ThespiritofthetimewasreactionaryinVirginiaasitwasreactionaryinEngland。Harshservantandslavelawswerepassed。Aprisonwastobeerectedineachcounty;provisionwasmadeforpilloryandstocksandduckingstool;theQuakersweretobeproceededagainst;theBaptistswhorefusedtobringchildrentobaptismweretosuffer。Thenatlastin1670
camerestrictionofthefranchise：
\"ActIII。ELECTIONOFBURGESSESBYWHOM。WHEREAStheusuallwayofchuseingburgessesbythevotesofallpersonswhohavingservedtheirtymearefreemenofthiscountrywhohaveinglittleinterestinthecountrydoeoftenermaketumultsattheelectiontothedisturbanceofhisMajestie’speace，thanbytheirdiscretionsintheirvotesprovidefortheconservationthereof，bymakeingchoyceofpersonsfitlyqualifyedforthedischargeofsoegreateatrust，AndwhereasthelawesofEnglandgrantavoyceinsuchelectiononlytosuchasbytheirestatesrealorpersonallhaveinterestenoughtotyethemtotheendeavourofthepubliquegood;IT
ISHEREBYENACTED，thatnonebutfreeholdersandhousekeeperswhoonlyareanswerabletothepubliquefortheleviesshallhereafterhaveavoiceintheelectionofanyburgessesinthiscountry。\"
*Hening’s\"Statutes\"，vol。II，p。280。
Threeyearslateranotherwoebefellthecolony。ThatsameCharlesII——towhominmisfortuneVirginiahadsoadheredthatforherloyaltyshehadreceivedthenameoftheOldDominion——nowgranted\"allthatentiretract，territory，region，anddominionoflandandwatercommonlycalledVirginia，togetherwiththeterritoryofAccomack，\"toLordCulpeperandtheEarlofArlington。Forthirty—oneyearstheyweretoholdit，payingtotheKingtheslightannualrentoffortyshillings。Theywerenottodisturbthecolonistsinanyguaranteedrightoflifeorlandorgoods，butfortheresttheymightfarmVirginia。Thecountrycriedoutinanger。TheAssemblyhurriedcommissionersonboardashipinportandsentthemtoEnglandtobesiegetheearoftheKing。
Distressanddiscontentincreased，withgoodreason，amongthemassoftheVirginians。TheKinginEngland，hiscouncilors，and，Parliament，playedanunfatherlyrole，whileinVirginiaeconomichardshipspressedeverharderandtheadministrationbecamemoreandmoreoppressive。By1676thegunpowderofpopularindignationwaslaidrightandleft，awaitingthematch。
CHAPTERXII。NATHANIELBACON
ToaddtotheuncertaintyoflifeinVirginia，Indiantroublesflaredupagain。Inandaroundthemainsettlementsthewhitemanwassafeenoughfromsavageattack。ButitwasnotsoontheedgeoftheEnglishworld，wherethewhitehueranthin，wheresmallclustersoffolkandevensinglefamiliesbuiltcabinsoflogsandmadelonelyclearingsinthewilderness。
NotfarfromwherenowrisesWashingtontheSusquehannockshadtakenpossessionofanoldfort。TheseIndians，onceinleaguewiththeIroquoisbutnowquarrelingviolentlywiththatconfederacy，hadbeendefeatedandwereinamoodofundiscriminatingbitternessandvengeance。Theybegantowaylayandbutcherwhitemenandwomenandchildren。InselfprotectionMarylandandVirginiaorganizedincommonanexpeditionagainsttheIndianstronghold。InthedeepwoodsbeyondthePotomac，redmenandwhitecametoaparley。TheSusquehannockssentenvoys。Therewaswrongonbothsides。A
disputearose。Thewhitemen，waxingangry，slewtheenvoys——anevildeedwhichtheirowncolorinMarylandandinVirginiareprehendedandrepudiated。Buttheharmwasdone。FromthePotomactotheJamesIndianslistenedtoIndianeloquence，recitingtheevilsthatfromthefirstthewhitemanhadbrought。Thentheredman，inincreasingnumbers，fellupontheoutlyingsettlementsofthepioneers。
InVirginiatheresoonaroseapopularclamorforeffectiveaction。Calloutthemilitiaofeverycounty！MarchagainsttheIndians！Act！ButtheGovernorwasold，ofanilltempernow，andmostsuspiciousofpopulargatheringsforanypurposewhatsoever。Hetemporized，delayed，refusedallappealsuntiltheAssemblyshouldmeet。
DislikeofBerkeleyandhiswaysandagrowingsenseofinjuryandoppressionbegantoquiverhardintheVirginianframe。TheKingwasnolongerpopular，norSirWilliamBerkeley，norwerethemostoftheCouncil，normanyoftheburgessesofthatLongAssembly。Therearosealouddemandforanewelectionandforchangesinpublicpolicy。
WhereapartofRichmondnowstands，therestretchedatthattimeatractoffieldsandhillsandaclearwindingcreek，heldbyayoungplanternamedNathanielBacon，anEnglishmanofthatfamilywhichproduced\"thewisest，greatest，meanestofmankind。\"Theplanterhimselflivedfartherdowntheriver。Buthehadatthisplaceanoverseerandsomeindenturedlaborers。ThisNathanielBaconwasanewcomerinVirginia——youngmanwhohadbeenenteredinGray’sInn，whohadtraveled，whowasrumoredtohaverunthroughmuchofhisownestate。Hehadacousin，alsonamedNathanielBacon，whohadcomefifteenyearsearliertoVirginia\"averyrich，politicmanandchildless，\"andwhoserepresentationshadperhapsdrawntheyoungerBacontoVirginia。Atanyratehewashere，andattheageoftwenty—eighttheownerofmuchlandandthepossessorofaseatintheCouncil。But，thoughhesatintheCouncil，hewashardlyofthemindoftheGovernorandthosewhosupportedhim。
Itwasinthespringof1676thattherebeganaseriesofIndianattacksdirectedagainsttheplantationsandtheoutlyingcabinsoftheregionabovetheFallsoftheFarWest。AmongthevictimsweremenofBacon’splantation，forhisoverseerandseveralofhisservantswereslain。Thenewsofthismassacreofhismensettheiryoungmasterafire。Evenalesshideoustalemighthavedoneit，forhewasofaboldandardentnature。
Ridinguptheforesttracks，acompanyofplantersfromthethreatenedneighborhoodgatheredtogether。\"Letusmakeatroopandtakefireandswordamongthem！\"Therelackedacommander。\"Mr。Bacon，youcommand！\"Verygood;andMr。Bacon，whoisabornorator，madeaspeechdealingwiththe\"grievancesofthetimes。\"Verygoodindeed;butstilltherelackedtheGovernor’scommission。\"SendaswiftmessengertoJamestownforit！\"
Themessengerwentandreturned。Nocommission。Mr。BaconhadmadeanunpleasantimpressionuponSirWilliamBerkeley。Thisyoungman，theGovernorsaid，was\"popularlyinclined\"——had\"aconstitutionnotconsistentwith\"allthatBerkeleystoodfor。Baconandhisneighborslistenedwithbentbrowstotheirenvoy’sreport。Murmursbegananddeepened。\"Shallwestandidlyhereconsideringformalities，whiletheredskinsmurder？\"
Commissionornocommission，theywouldmarch;andintheend，marchtheydid——aconsiderabletroop——totheup—rivercountry，withthetall，young，eloquentmanattheirhead。
