantSusquehannocks。Thewhitemenlanded，bearingastoreofhatchets，gewgaws，andcoloredcloth。ThefirstLordBaltimore，havinghadopportunityenoughforobservingsavages，hadprobablyhandedontohissagacioussonshisconclusionsastowaysofdealingwiththenativesoftheforest。AndtheundeniablelogicofeventswasatlastteachingtheEnglishhowtocolonize。EnglishmenonRoanokeIsland，EnglishmenonthebanksoftheJames，EnglishmeninthatfirstNewEnglandcolony，hadbornetheweightofearlyinexperienceandallthecatalogueofwoesthatfollowignorance。Alltheseearlycolonistsalikehadbeenquicklyentangledinstrifewiththepeoplewhomtheyfoundintheland。

Firsttheyfellontheirknees，AndthenontheAborigines。

Butbynowmuchwaterhadpassedthemill。Thethinkingkind，thewisersort，mightperceivemorethingsthanone，andamongthesethefactthatsavageshadasenseofjusticeandwouldevenfightagainstinjustice，realorfancied。

TheCalverts，throughtheirinterpreter，conferredwiththeinhabitantsofthisIndianvillage。Wouldtheyselllandswherethewhitemenmightpeaceablysettle，undertheirgivenwordtodealinfriendlywisewiththeredmen？Manyhatchetsandaxesandmuchclothwouldbegiveninreturn。

Toasylvanpeoplestoreofhatchetsandaxeshadavaluebeyondmanyfieldsoftheboundlessearth。TheDoveappearedbeforethem，too，atthepsychologicalmoment。Theyhadjustdiscussedremoving，bagandbaggage，fromtheproximityoftheIroquois。Intheend，theseIndianssoldtotheEnglishtheirvillagehuts，theirclearedandplantedfields，andmilesofsurroundingforest。Moreovertheystayedlongenoughinfriendshipwiththenewcomerstoteachthemmanythingsofvalue。Thentheydeparted，leavingwiththeEnglishacleartitletoasmuchlandastheycouldhandle，atleastforsometimetocome。Later，withotherIndians，aswiththese，theCalvertspursuedaconciliatorypolicy。Theywere，aidedbythefactthattheSusquehannockstothenorth，whomighthavegiventrouble，wereinvolvedinwarwithyetmorenortherlytribes，andcouldpayscantattentiontotheincomingwhitemen。Butevenso，theCalvertsproved，asWilliamPennprovedlater，thatmenmayliveatpeacewithmen，honestlyandhonorably，eventhoughhueofskinandplaneofdevelopmentdiffer。

NowtheArkjoinstheDoveintheRiverSt。George。Thepiecesofordnancearefired;thecolonistsdisembark;andonthe27thofMarch，1634，theIndianvillage，nowEnglish，becomesSt。Mary’s。

Onthewholehowadvantageouslyaretheyplaced！ThereispeacewiththeIndians。Huts，lodges，arealreadybuilt，fieldsalreadyclearedorplanted。Thesiteishighandhealthful。Theyhaveatfirstfewdissensionsamongthemselves。NoraretheyentirelyaloneorisolatedintheNewWorld。

ThereisaNewEnglandtothenorthofthemandaVirginiatothesouth。

Fromtheonetheygetintheautumnsaltedfish，fromtheotherstoreofswineandcattle。Famineandpestilencearefarfromthem。Theybuilda\"fort\"andperhapsastockade，buttherearenoneofthestealthydeathsgivenbyarrowandtomahawkinthenorth，norarethereanyoftheSpanishalarmsthatterrifiedthesouth。Fromthefirsttheyhavewiththemwomenandchildren。Theyknowthattheirsettlementis\"home。\"SoonothershipsandcolonistsfollowtheArkandtheDovetoSt。Mary’s，andthehistoryofthismiddlecolonyiswellbegun。

InVirginia，meantime，therewasjealousyenoughofthenewcolony，takingasitdidterritoryheldtobeVirginianandrenamingit，notfortheold，independent，Protestant，virginqueen，butforaFrench，Catholic，queenconsort——evensettlingitwithbelieversintheMassandbringinginJesuits！Itwas，saysaJamestownsettler，\"accountedacrimealmostasheinousastreasontofavour，naytospeakwellofthatcolony。\"BesidetheVirginianfolkasawhole，oneman，inparticular，WilliamClaiborne，nursedanindividualgrievance。HehaditfromGovernorCalvertthathemightdwelloninKentIsland，tradingfromthere，butonlyunderlicensefromtheLordProprietorandasaninhabitantofMaryland，notofVirginia。

Claiborne，withtheAssemblyatJamestownsecretlyonhisside，resistedthisinterferencewithhisrights，and，ashecontinuedtotradewithahighhand，hesoonfellundersuspicionofstirringuptheIndiansagainsttheMarylanders。