NewsreachedtheGovernoratJamestownthattheyweremarching。Inatight—lippedrageheissuedaproclamationandsentitafterthem。Theyandtheirleaderwereactingillegally，usurpingmilitarypowersthatbelongedelsewhere！Letthemdisband，dispersetotheirdwellings，orbewareactionoftherightfulpowers！Troubledinmind，somedisbandedanddispersed，butthreescoreatleastwouldbynomeansdoso。Norwouldtheyoungman\"ofprecipitatedisposition\"whoheadedthetroop。HerodeonintotheforestaftertheIndians，andtheothersfollowedhim。HereweretheFallsoftheFarWest，andhereonahilltheIndianshada\"fort。\"ThistheVirginiaplantersattacked。ThehillsabovetheJamesechoedtothesoundofthesmall，desperatefray。Intheendtheredmenwererouted。Somewereslain;
someweretakenprisoner;othersescapedintothedeepwoodsstretchingwestward。
Inthemeantimeanotherforceofhorsemenhadbeengathered。ItwasheadedbyBerkeleyandwasaddressedtothepursuitandapprehensionofNathanielBacon，whohadthusdefiedauthority。ButbeforeBerkeleycouldmovefar，firebrokeoutaroundhim。Thegrievancesofthepeopleweremanyandjust，andnotwithoutafamilyresemblancetothosethatprecipitatedtheRevolutionahundredyearslater。NotBaconalone，butmanyotherswhowereindespairofanygoodundertheirpresentmasterswerereadyforheroicmeasures。Berkeleyfoundhimselfringedaboutbyagenuinepopularrevolt。
HethereforelackedthetimenowtopursueNathanielBacon，butspurredbacktoJamestowntheretodealasbesthemightwithdangerousaffairs。AtJamestown，willy—nilly，theoldGovernorwasforcedtopromisereforms。TheLongAssemblyshouldbedissolvedandanewAssembly，moreconformabletothewishesofthepeople，shouldcomeintobeingreadytoconsideralltheirtroubles。Sowritswentout;andtherepresentlyfollowedahotandturbulentelection，inwhichthat\"restrictedfranchise\"oftheLongAssemblywasoftendefiedandinpartsetaside。Menwithoutpropertypresentedthemselves，gavetheirvoices，andwerecounted。Bacon，whohadbynowachievedanimmensepopularity，waschosenburgessforHenricusCounty。
IntheJuneweatherBaconsaileddowntoJamestown，withanumberofthosewhohadbackedhiminthatassumptionofpowertoraisetroopsandgoagainsttheIndians。WhenhecametoJamestownitwastofindthehighsheriffwaitingforhimbytheGovernor’sorders。Hewasputunderarrest。
Hotdiscussionfollowed。Butthepeoplewereforthemomentintheascendent，andBaconshouldnotbesacrificed。Acompromisewasreached。
Baconwastechnicallyguiltyof\"unlawful，mutinousandrebelliouspractises。\"If，onhiskneesbeforeGovernor，Council，andBurgesses，hewouldacknowledgeasmuchandpromisehenceforthtobehisMajesty’sobedientservant，heandthoseimplicatedwithhimshouldbepardoned。HehimselfmightbereadmittedtotheCouncil，andallinVirginiashouldbeasithadbeen。HeshouldevenhavethecommissionhehadactedwithouttogoandfightagainsttheIndians。
Baconthereuponmadehissubmissionuponhisknees，promisingthathenceforthhewould\"demeanhimselfdutifully，faithfully，andpeaceably。\"
Formallyforgiven，hewasrestoredtohisplaceintheVirginiaCouncil。Aneyewitnessreportsthatpresentlyhesaw\"Mr。BacononhisquondamseatwiththeGovernorandCouncil，whichseemedamarvellousindulgencetoonewhomhehadsolatelyproscribedasarebel。\"TheAssemblyof1676wasofadifferenttemperandopinionfromthatoftheLongAssembly。Itwasaninsurgentbody，composedtoalargedegreeofmerefreemenandsmallplanters，withafewofthericher，moreinfluentialsortwhoneverthelessqueriedthatolddivinerightofrule。BerkeleythoughtthathehadgoodreasontodoubtthisAssembly’sintentions，onceitgaveitselfrein。HedirectsitthereforetoconfineitsattentiontoIndiantroubles。Itdid，indeed，legislateonIndianaffairsbypassinganelaborateactfortheprosecutionofthewar。Anarmyofathousandwhitemenwastoberaised。
Baconwastobecommander—in—chief。Allmannerofprecautionsweretobetaken。Butthismatterdisposedof，theAssemblythereuponturnedto\"theredressingseveralgrievancesthecountrywasthenlabouringunder;andmotionsweremadeforinspectingthepublicrevenues，thecollectors’
accounts，\"andsoforth。TheGovernorthundered;friendsoftheoldorderobstructed;buttheAssemblywentonitsway，reforminghereandreformingthere。ItevenwentsofarastorepealtheprecedingAssembly’slegislationregardingthefranchise。Allwhitemaleswhoarefreemenwerenowprivilegedtovote，\"togetherwiththefreeholdersandhousekeepers。\"
Acertainmemberwantedsomedetailofprocedureretainedbecauseitwascustomary。\"Tistrueithasbeencustomary，\"answeredanother，\"butifwehaveanybadcustomsamongstus，wearecomeheretomend’em！\"
\"Whereupon，\"saysthecontemporarynarrator，\"thehousewassetinalaughter。\"Butaftersoconsiderableanamountofmendingtherethreatenedastandstill。Whatwastocomenext？Couldmengofurther——astheyhadgonefurtherinEnglandnotsomanyyearsago？Reformhadcometoanapparentimpasse。Whileitthushesitated，theoldpartygainedinlife。
Bacon，nowpetitioningforhispromisedcommissionagainsttheIndians，seemstohavereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernormightpromisebutmeantnottoperform，andnotonlyso，butthatinJamestownhisverylifewasindanger。Hehad\"intimationthattheGovernor’sgenerosityinpardoninghimandrestoringhimtohisplaceintheCouncilwerenootherthanpreviouswheedlestoamusehim。\"
InJamestownlivedonewhomachroniclerpaintsforusas\"thoughtfulMr。
Lawrence。\"ThisgentlemanwasanOxfordscholar，notedfor\"wit，learning，andsobriety……nicelyhonest，affable，andwithoutblemishinhisconversationanddealings。\"Thusfriendsdeclared，thoughfoessaidofhimquiteotherthings。Atanyrate，havingemigratedtoVirginiaandmarriedthere，hehadpresentlyacquired，becauseofalawsuitoverlandinwhichheheldhimselftobeunjustlyandshabbilytreatedthroughinfluencesoftheGovernor，aninveterateprejudiceagainstthatruler。Hecallshiminshort\"anold，treacherousvillain。\"Lawrenceandhiswife，notbeingrich，keptatavernatJamestown，andthereBaconlodged，probablyhavingbeenthrownwithLawrencebeforethis。PersonsarefoundwhoholdthatLawrencewasthebrain，Baconthearm，ofthediscontentinVirginia。TherewasalsoMr。WilliamDrummond，whowillbemetwithintheaccountofCarolina。Hewasa\"soberScotchgentlemanofgoodrepute\"——butnomorethanLawrenceongoodtermswiththeGovernorofVirginia。
OnamorninginJune，whentheAssemblymet，itwasobservedthatNathanielBaconwasnotinhisplaceintheCouncil——norwashetobefoundinthebuilding，noreveninJamestownitself，thoughBerkeleyhadLawrence’sinnsearchedforhim。Hehadleftthetown—goneuptheriverinhisslooptohisplantationatCurlesNeck\"tovisithiswife，who，assheinformedhim，wasindisposed。\"IntruthitappearsthatBaconhadgoneforthepurposeofgatheringtogethersomesixhundredup—rivermen。Orperhapstheythemselveshadcometogetherand，needingaleader，hadturnednaturallytothemanwhowasunderthefrownofanunpopularGovernorandalltheGovernor’ssupportersinVirginia。AtanyrateBaconwaspresentlyseenattheheadofnoinconsiderablearmyforacolonyoflessthanfiftythousandsouls。Thosewithhimwereonlyup—rivermen;buthemusthaveknownthathecouldgatherbesidesfromeverypartofthecountry。Givensomeinitialsuccess，hemightevensetallVirginiaablaze。Downtheriverhemarched，heandhissixhundred，andinthesummerheatenteredJamestownanddrewupbeforetheCapitol。ThespaceinfrontofthisbuildingwaspackedwiththeJamestownfolkandwiththesixhundred。Bacon，aguardbehindhim，advancedtothecentraldoor，tofindWilliamBerkeleystandingthereshakingwithrage。Theoldroyalisthascourage。Hetearsopenhissilkenvestandfineshirtandfacestheyoungmanwho，thoughtrainedinthelawoftherealm，isnowfillingthatlawwithahundredwounds。Heraisesapassionatevoice。\"Here！Shootme！’ForeGod，afairmark——afairmark！
Shoot！\"
Baconwillnotshoothim，butwillhavethatpromisedcommissiontogoagainsttheIndians。Thosebehindhimliftandshaketheirguns。\"Wewillhaveit！Wewillhaveit！\"GovernorandCouncilretiretoconsiderthedemand。IfBerkeleyispassionateandattimesviolent，soisBaconinhisownway，foraneye—witnesshastosaythat\"hedisplayedoutrageousposturesofhishead，arms，bodyandlegs，oftentossinghishandfromhisswordtohishat，\"andthatoutsidethedoorhehadcried：\"Damnmyblood！
I’llkillGovernor，Council，Assemblyandall，andthenI’llsheathemyswordinmyownheart’sblood！\"Heisnodour，determined，unwordyrevolutionistliketheScotchDrummond，norstillandsubtlelike\"thethoughtfulMr。Lawrence。\"Heisyoungandhot，amanoforatoryandoutwardacts。Yetisheapatriotandintelligentuponbroadpublicneeds。WhenpresentlyhemakesaspeechtotheexcitedAssembly，ithasforsubject—matter\"preservingourlivesfromtheIndians，inspectingthepublicrevenues，theexorbitanttaxes，andredressingthegrievancesandcalamitiesofthatdeplorablecountry。\"Ithasquitetheringofyoungmen’sspeechesinBritishcoloniesacenturylater！
TheGovernorandhispartygaveinperforce。BacongothiscommissionandanActofIndemnityforallchancepoliticaloffenses。GeneralandCommander—in—chiefagainsttheIndians——sowashestyled。Moreover，theBurgesses，withanalarmedthoughttowardEngland，drewupanexplanatorymemorialforCharlesII’sperusal。Thispaperjourneyedforthuponthefirstshiptosail，butithadfortravelingcompanionalettersecretlysentfromtheGovernortotheKing。Thetwocommunicationswerepaintedinoppositecolors。\"Ihave，\"saysBerkeley，\"forabovethirtyyearsgovernedthemostflourishingcountrythesunevershoneover，butamnowencompassedwithrebellionlikewaters。\"
CHAPTERXIII。REBELLIONANDCHANGE
BaconwithanincreasedarmynowrodeoutoncemoreagainsttheIndians。HemadearendezvousontheupperYork——theoldPamunkey——andtothiscenterhegatheredhorsemenuntiltheremayhavebeenwithhimnotfarfromathousandmountedmen。Fromherehesentdetachmentsagainsttheredmen’svillagesinalltheuppertroubledcountry，andafarintothesunsetwoodswherethepioneer’scabinhadnotyetbeenbuilded。Heactedwithvigor。
TheIndianscouldnotstandagainsthishorsemenandconcertedmeasures，andbacktheyfellbeforethewhitemen，westwardagain;or，iftheystayedintheeverdwindlingvillages，theygavehostagesandoathsofpeace。
Quietseemedtodescendoncemoreupontheborder。
But，ifthefrontierseemedpeaceful，Virginiabehindtheborderwasabubblingcauldron。Baconhadnowbecomeaheroofthepeople，aSiegfriedcapableofslayingthedragon。NorwereLawrenceandDrummondidle，norothersoftheirwayofthinking。TheIndiantroublesmightsoonbesettled，butwhynotgofurther，marchingagainstothertroubles，moresubtleandlong—continuing，andthreateningallthefuture？
Inthemidstofthisspeculationandpromiseofchange，theGovernor，feelingthestorm，dissolvedtheAssembly，proclaimedBaconandhisadherentsrebelsandtraitors，andmadeadesperateattempttoraiseanarmyforuseagainstthenew—fanglednessofthetime。Thislasthecouldnotdo。Privateinterestledmanyplanterstosidewithhim，andtherewasafairamountofpassionateconvictionmatchinghisown，thathisMajestytheKingandtheforcesoflawandorderwerebeingwithstood，andwithoutjustcause。Butthemassofthepeoplecriedouttohisspeeches，\"Bacon！
Bacon！\"AsthepopularleaderhadbeenwarnedfromJamestownbynewsofpersonaldanger，soinhisturnBerkeleyseemstohavebelievedthathisownlibertywasthreatened。Withsuddennesshedepartedtheplace，boardedasloop，andwas\"waftedoverChesapeakeBaythirtymilestoAccomac。\"。ThenewsoftheGovernor’sflight，producingbothalarminonepartyandenthusiasmintheother，tendedtoprecipitatethecrisis。ThoughtheIndiantroublemightbynowbecalledadjusted，Bacon，faruptheYork，didnotdisbandhismen。Heturnedandwiththemmarcheddowncountry，nottoJamestown，buttoahamletcalledMiddlePlantation，wherelaterwastogrowthetownofWilliamsburg。Herehecamped，andheretookcounselwithLawrenceandDrummondandothers，andhereaddressed，withacurious，loftyeloquence，thethrongthatbegantogather。Hence，too，heissueda\"Declaration，\"recountingthemisdeedsofthoselatelyinpower，protestingagainstthetermsrebelandtraitorasappliedtohimselfandhisfollowers，whoareonlyinarmstoprotecthisMajesty’sdemesneandsubjects，andcallingonthosewhoarewelldisposedtoreformtojoinhimatMiddlePlantation，theretoconsiderthestateofthecountrywhichhadbeenbroughtintoabadwayby\"SirWilliam’sdotingandirregularactings。\"
UponhisproclamationmanydidcometoMiddlePlantation，greatplantersandsmall，menjustfreedfromindenturedservice，holdersofnolandandlittlelandandmuchland，menofallgradesofweightandconsiderationandalldegreesofrevolutionarywill，fromDrummond—withareportedspeech，\"Iaminovershoes;Iwillbeinoverboots！\"andawifeSarahwhosnappedastickintwowiththecry，\"IcarenomoreforthepowerofEnglandthanforthisbrokenstraw！\"——tothosewhowouldberevolutionaryaslongas，andonlywhen，itseemedsafetobeso。