Atthetime，thisquarrelrangloudthroughMarylandandVirginia，andevenechoedacrosstheAtlantic。LeonardCalverthadatrading—boatofClaiborne’sseizedinthePatuxentRiver。ThereuponClaiborne’smen，withtheshallopCockatrice，inretaliationattackedMarylandpinnacesandlostboththeirlivesandtheirboat。ForseveralyearsMarylandandKentIslandcontinuedintermittentlytomakepettywaroneachother。Atlast，in1638，CalverttooktheislandbymainforceandhangedforpiracyacaptainofClaiborne’s。TheMarylandAssemblybroughtthetraderunderaBillofAttainder;andalittlelater，inEngland，theLordsCommissionersofForeignPlantationsformallyawardedKentIslandtotheLordProprietor。

Thusdefeated，Claiborne，nursinghiswrath，moveddownthebaytoVirginia。

CHAPTERX。CHURCHANDKINGDOM

Virginia，allthistime，withMarylandathorninherside，waswrestlingwithanautocraticgovernor，JohnHarvey。Thisavaricioustyrantsowedthewinduntilin1635hewasliketoreapthewhirlwind。ThoughhewastheKing’sGovernorandingoododorinEngland，whererestedtheoverpowertowhichVirginiamustbow，yetinthisyearVirginiablewuponhercourageuntilitwasglowingandlaidrudehandsuponhim。Weread：\"AnAssemblytobecalledtoreceivecomplaintsagainstSr。JohnHarvey，onthepetitionofmanyinhabitants，tomeet7thofMay。\"But，beforethatmonthwascome，theCouncil，seizingopportunity，actedforthewhole。Immediatelybelowtheentryabovequotedappears：\"Onthe28thofApril，1635，Sr。JohnHarveythrustoutofhisgovernment，andCapt。JohnWestactsasGovernortilltheKing’spleasureknown。\"*

*Hening’s\"Statutes\"vol。Ip。223。

SoVirginiabeganhercourseasrebelagainstpoliticalevils！ItisofinteresttonotethatNicholasMartian，oneofthemenfoundactiveagainsttheGovernor，wasanancestorofGeorgeWashington。

Harvey，thrustout，tookfirstshipforEngland，andtherealsosailedcommissionersfromtheVirginiaAssemblywithadeclarationofwrongsfortheKing’sear。ButwhentheycametoEngland，theyfoundthattheKing’searwasfortheGovernorwhomhehadgiventotheVirginiansandwhomthey，withaudaciousdisobedience，haddeposed。BackshouldgoSirJohnHarvey，stillgoverningVirginia;backwithoutaudiencetheso—calledcommissioners，happytoescapeameritedhanging！AgaintoJamestownsailedHarvey。InsilenceVirginiareceivedhim，andwhileheremainedGovernornoAssemblysat。

Buthavingassertedhisauthority，theKinginafewyears’timewaswillingtorecallhisunwelcomerepresentative。Soin1639GovernorHarveyvanishesfromthescene，andincomesthewell—likedSirFrancisWyattasGovernorforthesecondtime。Fortwoyearsheremains，andisthensupersededbySirWilliamBerkeley，anotablefigureinVirginiaformanyyearstocome。Thepopulationwasnowperhapstenthousand，bothEnglishbornandVirginiansbornofEnglishparents。Afewhundrednegroesmovedinthetobaccofields。Morewouldbebroughtinandyetmore。AndnowaboveamillionpoundsoftobaccoweregoingannuallytoEngland。

Thecenturywaspredominantlyoneofinnerandouterreligiousconflict。

WhatwentonathomeinEnglandreechoedinVirginia。ThenewGovernorwasadyed—in—the—woolCavalier，utterlystubbornforKingandChurch。TheAssemblieslikewiseleanedthatway，aspresumablydidthemassofthepeople。Itwasorderedin1631：\"ThattherebeeauniformitiethroughoutthiscolonybothinsubstanceandcircumstancetothecannonsandconstitutionsofthechurchofEnglandasneereasmaybee，andthateverypersonyealdreadieobedienceuntothemupponpenaltieofthepaynesandforfeituresinthatcaseappoynted。\"And，indeed，thepainsandforfeituresthreatenedweresavageenough。

OfficialVirginia，loyaltotheEstablishedChurch，wasjealousandfearfulofPapistryandlookedaskanceatPuritanism。Itfrownedupontheseanduponagnosticisms，atheisms，pantheisms，religiousdoubts，andalterationsinjudgment——uponanything，inshort，thatseemedtopushafingeragainstChurchandKingdom。YetinthisVirginia，governedbySirWilliamBerkeley，agentlemanmorecavalierthantheCavaliers，moreroyalistthantheKing，morechurchlythantheChurch，therelivednotafewPuritansandDissidents，goingonasbesttheymightwithEstablishedChurchandfieryKing’smen。CertainparisheswerepredominantlyPuritan;certainministerswereknowntohaveleaningsawayfromsurplicesandgenuflectionsandtoholdthatArchbishopLaudwassomekintothePope。In1642，toreenforcetheseministers，camethreemorefromNewEngland，activelyaversetoconformity。ButGovernorandCouncilandthemajorityoftheBurgesseswillhavenoneofthat。TheAssemblyof1643takessharpaction。

Forthepreservationofthepuritieofdoctrineandunitieofthechurch，ITISENACTEDthatallministerswhatsoeverwhichshallresideinthecollonyaretobeconformabletotheordersandconstitutionsofthechurchofEngland，andthelawsthereinestablished，andnototherwisetobeadmittedtoteachorpreachpublicklyorprivately。AndthattheGov。andCounseldotakecarethatallnonconformistsuponnoticeofthemshallbecompelledtodepartthecollonywithallconveniencie。AndsoinconsequenceoutofVirginia，toNewEnglandwhereIndependentswerewelcome，ortoMarylandwhereanyChristianmightdwell，wentthesetaintedministers。ButtherestayedbehindPuritanandnonconformingmindsinthebodiesofmanyparishioners。Theymustholdtheirtongues，indeed，andoutwardlyconform——buttheywatchedlynx—eyedfortheiropportunityandamorefavorablefortune。

Havinglaunchedthunderboltsagainstschismaticsofthissort，Berkeley，himselfactiveandpowerful，withtheCouncilalmostwhollyofhispartyandtheHouseofBurgessesdominantlyso，turnedhisattentionto\"popishrecusants。\"OfthesetherewerefewornonedwellinginVirginia。LetthemthennotattempttocomefromMaryland！Therulersofthecolonylegislatedwithvigor：papistsmaynotholdanypublicplace;allstatutesagainstthemshallbedulyexecuted;popishpriestsbychanceorintentarrivingwithintheboundsofVirginiashallbegivenfivedays’warning，and，ifattheendofthistimetheyareyetuponVirginiansoil，actionshallbebroughtagainstthem。Berkeleysweepswithanimpatientbroom。

TheKingdomiscaredfornotlessthantheChurchinVirginia。AnyandallpersonscomingintothecolonybylandandbyseashallhaveadministeredtothemtheOathofSupremacyandllegiance。\"Whichifanyshallrefusetotake，\"thecommanderofthefortatPointComfortshall\"committhimorthemtoprison。\"Foreignersinbirthandtongue，foreignersinthought，musthavefoundtheplaceandtimenarrowindeed。

OntheeveofcivilwartherearoseonthepartofsomeinEnglandaprojecttoreviveandrestoretheoldVirginiaCompanybyprocuringfromCharles，nowdeepintroublesofhisown，arenewaloftheoldletterspatentandthetransferenceofthedirectgovernmentofthecolonyintothehandsofareorganizedandvastcorporation。Virginia，whichascoreofyearsbeforehaddefendedtheCompany，nowprotestedvigorously，and，withregardtothelongviewofthings，itmaybethoughtwisely。Theprojectdiedanaturaldeath。ThepetitionsentfromVirginiashowsplainlyenoughthepenofBerkeley。ThereareamultitudeofreasonswhyVirginiashouldnotpassfromKingtoCompany，amongwhichtheseareworthyofnote：\"WemaynotadmitofsounnaturaladistanceasaCompanywillinterposebetweenhissacredmajestyandushissubjectsfromwhoseimmediateprotectionwehavereceivedsomanyroyalfavoursandgraciousblessings。

For，bysuchadmissions，weshalldegeneratefromtheconditionofourbirth，beingnaturalizedunderamonarchicalgovernmentandnotapopularandtumultuarygovernmentdependinguponthegreatestnumberofvotesofpersonsofseveralhumoursanddispositions。\"

WhenthispaperreachedEngland，itcametoacountryatcivilwar。TheLongParliamentwasinsession。Staffordhadbeenbeheaded，theStarChambersweptaway，theGrandRemonstrancepresented。OnEdgehillbloomedflowersthatwouldsoonbetrampledbyRupert’scavalry。InVirginiatheAssemblytooknoticeofthese\"unkinddifferencesnowinEngland，\"andprovidedbytithingfortheGovernor’spensionandallowance，whichwereforthepresentsuspendedandendangeredbythetroublesathome。ThattheforcesbandedagainsttheLord’sanointedwouldprovevictoriousmustatthistimehaveappearedpreposterouslyunlikelytothefieryGovernorandtheultra—loyalVirginiawhomheled。ThePuritansandIndependentsinVirginia——estimatedalittleearlierat\"athousandstrong\"andnow，foralltheactsagainstthem，probablystrongeryet——weretobefoundchieflyintheparishesofIsleofWightandNansemond，buthadrepresentativesfromtheFallstotheEasternShore。WhattheseVirginiansthoughtofthe\"unkinddifferences\"doesnotappearintherecord，butprobablytherewasthoughtenoughandsecrethopes。