Howmuchofrevolution，despitethatspeechabouthisMajesty’sdemesneandsubjects，wasinBacon’smind，orinRichardLawrence’smindandWilliamDrummond’smind，orinthemindoftheirstaunchestsupporters，mayhardlynowberesolved。PerhapsasmuchaswasinthemindofPatrickHenry，ThomasJefferson，andGeorgeMasonacenturylater。
TheGovernorwasinAccomac，breathingfireandslaughter，thoughasyetwithoutbrandorswordwithwhichtoputhisardentdesiresintoexecution。
Butheandtheconstitutedorderwerenotwithoutfriendsandsupporters。
Hehad，ashisopponentssaw，aumberof\"wickedandperniciouscounsellors，aidesandassistantsagainstthecommonaltyintheseourcruelcommotions。\"Moreover——andagreatmoreoveristhat！——itwaseverywherebruitedthathehadsenttoEngland，totheKing，\"fortwothousandRedCoates。\"PerhapstheKing——perhapsEngland—willtakehisview，and，notconsultingthegoodofVirginia，sendtheRedCoats！Whatthen？
Bacon，asameasureofopposition，proposed\"atestorecognition，\"tobesignedbythosehereatMiddlePlantationwhoearnestlydowishthegoodofVirginia。Itwasaboldtest！NotonlyshouldtheycovenanttogivenoaidtothewhilomGovernoragainstthisnewgeneralandarmy，butifshipsshouldbringtheRedCoatstheyweretowithstandthem。Thereislittlewonderthat\"thisbugbeardidmarvellouslystartle\"thatbodyofVirginiahorsemen，thoseprogressivegentlemenplanters，andothers。Yetintheend，afterviolentcontentions，theassemblyatMiddlePlantationdrewupandsignedaremarkablepaper，the\"OathatMiddlePlantation。\"Historically，itislinkedontheonehandwiththat\"thrustingoutofhisgovernment\"ofSirJohnHarveyinCharlesI’stime，andontheotherwithVirginianproceedingsahundredyearslaterunderthethirdGeorge。IfhisMajestyhadbeen，asitwasrumored，wronglyinformedthatVirginiawasinrebellion;if，actinguponthatmisinformation，hesenttroopsagainsthisloyalVirginians—whowerearmedonlyagainstanevilGovernorandintolerablewoesthenthesesamegoodloyalistswould\"opposeandsuppressallforceswhatsoeverofthatnature，untilsuchtimeastheKingbefullyinformedofthestateofthecase。\"WhatwastohappeniftheKing，beinginformed，stillsupportedBerkeleyandsentotherRedCoatswasnottakenintoconsideration。
Thispaper，beingdrawn，wasthemorequicklysignedbecausetherearrived，inthemidstofthedebate，afreshIndianalarm。AttackthreatenedafortupontheYork—whencetheGovernorhadseenfittoremovearmsandammunition！ThenewscamemostopportunelyforBacon。\"Therewerenomorediscourses。\"Themajorportionofthelargeassemblagesigned。
TheoldGovernmentinVirginiawasthusdenied。Butitwasheldthatgovernmenttheremustbe，andthatthepeopleofVirginiathroughrepresentativesmustarrangeforit。Writsofelection，madeasusualintheKing’sname，andsignedbyBaconandbythosemembersoftheCouncilwhowereoftherevolt，wentforthtoallcounties。TheAssemblythusprovidedwastomeetatJamestowninSeptember。
Somuchbusinessdone，offrodeBaconandhismentoputdownthislatestrisingoftheIndians。Notonlythesebutredmeninanewquarter，tribessouthoftheJames，keptthememployedforweekstocome。Norweretheyunmindfulofthatproudoldman，SirWilliamBerkeley，overontheEasternShore，awell—peopledregionwheretravelingbyboatandbysandyroadwassufficientlyeasy。Bacon，Lawrence，andDrummondfinallydecidedtotakeSirWilliamcaptiveandtobringhimbacktoJamestown。ForthispurposetheydispatchedashipacrosstheBay，withtwohundredandfiftymen，underthecommandofGilesBland，\"amanofcourageandhaughtybearing，\"
and\"nogreatadmirerofSirWilliam’sgoodness。\"TheshipproceededtotheAccomacshore，anchoredinsomebight，andsentashorementotreatwiththeGovernor。ButtheGovernorturnedthetablesonthem。Hemadehimselfcaptor，insteadofbeingmadecaptive。Blandandhislieutenantsweretaken，whereupontheirfollowingsurrenderedintoBerkeley’shands。Bland’ssecondincommandwashanged;Blandhimselfwasheldinirons。
NowBerkeley’sstarwasclimbing。InAccomachegatheredsomanythat，withthosewhohadfledwithhimandlaterrecruitswhocrossedtheBay，hehadperhapsathousandmen。Hestowedtheseupontheshipoftheill—fatedBlandanduponanumberofsloops。Withseventeensailinall，theoldGovernorsethisfacewestandsouthtowardsthemouthoftheJames。
Inthatriver，onthe7thofSeptember，1676，thereappearedthisfleetoftheKing’sGovernor，setonretakingVirginia。Jamestownhadnotice。TheBaconfactionheldtheplacewithperhapseighthundredmen，ColonelHansfordattheirhead。SummonedbyBerkeleytosurrender，Hansfordrefused，butthatsamenight，byadviceofLawrenceandDrummond，evacuatedtheplace，drawinghisforceofftowardtheYork。Thenextday，emptiedofallbutafewcitizens，JamestownreceivedtheoldGovernorandhisarmy。
ThetidingsfoundBaconontheupperYork。Actingwithhisaccustomedenergy，hesentout，farandwide，ringingappealstothecountrytorouseitself，formentojoinhimandmarchtothedefeatoftheoldtyrant。
Numbersdidcomein。Hemovedwith\"marvelouscelerity。\"Whenhehad，forthetimeandplace，alargeforceofrebels，hemarched，bystreamandplantation，tobaccofieldandforest，forgeandmill，throughtheearlyautumncountrytoJamestown。Civilwarwason。
AcrossthenarrowneckoftheJamestownpeninsulahadbeenthrownasortoffortificationwithditch，earthwork，andpalisade。BeforethisBaconnowsoundedtrumpets。Noanswercoming，butthemouthsofcannonappearingatintervalsabovethebreastwork，the\"rebel\"generalhalted，encampedhismen，andproceededtoconstructsiegelinesofhisown。TheworkmustbedoneexposedtoSirWilliam’sironshot。
Nowcomesastrangeanddiscreditableincident。Patriots，revolutionists，whoonthewholewouldservehumanprogress，haveyet，ashaveweall，darkspotsandseamysides。Bacon’spartiesofworkmenwerethreatened，hindered，drivenfromtheirtaskbyBerkeley’sguns。Baconhadacurious，unadmirableidea。Hesenthorsementoneighboringloyalistplantationstogatherupandbringtocamp，nottheplanters——fortheyarewithBerkeleyinJamestown——buttheplanters’wives。HereareMistressBacon（wifeoftheelderNathanielBacon），MistressBray;MistressBallard，MistressPage，andothers。Protesting，theseladiesenterBacon’scamp，whosendsoneasenvoyintothetownwiththemessagethat，ifBerkeleyattacks，thewholenumberofwomenshallbeplacedasshieldtoBacon’smenwhobuildearthworks。
Hewasasgood——orasbad——ashisword。AtthefirstshowofactionagainsthisworkmentheseroyalistwomenwereplacedinthefrontandwerekeptthereuntilBaconhadmadehiscounter—lineofdefense。SirWilliamBerkeleyhadgreatfaults，butattimes——notalways——hedisplayedchivalry。
Forthatday\"theladies’whiteaprons\"guardedGeneralBaconandallhisworks。Thenextday，thedefensescompleted，this\"whitegarde\"waswithdrawn。
Berkeleywaitednolongerbut，thoughnowatadisadvantage，openedfireandchargedwithhismenthroughgateandoverearthworks。Thebattlethatfollowedwasshortanddecisive。Berkeley’schance—gatheredarmywasnomatchforBacon’sseasonedIndianfightersandfordesperatemenwhoknewthattheymustwinorbehangedfortraitors。TheGovernor’sforcewaveredand，unabletostanditsground，turnedandfled，leavingbehindsomedeadandwounded。ThenBacon，whoalsohadcannon，openeduponthetownandtheshipsthatrodebeforeit。InthenighttheKing’sGovernorembarkedforthesecondtimeandwithhim，inthatarmadafromtheEasternShore，thegreaterpartoftheforcehehadgathered。Whendawncame，Baconsawthattheships，largeandsmall，weregone，sailingbacktoAccomac。BaconandhisfollowingthuscamepeaceablyintoJamestown，butwiththesomewhatfelldeterminationtoburntheplace。Itshould\"harbornomorerogues。\"
WhatBacon，Lawrence，Drummond，Hansford，andothersreallyhoped——whethertheyforecastedarepublicanVirginiafinallyatpeaceandprosperous——whethertheysawinavisionanewcapital，perhapsatMiddlePlantation，perhapsattheFallsoftheFarWest，acapitalthatshouldbewithoutold，tyrannicmemories——cannotnowbesaid。Howeveritallmaybe，theyputtorchtotheoldcapitaltownandsoonsawitconsumed，foritwasnogreatplace，andnothardtoburn。
JamestownhadhardlyceasedtosmokewhennewscamethatloyalistsunderColonelBrentweregatheringinnortherncounties。Bacon，nowillbutenergetictotheend，turnedwithpromptnesstomeetthisnewalarm。HecrossedtheYorkandmarchednorthwardthroughGloucesterCounty。Buttherivalforcesdidnotcometoafight。Brent’smendesertedbythedoublehandful。TheycameintoBacon’sranks\"resolvingwiththePersianstogoandworshiptherisingsun。\"Or，hangingfire，reluctanttocommitthemselveseitherway，theymeltedfromBrent，runninghomewardbyeveryroad。Bacon，withanenlarged，notlessenedarmy，drewbackintoGloucester。Revolutionaryfortunesshonefairinprospect。Yetitwasbutthemomentofbrief，deceptivebloombeforedecayandfall。
AtthiscriticalmomentBaconfellsickanddied。Somesaidthathewaspoisoned，butthathasneverbeenproved。TheillnessthathadattackedhimduringhissiegeofJamestownandthatheldonafterhisvictoryseemstohavesufficedforhistakingoff。InGloucesterCountyhe\"surrenderedupthatforthewasnolongerabletokeep，intothehandsofthatgrimandall—conqueringCaptaineDeath。\"Hisbodywasburied，saystheoldaccount，\"butwheredepositedtilltheGeneralldaynotknowne，onlytothosewhoareresolutelysilentinthatparticular。\"
WithBacon’sdeaththerefelltopiecesallthishopefulorunhopefulmovement。LawrencemighthaveasubtleheadandDrummondthecouragetopersevere;Hansford，Cheeseman，Bland，andothersmighthavevariedabilities。ButthepassionateanddeterminedBaconhadbeentheorganofaction;Bacon’stheeloquencethatcouldbringtothecausemenwithpropertytogiveaswellasmenwithlifetolose。Itisaquestionhowsoon，hadBaconnotdied，musthavefailedhisattemptatrevolution，desperatebecausesopremature。
BackcameBerkeleyfromAccomac，histurbulentenemythusremoved。AllwhofromthefirsthadheldwiththeKing’sGovernornowrodeemboldened。Manywhohadshoutedmoreorlessloudlyfortherisingstar，nowthatitwassountimelyset，madeeasyobeisancetotheoldsun。Agreatnumberwhohadwaveredinthewindnowdeclaredthattheyhaddonenosuchthing，buthadalwaysstoodsteadfastfortheancientpowers。
TheoldGovernor，whomightoncehavebeenmagnanimous，waschangedfortheworse。Hehadbeenwithstood;hewouldpunish。Henowgavefullreintohispassionatetemper，hisbigotryforthethrone，andhisfeelingofpersonalwrong。HebeganinVirginiatooutlawandarrestrebels，andtodoomthemtohastytrialsandexecutions。Therewasnolongeraunitedarmytomeet，butonlygroupsandindividualsstrivingforsafetyinflightorhiding。
HansfordwasearlytakenandhangedwithtwolieutenantsofBacon，WilfordandFarlow。Cheesemandiedinprison。DrummondwastakenintheswampsoftheChickahominyandcarriedbeforetheGovernor。Berkeleybroughthishandstogether。\"Mr。Drummond，youareverywelcome！IammoregladtoseeyouthananymaninVirginia！Mr。Drummondyoushallbehangedinhalfanhour！\"Notinhalfanhour，butonthesamedayhewashanged，imperturbableScottothelast。Lawrence，heldbymanytohavebeenmorethanBaconthetrueauthoroftheattempt，eitherputanendtohimselforescapednorthward，forhedisappearsfromhistory。\"ThelastaccountofMr。
Lawrencewasfromanuppermostplantationwhenceheandfourotherdesperadoeswithhorses，pistols，etc。，marchedawayinasnowankledeep。\"
They\"werethoughttohavecastthemselvesintoa’branchofsomeriver，ratherthantobetreatedlikeDrummond。\"ThuscametoearlyanduntimelyendtheringleadersofBacon’sRebellion。Inall，bytheGovernor’scommand，thirty—sevenmensuffereddeathbyhanging。
Therecomestous，downthecenturies，thecommentofthatKingforwhomBerkeleywassozealous，amanwhofellbehindhiscolonialGovernorinsinglenessofinterestbutexcelledhimingoodnature。\"Thatoldfool，\"
saidthesecondCharles，\"hashangedmoremeninthatnakedcountrythanI
havedoneforthemurderofmyfather！\"
ThatletterwhichBerkeleyhadwrittensomemonthsbeforetohissovereignaboutthe\"watersofrebellion\"wasnowseentohavebornefruit。InJanuary，whiletheGovernorwasyetrunningdownfugitives，confiscatinglands，andhanging\"traitors，\"asmallfleetfromEnglandsailedin，bringingaregimentof\"RedCoates，\"andwiththemthreecommissionerschargedwiththedutyofbringingorderoutofconfusion。Thesecommissioners，bearingtheKing’sproclamationofpardontoalluponsubmission，werekinderthantheirascibleandvindictiveGovernorofVirginia，andtheysucceededatlastinrestraininghisfury。TheymadetheirreporttoEngland，andaftersomemonthsobtainedasecondroyalproclamationcensuringBerkeley’svengefulcourse，\"soderogatorytoourprincelyclemency，\"abrogatingtheAssembly’smoreviolentacts，andextendingfullpardontoallconcernedinthelate\"rebellion，\"savingonlythearch—rebelBacon——towhomperhapsitnowmadelittledifferenceiftheypardonedhimornot。