In1644，theyearofMarstonMoor，Virginia，too，sawbattleandsuddenandbloodydeath。ThatOpechancanoughwhohadsucceededPowhatanwasnowonehundredyearsold，hardlyabletowalkortosee，dwellingharmlesslyinavillageupontheupperPamunkey。AlltheIndianswerebrokenanddispersed;

seriousdangerwasnottobethoughtof。Then，ofasudden，theflameleapedagain。Therefellfromtheblueskyamassacredirectedagainsttheoutlyingplantations。Threehundredmen，women，andchildrenwerekilledbytheIndians。Withfurythewhitemenattackedinreturn。Theysentbodiesofhorseintotheuntouchedwesternforests。Theychasedandslewwithoutmercy。In1646Opechancanough，broughtaprisonertoJamestown，endedhislongtaleofyearsbyashotfromoneofhiskeepers。TheIndianswerebeaten，and，lackingsuchanotherleader，madenomoreorganizedandgeneralattacks。Butforlongyearsakindofborderwarfarestillwenton。

EvenMaryland，tolerantandjustaswastheCalvertpolicy，didnotaltogetherescapeIndiantroubles。ShehadtocontendwithnosuchablechiefasOpechancanough，andshesufferednosweepingmassacres。Butafterthefirstidyllicyearorsotheresetinasmall，constantfriction。SofastdidtheMarylandcolonistsarrivethatsoontherewaspressureofpopulationbeyondthosefirstpurchasedbounds。ThemorethoughtfulamongtheIndiansmaywellhavetakenalarmlesttheirvillagesandhunting—groundsmightnotenduretheseinroads。ErelongtheEnglishinMarylandwereplacing\"centinells\"overfieldswheremenworked，andprovidingpenaltiesforthosewhosoldthesavagesfirearms。ButatnotimedidyoungMarylandsuffertheIndianwoesthathadvexedyoungVirginia。

NordidMarylandescapetheclashofinterestswhichbesetthebeginningsofrepresentativeassembliesinallproprietaryprovinces。Thesecond，likethefirst，LordBaltimore，wasabelieverinkingsandaristocracies，inanaturaldivisionofhumansocietyintomastersandmen。HiseffortwastoplantintactinMarylandafeudalorder。HewouldbePalatine，theKinghissuzerain。InMarylandthegreatplanters，ineffecthisbarons，shouldliveuponestates，manorialinsizeandwithmanorialrights。Thelaboringmen——

theimpecuniousadventurerswhomthesegreateradventurersbroughtout——

wouldformatenantry，theLordProprietary’smen’smen。Itistruethat，accordingtocharter，provisionwasmadeforanAssembly。Hereweretosit\"freemenoftheprovince，\"thatistosay，allwhitemaleswhowerenotinthepositionofindenturedservants。ButwiththeProprietary，andnotwiththeAssembly，wouldrestprimarilythelawmakingpower。TheLordProprietarywouldproposelegislation，andthefreemenofthecountrywoulddebate，inameasureadvise，represent，actasconsultants，andfinallyconfirm。Baltimorewaspreparedtobeabenevolentlord，wise，fatherly。

In1635metthefirstAssembly，LeonardCalvertandhisCouncilsittingwiththeburgesses，andthisgatheringoffreemenproceededtoinauguratelegislation。TherewaspassedastringofenactmentswhichpresumablydealtwithimmediatewantsatSt。Mary’s，andwhich，theAssemblyrecognized，musthavetheLordProprietary’sasassent。Acopywasthereforesentbythefirstshiptoleave。SolongwerethevoyagesandsoslowtheprocedureinEnglandthatitwas1637beforeBaltimore’svetoupontheAssembly’slawsreachedMaryland。ItwouldseemthathedidnotdisapprovesomuchofthelawsthemselvesasoftheboldinitiativeoftheAssembly，forheatoncesentovertwelvebillsofhisowndrafting。LeonardCalvertwasinstructedtobringallfreementogetherinAssemblyandpresentfortheiracceptancethesubstitutedlegislation。

Earlyin1638thisMarylandAssemblymet。TheGovernorputbeforeitforadoptiontheProprietary’slaws。Thevotewastaken。Governorandsomeotherswerefor，theremainderoftheAssemblyunanimouslyagainst，theproposedlegislation。Therefollowedayearortwoofstruggleoverthisquestion，butintheendtheProprietaryineffectacknowledgeddefeat。Thecolonists，throughtheirAssembly，mightthereafterproposelawstomeettheirexigencies，andGovernorCalvert，actingforhisbrother，shouldapproveorvetoaccordingtoneed。

WhencivilwarbetweenKingandParliamentbrokeoutinEngland，sentimentinMarylandasinVirginiainclinedtowardtheKing。ButthatPuritan，Non—conformist，andrepublicanelementthatwasinbothcoloniesmightbeexpectedtogainif，athomeinEngland，theParliamentarypartygained。A