Butwiththispieceofgoodnature，socharacteristicofthesecondCharles，therecameneithertotheKinginpersonnottoEnglandasawholeanyappreciationofthetrueillsbehindtheVirginianrevolt，noranyattempttorelievethem。AlongwiththeKing’sfirstproclamationcameinstructionsfortheGovernor。\"YoushallbenomoreobligedtocallanAssemblyonceeveryyear，butonlyonceintwoyears……AlsowhensoevertheAssemblyiscalledfourteendaysshallbethetimeprefixedfortheirsittingandnolonger。\"AndthenarrowedfranchisethatBacon’sAssemblyhadwidenedisnarrowedagain。\"YoushalltakecarethatthemembersoftheAssemblybeelectedonlybyfreeholders，asbeingmoreagreeabletothecustomofEngland。\"NoristhegranttoCulpeperandArlingtonrevoked。Nor，wideranddeeper，aretheNavigationLawsinanywisebettered。Nomorethanbefore，nomoreindeedthanacenturylater，isthereanyconceptionthatthechildexistsnomorefortheparentthantheparentforthechild。
SirWilliamBerkeley’sloyaltyhadintheendovershotitself。HiszealfatiguedtheKing，andin1677hewasrecalledtoEngland。AsGovernorofVirginiahehadbeenlongpopularatfirstbutinhisoldagedetested。Hehadgreatpersonalcourage，fidelity，andgenerosityforthosethingsthatranwiththecurrentofadeepandnarrowsoul。HepassesfromtheNewWorldstage，amarkedandtragicfigure。BehindhimhisvengeancesdispleasedevenloyalistVirginia，willingonthewholetoletbygonesbebygonesamongneighborsandkindred。Itissaidthat;whenhisshipwentdowntheriver，bonfireswerelightedandcannonandmusketsfiredforjoy。
Andsobeyondtheeastwardhorizonfadestheoldreactionary。
HerbertJeffreysandthenSirHenryChicheleyfollowBerkeleyasGovernorsofVirginia;theyaresucceededbyLordCulpeperandhebyLordHowardofEffingham。KingCharlesdiesandJamestheSecondrulesinEngland。
CulpeperandEffinghamplaytheGovernormerelyforwhattheycangetforthemselvesoutofVirginia。*Thepriceoftobaccogoesdown，down，Thecropsaretoolarge;theoldpoorremediesoflettingmuchacreagegounplanted，ordestroyingandburningwherethemeasureofproductionisexceeded，andofpetitionstotheKing，areallresortedto，buttheyprocurelittlerelief。Virginiacannotbecalledprosperous。EnglandhearsthatthepeoplearestilldisaffectedandunquietandEnglandstolidlywonderswhy。
*In1684theCrownpurchasedfromCulpeperallhisrightsexceptintheNorthernNeck。
DuringthereignofthesecondCharles，MarylandhadsufferedfrompoliticalunrestsomewhatlessthanVirginia。TheautocracyofMarylandwasmorebenevolentandmoretemperatethanthatofhersouthernneighbor。ThenameofCalvertisabettersymbolofwisdomthanthenameofBerkeley。
CecilCalvert，secondLordBaltimore，dyingin1675，hasafairnicheinthetempleofhumanenlightenment。HissonCharlessucceeded，thirdLordBaltimoreandLordProprietaryofMaryland。Well—intentioned，thisCalvertlackedsomethingoftheabilityofeitherhisfatherorhisgrandfather。
ThoughhelivedinMarylandwhilehisfatherhadlivedinEngland，hisgovernmentwasnotaswiseashisfather’shadbeen。
ButinMaryland，evenbeforethedeathofCecilCalvert，inherentevilswerebeginningtoformofthemselvesavisiblebody。InMaryland，asinVirginia，theresetinaftertheRestorationaperiodofreaction，ofcallousruleintheinterestsofanoligarchy。In1669a\"packed\"Councilandan\"aristocratic\"AssemblyprocuredarestrictionofthefranchisesimilartothatintroducedintoVirginia。AsinVirginia，anAssemblydeemedoftherightpoliticalhuewaskeptinbeingbythedeviceofadjournmentfromyeartoyear。InMaryland，asinVirginia，publicofficialswereguiltyofcorruptionandgraft。In1676thereseemstohavelackedforrevolt，inMaryland，onlytheimmediateprovocativeofacuteIndiantroublesandsuchleadersasBacon，Lawrence，andDrummond。ThenewLordBaltimorebeingforthetimeinEngland，hisdeputywriteshimthatneverwereany\"morerepletewithmalignancyandfrenzythanourpeoplewereaboutAugustlast，andtheywantedbutamonstrousheadtotheironstrousbody。\"Twoleadersindeedappeared，DavisandPatebyname，buthavingneitherthestandingnorthestrengthoftheVirginiarebels，theywerefinallytakenandhanged。Whatsupporterstheyhaddispersed，andthespecterofarmedinsurrectionpassedaway。
ThethirdLordBaltimore，likehisfather，founddifficultyinpreservingtheintegrityofhisdomain。HisfatherhadbeeninvolvedinalongwrangleovertheallegedinvasionofMarylandbytheDutch。Sincethen，NewNetherlandhadpassedintoEnglishhands。NowthereoccurredanotherencroachmentontheterritoryofMaryland。ThistimetheinvaderwasanEnglishmannamedWilliamPenn。JustastheideaofaNewWorldfreedomforCatholicshadappealedtothefirstLordBaltimore，sonowtoWilliamPenn，theQuaker，camethethoughtoffreedomtherefortheSocietyofFriends。
ThesecondCharlesowedanolddebttoPenn’sfather。Hepaiditin1681bygivingtotheson，whomheliked，aprovinceinAmerica。Littlebylittle，inordertogainforPennaccesstothesea，thetermsofhisgrantwerewideneduntilitincluded，besidethehugePennsylvanianregion，thetractthatisnowDelaware，whichwasthenclaimedbyBaltimore。MarylandprotestedagainstthegranttoPenn，asVirginiahadprotestedagainstthegranttoBaltimore——andequallyinvain。EnglandwasearlysetupontheroadtomanycoloniesinAmerica，destinedlatertobecomemanyStates。Onebyonetheywerecarvedoutofthefirstgreatunity。
In1685thetolerantCharlestheSeconddied。JamestheSecond，aCatholic，ruledEnglandforaboutthreeyears，andthenfledbeforetheRevolutionof1688。WilliamandMary，sovereignsofaProtestantEngland，cametothethrone。WehaveseenthattheProprietaryofMarylandandhisnumerouskinsmenandpersonaladherentswereCatholics。ApproximatelyoneineightofotherMarylanderswerefellowsinthatfaith。AnothereighthofthepeopleheldwiththeChurchofEngland。Therest，themassofthefolk，weredissentersfromthatChurch。AndnowalltheProtestantelementstogether——theQuakersexexceptedsolidifiedintopoliticalandreligiousoppositiontotheProprietary’srule。Baltimore，stillinEngland，hadimmediately，upontheaccessionofWilliamandMary，dispatchedorderstotheMarylandCounciltoproclaimthemKingandQueen。Buthismessengerdiedatsea，andtherewasdelayinsendinganother。InMarylandtheCouncilwouldnotproclaimthenewsovereignswithoutinstructions，anditwasevenrumoredthatCatholicMarylandmeanttowithstandtheneworder。