RoyalGovernororaLordProprietary’sGovernormightalikebeperplexedbythepoliticalturmoilinthemothercountry。LeonardCalvertfelttheneedoffirst—handconsultationwithhisbrother。LeavingGilesBrentinhisplace，hesailedforEngland，talkedtherewithBaltimorehimself，perplexedandfilledwithforeboding，andreturnedtoMarylandnotgreatlywiserthanwhenhewent。

MarylandwassoonconvulsedbydisorderswhichinmanywaysreflectedtheunsettledconditionsinEngland。ALondonship，commandedbyRichardIngle，aPuritanandastaunchupholderofthecauseofParliament，arrivedbeforeSt。Mary’s，wherehegavegreatoffensebyhisblatantremarksabouttheKingandRupert，\"thatPrinceRogue。\"Thoughhewaspromptlyarrestedonthechargeoftreason，hemanagedtoescapeandsoonlefttheloyalcolonyfarastern。

InthemeantimeLeonardCalverthadcomebacktoMaryland，wherehefoundconfusionandagrowingheatandfactionandside—takingofabittersort。

Toaddtotheturmoil，WilliamClaiborne，amongwhosedominanttraitswasaninabilitytorecognizedefeat，wasmakingattemptsuponKentIsland。

CalvertwasnotlongatSt。Mary’sereInglesailedinagainwithletters—of—marquefromtheLongParliament。IngleandhismenlandedandquicklyfoundouttheProtestantmoietyofthecolonists。Therefollowedanactualinsurrection，theMarylandersjoiningwithIngleandmuchaidedbyClaiborne，whonowretookKentIsland。TheinsurgentsthencapturedSt。

Mary’sandforcedtheGovernortofleetoVirginia。FortwoyearsIngleruledandplundered，sequestratinggoodsoftheProprietary’sadherents，anddeportinginironsJesuitpriests。AttheendofthistimeCalvertreappeared，andbehindhimatroopgatheredinVirginia。NowitwasIngle’sturntoflee。Regaininghisship，hemadesailforEngland，andMarylandsettleddownagaintotheancientorder。TheGovernorthenreducedKentIsland。Claiborne，againdefeated，retiredtoVirginia，whencehesailedforEngland。

In1647LeonardCalvertdied。UntiltheProprietary’swillshouldbeknown，ThomasGreeneactedasGovernor。OverinEngland，LordBaltimorestoodatthepartingoftheways。TheKing’scausehadahopelesslook。RoundheadandParliamentweremakingwayinamightytide。BaltimorewasmarkedforaroyalistandaCatholic。Ifthetiderosefarther，hemightloseMaryland。

Asagaciousmind，heproceededtodoallthathecould，shortofdenyinghiseverybelief，toplacatehisenemies。HeappointedasGovernorofMarylandWilliamStone，aPuritan，andintotheCouncil，numberingfivemembers，heputthreePuritans。OntheotherhandtheinterestsofhisMarylandCatholicsmustnotbeendangered。HerequiredofthenewGovernornottomolestanyperson\"professingtobelieveinJesusChrist，andinparticularanyRomanCatholic。\"Inthiswayhethoughtthat，rightandleft，hemightprovideagainstpersecution。

UnderthesecomplexinfluencestheMarylandAssemblypassedin1649anActconcerningReligion。Itreveals，upontheonehand，Christendom’smercilessnesstowardthefreethinker——inwhichmercilessness，whetherthroughconvictionorpolicy，Baltimoreacquiesced——and，ontheotherhand，thataspirationtowardfriendshipwithintheChristianfoldwhichisevenyethardlymorethanapiouswish，andwhichintheseventeenthcenturycouldhavebeenfeltbyveryfew。ToBaltimoreandtheAssemblyofMarylandbelongs，notthegloryofinauguratinganeraofwidetolerationformenandwomenofallbeliefsordisbeliefs，whetherChristianornot，buttherealthoughlessergloryofestablishingentiretolerationamongthedivisionswithintheChristiancircleitself。AccordingtotheAct，*

\"WhatsoeverpersonorpersonswithinthisProvinceandtheIslandsthereuntobelonging，shallfromhenceforthblasphemeGod，thatiscursehim，ordenyourSaviourJesusChristtobeethesonneofGod，orshalldenytheholyTrinity，……ortheGodheadofanyofthesaidthreepersonsoftheTrinity，ortheunityoftheGodhead，orshalluseorutteranyreproachfulspeeches，wordsorlanguageconcerningthesaidHolyTrinity，oranyofthesaidthreepersonsthereof，shallbepunishedwithdeathandconfiscationorforfeitureofallhisorherlandsandgoodstotheLordProprietaryandhisheires……Whatsoeverpersonorpersonsshallfromhenceforthuseorutteranyreproachfullwords，orspeeches，concerningtheblessedVirginMary，theMotherofourSaviour，ortheholyApostlesorEvangelists，oranyofthem，shallinsuchcaseforthefirstoffenceforfeittothesaidLordProprietaryandhisheiresthesumoffivepoundsterling……Whatsoeverpersonshallhenceforthuponanyoccasion……declare，call，ordenominateanypersonorpersonswhatsoeverinhabiting，residing，traffiqueing，tradingorcomerceingwithinthisProvince，orwithinanyofthePorts，Harbors，CreeksorHavenstothesamebelonging，anheritick，Scismatick，Idolator，puritan，Independant，Presbiterian，popishpriest，Jesuite，Jesuitedpapist，Lutheran，Calvenist，Anabaptist，Brownist，Antinomian，Barrowist，Roundhead，Sepatist，oranyothernameorterminareproachfulmannerrelatingtomatterofReligion，shallforeverysuchOffenceforfeit……thesumoftenneshillingssterling……

\"WhereastheinforceingoftheconscienceinmattersofReligionhathfrequentlyfallenouttobeofdangerousConsequenceinthosecommonwealthswhereithathbeenpractised，……beitthereforealsobytheLordProprietarywiththeadviceandconsentofthisAssembly，ordeynedandenacted……thatnopersonorpersonswhatsoeverwithinthisProvince……professingtobeleiveinJesusChrist，shallfromhenceforthbeeanywaiestroubled，molestedordiscountenancedfororinrespectofhisorherreligionnorinthefreeexercisethereof……noranywaycompelledtothebeleiforexerciseofanyotherReligionagainsthisorherconsent，soeastheybenotunfaithfulltotheLordProprietaryormolestorconspireagainstthecivillGovernment……\"

*\"ArchivesofMaryland，ProceedingsandActsoftheGeneralAssembly\"，vol。I，pp。244—247。

CHAPTERXI。COMMONWEALTHANDRESTORATION

Onthe30thofJanuary，1649，beforethepalaceofWhitehall，CharlestheFirstofEnglandwasbeheaded。InVirginiatheeventfellwithashock。

EventhosewithinthecolonywhowereCromwell’smenratherthanCharles’smenseemtohaverecoiledfromthisact。Presently，too，camefleeingroyalistsfromoverseas，toaddtheirpassionatevoicestothoseoftheroyalistsinVirginia。Manycame，\"nobility，clergyandgentry，menofthefirstrate。\"AthousandaresaidtohavearrivedintheyearaftertheKing’sdeath。

InOctobertheVirginiaAssemblymet。Parliamentmen——andnowthesewerewalkingwithheadintheair——mightregrettheexecutionofthepastJanuary，andyetbepreparedtoassertthatwiththefallofthekingdomfellallpowersandofficesnamedanddecreedbythehaplessmonarch。WhatwasapassionateroyalistgovernmentdoinginVirginianowthatEnglandwasaCommonwealth？ThepassionategovernmentansweredforitselfinactspassedbythisAssembly。Withswellingwords，withatragicaccent，itdenouncedthelatehappeningsinEnglandandalltheRoundheadwickednessthatleduptothem。Itproclaimedloyaltyto\"hissacredMajestythatnowis\"——thatis，toCharlesStuart，afterwardsCharlestheSecond，thenarefugeeontheContinent。Finallyitenactedthatanywhodefendedthelateproceedings，orintheleastaffectedtoquestion\"theundoubtedandinherentrightofhisMajestythatnowistotheCollonyofVirginia\"

shouldbeheldguiltyofhightreason;andthat\"reportersanddivulgers\"

ofrumorstendingtochangeofgovernmentshouldbepunished\"eventoseverity。\"

Berkeley’swordsmaybedetectedintheseactsoftheAssembly。InnogreattimetheCavalierGovernorconferredwithColonelHenryNorwood，oneoftheroyalistrefugeestoVirginia。NorwoodthereuponsailedawayuponaDutchshipandcametoHolland，wherehefound\"hisMajestythatnowis。\"Hereheknelt，andinvitedthatsameMajestytovisithisdominionofVirginia，and，ifhelikedit，theretorest，sovereignoftheVirginianpeople。ButCharlesstillhopedtobesovereigninEnglandandwouldnotcrosstheseas。Hesent，however，toSirWilliamBerkeleyarenewalofhisGovernor’scommission，andappointedNorwoodTreasurerofVirginia，andsaid，doubtless，manygayandpleasantthings。

InVirginiatherecontinuedtoappearfromEnglandadherentsoftheancientregime。Men，women，andchildrencameuntiltoaconsiderabledegreethetoneofsocietyrangCavalier。Thisimmigration，nowlighter，nowheavier，continuedthrougharatherprolongedperiod。TherecamenowtoVirginiafamilieswhosenamesareoftenmetinthelaterhistoryoftheland。NowWashingtonsappear，withRandolphs，Carys，Skipwiths，Brodnaxes，Tylers，Masons，Madisons，Monroes，andmanymore。Thesepersonsarenotwithoutmeans;theybringwiththemservants;theyareinhighfavorwithGovernorandCouncil;theyacquirelargetractsofvirginland;theybringinindenturedlabor;theypurchaseAfricanslaves;theycultivatetobacco。