Ineffecttheolddayswereover。TheProtestants，ChurchmenandDissentersalike，proceededtoorganizeunderanewleader，oneJohnCoode。Theyformed\"AnAssociationinarmsforthedefenseoftheProtestantreligion，andforassertingtherightofKingWilliamandQueenMarytotheProvinceofMarylandandalltheEnglishDominions。\"Nowfollowedaconfusedtimeofaccusationsandcounter—accusations，withassertionsthatMarylandCatholicswereconspiringwiththeIndianstoperpetrateanewSt。
BartholomewmassacreofProtestants，andhotcounter—assertionsthatthisis\"aslevelessfearandimaginationfomentedbytheartificeofsomeill—mindedpersons。\"IntheendCoodeassembledaforceofsomethinglessthanathousandmenandmarchedagainstSt。Mary’s。TheCouncil，whichhadgatheredthere，surrendered，andtheAssociationfortheDefensefounditselfinpower。ItproceededtocallaconventionandtomemorializetheKingandQueen，whointheendapproveditscourse。MarylandpassedundertheimmediategovernmentoftheCrown。LordBaltimoremightstillreceivequit—rentsandcustoms，buthisgovernmentalrightswereabsorbedintothemonarchy。SirLionelCopleycameoutasRoyalGovernor，andaneworderbeganinMaryland。
TheheydayofCatholicfreedomwaspast。EnglandwouldhaveaProtestantAmerica。Episcopaliansweregreatlyintheminority，buttheirChurchnowbecamedominantoverbothCatholicandDissenter，andwherethefreethinkerraisedhisheadhewassmittendown。CatholicandDissenterandallalikeweretaxedtokeepstabletheEstablishedChurch。Theoldtolerance，suchasitwas，wasover。Marylandpacedevenwiththerestoftheworld。
PresentlytheoldcapitalofSt。Mary’swasabandoned。ThegovernmentremovedtothebanksoftheSevern，toProvidence——soon，whenAnneshouldbeQueen，toberenamedAnnapolis。InvaintheinhabitantsofSt。Mary’sremonstrated。ThecenterofpoliticalgravityinMarylandhadshifted。
ThethirdLordBaltimorediedin1715。HissonBenedict，fourthlord，turnedfromtheCatholicChurchandbecameamemberoftheChurchofEngland。Dyingpresently，heleftayoungson，Charles，fifthLordBaltimore，tobebroughtupinthefoldoftheEstablishedChurch。
Reconcilednowtothedominantcreed，withaMarylandwhereCatholicswereheavilypenalized，BaltimoreresumedthegovernmentunderfavoroftheCrown。Butitwasagovernmentwithadifference。InMaryland，aseverywhere，thepeoplewerebeginningtoholdthereins。Notagaintheoldlordandtheoldunderling！Foryearstocomethelordswouldsaythattheygoverned，butstronglifearosebeneath，around，andabovetheirgoverning。
Marylandhadby1715withinherboundsmorethanfortythousandwhitemenandnearlytenthousandblackmen。Shestillplantedandshippedtobacco，butpresentlyfoundhowwellshemightraisewheat，andthatit，too，wasvaluabletosendawayinexchangeforallkindsofmanufacturedthings。
ThusMarylandbegantobealandofwheatstillmorethanalandoftobacco。
Fortherest，conditionsoflifeinMarylandparalleledprettycloselythoseinVirginia。Marylandwasalmostwhollyrural;herplantationsandfarmswerereachedwithdifficultybyroadshardlymorethanbridle—paths，orwitheasebysailboatandrowboatalongtheinnumerablewaterways。
Thoughhereandtheremanors——large，easygoing，patriarchalplaces，withvague，feudalwaysandcustoms——weretobefound，themoderatesizedplantationwastherule。Herestood，insightusuallyofbluewater，theplanter’sdwellingofbrickorwood。Arounditgrewupthetypicalouthouses，householdoffices，andstorerooms;fartherawayyetclusteredthecabinquartersalikeofslavesandindenturedlabor。Thenstretchedthefieldsofcornandwheat，thefieldsoftobacco。Here，atriverorbayside，wasthehomewharforlanding。Herethetobaccowasrolledincasks;
hererattledtheanchoroftheshipthatwastotakeittoEnglandandbringinreturnathousandandonemanufacturedarticles。TherewerenofactoriesinMarylandorVirginia。Yetartisanswerefoundamongtheplantationlaborers——\"carpenters，coopers，sawyers，blacksmiths，tanners，curriers，shoemakers，spinners，weavers，andknitters。\"Throughoutthecolonies，asineverynewcountry，menandwomen，besidesbeingagriculturists，producedhomemademuchthatmen，women，andchildrenneeded。Butmanyotherarticlesandallluxuriescameintheshipsfromoverseas，andtheharvestofthefieldspaidtheaccount。
CHAPTERXIV。THECAROLINAS
ThefirstsettlersonthebanksoftheJamesRiver，lookingfrombeneaththeirhandssouthwardoverplainlandandahazeofendlessforests，calledthatunexploredcountrySouthVirginia。Itstretchedawaytothoseriversandbays，tothatislandofRoanoke，whencehadfledRaleigh’ssettlers。
Beyondthat，saidtheJamesRivermen，wasFlorida。Timepassed，andtheregionofSouthVirginiawasoccasionallyspokenofasCarolina，thoughwhetherthatnamewasdrawnfromCharlestheFirstofEngland，orwhetherthoseoldunfortunateHuguenotsinFloridahaduseditwithreferencetoCharlestheNinthofFrance，isnotcertainlyknown。
SouthVirginialayhuge，unknown，unsettled。TheonlyexceptionwasthecountryimmediatelybelowthesouthernbanksofthelowerJameswiththepromontorythatpartiallyclosedinChesapeakeBay。Virginia，growingfast，atlastsentherchildrenintothisregion。In1653theAssemblyenacted：
\"UponthepetitionofRogerGreen，clarke，onthebehalfeofhimselfeandinhabitantsofNansemundriver，ItisorderedbythispresentGrandAssemblythattennthousandacresoflandbegranteduntoonehundredsuchpersonswhoshallfirstseateonMoratuckorRoanokeriverandthelandlyinguponthesouthsideofChoanriverandtheranchesthereof，Providedthatsuchseaterssettleadvantageouslyforsecurityandbesufficientlyfurnishedwithamunitionandstrength……\"
Greenandhismen，wellfurnishedpresumablywithfirelocks，bullets，andpowder—horns，wentintothishinterland。Atintervalstherefollowedotherhardyfolk。Quakers，subjecttopersecutioninoldVirginia，fledintothesewilds。ThenameCarolinagrewtomeanbackwoods，frontiersman’sland。
Herewereforestandstream，Indianandbearandwolf，bluewatersofsoundandsea，longoutwardlyingreefsandshoalsandislets，fertilesoilandaclimeneitherhotnorcold。Slowlythepeopleincreasedinnumber。FamiliesleftsettledVirginiaforthewilderness;menwithoutfamiliescamethereforreasonsgoodandbad。Theircabins，theirtinyhamletswerefarapart;