>FrombeingEnglishcountrygentlementheyturneasilytobecomeVirginiaplanters。

ButtheVirginiaAssemblyhadthrownagauntletbeforethevictoriousCommonwealth;andtheLongParliamentnowdeclaredthecolonytobeincontumacy，assembledanddispatchedshipsagainsther，andlaidanembargoupontradewiththerebelliousdaughter。InJanuaryof1652EnglishshipsappearedoffPointComfort。FourCommissionersoftheCommonwealthwereaboard，ofwhomthatstrongmanClaibornewasone。Afterissuingaproclamationtoquietthefearsofthepeople，theCommissionersmadetheirwaytoJamestown。HerewasfoundtheindomitableBerkeleyandhisCouncilinastateofactivepreparation，cannontrained。But，whenallwassaid，theCommissionershadbroughtwiselymoderateterms：submitbecausesubmittheymust，acknowledgetheCommonwealth，and，thatdone，restunmolested！

Ifresistancecontinued，therewereenoughParliamentmeninVirginiatomakeanarmy。IndenturedservantsandslavesshouldreceivefreedominexchangeforsupporttotheCommonwealth。TheshipswouldcomeupfromPointComfort，andadeterminedwarwouldbeon。WhatSirWilliamBerkeleypersonallysaidhasnotsurvived。ButafterconsultationuponconsultationVirginiasurrenderedtothecommonwealth。

BerkeleysteppedfromtheGovernor’schair，retiringinwrathandbitternessofhearttohishouseatGreenspring。，InhisplacesatRichardBennett，oneoftheCommissioners。ClaibornewasmadeSecretary。King’smenwentoutofoffice;Parliamentmencamein。Buttherewasnopersecution。

IntheblandandwideVirginiaairmindsfailedtocomeintohardandfrequentcollision。Foralltheferocitiesofthestatutebooks，acutesufferingfordifferenceofopinion，whetherpoliticalorreligious，didnotbulklargeinthelifeofearlyVirginia。

TheCommissioners，afterthereductionofVirginia，hadalikeparttoplaywithMaryland。AtSt。Mary’s，asatJamestown，theydemandedandatlengthreceivedsubmissiontotheCommonwealth。TherewasherethelesstroubleowingtoBaltimore’sforesightinappointingtotheofficeofGovernorWilliamStone，whoseopinions，politicalandreligious，accordedwiththoseofrevolutionaryEngland。YettheGovernorcouldnotbringhimselftoforgethisoathtoLordBaltimoreandagreetothedemandoftheCommissionersthatheshouldadministertheGovernmentintheameof\"theKeepersoftheLibertiesofEngland。\"AftersomehesitationtheCommissionersdecidedtorespecthisscruplesandallowhimtogoverninthenameoftheLordProprietary，ashehadsolemnlypromised。

InVirginiaandinMarylandtheCommonwealthandtheLordProtectorstandwherestoodtheKingdomandtheKing。Manyarefarbettersatisfiedthantheywerebefore;andtheconfirmedroyalistconsumeshisgrumblinginhisowncircle。Theold，exhaustingquarrelseemslaidtorest。Butwithinthiswiderpeacebreaksoutsuddenlyaninteriorstrife。Virginiawould，ifshecould，havebackallheroldnorthwardterritory。In1652Bennett’sGovernmentgoessofarastopetitionParliamenttounseattheCatholicProprietaryofMarylandandmakewholeagaintheancientVirginia。ThehandofClaiborne，thatremarkableandpersistentman，maybeseeninthis。

InMaryland，PuritansandIndependentsweresettledchieflyabouttheriversSevernandPatuxentandinavillagecalledProvidence，afterwardsAnnapolis。ThesenowsawtheirchancetothrowofftheProprietary’sruleandtocomedirectlyunderthatoftheCommonwealth。Sothinking，theyputthemselvesintocommunicationwithBennettandClaiborne。In1654StonechargedtheCommissionerswithhavingpromoted\"faction，sedition，andrebellionagainsttheLordBaltimore。\"Thechargewaswellfounded。

ClaiborneandBennettassumedthattheywereyetParliamentCommissioners，empoweredtobring\"allplantationswithintheBayofChesapeaketotheirdueobediencetotheParliamentandCommonwealthofEngland。\"AndtheywereindeedsetagainsttheLordBaltimore。ClaibornewouldheadthePuritansofProvidence;andatroopshouldberaisedinVirginiaandmarchnorthward。

TheCommissionersactuallyadvanceduponSt。Mary’s，andwithsosuperiora，forcethatStonesurrendered，andaPuritanGovernmentwasinaugurated。