theypractisedahazardousagriculture;theyhunted，fished，andtradedwiththeIndians。Theisolationofthesesettlersbredorincreasedtheirpersonalindependence，whileitrobbedthemofthatsmoothnesstobegainedwherethesocialparticlesrubtogether。ThispartofSouthVirginiawassoontobecalledNorthCarolina。
FardownthecoastwasCapeFear。IntheyearoftheRestorationahandfulofNewEnglandmencamehereinashipandmadeasettlementwhich，notprospering，waserelongabandoned。ButNewEnglanderstradedstillinSouthVirginiaasalongothercoasts。Seafarers，theyenteredatthisinletandatthat，crossedthewidebluesounds，and，anchoringinmouthsofrivers，purchasedfromthesettlerstheirforestcommodities。ThenovertheyrantotheWestIndies，andgotinexchangesugarandrumandmolasses，withwhichagaintheytradedfortobaccoinCarolina，inVirginia，andinMaryland。TheseshipswentoftentoNewProvidenceintheBahamasandtoBarbados。Therebegan，throughtradeandothercircumstances，aspecialconnectionbetweenthelongcoastlineandtheseislandsthatwerepeopledbytheEnglish。TherestoredKingdomofEnglandhadmanyadherentstoreward。LandinAmerica，islandsandmain，formedtheobviousFortunatus’spurse。AsthesecondCharleshaddividedVirginiaforthebenefitofArlingtonandCulpeper，sonow，in1663，to\"ourrighttrustyandrightwell—belovedcousinsandcounsellors，Edward，EarlofClarendon，ourHighChancellorofEngland，andGeorge，DukeofAlbemarle，MasterofourHorseandCaptainGeneralofallourForces，ourrighttrustyandwell—belovedWilliam，LordCraven，John，LordBerkeley，ourrighttrustyandwell—belovedcounsellor，Anthony，LordAshley，ChancellorofourExchequer，SirGeorgeCarteret，KnightandBaronet，ViceChamberlainofourHousehold，andourtrustyandwell—belovedSirWilliamBerkeley，Knight，andSirJohnColleton，KnightandBaronet，\"hegaveSouthVirginia，henceforthcalledtheCarolinas，aregionoccupyingfivedegreesoflatitude，andstretchingindefinitelyfromtheseacoasttowardthesettingsun。
Thishugeterritorybecame，likeMaryland，aprovinceorpalatinate。InMarylandwasoneProprietary;inCarolinatherewereeight，thoughfordistinctionthesenioroftheeightwascalledthePalatine。AsinMaryland，theProprietarieshadprincelyrights。TheyowedallegiancetoEngland，andasmallquit—rentwenttotheKing。Theyweresupposedtogovern，inthemain，byEnglishlawandtoupholdthereligionofEngland。Theyweretomakelawsattheirdiscretion，with\"theadvice，assent，andapprobationofthefreemen，oroftheirdeputies，whoweretobeassembledfromtimetotimeasseemedbest。\"
JohnLocke，whowrotethe\"EssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding\"，wrotealso，withAshleyathisside，\"TheFundamentalConstitutionsofCarolina，innumberaHundredandTwenty，agreeduponbythePalatineandLordsProprietors，toremainthesacredandunalterableformandRuleofgovernmentofCarolinaforever。\"
\"Forever\"isalongwordwithofttimesashorthistory。TheLordsProprietorshavelefttheirnamesuponthemapsofNorthandSouthCarolina。ThereareAlbemarleSoundandtheAshleyandCooperrivers，Clarendon，Hyde，Carteret，Craven，andColletonCounties。ButtheirFundamentalConstitutions，\"innumberahundredandtwenty，\"writtenbyLockein1669，arealmostallasdeadastheleavesoftheCarolinaforestfallingintheautumnofthatyear。
ThegrantincludedthatterritorysettledbyRogerGreenandhismen。AmongtheProprietorssatSirWilliamBerkeley，GovernorofVirginia，theonlylordofCarolinaactuallyuponAmericanground。FollowinginstructionsfromhissevenfellowsBerkeleynowdeclaredthisregionseparatedfromVirginiaandattachedtoCarolina。HechristeneditAlbemarle。Strangelyenough，hesentasGovernorthatScotchman，WilliamDrummond，whomsomeyearslaterhewouldhang。DrummondshouldhaveaCouncilofsixandanAssemblyoffreementhatmightinauguratelegislationhavingtodowithlocalmattersbutmustsubmititsactstotheProprietariesforvetoorapproval。ThiswasthesettlementinCarolinaofAlbemarle，backcountrytoVirginia，gathererthenceofmanythatwerehardyandsound，manythatwereunfortunate，andmanythatwereshiftlessanduntamed。AnuncouthnurseofaturbulentdemocracywasAlbemarle。
CapeFear，fardownthedeeplyfrayedcoast，seemedaproperplacetowhichtosendacolony。TheintrusiveMassachusettsmenweregone。But\"gentlemenandmerchants\"ofBarbadoswereinterested。ItisafarcryfromBarbadostotheCarolinashore，butsoisitafarcryfromEngland。ManyroyalistshadfledtoBarbadosduringtheoldtroubles，sothatitsEnglishpopulationwasconsiderable。Anumbermayhavewelcomedthechancetoleavetheirsmallislandfortheimmensecontinent;andanEnglishtradingportasfarsouthasCapeFearmusthavehadageneralappeal。So，in1665，cameEnglishmenfromBarbadosandmade，uptheCapeFearRiver，asettlementwhichtheynamedClarendon，withJohnYeamansofBarbadosasGovernor。Butthecolonydidnotprosper。Therearosethetypicalcolonialtroubles—sickness，dissensions，improvidence，quarrelswiththeaborigines。
Norwasthesitethebestobtainable。Thesettlersfinallyabandonedtheplaceandscatteredtovariouspointsalongthenortherncoast。
In1669theLordsProprietariessentoutfromEnglandthreeships，theCarolina，thePortRoyal，andtheAlbemarle，withaboutahundredcolonistsaboard。Takingtheoldsearoad，theycameatlasttoBarbados，andheretheAlbemarle，seizedbyastorm，waswrecked。Thetwootherships，withaBarbadossloop，sailedonanalwereapproachingtheBahamaswhenanotherhurricanedestroyedthePortRoyal。TheCarolina，however，pushedonwiththesloop，reachedBermuda，andrestedthere;then，togetherwithasmallshippurchasedintheseislands，sheturnedwestbysouthandcameinMarchof1670tothegoodharborofPortRoyal，SouthCarolina。
Southwardfromtheharborwheretheshipsrode，stretchedoldFlorida，heldbytheSpaniards。TherewastheSpanishtown，St。Augustine。ThenceSpanishshipsmightputforthanddescendupontheEnglishnewcomers。ThecolonistsafterdebateconcludedtosetsomefurtherspacebetweenthemandlandsofSpain。Theshipsputagaintosea，beatnorthwardafewleagues，andatlastenteredaharborintowhichemptiedtworivers，presentlytobecalledtheAshleyandtheCooper。UptheAshleytheywentalittleway，anchored，andthecolonistsgoingashorebegantobuilduponthewestbankoftheriveratownwhichfortheKingtheynamedCharlesTown。Tenyearslaterthisplacewasabandonedinfavorofthemoreconvenientpointoflandbetweenthetworivers。HerethenwasbuildedthesecondandmoreenduringCharlesTown——Charleston，aswecallitnow，inSouthCarolina。