APuritanAssemblymet，debarringanyCatholics。PresentlyitpassedanactannullingtheProprietary’sActofToleration。ProfessorsofthereligionofRomeshould\"berestrainedfromtheexercisethereof。\"Thehandofthelawwastofallheavilyupon\"popery，prelacy，orlicentiousnessofopinion。\"Thuswasintolerancealiveagainintheonlylandwhereshehadseemedtodie！

InEnglandnowtherewashardlyaParliament，butonlytheLordProtector，OliverCromwell。ContentwithBaltimore’srecognitionoftheProtectorate，Cromwellwasnotpreparedtoback，intheirindependentaction，theCommissionersofthatnowdissolvedParliament。Baltimoremadesureofthis，andthendispatchedmessengersoverseastoStone，biddinghimdoallthatlayinhimtoretakeMaryland。Stonethereupongatheredseveralhundredmenandafleetofsmallsailingcraft，withwhichhepushedupthebaytotheSevern。InthemeantimethePuritanshadnotbeenidle，buthadthemselvesraisedabodyofmenandhadtakenovertheGoldenLyon，anarmedmerchantmanlyingbeforetheirtown。Onthe24thofMarch，1655，thetwoforcesmetintheBattleoftheSevern。\"InthenameofGod，fallon！\"

criedthemenofProvidence，and\"HeyforSt。Mary’s！\"criedtheothers。

ThebattlewaswonbytheProvidencemen。TheysleworwoundedfiftyoftheSt。Mary’smenanddesperatelywoundedStonehimselfandtookmanyprisoners，tenofwhomwereafterwardscondemnedtodeathandfourwereactuallyexecuted。

Nowfollowedaperiodofupanddown，theCommissionersandtheProprietaryalikeappealingtotheLordProtectorforsomeexpressionofhis\"determinatewill。\"Bothsidesreceivedencouragementinasmuchashedecidedforneither。Hisownauthoritybeingdeniedbyneither，Cromwellmayhavepreferredtoholdthesedistantfactionsinacanceling，neutralizingposture。Butfarweightiermatters，infact，wereoccupyinghismind。In1657，wearyofher\"verysad，distracted，andunsettledcondition，\"Marylandherselfproceeded——Puritan，Prelatist，andCatholictogether——toagreehenceforthtodisagree。Tolerationviewedinretrospectappearsdimlytohavebeenseenfortheangelthatitwas。MarylandwouldreturntotheProprietary’srule，providedthereshouldbecompleteindemnityforpoliticaloffensesandasolemnpromisethattheTolerationActof1649shouldneverberepealed。ThiswithoutasmileBaltimorepromised。Articlesweresigned;anewAssemblycomposedofallmannerofChristianswascalled;andMarylandreturnedforatimetoherfirstallegiance。

Quietyears，onthewhole，followinVirginiaundertheCommonwealth。ThethreeGovernorsofthisperiod—Bennett，Digges，andMathewsareallchosenbytheAssembly，which，butfortheNavigationLaws，*mightalmostforgettheHomeGovernment。ThenOliverCromwelldies;and，afteraninterval，backtoEnglandcometheStuarts。CharlesIIisproclaimedKing。AndbackintoofficeinVirginiaisbroughtthatstauncholdmonarchist，SirWilliamBerkeley——firstbyaroyalistAssemblyandpresentlybycommissionfromthenewKing。

*SeeEditor’sNoteontheNavigationLawsattheendofthisvolume。

ThenVirginiahadherLongParliamentorAssembly。In1661，inthefirstgushoftheRestoration，therewaselectedaHouseofBurgessessocongenialtoBerkeley’smindthathewishedtoseeitperpetuated。Forfifteenyearsthereforehehelditinbeing，withadjournmentsfromoneyearintoanotherandwithsharprefusalstolistentoanydemandfornewelections。Yetthisdemandgrew，andstilltheGovernorshutthedoorinthefaceofthepeopleandlookedimperiouslyforthfromthewindow。Histemper，alwaysfiery，nowburnedvindictive;hiszealforKingandChurchandthehighprerogativesoftheGovernorofVirginiabecameaconsumingpassion。

WhenBerkeleyfirstcametoVirginia，andagainforamomentintheflareoftheRestoration，hispopularityhadbeenreal，butforlongnowithaddwindled。Hebelongedtoanearliertime，andheheldfasttooldideasthatweredecayingattheheart。Abigotfortheroyalpower，amanofclasswithacontemptforthegeneralityanditsclumsilyexpressedneeds，hegrewinnarrownessashegrewinyears。Berkeleycouldintheselatertimeswritehome，thoughwithsomeexaggeration：\"IthankGodtherearenofreeschoolsnorprinting，andIhopeweshallnothavethesehundredyears;forlearninghasbroughtdisobedienceintotheworldandprintinghasdivulgedthem，andlibelsagainstthebestgovernments！Godkeepusfromboth！\"Butthatwasthesouredzealotforabsolutism——WilliamBerkeleythemanwasfondenoughofbooksandhimselfhadwrittenplays。